Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anxiety disorders'
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Shaw, Allan. "Functional bowel disorders in anxiety disorder out patients." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288174.
Full textRück, Christian. "Capsulotomy in anxiety disorders /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-769-3/.
Full textSwinbourne, Jessica M. "The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4026.
Full textSwinbourne, Jessica M. "The comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4026.
Full textResearch indicates that eating disorders and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur. The prevalence of anxiety disorders amongst anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa samples has been reported in a number of investigations. Despite the significant number of research papers investigating the comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders, many are plagued by methodological problems, limiting the usefulness of findings. Furthermore, there is a significant lack of research examining the prevalence of eating disorders among anxiety patients, and as a result, the frequency of eating disorder pathology among patients presenting to specialty anxiety clinics is unclear. The current research investigated the prevalence of comorbid eating and anxiety disorders amongst 152 women presenting for either eating disorder treatment or anxiety disorder treatment. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was determined from a sample of 100 women presenting for inpatient and outpatient eating disorder treatment. The prevalence of eating disorders was determined from a sample of 52 women presenting for outpatient treatment of an anxiety disorder. The current study found that 65% of women with eating disorders also met criteria for at least one comorbid anxiety disorder. Furthermore, 69% reported the onset of the anxiety disorder to precede the onset of the eating disorder. Of the anxiety disorders diagnosed, Social Phobia was most frequently diagnosed (42%) followed by PTSD (26%), GAD (23%), OCD (5%), Panic/Ag (3%) and Specific Phobia (2%). We also found that 13.5% of women presenting for anxiety treatment also met criteria for a comorbid eating disorder. The results of this study suggest that the prevalence of eating and anxiety disorder comorbidity is high. It is hoped that the present research will have significant etiological and therapeutic implications and further the understanding of the development and maintenance of eating disorder pathology.
MacCallam, Jackie. "Cognitive appraisals in obsessive-compulsive disorder & other anxiety disorders." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1138.
Full textGene-Cos, N. "Mismatch negativity in anxiety disorders." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515466.
Full textDuba, Sauerheber Jill, and James Robert Bitter. "Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5222.
Full textHammel, Jacinda Celeste McGlynn F. Dudley. "Meta worry and generalized anxiety disorder." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/HAMMEL_JACINDA_58.pdf.
Full textMcGregor, Nathaniel Wade. "The identification of novel susceptibility genes involved in anxiety disorders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95859.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The etiology of anxiety disorders remains incompletely understood. Clear evidence for a genetic component has been proposed; however, there is also an increasing focus on environmental factors and the interaction between these and the genetic components that may mediate (anxiety) disorder pathogenesis. No single gene or genetic component has been explicitly identified as being involved in the development of anxiety disorders. This is most likely due to a number of reasons, which include, for example, the heterogeneity of anxiety disorders, the contribution of environmental factors and methodological limitations (e.g. small sample size) of research studies. Until now, genetic association studies usually focused on one particular psychiatric disorder at a time. However, with the difficulty in identifying susceptibility genes and/or loci in heterogeneous disorders like obsessive-compulsive disorder and other conditions in the anxiety spectrum, it is perhaps timely to consider multivariate genetics and epidemiological studies in a number of disorders sharing