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Journal articles on the topic 'Anxiety disorders in children'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Mogg, K., G. A. Salum, B. P. Bradley, A. Gadelha, P. Pan, P. Alvarenga, L. A. Rohde, D. S. Pine, and G. G. Manfro. "Attention network functioning in children with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and non-clinical anxiety." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 12 (April 24, 2015): 2633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000586.

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BackgroundResearch with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders).MethodWe examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting.ResultsFindings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times.ConclusionsImpaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.

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Curran, Joseph. "Anxiety disorders in children." Mental Health Practice 9, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.9.7.28.s27.

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3

Dadds, Mark R., Paula M. Heard, and Ronald M. Rapee. "Anxiety disorders in children." International Review of Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (January 1991): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269109110403.

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4

Love, Steven R. "Anxiety disorders in children." Research in Developmental Disabilities 11, no. 3 (January 1990): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(90)90020-9.

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5

Thyer, Bruce A. "Anxiety disorders in children." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 5, no. 3 (January 1991): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(91)90010-q.

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6

Sherwood, James V., and Kevin J. O'Connor. "Anxiety disorders in children." Clinical Psychology Review 11, no. 4 (January 1991): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(91)90120-j.

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7

Doyle, Melissa M. "Anxiety Disorders in Children." Pediatrics In Review 43, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 618–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2020-001198.

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Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health disorders in children with clearly defined and empirically based treatment. However, assessment and treatment pose several obstacles for pediatric providers. A child who may have age-appropriate communication skills will still struggle to accurately report the presence, timing, and severity of symptoms. Reports from parents, caregivers, and teachers are often subjective and can focus on 1 aspect of the child’s behavior. Untreated, anxiety disorders have an adverse effect on a child’s functioning, and impairments in physical health, academic performance, and social competence can lead to lifelong consequences. Well-validated and rapidly administered screening tools can be used to gather data from schools and other resources to inform the diagnosis, guide treatment recommendations, and track improvements. Limited training on behavioral health diagnosis and fear of “black box warnings” have left many pediatric clinicians reluctant to prescribe medications. There are readily available practice guidelines for these medications, and data documenting the efficacy of these medications for children should encourage their use.

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Garcia de Miguel, Berta, David J. Nutt, Sean D. Hood, and Simon JC Davies. "Elucidation of neurobiology of anxiety disorders in children through pharmacological challenge tests and cortisol measurements: a systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 26, no. 4 (July 19, 2010): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110372818.

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Anxiety disorders are common both in adults and children. While there have been major advances in understanding the neurobiology of anxiety disorders in adults, progress has been more limited in the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these disorders in childhood. There is a need to delineate childhood biological models, since anxiety represents a significant clinical problem in children and is a risk factor for the subsequent development of anxiety and depression in adulthood. We conducted a review of the literature regarding pharmacological challenge tests and direct hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis measurement in children with anxiety disorders, with emphasis on panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Studies identified were contrasted with those in adult panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Despite this broad approach few studies emerged in children, with only 22 studies meeting inclusion criteria. When contrasted with adult neurobiological models of panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, children studied showed some abnormalities which mirrored those reported in adults, such as altered baseline respiration, altered responses to CO2 challenge tests and blunted growth hormone response to yohimbine. However, results differed from adults with panic disorder and social anxiety in some aspects of noradrenergic and serotonergic function. For endpoints studied in panic disorder children, unlike adults, displayed a lack of baseline end-tidal CO2 abnormalities and a different hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal pattern response under low-dose CO2. The biology of these anxiety disorders in children may only partially mirror that of adult anxiety disorders. However, caution is required as the evidence is limited, and many studies combined patients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder with other disorders or non-specific anxiety. Further research is required to fully understand the biology and progression of childhood anxiety disorders.

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Mohammed, Hussein. "Elimination Disorders and their relationship to anxiety disorders in mentally disabled children with autism." Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Educational and Psychological Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/ep51372350.

