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Journal articles on the topic 'Anxiety disorders'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Szuhany, Kristin L., and Naomi M. Simon. "Anxiety Disorders." JAMA 328, no. 24 (December 27, 2022): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.22744.

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ImportanceAnxiety disorders have a lifetime prevalence of approximately 34% in the US, are often chronic, and significantly impair quality of life and functioning.ObservationsAnxiety disorders are characterized by symptoms that include worry, social and performance fears, unexpected and/or triggered panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. Generalized anxiety disorder (6.2% lifetime prevalence), social anxiety disorder (13% lifetime prevalence), and panic disorder (5.2% lifetime prevalence) with or without agoraphobia are common anxiety disorders seen in primary care. Anxiety disorders are associated with physical symptoms, such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Brief screening measures applied in primary care, such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7, can aid in diagnosis of anxiety disorders (sensitivity, 57.6% to 93.9%; specificity, 61% to 97%). Providing information about symptoms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments is a first step in helping patients with anxiety. First-line treatments include pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, eg, sertraline) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs, eg, venlafaxine extended release) remain first-line pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Meta-analyses suggest that SSRIs and SNRIs are associated with small to medium effect sizes compared with placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.55 [95% CI, −0.64 to −0.46]; social anxiety disorder: SMD, −0.67 [95% CI, −0.76 to −0.58]; panic disorder: SMD, −0.30 [95% CI, −0.37 to −0.23]). Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy with the most evidence of efficacy for anxiety disorders compared with psychological or pill placebo (eg, generalized anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 1.01 [large effect size] [95% CI, 0.44 to 1.57]; social anxiety disorder: Hedges g = 0.41 [small to medium effect] [95% CI, 0.25 to 0.57]; panic disorder: Hedges g = 0.39 [small to medium effect[ [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.65]), including in primary care. When selecting treatment, clinicians should consider patient preference, current and prior treatments, medical and psychiatric comorbid illnesses, age, sex, and reproductive planning, as well as cost and access to care.Conclusions and RelevanceAnxiety disorders affect approximately 34% of adults during their lifetime in the US and are associated with significant distress and impairment. First-line treatments for anxiety disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs such as sertraline, and SNRIs such as venlafaxine extended release.

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Marmorstein, Naomi R. "Anxiety disorders and substance use disorders: Different associations by anxiety disorder." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.09.005.

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3

Gelder, M. G. "The Classification of Anxiety Disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, S4 (May 1989): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295731.

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The classification of anxiety disorders is a controversial subject, and this controversy is reflected in the differences between the systems adopted in DSM-III-R and in the draft of ICD-10. The scheme in ICD-10 is the simpler: anxiety disorders are divided into phobic disorders and other anxiety disorders, and each is divided further into three subgroups. The three phobic disorders are: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. The three subgroups of ‘other anxiety disorders’ are panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. The subdivisions of phobic disorder are those now generally adopted in most countries, and are uncontroversial. The subdivisions of generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety depressive disorder are also widely accepted, the latter group being particularly frequent among patients seen in general practice and not referred on to psychiatrists. Only the category of panic disorder is controversial. In addition to these categories which are specifically allocated to anxiety disorders, two others are relevant: ‘reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders’, and anxious personality disorder.

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Monahan, R., A. Blonk, H. Middelkoop, M. Kloppenburg, T. Huizinga, N. Van der Wee, and G. M. Steup-Beekman. "POS0708 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (NPSLE)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 603.2–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.423.