a core characteristic – such as anxiety. In addition to genetic underpinnings, a number of environmental variables have also been identified as risk factors for pathological anxiety, including adverse life events like childhood physical and sexual abuse. The hypothesis for this project is that a pre-existing genetic vulnerability (or genetic risk) interacts with the impact of adverse life events to result in the development of one or more anxiety disorder(s). Considering phenotypic overlap amongst the anxiety disorders, it is likely that diverse networks of genes and/ or interacting pathways are responsible for the phenotypic manifestations observed. Sprague Dawley rats exhibiting behaviours indicative of anxiety in the context of environmental stressors (maternal separation and restraint stress) were used as model for the identification of novel susceptibility genes for anxiety disorders in humans. The striatum has previously been implicated as a candidate in the brain architecture of anxiety pathogenicity, and is also a site exhibiting a high degree of synaptic plasticity. The synaptic plasticity pathway was investigated using the dorsal striatum of the rat brain and several genes were identified to be aberrantly expressed in “anxious” rats relative to controls (Mmp9, Bdnf, Ntf4, Egr2, Egr4, Grm2 and Arc). In humans, it was found that the severity of early adversity was significantly and positively associated with the presence of an anxiety disorder in adulthood. When the human homologues of the susceptibility candidate genes that were identified using the animal model were screened in a human cohort of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder (PD) or social anxiety disorder (SAD) (relative to controls), five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be significantly associated with these conditions. Four of these SNPs were also found to significantly interact with the severity of childhood trauma. Haplotype analysis of variants within the identified susceptibility candidates revealed novel haplotype associations, four of which are located in the MMP9 gene. Notably, this the first study to link these particular mutations in the MMP9 gene with anxiety disorders and this finding is consistent with previous work suggesting that MMP9 is involved in conditions like cardiovascular disease and cancer which have been associated with increased prevalence of anxiety disorders. In conclusion, this project yielded important findings pertaining to the etiology of anxiety disorders. The use of a combined anxiety disorders cohort (OCD, PD and SAD) may suggest that the associations found here may hold true for anxiety disorders in general and not only for a particular clinically delineated condition. Childhood trauma was confirmed as an increased susceptibility risk for anxiety disorders. Also, this research contributed several novel susceptibility genes (MMP9, EGR2, EGR4, NTF4, and ARC), five significant SNP associations, four significant SNP-environment interactions and five haplotype associations (within MMP9 and BDNF) as candidates for anxiety pathogenicity. The identified polymorphisms and haplotypes were demonstrated to be associated with susceptibility to anxiety disorders in a gene-environment correlation and gene-environment interaction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oorsake van angssteurings word steeds nie volledig verstaan nie. Daar is duidelike bewyse vir 'n genetiese komponent, maar daar is ook toenemende fokus op omgewingsfaktore en die interaksie tussen hierdie omgewingsfaktore en genetiese komponente by angssteurings. Geen enkele geen of genetiese komponent is al geïdentifiseer as diè wat betrokke is by die ontwikkeling van angssteurings nie. Dit is waarskynlik weens 'n aantal redes, wat byvoorbeeld, die heterogeneïteit van angssteurings, die bydrae van omgewingsfaktore en metodologiese beperkings (bv. klein steekproef) van die navorsingstudies, insluit. Verder het genetiese assosiasiestudies tot nou toe gewoonlik net op een spesifieke psigiatriese versteuring op 'n slag gefokus. Maar, gegewe die uitdaging om vatbaarheidsgene en / of loci in heterogene steurings soos obsessief – kompulsiewe steuring (OKV) en ander toestande op die angsspektrum te identifiseer, is dit tyd om genetiese en kliniese studies in ‘n aantal steurings - met ‘n oorvleuende kern-element soos angs -, gesamentlik te oorweeg. Bykomend tot die genetiese boustene, is ‘n aantal