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The current research aims to identify the patterns of Elimination Disorders and their relationship to anxiety disorders in a sample of mentally handicapped children with autism spectrum disorder, numbering (70) of them (43 males, 27 females), ranging in age from (5-9 years) with an average age of (5.89). And a standard deviation of (1.22), from Israr Association and Ayyad Najd Center in Arar, Northern Borders Region. The study relied on the descriptive correlative approach. The results of the research have revealed the prevalence of some patterns of Elimination Disorders and anxiety disorders in children in the research sample, and there is a correlation between patterns of Elimination Disorders and anxiety disorders resulting from them in children with autism spectrum disorder who are mentally handicapped, as well as the contribution of Elimination Disorders(Enuresis- Encopresis- dysury- dysuria) in predicting anxiety disorders (specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder) in mentally disabled children with autism spectrum disorder.

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10

Waters, A. M., B. P. Bradley, and K. Mogg. "Biased attention to threat in paediatric anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder) as a function of ‘distress’versus‘fear’ diagnostic categorization." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 3 (April 17, 2013): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000779.

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BackgroundStructural models of emotional disorders propose that anxiety disorders can be classified into fear and distress disorders. Sources of evidence for this distinction come from genetic, self-report and neurophysiological data from adults. The present study examined whether this distinction relates to cognitive processes, indexed by attention bias towards threat, which is thought to cause and maintain anxiety disorders.MethodDiagnostic and attention bias data were analysed from 435 children between 5 and 13 years of age; 158 had principal fear disorder (specific phobia, social phobia or separation anxiety disorder), 75 had principal distress disorder (generalized anxiety disorder, GAD) and 202 had no psychiatric disorder. Anxious children were a clinic-based treatment-seeking sample. Attention bias was assessed on a visual-probe task with angry, neutral and happy faces.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, children with principal distress disorder (GAD) showed a significant bias towards threat relative to neutral faces whereas children with principal fear disorder showed an attention bias away from threat relative to neutral faces. Overall, children displayed an attention bias towards happy faces, irrespective of diagnostic group.ConclusionsOur findings support the distinction between fear and distress disorders, and extend empirically derived structural models of emotional disorders to threat processing in childhood, when many anxiety disorders begin and predict lifetime impairment.

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Shea, Caroline K. S., Marshall M. C. Lee, Kelly Y. C. Lai, Ernest S. L. Luk, and Patrick W. L. Leung. "Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders in Hong Kong Chinese Children With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 5 (December 18, 2014): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054714562830.

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Objective: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of anxiety disorders in Chinese children with ADHD. Method: Overall, 120 children with ADHD aged 6 to 12 years were recruited, and the parent version of computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children–Version 4 was administrated to their primary caretakers. Results: The prevalence rate of anxiety disorders was 27.5%, which is consistent with the reports of previous Asian and Western studies. Among the children with ADHD and anxiety disorders, more than 50% of them also had comorbid oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder (ODD/CD), which yielded an adjusted odds ratio of 3.0 in multivariable analysis for anxiety disorder, with comorbid ODD/CD. In addition, anxiety disorders were positively associated with inattention symptoms in children with both disorders. Conclusion: Clinicians should perform screening and careful assessment for anxiety symptoms in children with ADHD, particularly those suffering from comorbid ODD/CD.

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Korabel’nikova, E. A. "Anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 3, no. 4 (2020): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-302-308.

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Aim: to assess the prevalence and presentations of anxiety in preschool children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Patients and Methods: preschoolers (4–6 years) and their parents were enrolled. 30 children with ADHD and their parents were included in the study group and 15 healthy children and their parents were included in the control group. The study was performed in Moscow kindergartens. Clinical anamnestic, experimental psychological (Р. Temple, М. Dorkey, and Е.W. Amen anxiety test adapted by V.M. Astapov; “Fears in Houses” test modified by M.A. Panfilova; questionnaire for anxiety in children for a teacher and parents by G.P. Lavrent’eva and T.M. Titarenko), and statistical tests were applied. Results: in children with ADHD, a significantly higher level of anxiety was reported as demonstrated by Р. Temple, М. Dorkey, and Е.W. Amen anxiety test results (i.e., the test completed by children themselves). The percentage of children with 15 fears or more was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. Most preschoolers from both groups experience so-called age-related fears. In addition, age-inappropriate social fears (e.g., a fear of punishment or a fear of being late for kindergarten) were revealed in children with ADHD. These fears were much more common in the study group compared to the control group. Conclusions: our findings demonstrate a higher level of anxiety in children with ADHD compared to healthy children. Therefore, anxiety may be regarded as an ADHD-associated factor. In addition to typical age-related fears, children with ADHD experience so-called social fears. This phenomenon illustrates a fear of disapproval and punishment and a propensity for low self-esteem. KEYWORDS: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, preschoolers. FOR CITATION: Korabel’nikova E.A. Anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):302–308. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-302-308.