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Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may present with psychiatric disorders. These are important to recognize, as they influence quality of life and treatment outcomes and strategies.Objectives:We aimed to study the frequency of psychiatric morbidity as classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) in patients with SLE and neuropsychiatric symptoms of different origins.Methods:In the neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) clinic of the Leiden University Medical Center, patients undergo a standardized multidisciplinary assessment by a neurologist, neuropsychologist, vascular internal medicine, rheumatologist, physician assistant and psychiatrist. After two weeks, a multidisciplinary consensus meeting takes place, in which the symptoms are attributed to SLE requiring treatment (major NPSLE) or to minor involvement of SLE or other causes (minor/non-NPSLE). Consecutive patients visiting the NPSLE clinic between 2007-2019 were included. Data of psychiatric evaluation and current medication use were extracted from medical records. The presence of cognitive dysfunction was established during formal neuropsychological assessment.Results:371 consecutive SLE patients were included, of which 110 patients had major NPSLE (30%). Mean age was 44 ± 14 years and 87% was female.The most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorders in the total group were cognitive dysfunction (42%) and depression (23%), as shown in Table 1. Furthermore, anxiety was present in 5% and psychotic disorders in 4% of patients. In patients with minor/non-NPSLE, especially depression (26% vs 15%) and anxiety (6% vs 2%) were more common than in major NPSLE. Cognitive dysfunction (54% vs 36%) and psychotic disorders (6% vs 4%) were more common in patients with major NPSLE than minor/non-NPSLE.Psychiatric medication was used in 33% of patients, of which antidepressants and benzodiazepines the most frequently (both: 18% in both subgroups). Antipsychotics were more often used in patients with NPSLE (10% vs 7%) and benzodiazepines more often in minor/non-NPSLE (20% vs 14%).In addition, 17 patients (5%) had a history of suicide attempt, which was more common in patients with minor/non-NPSLE than major NPSLE (6% vs 2%).Conclusion:Psychiatric morbidity, especially cognitive dysfunction and depression, are common in patients with lupus and differ between underlying cause of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (minor/non-NPSLE vs major NPSLE).Table 1.Presence of psychiatric diagnoses in patients with SLE and neuropsychiatric symptomsAll patients(n = 371)Minor/non-NPSLE(n = 261)Major NPSLE(n = 110)DSM V diagnosis, n (%)Neurodevelopmental disorder5 (1)2 (1)3 (2)Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders16 (4)10 (4)6 (6)Bipolar and related disorders7 (2)5 (2)2 (2)Depressive disorders84 (23)68 (26)16 (15)Anxiety disorders17 (5)15 (6)2 (2)Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders1 (0)1 (0)0 (0)Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders16 (4)12 (5)4 (3)Dissociative Disorders2 (1)2 (1)0 (0)Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders1 (0)1 (0)0 (0)Feeding and Eating Disorders0 (0)1 (0)0 (0)Elimination Disorders0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Sleep-wake disorders2 (1)2 (1)0 (0)Sexual dysfunctions0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Gender dysphoria0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Substance-related and addictive disorders9 (2)8 (3)1 (1)Cognitive dysfunction154 (42)95 (36)59 (54)Personality disorders10 (3)9 (3)1 (1)Paraphilic disorders0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Other mental disorders12 (3)7 (3)5 (5)Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)Unknown3 (1)3 (1)0 (0)NPSLE = neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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5

Lelliott, Paul. "Anxiety and anxiety disorders." Personality and Individual Differences 8, no. 3 (January 1987): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(87)90053-5.

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6

Ansell, E. B., A. Pinto, M. O. Edelen, J. C. Markowitz, C. A. Sanislow, S. Yen, M. Zanarini, et al. "The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001777.

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BackgroundThis study prospectively examined the natural clinical course of six anxiety disorders over 7 years of follow-up in individuals with personality disorders (PDs) and/or major depressive disorder. Rates of remission, relapse, new episode onset and chronicity of anxiety disorders were examined for specific associations with PDs.MethodParticipants were 499 patients with anxiety disorders in the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, who were assessed with structured interviews for psychiatric disorders at yearly intervals throughout 7 years of follow-up. These data were used to determine probabilities of changes in disorder status for social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia.ResultsEstimated remission rates for anxiety disorders in this study group ranged from 73% to 94%. For those patients who remitted from an anxiety disorder, relapse rates ranged from 34% to 67%. Rates for new episode onsets of anxiety disorders ranged from 3% to 17%. Specific PDs demonstrated associations with remission, relapse, new episode onsets and chronicity of anxiety disorders. Associations were identified between schizotypal PD with course of SP, PTSD and GAD; avoidant PD with course of SP and OCD; obsessive-compulsive PD with course of GAD, OCD, and agoraphobia; and borderline PD with course of OCD, GAD and panic with agoraphobia.ConclusionsFindings suggest that specific PD diagnoses have negative prognostic significance for the course of anxiety disorders underscoring the importance of assessing and considering PD diagnoses in patients with anxiety disorders.

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Cojocaru, Aurelia, and Vlada Troian. "Separation anxiety." Vector European, no. 1 (April 2024): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52507/2345-1106.2024-1.33.