omgewingsveranderlikes soos traumatiese lewenservarings tydens die kinderjare as risikofaktore vir patologiese angs geidentifiseer. Die hipotese vir hierdie projek is dat daar 'n interaksie tussen genetiese kwesbaarheid (of genetiese risiko) en traumatiese lewensevarings is en dat dit tot die ontwikkeling van 'n / veelvoudige angssteuring(s) kan lei. Inaggenome die fenotipiese oorvleueling tussen die angssteurings, is dit waarskynlik dat diverse netwerke van gene en / of interaktiewe geen-paaie vir die manifestasie van hierdie toestande verantwoordelik is. Sprague Dawley-rotte met gedragswyses aanduidend van angs, in die konteks van omgewingstressore (d.i. skeiding van die ma-rot en bedwang-stres [restraint stress]), is as model gebruik vir die identifisering van nuwe vatbaarheidsgene vir angssteurings in mense. Die striatum is voorheen as ‘n kandidaat in die brein-argitektuur van patologiese angs voorgehou, en is ook ‘n plek met ‘n hoë mate van sinaptiese plastisiteit. Die sinaptiese plastisiteit is ondersoek deur te fokus op die dorsale striatum van die rotbrein en daar is verskeie gene gevind wat anders is in “angstige” rotte in vergelyking met kontroles (Mmp9, Bdnf, Ntf4, Egr2, Egr4, Grm2 en Arc). In mense is daar gevind dat die ernstigheidsgraad van vroeë trauma beduidend en positief met die teenwoordigheid van ‘n angssteuring tydens volwassenheid verband hou. Toe die menslike ekwivalente van die vatbaarheidsgene wat met die dieremodel geïdentifiseer is in ‘n mens-kohort met obsessief-kompulsiewe steuring (OKS), panieksteuring (PS) en sosiale angssteuring (SAS) ondersoek is, is gevind dat daar 5 enkele nukleotied polimorfismes (ENPs) is wat met die toestande verband hou. Daar is ook gevind dat vier van hierdie ENPs beduidend verband hou met die ernstigheidsgraad van trauma tydens die kinderjare. Haplotipe analise van variante binne die geïdentifiseerde vatbaarheidsgene het op nuwe haplotipe assosiasies – waarvan 4 op die MMP9-geen geleë is – gedui. Hierdie is dus die eerste studie wat gevind het dat dié spesifieke mutasies van die MMP9-geen met angssteurings verband hou. Hierdie bevinding strook met vorige werk wat daarop dui dat die MMP9-geen by toestande soos kardiovaskulêre siekte en kanker wat ook met verhoogde voorkoms van angssteurings verband hou, betrokke is. Ter afsluiting kan ons sê dat hierdie projek belangrike bevindinge oor die oorsake van angssteurings gemaak het. Die gebruik van ‘n gekombineerde angssteurings-kohort (OKS. PS en SAS) kan moontlik suggereer dat die assosiasies wat ons hier gevind het, waar is vir alle angssteurings en nie net vir ‘n spesifieke afgebakende toestand nie. Traumatiese ervarings tydens die kinderjare is ook bevestig as ‘n risiko vir die ontwikkeling van angssteurings. Hierdie navorsing het ook verskeie nuwe vatbaarheidsgene (MMP9, EGR2, EGR4, NTF4, en ARC), 5 beduidende ENP assosiasies, 4 beduidende ENP-omgewings-interaksies en 5 haplotipe assosiasies (by MMP9 en BDNF) geïdentifiseer as moontlike kandidate wat ‘n rol speel by die ontstaan van patologiese angs. Daar is ook gevind dat die geïdentifiseerde polimorfismes en haplotipes met vatbaarheid vir angssteurings in ‘n geen-omgewing- korrelasie en geen-omgewing- interaksie verband hou. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Kimber, Daniel. "Mental Health Literacy for Anxiety Disorders." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17853.
Full textGibson, Denise Helena. "Acupuncture for anxiety in respiratory disorders." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422640/.
Full textAiraksinen, Eija. "Cognitive functions in depression and anxiety disorders : findings from a population-based study /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-954-8/.
Full textFrick, Andreas. "Imaging Anxiety : Neurochemistry in Anxiety Disorders Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-261983.
Full textArmstrong, Kerry Ann. "A psychometric and clincial investigation of anxiety sensitivity in anxiety disorders." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15931/1/Kerry_Armstrong_Thesis.pdf.
Full textArmstrong, Kerry Ann. "A Psychometric And Clincial Investigation Of Anxiety Sensitivity In Anxiety Disorders." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15931/.
Full textPercy, Ray. "Maternal verbal communication and the treatment of children with anxiety disorders in the context of maternal anxiety disorder." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370404/.
