Journal articles: 'Anxiety treatments'

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Pollack, Mark H. "Pharmacologic Treatments for Anxiety." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 4 (2004): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900027103.

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While the public health perspective prioritizes large populations of affected individuals, our job as clinicians is to help one patient at a time. Over the last 10–20 years, there has been marked improvement in pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions available for patients with anxiety disorders (Slide 8).The use of antidepressants, particularly the serotonergic and serotonergic noradrenergic agents, have received increased attention as first-line treatment for most of the anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Antidepressants are often used as first-line therapy for anxiety disorders because of their broad spectrum of efficacy against common comorbidities, especially depression, and because of concern about benzodiazepine-associated dependence, abuse liability, and lack of efficacy for depression and other comorbidities (Slide 9).These newer antidepressants have advantages over the older antidepressants, particularly the tricyclics and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, in that they are generally better tolerated and more appropriate for use in potentially suicidal patients because they are less lethal in overdose. However, there are some side effects that may limit their use in some patients. In the case of the serotonergic antidepressants, many patients are hesitant to initiate or maintain treatment due to concerns about sexual dysfunction.

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Struzik, Lukasz, Monica Vermani, Aimee Coonerty-Femiano, and Martin A. Katzman. "Treatments for generalized anxiety disorder." Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 4, no. 2 (March 2004): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.4.2.285.

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Nickell, P. V. "Panic Anxiety and Its Treatments." Psychiatric Services 46, no. 2 (February 1995): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.46.2.190.

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Szuhany, Kristin L., and Naomi M. Simon. "Anxiety Disorders." JAMA 328, no. 24 (December 27, 2022): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.22744.

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ImportanceAnxiety disorders have a lifetime prevalence of approximately 34% in the US, are often chronic, and significantly impair quality of life and functioning.ObservationsAnxiety disorders are characterized by symptoms that include worry, social and performance fears, unexpected and/or triggered panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. Generalized anxiety disorder (6.2% lifetime prevalence), social anxiety disorder (13% lifetime prevalence), and panic disorder (5.2% lifetime prevalence) with or without agoraphobia are common anxiety disorders seen in primary care. Anxiety disorders are associated with physical symptoms, such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Brief screening measures applied in primary care, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7, can aid in diagnosis of anxiety disorders (sensitivity, 57.6% to 93.9%; specificity, 61% to 97%). Providing information about symptoms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments is a first step in helping patients with anxiety. First-line treatments include pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, eg, sertraline) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs, eg, venlafaxine extended release) remain first-line pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Meta-analyses suggest that SSRIs and SNRIs are associated with small to medium effect sizes compared with placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.55 [95% CI, −0.64 to −0.46]; social anxiety disorder: SMD, −0.67 [95% CI, −0.76 to −0.58]; panic disorder: SMD, −0.30 [95% CI, −0.37 to −0.23]). Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy with the most evidence of efficacy for anxiety disorders compared with psychological or pill placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 1.01 [large effect size] [95% CI, 0.44 to 1.57]; social anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 0.41 [small to medium effect] [95% CI, 0.25 to 0.57]; panic disorder: Hedges g = 0.39 [small to medium effect[ [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.65]), including in primary care. When selecting treatment, clinicians should consider patient preference, current and prior treatments, medical and psychiatric comorbid illnesses, age, sex, and reproductive planning, as well as cost and access to care.Conclusions and RelevanceAnxiety disorders affect approximately 34% of adults during their lifetime in the US and are associated with significant distress and impairment. First-line treatments for anxiety disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs such as sertraline, and SNRIs such as venlafaxine extended release.

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Lader, M. H., and A. J. Bond. "Interaction of pharmacological and psychological treatments of anxiety." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, S34 (July 1998): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293513.

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Background Pharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety are often combined in clinical practice but there is little research from which to predict the effects.Method The theoretical outcomes of combining treatments and methods of investigating these as well as methodological difficulties are described. Studies which have been completed in anxiety disorders are reviewed. A double-blind trial, using a factorial design, evaluated buspirone v. placebo and anxiety management training v. nondirective therapy in 60 patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).Results Relatively few germane studies have been carried out in the anxiety disorders except for panic disorder with agoraphobia. There is some evidence that short-term, combined treatment does confer additional benefits which are evident both in speed of onset and lasting remission. All four treatment combinations proved effective in the short-term treatment of GAD.Conclusions More studies examining combined treatment are needed. Although differences may not be apparent at the end of the treatment period, psychological treatment appears to confer advantages at follow-up.