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Flannery-Schroeder, Ellen, Cynthia Suveg, Scott Safford, Philip C. Kendall, and Alicia Webb. "Comorbid Externalising Disorders and Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes." Behaviour Change 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.1.14.35972.

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AbstractExamined the effects of comorbid externalising disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) on the long-term outcome (7.4 years) of individuals treated for anxiety disorders as youth. Ninety-four anxiety-disordered children (aged 8-13) were provided with a 16-session manual-based cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT). Assessments were completed at pretreatment, posttreatment, 1-year posttreatment (see Kendall, et al., 1997) and for 88 of the original 94 subjects at 7.4-years posttreatment (see Kendall, Safford, Flannery-Schroeder, & Webb, in press). At pretreatment, all participants received principal anxiety diagnoses (generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia). Nineteen had comorbid externalising disorders (11 ADHD, 7 ODD and 1 CD). These 19 subjects were matched on age (within an average of 3 months), gender and race with 19 previously treated youths who were not comorbid with an externalising disorder. Examining parent- and child-reports, respectively, comparable rates of comorbid versus non-comorbid cases were free of their principal anxiety disorder at the 7.4-year follow-up on all dependent measures. Parents of anxiety-disordered children with a comorbid externalising disorder reported higher levels of child externalising behaviour than did parents of anxiety-disordered children without comorbidity. Comorbid children reported greater self-efficacy in coping with anxiety-provoking situations than did non-comorbid children. Thus, it appears that overall anxiety-disordered children with and without comorbid externalising disorders showed comparable improvements following CBT.

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Souza, Isabella, Maria Antônia Pinheiro, and Paulo Mattos. "Anxiety disorders in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder clinical sample." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 63, no. 2b (June 2005): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2005000300008.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a clinical referred sample of children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: 78 children and adolescents with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria were investigated with a semi-structured interview (P-CHIPS), complemented by clinical interviews with the children or adolescents and their parents. Their IQ was calculated with neuropsychological testing. RESULTS: A high prevalence of anxiety disorders (23.05%) was found in the sample. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most prevalent disorder (12,8%), followed by social phobia (3,84%) and separation anxiety disorder (3,8%). Two children showed more than one anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with ADHD seem to be more prone to have comorbid anxiety disorders, at least in clinical samples referred to specialized units.

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Wilson, Sylia, Irene J. Elkins, Stephen M. Malone, William G. Iacono, and Matt McGue. "Associations Between Common Forms of Psychopathology and Fecundity: Evidence From a Prospective, Longitudinal Twin Study." Clinical Psychological Science 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620957321.

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We examined associations between common psychiatric disorders and fecundity in a population-based cohort of 1,252 twins prospectively assessed from adolescence into adulthood. Major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and alcohol use disorders were associated with lower likelihood of having children and having fewer children. Survival analyses yielded similar results accounting for timing and recurrence. Although both early- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders were associated with decreased fecundity, early-onset major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders (among boys), and alcohol use disorders (among girls) were associated with greater likelihood of having a child during adolescence. Among twin pairs discordant for psychiatric disorders (i.e., one twin affected and one twin unaffected by major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, or alcohol use disorders), twins affected by anxiety and alcohol use disorders but not major depressive disorder were less likely to have children than their unaffected co-twins. However, unaffected twins with an affected co-twin were no more likely to have children than twins from unaffected twin pairs, inconsistent with the balancing-selection hypothesis that increased fecundity in unaffected relatives accounts for persistence of psychiatric disorders.

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Spence, Susan H., and Mark R. Dadds. "Preventing Childhood Anxiety Disorders." Behaviour Change 13, no. 4 (December 1996): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081348390000485x.

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Although much has been written about the need for prevention of anxiety disorders in children, there has been a marked absence of empirical research to evaluate the effectiveness of such programs. This paper suggests that there is now sufficient evidence to identify risk and protective factors for the development of childhood anxiety disorders. Early childhood temperament, negative life events, and children's coping styles are suggested to play a significant role. Acting in association with these variables are parental behaviours that serve to model, prompt, and reinforce anxious behaviour and emphasise the threatening nature of events. Our knowledge of these causal variables enables us to identify children at risk for the development of anxiety problems and highlights variables that should be targets of change in prevention programs. Indicated prevention is designed to disrupt the trajectory towards the development of clinical levels of psychological disorder. This paper describes an “indicated” preventive program for children identified as being at risk for the development of anxiety disorders given evidence of mild anxious symptomatology.