Full textWittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Katja Beesdo, and Andrew T. Gloster. "The Position of Anxiety Disorders in Structural Models of Mental Disorders." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-112646.
Full textWittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Katja Beesdo, and Andrew T. Gloster. "The Position of Anxiety Disorders in Structural Models of Mental Disorders." Technische Universität Dresden, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26858.
Full textGräsbeck, Anne. "The epidemiology of anxiety and depressive syndromes a prospective, longitudinal study of a geographically defined, total population : the Lundby study /." Lund : Dept. of Psychiatry, Lund University Hospital, 1996. http://books.google.com/books?id=sw9sAAAAMAAJ.
Full textMarzillier, Sarah Louise. "The role of disgust in anxiety disorders." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270761.
Full textCohen, Jeremy Samuel. "Peer victimization among youth with anxiety disorders." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/214788.
Full textPh.D.
Objective: This study examined whether overt and relational peer victimization were associated with the severity of Social Phobia (SoP) symptoms and whether frequent victimization was more common among youth with SoP as compared to youth with other anxiety disorders. In addition, the study examined whether self-esteem, peer beliefs, and emotional lability were linked to internalizing symptoms above and beyond overt and relational victimization severity. Method: Participants were 90 youth (47 boys, 43 girls; M age = 11.06 years; SD = 3.09) and their parents. Youth had been referred to an outpatient child and adolescent anxiety disorders clinic. Measures included (a) a semi-structured diagnostic interview, (b) youth self-report forms assessing peer victimization, anxiety, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and global self-worth, and (c) parent-report forms assessing anxiety and emotion regulation. Results: Results showed a concurrent positive association between peer victimization and self-reported social anxiety, with relational victimization providing unique information above and beyond overt victimization. Peer victimization was not associated with a specific diagnosis, but was related to multiple internalizing problems (negative beliefs about the peer group accounted for some of this relation). Conclusions: Peer victimization is important to assess for and consider in the treatment of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. Peer victimization is associated with social anxiety symptoms, and relational victimization, in particular, is associated with internalizing problems among youth with anxiety disorders. Victimization appears to be associated with symptomatology rather than diagnosis.
Temple University--Theses
Abplanalp, Bart Solomon. "Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention on the development of panic disorder and anxiety in a high-risk, nonclinical college population." Thesis, Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008262.
Full textWinkelmann, Juliane, Muriel Prager, Roselind Lieb, Hildegard Pfister, Barbara Spiegel, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Florian Holsboer, Claudia Trenkwalder, and Andreas Ströhle. ""Anxietas Tibiarum": Depression and anxiety disorders in patients with restless legs syndrome." Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26587.
Full textMichelgård, Palmquist Åsa. "Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Studies in Anxiety Disorders." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för neurovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129713.
Full textLindesay, James Edward Burnet. "The epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the elderly." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258242.
Full textParker, Zachary. "Therapist drift in the treatment of anxiety disorders." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18181/.
Full textDidehbani, Nyaz. "Role of Parental Anxiety on Pediatric Feeding Disorders." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9853/.
Full textDidehbani, Nyaz Kelly Kimberly. "Role of parental anxiety on pediatric feeding disorders." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9853.
Full textBradbury, Katherine E. "Information processing biases in emotional disorders." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368153.
Full textHenje, Blom Eva. "Anxiety and depression in adolescent females autonomic regulation and differentiation /." Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-807-5/.
Full textGallop, Catherine. "The moderating effect of maternal anxiety on clinical outcome in children with anxiety disorders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275187.
Full textCumbo, Steven Kent. "Worry, anxiety and their relation in a clinical sample of children with anxiety disorders." FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2689.
Full textDreessen, Laura Josephina Johanna Maria. "Personality disorders inquiries into assessment, cognitive profiles and impact on treatment of anxiety disorders /." Maastricht : Maastricht : UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8405.