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Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in children and are often under-recognized. Untreated anxiety disorders in children can significantly affect the quality of life. They can lead to comorbid psychiatric conditions and interfere with social, emotional and academic development, including in adulthood. Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. It involves an exaggeration of the anxiety typical for the developmental process and is manifested by excessive distress at separation from the attachment figure or family environment. The etiology of separation anxiety disorder points to the interaction of biological and environmental factors, particularly the family environment in early childhood. Diagnostic criteria for SAD are provided by DSM-V and are used in the comprehensive assessment of the disorder, in combination with other internationally validated assessment tools. The diagnosis provides essential information for the elaboration of the therapeutic approach by the clinical specialists. In this sense, there are conclusive data on the effectiveness of combining psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy to achieve lasting results. Furthermore, the importance of coordinating inter-professional efforts is essential for the effectiveness of the comprehensive approach to TAS.

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8

Penninx, Brenda WJH, Daniel S. Pine, Emily A. Holmes, and Andreas Reif. "Anxiety disorders." Lancet 397, no. 10277 (March 2021): 914–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7.

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9

Costa Duriguetto, Gabriel da. "Anxiety disorders." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 6, no. 6 (January 8, 2020): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2019.06.001083.

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Costa Duriguetto, Gabriel da. "Anxiety disorders." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 6, no. 6 (January 8, 2020): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2020.06.001083.

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11

Fineberg, Naomi, and Lynne M. Drummond. "Anxiety Disorders." CNS Drugs 3, no. 6 (June 1995): 448–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199503060-00005.

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Talley, Joseph H. "Anxiety disorders." Postgraduate Medicine 83, no. 6 (May 1988): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1988.11700257.

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13

&NA;. "ANXIETY DISORDERS." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 13, Supplement (December 1993): 23S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199312001-00002.

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14

Pennington, Amanda. "ANXIETY DISORDERS." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 24, no. 1 (March 1997): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(22)00088-4.

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ANTAI-OTONG, DEBORAH. "Anxiety disorders." Nursing 33, no. 12 (December 2003): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200312000-00036.

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ANTAI-OTONG, DEBORAH. "Anxiety disorders." Nursing 36, no. 3 (March 2006): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200603000-00039.

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Michelson, Larry. "Anxiety Disorders." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 11 (November 1988): 998–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/026246.

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Baldwin, David S., and Robert Peveler. "Anxiety Disorders." Medicine 28, no. 4 (2000): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.28.4.11.28372.

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Nash, Jon, and John Potokar. "Anxiety disorders." Medicine 32, no. 7 (July 2004): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.32.7.17.36677.

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20

Blackwelder, Russell, and Scott Bragg. "Anxiety disorders." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 51, no. 2 (February 2016): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091217416636575.

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21

Plan, Lawrence. "Anxiety Disorders." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/49.10.2616.

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22

Stanley, Melinda A., and J. Gayle Beck. "Anxiety disorders." Clinical Psychology Review 20, no. 6 (August 2000): 731–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00064-1.

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Baldwin, David S., Khalil I. Ajel, and Matthew J. Garner. "Anxiety disorders." Medicine 36, no. 8 (August 2008): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2008.05.002.

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Brandish, Emma K., and David S. Baldwin. "Anxiety disorders." Medicine 40, no. 11 (November 2012): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.08.017.

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Bernstein, Gail A., and Amy R. Perwien. "Anxiety Disorders." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 4, no. 2 (April 1995): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30435-8.

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Walker, Joanne, and Wendy Shepherd. "Anxiety Disorders." Physiotherapy 87, no. 10 (October 2001): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)65452-1.

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Leaman, Thomas L. "Anxiety Disorders." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 26, no. 2 (June 1999): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(08)70002-2.

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Klein, Rachel G. "Anxiety disorders." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02061.x.

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Mohr, Cornelia, and Silvia Schneider. "Anxiety disorders." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 22, S1 (December 12, 2012): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0356-8.

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Wieselmann, G., G. Langs, G. Tilz, H. Fabisch, G. Herzog, and K. Fabisch. "Anxiety disorders." Behavioural Pharmacology 6, SUPPLEMENT 1 (May 1995): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199505001-00048.

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Rosati, Karen, and Victor Jenkinson. "Anxiety Disorders." Health Care on the Internet 5, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j138v05n01_05.