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Meslin-Kuźniak, Anna, and Katarzyna Nowicka-Sauer. "Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with particular focus on generalised anxiety disorder." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2020.0034.

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The paper presents the issue of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents with particular focus on generalised anxiety disorder and the use of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy in the affected patients. Data on epidemiology, aetiology and diagnosis of anxiety disorders, as well as the specificity and limitations of cognitive behavioural therapy among younger patients are presented. Statistical data show that the group of affected children and adolescents is growing. The diagnosis of generalised anxiety in children and adolescents may take time. It requires careful collection of history and observation of behaviours in different functioning domains. It may happen that symptoms indicative of generalised anxiety disorders are underestimated or missed by adults from the child’s immediate environment. Early and accurate diagnosis is important also because the disorder may give rise to depressive disorders or contribute to suicide attempts. Research shows that cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, often aided by pharmacotherapy, is one of the most effective and popular forms of therapy in children and adolescents with generalised anxiety disorders. The paper describes the theoretical models of the disorder, as well as its implications for psychotherapy and current research trends. Cognitive behavioural therapeutic programs intended for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders are also presented. The literature review shows that studies and protocols devoted exclusively to the treatment of generalised anxiety in children and adolescents are still missing. Therefore, treatment protocols for adults, which are appropriately adjusted to age and cognitive development of the child, are often used, especially for older children.

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Newcorn, Jeffrey H., Scott R. Miller, Iliyan Ivanova, Kurt P. Schulz, Jessica Kalmar, David J. Marks, and Jeffrey M. Halperin. "Adolescent Outcome of ADHD: Impact of Childhood Conduct and Anxiety Disorders." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001942.

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ABSTRACTObjective: This study examines the impact of comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with disruptive and anxiety disorders in childhood on clinical course and outcome. We consider the relative contribution of each comorbid symptom constellation, and also their interaction, to assess the following questions: (1) Does early comorbidity with conduct disorder (CD) and anxiety disorders define specific developmental trajectories?; (2) Is comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood continuous with anxiety disorders in adolescence?; (3) Does comorbid anxiety disorders mitigate the negative behavioral outcome of youth with ADHD?; and (4) Is there an interaction between comorbid CD and anxiety disorders, when they occur simultaneously, that predicts a different outcome than either comorbid condition alone?Method: Thirty-two 15- to 18-year-old adolescent males, diagnosed with ADHD between 7 and 11 years of age, were re-evaluated for assessment of adolescent outcome 4.3–9.2 years later. Hierarchical regression analyses were run with each of the eight Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report problem scales, and the four anxiety symptom subscales of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children serving as outcome variables.Results: Findings indicate that comorbid CD at baseline predicteds parent reports of behavior problems in adolescence, while comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood predicted youth reports of anxiety and social problems. Anxiety disorders without CD did not predict poor behavioral outcome. Children with both comorbid CD and anxiety disorder had the highest levels of parent-rated symptoms on follow up. In particular, adolescent social problems were best predicted by the combination of comorbid CD and anxiety disorder in childhood.Conclusion: These data provide evidence that children with ADHD plus anxiety disorder do in fact have anxiety disorders, and that the combination of anxiety disorder and CD predicts a more rather than less severe course.

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Chutko, Leonid Semenovich, Svetlana Yurievna Surushkina, Inna Sergeevna Nikishena, Yelena Alexandrovna Yakovenko, Tatyana Igorevna Anisimova, and Yulia Leonidovna Bykova. "Diseases of a neurotic range at children with night enuresis." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped4370-73.

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The article is devoted to the study of nocturnal enuresis and frequency of comorbid anxiety disorders in children with this disease. The authors present the results of a survey of 70 children aged 7 to 10 years with primary enuresis. In the study, anxiety disorders were found in 44 children with this pathology (62.9 %). Analysis of the identified symptoms showed that more of the study group are generalized anxiety disorder (31.8 %) and phobic anxiety disorder (40.9 %).