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Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum, Firdaus Mukhtar, and Oei Tian Po. "Treatments for Anxiety Disorders in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 26, no. 3 (2019): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjms2019.26.3.2.

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Antony, Martin M. "Enhancing Current Treatments for Anxiety Disorders." Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 9, no. 1 (May 11, 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.91.

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Shaywitz, Jonathan. "Medication Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder." FOCUS 9, no. 3 (January 2011): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/foc.9.3.foc273.

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De Silva, P. "Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders." Behaviour Research and Therapy 35, no. 11 (November 1997): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)88441-0.

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Zhou, Qi, Nan Yang, Kehu Yang, Janne Estill, and Yaolong Chen. "Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder." Lancet 394, no. 10205 (October 2019): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31409-6.

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Munkholm, Klaus, Kim Boesen, and Asger S. Paludan-Müller. "Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder." Lancet 394, no. 10205 (October 2019): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31626-5.

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Jellinger, K. A. "Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders." European Journal of Neurology 5, no. 3 (May 1998): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.1998.5303194.x.

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Bandelow, Borwin, Markus Reitt, Christian Röver, Sophie Michaelis, Yvonne Görlich, and Dirk Wedekind. "Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 30, no. 4 (July 2015): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000078.

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Cheng, L. Y., and H. Baxter. "Comparing treatments for generalised anxiety disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 2 (February 1995): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.2.265b.

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Cuijpers, P., I. A. Cristea, E. Weitz, C. Gentili, and M. Berking. "The effects of cognitive and behavioural therapies for anxiety disorders on depression: a meta-analysis." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 16 (September 23, 2016): 3451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716002348.

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BackgroundThe effects of cognitive behavioural therapy of anxiety disorders on depression has been examined in previous meta-analyses, suggesting that these treatments have considerable effects on depression. In the current meta-analysis we examined whether the effects of treatments of anxiety disorders on depression differ across generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and panic disorder (PD). We also compared the effects of these treatments with the effects of cognitive and behavioural therapies of major depression (MDD).MethodWe searched PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and the Cochrane database, and included 47 trials on anxiety disorders and 34 trials on MDD.ResultsBaseline depression severity was somewhat lower in anxiety disorders than in MDD, but still mild to moderate in most studies. Baseline severity differed across the three anxiety disorders. The effect sizes found for treatment of the anxiety disorders ranged from g = 0.47 for PD, g = 0.68 for GAD and g = 0.69 for SAD. Differences between these effect sizes and those found in the treatment of MDD (g = 0.81) were not significant in most analyses and we found few indications that the effects differed across anxiety disorders. We did find that within-group effect sizes resulted in significantly (p < 0.001) larger effect sizes for depression (g = 1.50) than anxiety disorders (g = 0.73–0.91). Risk of bias was considerable in the majority of studies.ConclusionsPatients participating in trials of cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders have high levels of depression. These treatments have considerable effects on depression, and these effects are comparable to those of treatment of primary MDD.

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Samander, Laura J., and Jeffrey Harman. "Disparities in Offered Anxiety Treatments Among Minorities." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192110658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319211065807.

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Purpose The primary purpose of this article was to determine if race and ethnicity played a role in if primary care physicians offered anxiety treatment in office visits by adult patients who were diagnosed with an anxiety disorder(s). Methods This study pooled data from the 2011 to 2018 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) that included adult patients with an anxiety disorder and the type of treatment offered to them. Logistic regressions were performed to examine the odds of offered anxiety treatment in office visits by non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and other race/ethnicity patients compared to office visits by non-Hispanic White patients. Results Physicians offered anxiety treatment in more than half of office visits where the patient was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Providers offered counseling or talk therapy in less than 13% of all office visits. Office visits by non-Hispanic Black patients had half the odds of being offered counseling/talk therapy ( P = .068) compared to those by non-Hispanic White patients. Conclusions These findings suggest that statistically significant differences in the offering of any anxiety treatments in office visits to minorities compared to non-Hispanic White patients do not exist; however, there are still differences in the rates of counseling/talk therapy offered in office visits by minorities versus non-minorities. Future studies may want to examine reasons for lower rates of counseling/talk therapy offered to minority and majority patients and the specific pharmacological or therapeutic treatments offered to different races.

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Farach, Frank J., Larry D. Pruitt, Janie J. Jun, Alissa B. Jerud, Lori A. Zoellner, and Peter P. Roy-Byrne. "Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: Current treatments and future directions." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26, no. 8 (December 2012): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.009.