Full textCrawley, Sarah. "Somatic Complaints in Anxious Youth." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/155885.
Full textPh.D.
Objective: This study examined (a) the distribution of physical symptoms in youth with specific primary anxiety disorders (i.e. separation anxiety disorder [SAD], generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], and social phobia [SP]) and (b) their response to treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT; 14 sessions of CBT over the course of 12 weeks), medication, combination therapy (CBT + medication), or pill placebo in a sample. Method: Anxiety disordered youth (N = 488, age 7-17) who met criteria for a primary diagnosis of GAD, SAD, and/or SP as part of the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS; Walkup et al. 2008) were included in this study. The sample was diverse and included children with comorbid secondary diagnoses. Results: The most common somatic complaints were headache, stomach pain or aches, feeling drowsy or too sleepy, head cold or sniffles, and sleeplessness. The distribution of these complaints did not differ across diagnostic groups. The number and severity of physical symptoms decreased over the course of treatment. Treatment condition, including placebo, was unrelated to the number and severity of physical symptoms posttreatment. Conclusions: Treatment of anxiety leads to a decrease in the number and severity of physical symptoms experienced in anxiety-disordered youth, irrespective of treatment type.
Temple University--Theses
Pietersen, Charmaine Y. "The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in anxiety disorders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52567.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: SEPARATION STUDY Traumatic experiences during childhood can have a negative impact on behaviour later in life. Kendier et al. (1992) found that the loss of a parent during childhood increased the risk to develop major anxiety disorders and could also lead to depressive-like behaviour (Furukawa et al., 1999). Methods: We subjected rat pups to maternal separation and determined the effects thereof on adult behaviour. We removed rat pups from their mothers for 3 hours daily from postnatal day 2 to 14. On day 60, the behaviours of the rats were tested using the elevated plus-maze and the open field test. Controls were reared normally. Behaviours: Amount of time spent and the number of entries into the arms of the maze were noted on the elevated plus-maze, while the total time spent in each zone (inner versus outer) and the number of zone crossings were noted for each rat on the open field arena. The latency to move from the initial placement in the outer zone to the inner zone as well as the number of quadrant crossings was also determined. Defecation, freezing, rearing and grooming behaviours were also noted. Neurotransmitter levels: Noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites were evaluated in maternally separated rats and compared to controls. Their concentrations at basal level, immediately after restraint stress and 15 minutes after restraint stress, were also determined. A HPLC method was followed in these determinations. ACTH Determinations: All rats were subjected to restraint stress for a lO-minute period. Trunk blood was collected for basal, as well as 15 and 60 minutes postrestraint stress for ACTH determinations. Results: Behaviours: The amount of entries was significantly reduced in the separated animals, indicating decreased locomotion. They spent significantly more time in the closed maze arms. A significant increase in defecation frequency and rearing behaviour was noted. These observations are typical of anxious behaviour. In the open field test, the behavioural results were less convincing. Only a significant increase in defecation frequency and a significant decrease in rearing behaviour in separated animals, were observed. Neurotransmitter levels: No significant differences were noted between separated animals and controls with respect to basal monoamine levels. However, noradrenaline levels were significantly decreased