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Silva, B. G. R. De, and S. S. Williams. "Anxiety disorders." Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry 6, no. 1 (June 11, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljpsyc.v6i1.8062.

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Rohrbaugh, Michael, and Glenn D. Shean. "Anxiety Disorders:." Journal of Psychotherapy & The Family 3, no. 3 (March 21, 1988): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j287v03n03_06.

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S., Saradhadevi,, and Hemavathy, V. "Anxiety Disorders." CARDIOMETRY, no. 24 (November 30, 2022): 1010–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.24.10101012.

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Anxiety is a natural response to stress that can be beneficial in some situations. It can alert us to approaching dangers and help us prepare and pay attention. Excessive fear or anxiety, as opposed to usual feelings of apprehension or concern, characterises anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental diseases, afflicting over one-third of the population at some time in their lives. Anxiety disorders, on the other hand, are a type of mental illness. can be treated with a range of successful medications. The vast majority of people who receive therapy may lead normal, productive lives..It’s natural to feel nervous or terrified when confronted with new, unexpected, or frightening events. An important test, a significant event, or a huge class presentation can all create natural anxiety.. Although none of these events are dangerous, they may make a person feel “threatened” by potential embarrassment, Fear of making a mistake, not fitting in, tripping over words, acceptance or rejection, or loss of pride are among fears that people have. A racing heart, sweaty hands, and a jittery stomach are all physical signs of anxiety.

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Rachman, S. "Anxiety disorders." Behaviour Research and Therapy 27, no. 3 (1989): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(89)90052-1.

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Muñoz, Rodrigo A. "Anxiety disorders." New Directions for Mental Health Services 1986, no. 32 (1986): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.23319863203.

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Black, Bruce. "Anxiety disorders." New Directions for Mental Health Services 1992, no. 54 (1992): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.23319925413.

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SHIVALKAR, ROOPALI, and SOMNATH SENGUPTA. "Anxiety disorders." National Medical Journal of India 36 (March 11, 2024): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/nmji_530_2022.

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39

Akiskal, H. S. "Personality in Anxiety Disorders." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 3, S2 (1988): 161s—166s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00002182.

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SummaryPatients with anxiety disorders are often described as anancastic, high in neuroticism, dependent and avoidant. These personalities overlap with those of nonbipolar depressives – in whom these disorders are less pronounced. Yet many indices of social adjustment appear less disturbed in anxiety disorders. Review of recent data front systematic investigations supports the thesis that the personality attributes observed in anxiety disorders represent either formes frustes expressions or postmorbid complications of these disorders.Thus, neuroticism is best viewed as subclinically expressed neurosis. Likewise, anancastic traits are not easily separable from generalized anxiety disorder; the same can be said about avoidant personality and social phobia. Avoidance appears to be an inherent psychobiologic defense which is mobilized by anxiogenic situations. Dependency, which may reflect upbringing with an anxious parent, is further accentuated by handicaps imposed by the anxiety disorder.

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Liebowitz, Michael R. "Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder." Neuropsychobiology 37, no. 2 (1998): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000026480.

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Pavlova, B., R. H. Perlis, O. Mantere, C. M. Sellgren, E. Isometsä, P. B. Mitchell, M. Alda, and R. Uher. "Prevalence of current anxiety disorders in people with bipolar disorder during euthymia: a meta-analysis." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 6 (December 20, 2016): 1107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716003135.

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BackgroundAnxiety disorders are highly prevalent in people with bipolar disorder, but it is not clear how many have anxiety disorders even at times when they are free of major mood episodes. We aimed to establish what proportion of euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder meet diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders.MethodWe performed a random-effects meta-analysis of prevalence rates of current DSM-III- and DSM-IV-defined anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified) in euthymic adults with bipolar disorder in studies published by 31 December 2015.ResultsAcross 10 samples with 2120 individuals with bipolar disorder, 34.7% met diagnostic criteria for one or more anxiety disorders during euthymia [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.9–45.5%]. Direct comparison of 189 euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder and 17 109 population controls across three studies showed a 4.6-fold increase (risk ratio 4.60, 95% CI 2.37–8.92, p < 0.001) in prevalence of anxiety disorders in those with bipolar disorder.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that anxiety disorders are common in people with bipolar disorder even when their mood is adequately controlled. Euthymic people with bipolar disorder should be routinely assessed for anxiety disorders and anxiety-focused treatment should be initiated if indicated.