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Yegin, Samet Emre. "What are high excitement, symptoms and treatments." Scientific Bulletin 2 (2021): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/fqnw3260.

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What is high excitement? What are the symptoms? What are the risk factors? High anxiety types and treatment methods are discussed. By interpreting certain stimuli perceived in the body or in the external environment as threats and dangers and avoiding certain events and situations that accompany them, the symptoms of constant fear, anxiety, anxiety and tension that the person experiences and cannot manage are usually High Anxiety. Disturbances.

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López-Valverde, Nansi, Jorge Muriel-Fernández, Antonio López-Valverde, Luis Francisco Valero-Juan, Juan Manuel Ramírez, Javier Flores-Fraile, Julio Herrero-Payo, Leticia Alejandra Blanco-Antona, Bruno Macedo-de-Sousa, and Manuel Bravo. "Use of Virtual Reality for the Management of Anxiety and Pain in Dental Treatments: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 3086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103086.

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(1) Background: Dental treatments often cause pain and anxiety in patients. Virtual reality (VR) is a novel procedure that can provide distraction during dental procedures or prepare patients to receive such type of treatments. This meta-analysis is the first to gather evidence on the effectiveness of VR on the reduction of pain (P) and dental anxiety (DA) in patients undergoing dental treatment, regardless of age. (2) Methods: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, Wiley Library and Web of Science were searched for scientific articles in November 2019. The keywords used were: “virtual reality”, “distraction systems”, “dental anxiety” and “pain”. Studies where VR was used for children and adults as a measure against anxiety and pain during dental treatments were included. VR was defined as a three-dimensional environment that provides patients with a sense of immersion, transporting them to appealing and interactive settings. Anxiety and pain results were assessed during dental treatments where VR was used and in standard care situations. (3) Results: 32 studies were identified, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria. The effect of VR in children was significant, both for anxiety (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.75) and pain (SMD = −1.46). (4) Conclusions: The findings of the meta-analysis show that VR is an effective distraction method to reduce pain and anxiety in patients undergoing a variety of dental treatments; however, further research on VR as a tool to prepare patients for dental treatment is required because of the scarcity of studies in this area.

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Brawman-Mintzer, Olga, and Kimberly A. Yonkers. "New Trends in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders." CNS Spectrums 9, S7 (August 2004): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002339.

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AbstractAnxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the general population, found nearly twice as often in women, and estimated to affect 26.9 million individuals in the United States alone. Anxiety disorders are associated with considerable chronicity, morbidity, and disability. Treatment of anxiety disorders includes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. The first-line pharmacologic treatments currently include the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, despite the general success of the available treatments, no single anxiolytic appears to be effective for all patients suffering from anxiety. Low recovery rates have been reported in all anxiety disorders, underscoring the need for optimizing treatment for these disabling disorders. In recent years, there is increasing interest in the use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of anxiety disorders patients. This article discusses the emerging data on the use of these agents in the treatment of anxiety with a focus on treatment-refractory patients and on the implications for the treatment of women suffering from anxiety disorders.

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Wollburg, Eileen, Sunyoung Kim, Ansgar Conrad, and Walton T. Roth. "Physiological evaluation of psychological treatments for anxiety." Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7, no. 2 (February 2007): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.7.2.129.

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Zaider, T. I., and R. G. Heimberg. "Non-pharmacologic treatments for social anxiety disorder." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 (August 29, 2003): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.8.x.

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González Ariki, S., A. Mainardi, R. Poli, and E. Agrimi. "Acupressure treatments reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 8, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2003.tb05796.x.

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Bell, Caroline, Jenny Jordan, and Alison Alexander. "Transdiagnostic psychological treatments for anxiety and depression." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 3 (October 26, 2015): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415614084.

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WOLPE, JOSEPH. "Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Treatments of Neurotic Anxiety." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, no. 3 (March 1987): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198703000-00001.

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Barrington, Julie, Margot Prior, Margaret Richardson, and Kathleen Allen. "Effectiveness of CBT Versus Standard Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders in a Community Clinic Setting." Behaviour Change 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.22.1.29.66786.