in the frontal cortex 15 minutes after restraint stress and immediately after restraint stress in the hypothalamus and hippocampus in separated animals. MHPG levels were significantly decreased in the frontal cortex immediately after restraint stress. No significant differences were found with respect to serotonin levels. However, significant increases were found in 5HIAA levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of separated rats, 15 minutes after restraint stress. The basal turnover ratios of serotonin (5HIAA/5HT) and noradrenaline (MHPGINA) did not yield significant results. However, immediately after restraint stress, a significant increase was found in serotonin turnover in the hypothalamus of separated rats when compared to controls. This turnover rate was also increased in separated rats, 15 minutes after restraint stress in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus. ACTH Determinations: Basal ACTH levels were significantly higher in separated animals. At 15 minutes post-restraint stress, the levels were significantly lower than controls, indicating a blunted stress response. Our results therefore showed that maternal separation could lead to anxious behaviours in adult life. These behavioural abnormalities were associated with alterations in the central nervous and neuroendocrinological systems, particularly in response to stressful situations. CRF STUDY The maternal separation study indicated that elevated CRF levels could possibly be causally related to abnormalities observed in the anxious animals. We therefore hypothesised that adverse development factors, such as maternal separation, predisposes individuals to develop psychopathologies later in life and that this process was driven by a presence of high CRF levels. Methods: Cannulas were implanted into the left lateral ventricles of normal rats, making use of stereotaxic procedures. CRF (3 flg/fll) was injected into the ventricles daily for 5 days. Saline controls were handled similarly, but only injected with saline for the same time period. Both groups of animals were then compared to naïve controls. Histology was performed to determine the correct placement of the cannulas. Behaviours: The Elevated Plus-maze was employed to determine whether their behaviours were anxious. The number of entries into the various arms of the maze as well as the amount of time spent in the open and closed arms was accumulated. Rearing, freezing, defecation and grooming were also noted. ACTH Determinations: The ACTH levels ofCRF-injected, saline-injected and naïve rats were determined 15 minutes after restraint stress. Results: Behaviours: A decrease in the number of entries into the closed arms of the maze was noted in the CRF-injected rats when compared to naïve controls. No significant differences were found between the groups with respect to the amount of time spent in the various arms and the behaviours noted during the experiment. ACTH Determinations: A decrease in ACTH levels was noted in CRF-injected rats 15 minutes after restraint stress when compared to naïve controls. Therefore, although the CRF injections did not alter the behaviour of the rat, they did exhibit a blunted stress response to the stressor. Conclusion: Our experiments led us to conclude that early adverse experiences, such as maternal separation, can lead to the development of psychopathologies later in life. CRF, however, is not pivotal in the development of these abnormalities; rather it seems that the neurochemical abnormalities (serotonin and noradrenaline) play a more important role in the development of these mental disturbances. Finally, we hypothesise that combination drug therapy that targets both the noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems could be preferred above those aimed at rectifying the individual neurotransmitter systems in the treatment of psychopathologies, such as anxiety disorders.