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Vance, Alasdair, Jan Costin, Rebecca Barnett, Ernest Luk, Paul Maruff, and Bruce Tonge. "Characteristics of Parent- and Child-Reported Anxiety in Psychostimulant Medication Naïve, Clinically Referred Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type (ADHD-CT)." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (April 2002): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01008.x.

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Objective: Anxiety is a frequent comorbid condition in referred primary school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT), yet there has been relatively little systematic research of the nature of this comorbid anxiety. We describe the characteristics of parent-reported child anxiety disorders and child-reported anxiety disorders in primary school-age children with ADHD-CT. Method: A cross-sectional study of 75 clinically-referred psychostimulant medication naïve children with ADHD-CT examining separately parent and child reports of anxiety, defined categorically and dimensionally. A two-year follow up of 12 children with parent-reported child anxiety and 12 children with child-reported anxiety was also completed. Results: There was no significant association between the child and parent reports of anxiety. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobia (SpPh) and social phobia (SoPh) were the most common anxiety disorder diagnoses reported by parents and children. Two-year follow-up data revealed no decrease in the parent report but a significant decrease in the child report of anxiety disorders. Conclusions: The dissonance between the parent report of child anxiety and the child report of anxiety, emphasizes the importance of careful and thorough clinical assessment of the child's perspective. The nature of parent-reported child anxiety and children's self-report of anxiety requires further systematic research.

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Gasanov, R. F., I. V. Makarov, and D. A. Emelina. "Anxiety in children with hyperkinetic disorder (literature review)." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2019-2-3-12.

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The review article reveals the problems of hyperkinetic and anxiety disorders comorbidity. It is shown that these disorders have common etiological and pathogenetic factors, as well as clinical symptoms. In addition, the therapy of both pathological conditions has similar targets, which suggests that the hyperkinetic disorder and anxiety disorders of childhood can be called not only concomitant, but also comorbid.

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Vance, Alasdair, Katrina Harris, Marilyn Boots, Jessica Talbot, and Mary Karamitsios. "Which Anxiety Disorders May Differentiate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type with Dysthymic Disorder from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type Alone?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 5 (October 2003): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01235.x.

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Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT), dysthymic disorder, and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur in primary school age children, although there have been no published data describing their association. We investigated the association of anxiety, defined from a parent or child perspective, with primary school-age children with ADHD-CT with and without dysthymic disorder. Method: One hundred and forty-six medication naïve children with ADHD-CT were studied. Two groups with and without dysthymic disorder were formed to compare parent and child reports of anxiety, using categorical and continuous measures of anxiety, using logistic regression. Results: Separation anxiety disorder and social phobia were associated with primary school-age children with ADHD-CT and dysthymic disorder, compared to children with ADHD-CT without dysthymic disorder. Conclusions: The recognition of dysthymic disorder and anxiety disorders and their management in primary school-age children with ADHD-CT is generally poorly understood. The identification and elucidation of composite anxiety and depressive phenomena that may be systematically investigated through longitudinal studies of epidemiologically derived samples is needed in this particular group of children.

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Driessen, Jim, Jan Dirk Blom, Peter Muris, Roger K. Blashfield, and Marc L. Molendijk. "Anxiety in Children with Selective Mutism: A Meta-analysis." Child Psychiatry & Human Development 51, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00933-1.

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Abstract This study evaluates the current conceptualization of selective mutism (SM) as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5 using a meta-analytic approach. In the absence of any systematic assessment of anxiety in the field of SM, we pooled prevalence data of comorbid anxiety disorders in a random-effects meta-analysis. On the basis of 22 eligible studies (N = 837), we found that 80% of the children with SM were diagnosed with an additional anxiety disorder, notably social phobia (69%). However, considerable heterogeneity was present, which remained unexplained by a priori specified moderators. The finding that SM is often diagnosed in combination with anxiety disorders, indicates that these disorders are not discrete, separable categories. Moreover, this finding does not help to elucidate the relation between SM and anxiety as an etiological mechanism or symptomatic feature. Broadening our research strategies regarding the assessment of anxiety is paramount to clarify the role of anxiety in SM, and allow for proper classification.

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Ozmen, Sevgi, Asilay Şeker, and Esra Demirci. "Ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0229.