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AbstractThe efficacy of cognitive—behavioural therapy (CBT) for the treatment of childhood anxiety has mainly been demonstrated in university-clinic settings. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT for the treatment of childhood anxiety in a community mental health service, compared with standard treatments (‘Treatment as Usual’ [TAU]) 'child psychotherapy, family therapy and eclectic treatments. Fifty-four children with anxiety disorders, aged from 7 to 14 years, were randomly assigned to either a CBT or TAU group. CBT and the standard treatments were provided by 18 experienced therapists, and the mean number of treatment sessions was 12. Baseline and follow-up measures at 3, 6 and 12 months included an interview based on criteria in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) that was conducted by a clinical psychologist who was blind to the treatment conditions, and standardised anxiety measures (parent, child and teacher reports). Significant improvements were found on all anxiety measures over time, but no significant differences were found between CBT and TAU. The challenge of conducting such research in community settings is discussed.

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Pell, Gaby S., Tal Harmelech, Sam Zibman, Yiftach Roth, Aron Tendler, and Abraham Zangen. "Efficacy of Deep TMS with the H1 Coil for Anxious Depression." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11041015.

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(1) Background: While the therapeutic efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for major depressive disorder (MDD) is well established, less is known about the technique’s efficacy for treating comorbid anxiety. (2) Methods: Data were retrospectively analyzed from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used Deep TMS with the H1 Coil for MDD treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference relative to sham treatment following 4 weeks of stimulation. The effect size was compared to literature values for superficial TMS and medication treatments. (3) Results: In the pivotal RCT, active Deep TMS compared with sham treatment showed significantly larger improvements in anxiety score (effect size = 0.34, p = 0.03 (FDR)) which were sustained until 16 weeks (effect size = 0.35, p = 0.04). The pooled effect size between all the RCTs was 0.55, which compares favorably to alternative treatments. A direct comparison to Figure-8 Coil treatment indicated that treatment with the H1 Coil was significantly more effective (p = 0.042). In contrast to previously reported studies using superficial TMS and medication for which anxiety has been shown to be a negative predictor of effectiveness, higher baseline anxiety was found to be predictive of successful outcome for the H1-Coil treatment. (4) Conclusions: Deep TMS is effective in treating comorbid anxiety in MDD and, unlike alternative treatments, the outcome does not appear to be adversely affected by high baseline anxiety levels.

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Traeger, Lara, Joseph A. Greer, Carlos Fernandez-Robles, Jennifer S. Temel, and William F. Pirl. "Evidence-Based Treatment of Anxiety in Patients With Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 11 (April 10, 2012): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.39.5632.

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Anxiety is a dynamic response to perceived threat that is common among patients with cancer and fluctuates at critical points in the disease trajectory. A substantial minority of patients may experience clinically significant anxiety resulting from a range of potential etiologic factors. This review summarizes evidence-based recommendations for treatment of anxiety in oncology settings. Recommendations are based on the nature and time course of anxiety and the results of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and individual trials in cancer populations. The evidence-based literature supports the use of psychosocial and psychopharmacologic treatments to prevent or alleviate anxiety symptoms. Conclusions are tempered by study heterogeneity and methodologic limitations and a lack of trials that included patients with clinically significant anxiety. In oncology settings, accessibility and acceptability of evidence-based treatments vary, and patients may seek a variety of resources to manage cancer concerns. Treatment planning should incorporate contributing factors to anxiety and patient preferences for psychiatric care.

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Artru, A. A., M. S. Dhamee, A. B. Seifen, and B. Wright. "A Re-Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Properties of Intramuscular Midazolam." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 14, no. 2 (May 1986): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8601400210.

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The observed effect of midazolam on anxiety is equivocal in part because previous studies have not ruled out pre-treatment differences in anxiety scores between patients who received midazolam and those who did not (controls). This study re-examines the anxiolytic effect of premedication with intramuscular midazolam using a sample size calculated to be of sufficient size to rule out population differences as a variable affecting treatment results. In the midazolam group (n = 49) anxiety scores were determined prior to administration of midazolam 0.07 mg/kg intramuscularly, and again 60 minutes later. In the control group (n = 47) anxiety scores were determined prior to intramuscular injection of a similar volume of matching placebo (midazolam vehicle), and again 60 minutes later. No differences in anxiety scores between groups either before treatments or 60 minutes after treatments were observed. Within both groups, anxiety scores at 60 minutes were no different from pre-treatment scores. In this study midazolam did not produce a statistically significant decrease in pre-operative anxiety scores at 60 minutes following intramuscular administration.

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López-Valverde, Nansi, Jorge Muriel Fernández, Antonio López-Valverde, Luis F. Valero Juan, Juan Manuel Ramírez, Javier Flores Fraile, Julio Herrero Payo, Leticia A. Blanco Antona, Bruno Macedo de Sousa, and Manuel Bravo. "Use of Virtual Reality for the Management of Anxiety and Pain in Dental Treatments: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2020): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041025.