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MOEDERLIKE SKEIDINGS STUDIE Traumatiese gebeurtenisse wat gedurende kinderjare ervaar word, kan 'n negatiewe impak op die gedrag van dieselfde individue hê, as hulle volwassenheid bereik het. Kendier et al. (1992) het waargeneem dat die verlies van 'n ouer tydens die kinderjare, die risiko om angssteumisse te ontwikkel, dramaties verhoog en kan ook lei tot 'n depressiewe gemoedtoestand (Furukawa et al., 1999). Metodes: Ons het neonatale rotte aan moederlike skeiding blootgestel en die effekte daarvan op gedrag tydens hul volwasse lewe beoordeel. Ons het daagliks die moeders vir 3 ure van die kleintjies afweggeneem, vanafpostnatale dag 2 tot 14. Op dag 60, het ons die gedrag van die diere op die "elevated plus-maze" en die" open field test" getoets. Kontrole rotte het onder normale omstandighede opgegroei. Gedrag parameters: Die hoeveelheid tyd en aantal kere wat die rotte in die verskillende arms van die "elevated plus-maze" gespandeer het, was waargeneem. Die totale tyd in die "open field" toets se binneste ofbuitenste sones, die hoeveelheid kruisings tussen die twee sones, die tyd wat dit neem om beweging in die binneste sone te inisiëer, sowel as die hoeveelheid kwadrante wat gekruis was, is genotuleer. Defekasie, botstilstande, steiering, en versorgingsgedragte was ook waargeneem terwyl die rotte in die doolhowe was. Neurochemiese oordragstowwe: Die hippokampus, hipotalamus en frontale korteks van moerderlik-geskeide rotte en kontroles, was uit hul brein gedissekteer om die vlakke van noradrenalien, serotonien en hul metaboliete daarin te bepaal. Basale vlakke sowel as hul konsentrasies onmiddelik na stres en 15 minute na stres, was gedetermineer. 'n HPLC metode was gebruik vir hierdie bepalings. ACTH bepalings: Rotte, moederlik-geskei en kontroles, was onderwerp aan beperkingstres vir 'n tydsduur van 10 minute. Bloed was op die volgende tydsintervalle gekollekteer vir die bepaling van ACTH vlakke, naamlik basaal, 15 minute en 60 minute na die einde van stresperiode. Resultate: Gedrag: Op die "elevated plus-maze" was moederlik-geskeide rotte minder beweeglik omdat hul aanmerklik minder die arms van die doolhowe binne gegaan het. Hulle het ook baie meer tyd in die geslote arms gespandeer. Verder het die eksperimentele rotte meer defekasie bolusse uitgeskei en was die aantal steieringe uitgevoer, ook aanmerklik verhoog. Hierdie patroon van gedrag is tipies die van angstigheid. Neurochemiese oordragstowwe: Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskil tussen die basale neurotransmitter vlakke van moederlik-geskeide rotte en hul kontroles. Daarenteen was die vlakke van noradrenalien in die frontale korteks dramaties verhoog by die 15 minute tydsinterval na die stres, asook onmiddelik na die stres in die hipotalamus en hippokampus. MHPG vlakke was egter aanmerklik verlaag in die frontale korteks onmiddelik na die stres. Terwyl daar geen noemenswaardige verskil in serotonien vlakke waargeneem is nie, was die vlakke van 5HlAA betekenisvol verhoog in die frontale korteks en hippokampus van moederlik-geskeide rotte, 15 minute na die beperkingstres. Geen verskil in die omsettingsverhoudinge van basale serotonien (5HlAA/5HT) ofnoradrenalien (MHPGINA) vlakke is gevind nie. Daar was egter 'n betekenisvolle verhoging in die serotonien omset in die hipotalamus van moerdlik-geskeide rotte, onmiddelik na beperkingstres. Hierdie verskil het ook voorgekom 15 minute na die stresperiode in die hipotalamus, sowel as in die frontale korteks. ACTH bepalings: Rotte wat onderwerp was aan moederlike skeiding het verhoogde basale konsentrasies van ACTH getoon. Die ACTH vlakke was egter aanmerklik laer 15 minute na stres toe dit met kontrole groepe vergelyk is. Ons resultate toon dus dat moerderlike-skeiding wel tot angstige gedrag tydens die volwasse lewe kan lei. Hierdie afwyking in gedrag was geassosieër met abnormaliteite in die sentrale senuwee sisteem sowel as die neuroendokrienologiese sisteem van die dier, veralonder toestande van stres. Na gelang van ons bevindinge in die moerderlike skeidingstudie, het dit geblyk dat CRF 'n belangrike rol speel tot daarstelling van angstige gedrag. Daarom het ons in die tweede deel van ons studie gaan kyk ofverhoogde vlakke van CRF in die brein moontlik die gedrag van die rot kon verander. CRF STUDIE Metodes: Kannules was in