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1
Zweig, Allison. Therapy Journal: Support for Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms. Lulu Press, Inc., 2023.
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2
Ruiz, Bertha Alicia Aguirre. HIP FRACTURE RECOVERY IN OLDER WOMEN: THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND STATE ANXIETY (ELDERLY). 1992.
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3
BRADHURY, Herbert. Self-Help Techniques That Works for Insomnia and Sleep Problems: Solution to Sleep-Related Cognitions, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms. Independently Published, 2021.
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4
Effective Treatment for Children and Adolescents Who Have Persistent Trauma Reactions: Helpline to Cure Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms and Behavioral Problems. Independently Published, 2021.
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5
Bienvenu, O. Joseph, and Christina Jones. Psychological Impact of Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the epidemiology and range of psychological distress phenomena experienced by survivors of critical illness. The phenomena most commonly reported on are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, and general (or nonspecific) anxiety symptoms. Approximately 1 in 5 critical illness survivors has clinically significant PTSD symptoms, 1 in 3 has clinically significant depressive symptoms, and 1 in 3 has clinically significant anxiety symptoms. These phenomena are associated with diminished quality of life and functioning. Risk factors include pre-critical illness anxiety and depression, in-critical illness sedative doses and nightmare-like experiences, and post–critical illness psychological distress and poor coping early in the recovery period. Given the association between critical illness and psychological distress, it is important to address survivors’ mental health needs.
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Swartz, Johnna R., Lisa M. Shin, Brenda Lee, and Ahmad R. Hariri. Using Facial Expressions to Probe Brain Circuitry Associated With Anxiety and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0014.
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Emotional facial expressions are processed by a distributed corticolimbic brain circuit including the amygdala, which plays a central role in detecting and responding to emotional expressions, and the prefrontal cortex, which evaluates, integrates, and regulates responses to emotional expressions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe circuit function can reveal insights into the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. In this chapter, we review fMRI research into corticolimbic circuit processing of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, and major depressive disorder. We conclude by reviewing recent research examining how variability in circuit function may help predict the future experience of symptoms in young adults and at-risk adolescents, as well as how such variability relates to personality traits associated with psychopathology risk.
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Ehrenreich-May, Jill, Sarah M. Kennedy, Jamie A. Sherman, Shannon M. Bennett, and David H. Barlow. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190855536.001.0001.
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Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Workbook (UP-A) provides evidence-based treatment strategies to assist adolescent clients to function better in their lives. This treatment is designed for adolescents who are experiencing feelings of sadness, anxiety, worry, anger, or other emotions that get in the way of their ability to enjoy their lives and feel successful. The workbook is written for adolescents and guides them through each week of the program with education, activities, and examples that will help them to understand the role that emotions play in their behaviors every day. Adolescents are taught helpful strategies for dealing with uncomfortable emotions and will receive support in making choices that will move them closer to their long-term goals. The evidence-based treatment skills presented in the accompanying Therapist Guide may be applied by the therapist to adolescents with a wide variety of emotional disorders. The UP-A takes a transdiagnostic approach to the treatment of the emotional disorders. Some of the disorders that may be targeted include anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, agoraphobia) and depressive disorders (e.g., persistent depressive disorder, major depressive disorder). This treatment is flexible enough for use with some trauma and stress-related disorders (including adjustment disorders), somatic symptom disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The transdiagnostic presentation of evidence-based intervention techniques within these treatments may be particularly useful for adolescents presenting with multiple emotional disorders or mixed/subclinical symptoms of several emotional disorders.
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Lam, Raymond W. Clinical features and diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199692736.003.0004.
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• Depression is associated with a number of physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.• Sub-typing of major depressive disorder has implications for treatment choice and selection.• The differential diagnosis of depression includes bereavement, bipolar disorder, and other medical or substance-induced conditions.Depression is associated with many different types of symptoms which can result to a variable presentation in any given person. The features of depression can be physical (sleep, energy, appetite, libido), emotional (low mood, anxiety, crying) or cognitive (guilt, pessimism, suicidal thoughts). ...
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Langer, Julia K., and Thomas L. Rodebaugh. Comorbidity of Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.030.