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Background: Dental treatments often cause pain and anxiety in patients. Virtual reality (VR) is a novel procedure that can provide distraction during dental procedures or prepare patients to receive such type of treatments. This meta-analysis is the first to gather evidence on the effectiveness of VR on the reduction of pain (P) and dental anxiety (DA) in patients undergoing dental treatment, regardless of age. Methods: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, Wiley Library and Web of Science were searched for scientific articles in November 2019. The keywords used were: “virtual reality”, “distraction systems”, “dental anxiety” and “pain”. Studies where VR was used for children and adults as a measure against anxiety and pain during dental treatments were included. VR was defined as a three-dimensional environment that provides patients with a sense of immersion, transporting them to appealing and interactive settings. Anxiety and pain results were assessed during dental treatments where VR was used, and in standard care situations. Results: 31 studies were identified, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Pain levels were evaluated in four studies (n = 4), anxiety levels in three (n = 3) and anxiety and pain together in seven (n = 7). Our meta-analysis was based on ten studies (n = 10). The effect of VR was studied mainly in the pediatric population (for pain SMD = −0.82). In the adult population, only two studies (not significant) were considered. Conclusions: The findings of the meta-analysis show that VR is an effective distraction method to reduce pain and anxiety in patients undergoing a variety of dental treatments; however, further research on VR as a tool to prepare patients for dental treatment is required because of the scarcity of studies in this area.

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Tyrer, Peter, and Cosmo Hallstrom. "Antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety disorder." Psychiatric Bulletin 17, no. 2 (February 1993): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.17.2.75.

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Antidepressants are increasingly being used for the treatment of anxiety disorders, although they are not specifically licensed for this indication. This has come about partly because of concern over the problem of benzodiazepine dependence and the search for alternative, and preferably better, treatments. Antidepressants and other treatments have proved to be an effective alternative to benzodiazepines despite having more unwanted effects and a delayed onset of action. They may even be more effective than benzodiazepines and their benefits are alleged to be independent of concurrent depressive symptomatology. What is the evidence in favour of these claims?

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Gil-Abando, Gabriela, Paula Medina, Carolina Signorini, Elisabeth Casañas, Natalia Navarrete, and Marta Muñoz-Corcuera. "Assessment of Clinical Parameters of Dental Anxiety during Noninvasive Treatments in Dentistry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711141.

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Dental anxiety is a matter of interest for the dentist since an anxious patient is a potential source of complications in the dental office. The main objectives of this study are to describe the correlation between dental anxiety levels and the values of physiological parameters related to dental anxiety and to study the evolution of blood pressure and heart rate over time during noninvasive dental treatments, i.e., not requiring local anesthesia. A descriptive, longitudinal, and prospective observational study was designed. The study population consisted of 200 patients who attended a university clinic for dental treatment without local anesthesia. The patients were asked to complete the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale. Afterward, blood pressure and heart rate were measured by means of a digital sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure and heart rate were taken throughout the procedure on four occasions. Most of the patients showed mild dental anxiety (5 [IQR: 3] points on Corah Dental Anxiety Scale). Significant but weak correlations were found between the level of dental anxiety and heart rate (Spearman rho: 0.166 and 0.176; p = 0.019 and 0.013; 3 min before and after treatment, respectively), as well as between the level of dental anxiety and the duration of treatment (Spearman rho: 0.191 3 min; p = 0.007). As for the evolution of physiological parameters, all patients showed a progressive decrease in values at different time points during treatment. When the types of treatment were evaluated separately, it was observed that there were statistically significant differences between them with respect to the level of dental anxiety (p = 0.006).

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Gould, Christine E., Aimee Marie L. Zapata, Janine Bruce, Sylvia Bereknyei Merrell, Julie Loebach Wetherell, Ruth O'Hara, Eric Kuhn, Mary K. Goldstein, and Sherry A. Beaudreau. "Development of a video-delivered relaxation treatment of late-life anxiety for veterans." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 10 (June 8, 2017): 1633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000928.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Behavioral treatments reduce anxiety, yet many older adults may not have access to these efficacious treatments. To address this need, we developed and evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of a video-delivered anxiety treatment for older Veterans. This treatment program, BREATHE (Breathing, Relaxation, and Education for Anxiety Treatment in the Home Environment), combines psychoeducation, diaphragmatic breathing, and progressive muscle relaxation training with engagement in activities.Methods:A mixed methods concurrent study design was used to examine the clarity of the treatment videos. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 Veterans (M age = 69.5, SD = 7.3 years; 55% White, Non-Hispanic) and collected ratings of video clarity.Results:Quantitative ratings revealed that 100% of participants generally or definitely could follow breathing and relaxation video instructions. Qualitative findings, however, demonstrated more variability in the extent to which each video segment was clear. Participants identified both immediate benefits and motivation challenges associated with a video-delivered treatment. Participants suggested that some patients may need encouragement, whereas others need face-to-face therapy.Conclusions:Quantitative ratings of video clarity and qualitative findings highlight the feasibility of a video-delivered treatment for older Veterans with anxiety. Our findings demonstrate the importance of ensuring patients can follow instructions provided in self-directed treatments and the role that an iterative testing process has in addressing these issues. Next steps include testing the treatment videos with older Veterans with anxiety disorders.