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Marchenko, Vladislav Y., and Dmitry S. Petelin. "Vegetative disorders in anxiety disorder: A review." Consilium Medicum 25, no. 11 (March 6, 2024): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2023.11.202486.

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Vegetative disorders are characteristic of patients with anxiety disorders, which are becoming more common and negatively affect the quality of life of both the patients themselves and their environment. Almost 20% of the population suffers from anxiety disorders, and women are more prone to these diseases than men. Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and other disorders. In most cases, anxiety disorders are accompanied by vegetative symptoms, such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, changes in appetite and others. Vegetative disorders often mimic somatic and neurological disorders in patients with anxiety disorders, therefore they create problems for diagnosis. In our country, a significant part of patients with anxiety disorders are observed by neurologists with a diagnosis of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system or autonomic dystonia. The therapy of the underlying disease, which includes lifestyle optimization, psychotherapy and medications, is of leading importance in reducing vegetative disorders.

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Mogg, K., G. A. Salum, B. P. Bradley, A. Gadelha, P. Pan, P. Alvarenga, L. A. Rohde, D. S. Pine, and G. G. Manfro. "Attention network functioning in children with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and non-clinical anxiety." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 12 (April 24, 2015): 2633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000586.

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BackgroundResearch with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders).MethodWe examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting.ResultsFindings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times.ConclusionsImpaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.

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Ebzeeva, E. Yu, and O. A. Polyakova. "Anxiety and sleep disorders." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 11 (July 6, 2022): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-11-108-113.

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Anxiety disorders are widespread among patients of primary care physicians and are the cause of increased morbidity and access to healthcare. Anxiety is a reaction of the body to the effects of stress and is manifested by the development of psychovegetative syndrome. In the general population, 5 to 7% of people have clinically significant anxiety, and in the practice of primary care physicians, these disorders are detected in every fourth patient. Anxiety disorder contributes to the development of psychogenic somatic pathology and/or negatively affects the course of background disease. Most patients with anxiety disorders suffer from various sleep disorders. In general practice, the frequency of sleep disorders reaches 73%. Chronic sleep disorder can act as a stressor that contributes to the development of pathophysiological changes in the body and increases anxiety. The above determines the need for early detection of sleep disorders and its timely treatment. The current treatment strategy for patients with sleep disorders involves an individualized approach to insomnia therapy. The existing arsenal of drugs used to treat sleep disorders allows this principle to be applied taking into account concomitant diseases (including anxiety disorders). The choice of product is also determined by good tolerability, efficacy and high safety profile. The optimal drug that answers the above requirements is doxylamine succinate, which allows you to effectively stop both anxiety symptoms and sleep disorders. Due to its high safety profile, doxylamine succinate can be used in the treatment of insomnia in pregnant women. The release form determines the convenience of use and the possibility of selecting an individual dose of the drug.

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Silva Júnior, Estácio Amaro da, and Camila Albuquerque de Brito Gomes. "Psychiatric comorbidities among adolescents with and without anxiety disorders: a community study." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 64, no. 3 (September 2015): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000076.

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ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate, in a community sample of adolescents, the presence of comorbidities in different anxiety disorders. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, initially composed of 2,457 adolescents, aged between 10-17 years old, from public schools of the area covered by the Basic Health Unit of a university hospital. We applied the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) to assess for anxiety disorders. Then, 138 positive cases in the screening were assessed for mental disorders through the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Results Patients with anxiety disorders had more association with other anxiety disorders, as well as depression, and enuresis. The most common comorbidity described in our study was between generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder (OR = 4.21, 95% CI 1.88, 9.58). Significant association was observed between other disorders such as enuresis and separation anxiety disorder (OR = 3.81, 95% CI 1.16, 12.49), as well as depression and generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 3.40; 95% CI 1.52, 7.61). Conclusion Our study showed a relevant presence of comorbidities adolescents with anxiety disorders, selected from a community sample, especially regarding other anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

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Sherbourne, C. D., G. Sullivan, M. G. Craske, P. Roy-Byrne, D. Golinelli, R. D. Rose, D. A. Chavira, A. Bystritsky, and M. B. Stein. "Functioning and disability levels in primary care out-patients with one or more anxiety disorders." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 12 (February 11, 2010): 2059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710000176.