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Abstract Background Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders in childhood and an important health problem that is associated with the risk of serious mental, educational and economical problems. Researchers have mentioned many different mechanisms in the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders and thus to contribute to the clarification of anxiety in children. Methods Forty-three children aged 6–12 years with a diagnosis of the Anxiety Disorder according to DSM 5 and 21 healthy children age- and gender-matched to the study group were included. All the subjects were assessed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) scale. Blood samples were obtained in the morning and serum ghrelin and leptin levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results In the anxiety group the ghrelin levels were higher than the control group (p = 0.037) but there was no significant difference between the leptin levels (p = 0.430). Also, when the girls in the anxiety group and the girls in the control group were compared, ghrelin levels were higher in the anxiety group (p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that ghrelin may play a significant role in the etiologic mechanisms of anxiety disorders. However, more detailed studies are needed to explain the linkage between anxiety disorders and neuropeptides.

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Schreier, Andrea, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Michael Höfler, and Roselind Lieb. "Anxiety disorders in mothers and their children: Prospective longitudinal community study." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 4 (April 2008): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.033589.

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SummaryThe relationship between DSM-IV anxiety disorders and their clinical characteristics in mothers and anxiety in offspring was examined in 933 mother–child pairs from a longitudinal community study. Offspring of mothers with an anxiety disorder had an elevated risk of developing any anxiety disorder, compared with offspring of mothers with no anxiety disorder. Increased risk of anxiety in the offspring was especially associated with maternal social phobia and generalised anxiety disorder, and with maternal diagnoses of early onset, greater number and more severe impairment. These results suggest that the type of maternal anxiety disorder and its severity of manifestation contribute to mother-offspring aggregation of anxiety.

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Skendi, V., V. Alikaj, and E. Dashi. "Anxiety symptoms and their frequencies in albanian children: Differences by age, gender and other variables." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1684.

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IntroductionAnxiety symptoms in childhood represent an important risk factor for developing anxiety disorders in subsequent developmental stages. This study examines the frequency and characteristics of the symptoms of the principal anxiety disorders in children and adolescents using a self-report questionnaire based on the diagnostic categories of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) manual.ObjectivesOur main aim was to have a bigger view of anxiety symptoms spectrum in Albanian children, their frequencies and diferences related to age, gender or other variables.MethodsA cross-sectional, non-interventional study was conducted on 50 children/adolescents aged 8 to 17 years (45% males), frequenting Child/Adolescent Psychiatric Service, who completed the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale.ResultsMore than one in four of the children and adolescents showed high scores in any anxiety disorder. The anxiety symptoms due to separation were the most frequent in the sample (5.5%), followed by physical fears. Girls scored significantly higher in all disorders (P < .001), except in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Differences were found as regards to age in all disorders, except physical fears, but the effect sizes were only in anxiety due to separation, which decreased with age, and generalized anxiety, which was higher in adolescents than in children.ConclusionsThis study puts emphasizes to the early detection of anxiety symptoms in children, in order to provide the early and effective intervention and prevent the development of anxiety disorders in later life.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Mangione, Carol M., Michael J. Barry, Wanda K. Nicholson, Michael Cabana, Tumaini Rucker Coker, Karina W. Davidson, Esa M. Davis, et al. "Screening for Anxiety in Children and Adolescents." JAMA 328, no. 14 (October 11, 2022): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.16936.

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ImportanceAnxiety disorder, a common mental health condition in the US, comprises a group of related conditions characterized by excessive fear or worry that present as emotional and physical symptoms. The 2018-2019 National Survey of Children’s Health found that 7.8% of children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years had a current anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased likelihood of a future anxiety disorder or depression.ObjectiveThe US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) commissioned a systematic review to evaluate the benefits and harms of screening for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. This is a new recommendation.PopulationChildren and adolescents 18 years or younger who do not have a diagnosed anxiety disorder or are not showing recognized signs or symptoms of anxiety.Evidence AssessmentThe USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years has a moderate net benefit. The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on screening for anxiety in children 7 years or younger.RecommendationThe USPSTF recommends screening for anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years. (B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for anxiety in children 7 years or younger. (I statement)

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Mohapatra, Satyakam, and V. Agarwal. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Eastern Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 1-2 (October 13, 2021): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/ejp-16-1--2-50.

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McCann, Joseph T. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Psychiatric Services 46, no. 1 (January 1995): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.46.1.89.