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Rickels, K., and E. Schweizer. "The spectrum of generalised anxiety in clinical practice: the role of short-term, intermittent treatment∗." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, S34 (July 1998): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293525.

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Background DSM–IV generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has a high lifetime prevalence, but subthreshold anxiety states are even more common, particularly in family practice.Method Generalised anxiety is conceptualised as a spectrum of disorders, with transient anxiety at one end and GAD at the other.Results Based on longterm experience with family practice patients, the authors suggest that most anxious patients, wherever on this continuum they are placed, could be treated with short-term, possibly intermittent, rather than chronic anxiolytic therapy. Data are presented which show that 50% of chronic GAD patients are only in need of such short-term intermittent therapy.Conclusions Further clinical research is needed to refine short-term, intermittent treatments for anxiety spectrum disorders, to make effective treatments available to those suffering from anxiety but falling short of diagnostic criteria for GAD, and to target more effectively the different treatment strategies.

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Heatherington, Laurie, Nicole T. Harrington, John Harrington, Kathryn F. Niemeyer, Susan C. Weinberg, and Myrna L. Friedlander. "Applying Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Community Settings: Retention, Outcome, and Clinical Considerations." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 2 (2014): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.28.2.117.

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The efficacy, and to a lesser extent, effectiveness, of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders has been demonstrated, but whether manualized treatments work in a group format in community settings is less established. We investigated the predictors of retention and outcome in 26 groups (11 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 11 Panic, 4 Social Phobia groups), conducted for more than 10 years in a semirural community mental health center by 19 therapists. Members of the Anxiety Disorders Treatment Team delivered manualized group CBT treatments. Analysis of standard symptom measures at pre- and posttreatment and archival data revealed significant pre–post decreases in anxiety, retention rates comparable to past findings on group retention, and several significant predictors of retention and outcome. Manualized group CBT for anxiety appears to be a viable treatment in community settings. Limitations of the study as well as related practice–research implications of the findings are discussed.

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Gelder, MG. "The treatment of anxiety disorders: a legacy of William Sargant." European Psychiatry 12, no. 8 (1997): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83562-6.

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SummaryIn 1962 William Sargant and his colleagues described the therapeutic value of phenelzine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), in chronic anxiety disorders and in the same year Klein and Fink reported the treatment of similar conditions with imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant. Subsequent research has confirmed these findings and demonstrated the range of similar drugs that are effective in anxiety disorders. At the time of these original observations about the drug treatment of anxiety, there were no psychological treatments of proven value but in the intervening years much progress has been made in developing behavioural and cognitive procedures. The progress in determining the mode of action of these pharmacological and psychological treatments is reviewed and the implications of the findings are considered in relation to research into the causes of the anxiety disorders and to the treatment of patients.

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Wetherell, Julie Loebach, and Jürgen Unützer. "Adherence to Treatment for Geriatric Depression and Anxiety." CNS Spectrums 8, S3 (December 2003): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900008270.

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AbstractPatient nonadherence to pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression and anxiety poses a serious barrier to effective clinical care. Rates of nonadherence may be as high as 60% in older adults. Factors associated with nonadherence include lack of information and misperceptions about mental illness and its treatment, stigma, lack of family support, cognitive impairment, adverse events, side effects, cost of treatments, poor physician-patient communication or relationship, and other barriers, such as lack of transportation. Effective interventions to improve adherence are personalized and include both behavioral and educational components. Several current projects that combine pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for geriatric depression in an integrated care model show promise as interventions to improve rates of treatment and adherence.

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Meriyati, Meriyati, Rizkia Shaulita, and Lita Nurma Turnip. "Problem Based Learning Strategy: the Impact on Mathematical Learning Outcomes viewed from Anxiety Levels." Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika 9, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v9i2.3719.