die linker ventrikel van die breine van normale rotte geïmplanteer deur gebruik te maak van stereotaktiese prosedures. CRF (3 Ilg/IlI) was daagliks vir 5 dae aan die rotte toegedien. Rotte wat presies dieselfde gehanteer was het 'n fisiologiese soutoplossing ontvang. Hierdie rotte was met naïewe rotte vergelyk. Die korrekte plasing van kannules was met histologiese metodes bevestig. Gedrag: Die "elevated plus-maze" was gebruik om te bepaal of angstige gedragte by behandelde rotte ontlok was. Die aantal kere wat 'n rot die verskillende arms van die doolhofbinne gaan, sowel as die tyd wat die dier op elke arm deurbring was genotuleer. Die aantal steierings, botstilstande, defekasies en versorgingsbewegings was weereens waargeneem. ACTH bepalings: Die vlakke van ACTH was bepaal in al die rotgroepe, 15 minute nadat hulle aan 10 minute beperkingstres onderwerp was. Resultate: Gedrag: Rotte wat met CRF toegedien was, het op minder geleenthede die toe arms van die "elevated plus-maze" binne gegaan toe hulle met die naïewe groep rotte vergelyk was. Hierdie verskil was betekenisvol. Daar was geen ander noemenswaardige verskille ten opsigte van die ander gedragsparameter nie. ACTH bepalings: Daar was 'n afname in die ACTH vlakke, 15 minute na die stres toegedien was in rotte wat CRF ontvang het, in vergelyking tot die naïewe kontrole groep. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat die toediening van CRF in die brein nie die rot se gedrag, maar wel die dier se respons op stres, beïnvloed het. Gevolgtrekking: In die lig van die voorafgaande resultate verky, blyk dit dat moederlike-skeiding tydens die vroeë kinderjare wel kan aanleiding gee tot angstige gedrag tydens volwassenheid. Ons studies dui ook aan dat CRF nie die primêre bron van hierdie gedrags afwykings is nie, maar dat abnormaliteite in die neurochemiese oordragstowwe (serotonien en noradrenalien) eerder die bepalende faktore is. Ten slotte, ons beveel aan dat geneesmiddels wat geskoei is om die serotonerge sowel as die noradrenerge sisteme aan te spreek, voordeel moet geniet in die behandeling van gedragstoomisse, soos angs.
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Full textTiivistelmä Tutkimuksen päätarkoituksena oli selvittää sosiaalista ahdistuneisuutta 8–17-vuotiailla hyvätasoisilla lapsilla ja nuorilla, joilla on autismi (HFA) tai Aspergerin oireyhtymä (AS). Tutkimuksen toinen tarkoitus oli selvittää, miten HFA- ja AS-lapset ja nuoret kykenevät tunnistamaan tunteita kasvonilmeistä. Tutkimus arvioi myös kahden kansainvälisesti tunnetun, sosiaalista ahdistuneisuutta mittaavan kyselylomakkeen (The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children ja The Social Anxiety Scale for Children -revised) toimivuutta suomalaisessa väestössä. Tavoitteena oli antaa uusia työvälineitä suomalaiselle lastenpsykiatrialle tutkimus- ja kliiniseen työhön. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat HFA- ja AS-nuorten kokevan muita nuoria useammin sosiaalista ahdistuneisuutta. Vanhemmat havaitsevat HFA- ja AS-lastensa sosiaalisen ahdistuneisuuden oireet lapsen iästä riippumatta, kun lapset itse kertoivat oireistaan vasta nuoruusiässä. Tutkimus osoitti myös, että HFA:ta tai AS:ää sairastavien kyky tunnistaa tunteita paranee iän myötä. Se ei kuitenkaan saavuta tavalliseen tapaan kehittyvien lasten taitotasoa nuoruusikään mennessä. HFA- ja AS-lapset ja nuoret tulkitsevat ikätovereitaan useammin kasvojen ilmeen peloksi silloin, kun kasvojenilme on sekoitus pelko-yllättyneisyyttä. Tavalliseen tapaan kehittyneet lapset ja nuoret tulkitsevat kasvojenilmeen useammin neutraaliksi kuin HFA tai AS diagnoosin saaneet, jos kasvojenilme on sekoitus surullinen-neutraalia. Tutkimustulosten perusteella tulee HFA:ta tai AS:ää sairastavia lapsia ja nuoria hoidettaessa ottaa huomioon sosiaalinen ahdistuneisuus. Heille tulisi nykyistä useammin tarjota tilaisuus myös kuntouttaa kykyä tunnistaa toisten ihmisten tunteita
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Sahab, Lama A. "Investigating dental anxiety in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74797/.
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