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Shrier, Diane K. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Psychiatric Services 47, no. 9 (September 1996): 1004—a—1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.47.9.1004-a.

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Walkup, John T., and Golda S. Ginsburg. "Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents." International Review of Psychiatry 14, no. 2 (January 2002): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540260220132608.

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Wood, David D. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (February 1997): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199702000-00012.

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Chiu, Angela, Avital Falk, and John T. Walkup. "Anxiety Disorders Among Children and Adolescents." FOCUS 14, no. 1 (January 2016): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20150029.

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BERNSTEIN, GAIL A. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 32, no. 2 (March 1993): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199303000-00041.

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Bernstein, Gail A., and Elise D. Massie. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 35, no. 6 (June 1996): 829–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199606000-00024.

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Fong, Grace, and Elena Garralda. "Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents." Psychiatry 4, no. 8 (August 2005): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/psyt.2005.4.8.77.

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Black, Bruce. "Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 7, no. 4 (August 1995): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199508000-00008.

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Oesterheld, Jessica R. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 16, no. 3 (June 1996): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199606000-00025.

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Ginsburg, Golda S., Lynne Siqueland, Carrie Masia-Warner, and Kristina A. Hedtke. "Anxiety disorders in children: Family matters." Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 11, no. 1 (December 2004): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1077-7229(04)80005-1.

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Beidel, D. C., and S. M. Turner. "Children at risk for anxiety disorders." Biological Psychiatry 37, no. 9 (May 1995): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)94413-q.

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CASTELLANOS, DANIEL, and THOMAS HUNTER. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Southern Medical Journal 92, no. 10 (October 1999): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199910000-00001.

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Hill, Claire, Polly Waite, and Cathy Creswell. "Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents." Paediatrics and Child Health 26, no. 12 (December 2016): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2016.08.007.

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Vallance, Aaron, and Elena Garralda. "Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents." Psychiatry 7, no. 8 (August 2008): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2008.05.014.

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Simon, Ellin, and Susan Maria Bögels. "Screening for anxiety disorders in children." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 18, no. 10 (May 5, 2009): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0023-x.

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Rockhill, Carol, Ian Kodish, Caroline DiBattisto, Michelle Macias, Chris Varley, and Sheryl Ryan. "Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 40, no. 4 (April 2010): 66–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.02.002.

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Jabeur, M., L. Gassab, A. Ayadi, B. Ben Mohamed, F. Zaafrane, and L. Gaha. "Prevalence and clinical features of anxiety disorders: Tunisian study about 436 subjects." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.992.

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Introduction Anxiety disorders represent one of the most common mental disorders following a chronic course. Objectives The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence, incidence and clinical characteristics of these disorders. Methods We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study about 436 outpatients fulfilling the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorder and followed in the department of psychiatry of Monastir (Tunisia) between 1998 and 2017. Selective mutism and separation anxiety were excluded for lack of cases. Results The overall prevalence was 5.51%. Panic Disorder was the most prevalent anxiety disorder subtype (3.2%). The incidence of anxiety disorders in the last years has increased from 3.31% in 1998 to 7.5% in 2017. The mean age at diagnosis was 37.76±12.87 years [16-77]. Female gender was the most prevalent in overall anxiety disorders with a sex ratio of 0.78, however, a significant male predominance was recorded in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) with a sex ratio of 1.85. Generalized Anxiety Disorder patients were more likely to have low educational level (OR= 1.879), to be laborers (OR=2.55), to be married (OR=2.418) and to have children (OR=2.564) whereas SAD patients were more likely to have higher education (OR=9.118), to be students (OR=5.565), to be single (OR=11.325) and have no children (OR=7.464). Conclusions This study highlignts the frequency of anxiety disorders and the fact that being a middle-age married woman with kids make oneself more prone to have an anxiety disorder. Specific attention should be paid to these anxiety disorders with early preventive programs. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Nevoia, Mariia V., Larisa Pypa, Larysa Dudikova, Ruslan Svistilnik, and Yulia Lysytsia. "ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM FUNCTIONAL AND ORGANIC RESPIRATORY DISORDERS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 7 (2022): 1622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202207102.