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This study aims to look at the effect of Problem Based Learning (PBL) Strategy and mathematical anxiety towards mathematics learning outcomes. The method used is the quasi-experiment method with a 2x2 factorial pattern. The data analysis technique is was the two-way analysis of variance (ANAVA) technique. This study discovers that (1) there are differences in mathematics learning outcomes between students who got the Problem Based Learning (PBL) strategy treatment and conventional learning strategies treatment, (2) there are effects of interaction between learning strategies and anxiety on mathematics learning outcomes, (3) there are differences in mathematics learning outcomes of students who have high anxiety level based on the treatments they received, (4) there are differences in mathematics learning outcomes of students who have low anxiety level based on the treatments they received.

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Abbott, Deah Jo, and Caleb Wayne Lack. "Conventional versus Mindfulness-based Interventions for Anxiety and Worry: A Review and Recommendations." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 16, no. 1 (August 5, 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666082216666200220121648.

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Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent and most functionally impairing psychiatric problems experienced by the population. Both pharmacological and psychological evidencebased treatments exist for a number of specific disorders, but may fail to fully relieve symptoms, pointing to the need for additional treatment options. Often considered to be part of the “third wave” of cognitive-behavioral therapies, treatments incorporating mindfulness have emerged in the past two decades as increasingly popular with clinicians and frequently sought out by consumers. The present article reviews the extant literature regarding the efficacy and effectiveness of mindfulnessbased treatments for anxiety, worry, and related problems. Although they have not attained the solid empirical status of CBT or certain pharmacological treatments, the extant research shows mindfulness- based interventions appear to be a promising and useful treatment for people suffering from anxiety and worry. Further work should be done, levels 3-5 of the NIH stage model to determine whether or not they should be further implemented.

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Carter, Jennifer E., and Anita E. Kelly. "Using Traditional and Paradoxical Imagery Interventions with Reactant Intramural Athletes." Sport Psychologist 11, no. 2 (June 1997): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.11.2.175.

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This study explored the moderating effect of psychological reactance on the success of traditional and paradoxical mental imagery treatments that were aimed at reducing anxiety in athletes. Intramural college basketball players (N = 73) were recruited through advertisements for a free-throw contest, and their anxiety and free-throw performance were measured following treatment in one of three groups: confidence imagery, paradoxical imagery, or control. As predicted, in the paradoxical condition, high-reactant athletes reported having significantly lower somatic state anxiety and significantly higher state self-confidence than did low-reactant athletes. In contrast, high- and low-reactant athletes did not differ in their anxiety scores in both the confidence imagery and control conditions. Results suggested that reactance does moderate the effect of the success of traditional and paradoxical imagery treatments for reducing athletes’ anxiety.

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Sawchuk, Craig N., and Bunmi O. Olatunji. "Anxiety, Health Risk Factors, and Chronic Disease." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 5, no. 6 (January 20, 2011): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827610393868.

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Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health condition and frequently co-occur with a variety of health risk factors, such as physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. As such, untreated anxiety and increased risk for engagement in these health risk habits can further increase risk for later-onset chronic disease and complications in disease management. Contemporary studies have identified unique temporal relationships between the onset of specific anxiety disorders with smoking and alcohol use disorders. Incorporating exercise with evidence-based treatments for anxiety is emerging and promising in enhancing treatments for anxiety-related conditions. Likewise, substance use treatment programs may benefit from the detection and management of anxiety. Collaborative care models for anxiety may provide the needed systems-based approach for treating anxiety more effectively in primary and specialty care medical settings. Based on a qualitative review of the literature, this article summarizes the current research on the associations between anxiety, health risk factors, and the risk for chronic diseases. The authors also offer suggestions for future research that would help in better understanding the complex relationships between the role anxiety plays in the vulnerability for and management of physical inactivity and substance use.

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Nutt, David J. "Overview of Diagnosis and Drug Treatments of Anxiety Disorders." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 1 (January 2005): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900009901.

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AbstractAnxiety disorders are common and often disabling. They fall into five main categories: panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, each of which have characteristic symptoms and cognitions. All anxiety disorders respond to drugs and psychological treatments. This review will focus on drug treatments. Recent research has emphasized the value of antidepressants especially the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, and related sedative-like compounds. The common co-existence of depression with all of the anxiety disorders means that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are now generally considered to be the first-line treatments but the benzodiazepines have some utility especiaRy in promoting sleep and working acutely to reduce extreme distress.