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BackgroundAnxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health disorders and are associated with substantial disability and reduced well-being. It is unknown whether the relative impact of different anxiety disorders is due to the anxiety disorder itself or to the co-occurrence with other anxiety disorders. This study compared the functional impact of combinations of anxiety disorders in primary care out-patients.MethodA total of 1004 patients with panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provided data on their mental and physical functioning, and disability. Multivariate regressions compared functional levels for patients with different numbers and combinations of disorders.ResultsOf the patients, 42% had one anxiety disorder only, 38% two, 16% three and 3% all four. There were few relative differences in functioning among patients with only one anxiety disorder, although those with SAD were most restricted in their work, social and home activities and those with GAD were the least impaired. Functioning levels tended to deteriorate as co-morbidity increased.ConclusionsOf the four anxiety disorders examined, GAD appears to be the least disabling, although they all have more in common than in distinction when it comes to functional impairment. A focus on unique effects of specific anxiety disorders is inadequate, as it fails to address the more pervasive impairment associated with multiple anxiety disorders, which is the modal presentation in primary care.

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Karsten, Julie, Catharina A. Hartman, Johannes H. Smit, Frans G. Zitman, Aartjan T. F. Beekman, Pim Cuijpers, A. J. Willem van der Does, Johan Ormel, Willem A. Nolen, and Brenda W. J. H. Penninx. "Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 3 (March 2011): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080572.

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BackgroundPast episodes of depressive or anxiety disorders and subthreshold symptoms have both been reported to predict the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorders. It is unclear to what extent the two factors interact or predict these disorders independently.AimsTo examine the extent to which history, subthreshold symptoms and their combination predict the occurrence of depressive (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) or anxiety disorders (social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder) over a 2-year period.MethodThis was a prospective cohort study with 1167 participants: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Anxiety and depressive disorders were determined with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, subthreshold symptoms were determined with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self Report and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.ResultsOccurrence of depressive disorder was best predicted by a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by either one alone. Occurrence of anxiety disorder was best predicted by both a combination of a history of anxiety disorder and subthreshold symptoms and a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by any subthreshold symptoms or a history of any disorder alone.ConclusionsA history and subthreshold symptoms independently predicted the subsequent occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder. Together these two characteristics provide reasonable discriminative value. Whereas anxiety predicted the occurrence of an anxiety disorder only, depression predicted the occurrence of both depressive and anxiety disorders.

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McEvoy, Peter M., Rachel Grove, and Tim Slade. "Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders in the Australian General Population: Findings of the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45, no. 11 (November 2011): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2011.624083.

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Objective: The aims of this study were to report 12-month and lifetime prevalence for anxiety disorders in the Australian general population, identify sociodemographic and clinical correlates of anxiety disorders, and report the rates of comorbidity among anxiety, affective, and substance use disorders across the lifespan. Method: The 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing was a nationally representative, face-to-face household survey of 8841 (60% response rate) community residents aged between 16 and 85 years. Diagnoses for anxiety, affective and substance use disorders were made according to the DSM-IV using the World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: 12-month and lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders were 11.8% and 20.0%, respectively. Anxiety disorders had a similar median age of onset (19 years) compared to substance use disorders (20 years), but earlier than affective disorders (34 years). Social phobia was the earliest onset anxiety disorder (median 13 years), with generalized anxiety disorder the latest (median 33 years). Significant correlates of the presence of anxiety disorders included being female, single, not in the labour force, in the middle age groups, not having post-graduate qualifications, having a comorbid physical condition, and having a family history of mental disorders. Being in the oldest age ranges and being born in another non-English speaking country were associated with lower odds of having an anxiety disorder. Body mass index was not associated with the presence of an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders were highly comorbid, particularly with major depression, dysthymia, and alcohol dependence. Comorbidity with substance use disorders reduced with age. Comorbidity with affective disorders was high across the lifespan. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are common, can have an early onset, and are highly comorbid. Prevention, early detection, and treatment of anxiety disorders should be a priority.

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Andrews, Gavin. "Anxiety, personality and anxiety disorders." International Review of Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (January 1991): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269109110408.

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Tuma, A. H., and J. Maser. "Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199001000-00015.

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