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The aim: To determine the anxiety disorders in children suffering from organic diseases and functional disorders of the respiratory tract in the clinical settings of the pulmonology department, as well as to assess their impact on disease course and quality of life. Materials and methods: 131 pediatric patients aged 6-17 years old have been studied. The patients were divided into three groups: the children with somatoform respiratory disorders (SRD) – 33,6 % (n = 44), those with bronchial asthma (BA) – 34,3 % (n = 45) and those with pneumonia - 32,1 % (n = 42). Spielberger-Khanin test questionnaire was used to study anxiety, and Nijmegen questionnaire was used to diagnose hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). Pediatric Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (PQ-LES-Q) was used to determine the quality of life. Results: Severe trait anxiety was observed more often in the subgroup of children with SRD (65,9 %) than in those with asthma (40,0 %) and pneumonia (21,5 %). HVS occurred in 19.1% of patients. Direct moderate correlations were found between Spielberger scale (trait anxiety, r = 0,426; p<0,0001), (state anxiety, r = 0,393; p<0,0001) and Nijmegen HVS questionnaire, as well as inverse moderate correlations between Spielberger scale (state anxiety, r = -0,321; p<0.0001), (trait anxiety, r = -0.429; p<0,0001) and Pediatric Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (PQ-LES-Q). Conclusions: Severe trait and state anxiety was found in 42,8 % and 19,1 % of children, respectively. Severe state and trait anxiety was observed more often in patients with SRD (65,9 % and 27,3 %, respectively), being twice as common in girls as in boys (57,6 % versus 32,1 % for trait anxiety and 24,8 % versus 12,6 % for state anxiety, respectively). Anxiety disorders are supposed to be the basis for HVS development and the cause of low satisfaction with the quality of life in patients with pulmonary diseases.

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Cartwright-Hatton, Sam. "Treating anxiety in early life." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 6 (December 2013): 401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.129635.

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SummaryAnxiety disorders in pre-adolescence are probably the most common serious disorder of childhood, affecting around 1 in 30 British children. These conditions are chronic, distressing and impairing, and are treatable, but we are currently doing a poor job of serving these children.

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Güerre, M. J., O. Santesteban, L. Hernandez, and D. Rentero. "Anxiety and loss experiences during pregnancy and postpartum and anxious children." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1247.

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Anxiety disorders in children are very prevalent in youth. They are associated with poor psychosocial functioning and predict later psychopathology in individuals. Environmental and genetic factors and their interaction are involved in the genesis of anxiety disorders.Stress, depression or anxiety during pregnancy are considered risk factors for development of psychopathology in children. We aimed to know its relationship whit anxiety disorders in young people.Patients recruited for this study were the participants of our CBT group based in the coping cat model of treatment. All of them were children between 8 and 13 years old and meet criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder or Social Phobia. Children and their parents assessed different anxiety and socio-demographic questionnaires. For this study we only analyzed the risk factors of pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding of the socio-demographic interview. SPSS v-21 was the statistical instrument.We found out that mothers of our patients had reported anxiety symptoms, loss experiences or stress during pregnancy or postpartum period more than we expected.Stress, anxiety or depression during pregnancy is related with anxiety disorders in children. Helping mothers to cope with stressors during pregnancy and postpartum period will contribute to a better mental health in their children. The findings of this study match with previous researches.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Rabner, Jonathan, Nicholas D. Mian, David A. Langer, Jonathan S. Comer, and Donna Pincus. "The Relationship Between Worry and Dimensions of Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 2 (November 17, 2016): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000448.

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Background: Worry is a common feature across many anxiety disorders. It is important to understand how and when worry presents from childhood to adolescence to prevent long-term negative outcomes. However, most of the existing studies that examine the relationship between worry and anxiety disorders utilize adult samples. Aims: The present study aimed to assess the level of worry in children and adolescents and how relationships between worry and symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and social anxiety disorder (Soc) may present differently at different ages. Method: 127 children (age 8–12 years) and adolescents (age 13–18 years), diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, presenting at a child anxiety out-patient clinic, completed measures of worry, anxiety and depression. Results: Worry scores did not differ by age group. Soc symptoms were significantly correlated with worry in both age groups; however, SAD symptoms were only significantly correlated with worry in younger participants. After the inclusion of covariates, SAD symptoms but not Soc symptoms remained significant in the regression model with younger children, and Soc symptoms remained significant in the regression model with older children. Conclusions: The finding that worry was comparable in both groups lends support for worry as a stable construct associated with anxiety disorders throughout late childhood and early adolescence.

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