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Bandelow, B. "Evidence-based treatment of anxiety disorders in Europe - an update." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73798-1.

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Anxiety disorders are chronic, disabling conditions with prevalence rates higher than the ones of schizophrenia or diabetes.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are standard treatments for anxiety disorders. The calcium-channel modulator pregabalin is a treatment option for generalized anxiety disorder. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are as effective as modern antidepressants, but less well tolerated. For short-term treatment and in treatment-resistant cases, benzodiazepines like alprazolam may be used when the patient does not have a history of dependency and tolerance. Combining drug treatment with cognitive behaviour therapy is the most successful treatment strategy in anxiety disorders. Strategies of treatment-resistant anxiety disorders and future anxiolytics will be presented in the symposium.

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Yulish, Noah E., Simon B. Goldberg, Nickolas D. Frost, Maleeha Abbas, Nick A. Oleen-Junk, Molly Kring, Mun Yuk Chin, Christopher R. Raines, Christina S. Soma, and Bruce E. Wampold. "The importance of problem-focused treatments: A meta-analysis of anxiety treatments." Psychotherapy 54, no. 4 (December 2017): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pst0000144.

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Garakani, Amir, Rafael C. Freire, Frank D. Buono, Robyn P. Thom, Kaitlyn Larkin, Melissa C. Funaro, Mona Salehi, and Mercedes M. Perez-Rodriguez. "An umbrella review on the use of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders: A registered report protocol." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): e0269772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269772.

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Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), agoraphobia, and specific phobia, are among the most common psychiatric disorders. Although the traditional pharmacologic treatments for anxiety included barbiturates and then benzodiazepines, the introduction of tricyclic antidepressants, followed by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), marked a tidal shift in the treatment of anxiety. Although not approved for treatment of anxiety disorders (with the exception of trifluoperazine) there is ongoing off-label, unapproved use of both first-generation “typical” antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation or “atypical” antipsychotics (SGAs) for anxiety. Although there have been systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders, most of these reviews focused on SGAs, primarily the use of quetiapine in GAD. Given that there is little known about the potential benefits and short-and long-term risks of using antipsychotics in anxiety, there is a need for an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the use of both FGAs and SGAs in anxiety disorders. The specific aims of this study are as follows: (1) Evaluate the evidence of efficacy of FGAs and SGAs in anxiety disorders as an adjunctive treatment to SSRIs, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and other non-antipsychotic medications; (2) Compare monotherapy with antipsychotics to first-line treatments for anxiety disorders in terms of effectiveness, risks, and side effects; and (3) Evaluate the short- and long-term risks and side effects of prescribing antipsychotics in anxiety disorders. The review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021237436). Since data extraction has not begun, there is not preliminary data to share.

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Cuijpers, P. "Psychotherapies vs. Pharmacotherapies vs. Combination Therapies in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.007.

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Both psychological and pharmacological therapies have been found to be effective in the treatment of adult depression and anxiety disorders. Psychological treatments include cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy, behavioral activation, exposure therapies, and several other types of therapy. Pharmacological treatments include SSRIs, SNRIs TCAs, MAIOs and several other types. In this presentation the results of meta-analyses of trials directly comparing the effects of psychological and pharmalogical treatments will be presented, as well as meta-analyses of combined treatments versus either psychotherapy alone or pharmacotherapy alone. Results show that psychological and pharmacological treatments are probably about equally effective at the short term, and combined treatment is more effective than either psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy alone. In the presentation several other issues related to this group of trials will be discussed, like the influence of conflicts of interest and the (lack of) blinding in psychotherapy trials.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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Gautam, Preeti, Payal Mittal, Shubham Gautam, and Vivek Rawat. "Anxiety disorder: definition, symptoms, causes, epidemiology and treatments." Food and Health 4, no. 4 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/fh20221101018.

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Robinson, Hayley, and Sean Hood. "Social Anxiety Disorder - A Review of Pharmacological Treatments." Current Psychiatry Reviews 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340007780599069.

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Lindsay, William R., Charlotte V. Gamsu, Eamon McLaughlin, Eileen M. Hood, and Colin A. Espie. "A controlled trial of treatments for generalized anxiety." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 26, no. 1 (February 1987): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1987.tb00718.x.

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Ayers, Catherine R., John T. Sorrell, Steven R. Thorp, and Julie Loebach Wetherell. "Evidence-based psychological treatments for late-life anxiety." Psychology and Aging 22, no. 1 (March 2007): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anxiety treatments'

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