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Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are prevalent disorders that exhibit a high rate of co-occurrence. Furthermore, these disorders have been shown to be associated with each other, suggesting that the presence of one disorder increases risk for the other disorder. In this chapter, we discuss relevant theories that attempt to explain why SAD and MDD are related. We propose that the available evidence provides support for conceptualizing the comorbidity of SAD and MDD as resulting from a shared underlying vulnerability. There is evidence that this underlying vulnerability is genetic in nature and related to trait-like constructs such as positive and negative affect. We also discuss the possibility that the underlying vulnerability may confer tendencies toward certain patterns of thinking. Finally, we discuss theories that propose additional causal pathways between the disorders such as direct pathways from one disorder to the other. We advocate for a psychoevolutionary conceptualization that links the findings on the underlying cognitions to the shared relation of lower positive affect and the findings on peer victimization. We suggest that, in addition to a shared underlying vulnerability, the symptoms of social anxiety and depression may function as a part of a behavior trap in which attempts to cope with perceived social exclusion lead to even higher levels of social anxiety and depression. Finally, we make recommendations for the best methods for assessing SAD and MDD as well as suggestions for treating individuals with both disorders.
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Phillips, Katharine A. Differentiating Body Dysmorphic Disorder from Normal Appearance Concerns and Other Mental Disorders. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0018.
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This chapter discusses differentiation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from disorders that may be misdiagnosed as BDD or that present differential diagnosis challenges: eating disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, illness anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, gender dysphoria, avoidant personality disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, and several other constructs. This chapter also discusses how to differentiate BDD from normal appearance concerns and from problematic preoccupation with obvious physical defects.BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as another mental disorder. Sometimes misdiagnosis occurs because patients are too embarrassed and ashamed to reveal their appearance concerns; in such cases, BDD symptoms that are more readily observable (such as social anxiety) may be assigned an incorrect diagnosis while BDD goes undetected. In other cases, BDD symptoms are recognized but are misdiagnosed as another disorder. BDD must be differentiated from other conditions so appropriate treatment can be instituted.
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Donaghy, Michael, and Martin Rossor. Psychologically determined disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0153.
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Neurologists frequently see patients with symptoms or inconsistent signs that are not explicable in terms of any recognized neurological disease process. Often it is clear that such symptoms and signs are being manufactured psychologically, either consciously or, more often, by an unconscious process. Such patients are frequently polysymptomatic, and may have a long history of consulting other specialists, particularly abdominal, dental, gynaecological, and otorhinological surgeons. They run the risk of developing secondary abnormalities induced by surgical and other invasive procedures. Psychologically determined symptoms are a very common cause of neurological out-patient referral. Of those with psychogenic disorders, pain is the commonest symptom, followed by motor symptoms, gait disturbances, dizziness, blackouts, sensory symptoms, and visual dysfunction (Lempert et al. 1990). Depressive and anxiety disorders are twice as common in those with psychologically determined disorders and those with emotional disorders have a greater number of somatic symptoms but are unenthusiastic about psychiatric treatment.Clinical syndromes including Briquet’s syndrome, hypochondriasis, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder and pain disorders are explained and described. The presentation and characteristics of malingering (a process of deliberate deceit, in which symptoms are fabricated) is described, including Munchausen’s syndrome.In addition, associated psychiatric states and the symptoms and physical signs of psychologically determined disorders are discussed. Finally, the management and prognosis of psychologically determined states are outlined.
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Castriotta, Natalie, and Michelle G. Craske. Depression and Comorbidity with Panic Disorder. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.027.
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Comorbidity between panic disorder and major depression is found in the majority of individuals with panic disorder and a substantial minority of individuals with major depression. Comorbidity between panic disorder and depression is associated with substantially more severe symptoms of each of the disorders, greater persistence of each disorder, more frequent hospitalization and help-seeking behavior, more severe occupational impacts, and a significantly higher rate of suicide attempts. These two disorders share many risk factors, such as neuroticism, exposure to childhood abuse, informational processing biases, and elevated amygdala activation in response to negative facial expressions. Research on the temporal priority of panic disorder and major depression has most frequently found that panic attacks and other symptoms of anxiety predate the onset of the first major depressive episode, but the first depressive episode predates the onset of full panic disorder. Treatment studies indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for panic disorder. Other forms of treatment include medication, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Comorbid depression does not appear to affect the outcome of CBT for a principal diagnosis of panic disorder, and CBT for panic disorder has positive, yet limited, effects on symptoms of depression.
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Tille, Abby. Hashtag Anxiety: A Journal to Combat Anxious Feelings, Depressive Thought Patterns, Stress, and PTSD Symptoms Allowing You to Unload Your Anxious Thoughts and Help You Find the Peace and Zen That You Crave the Most! Abby N. Tille, 2022.
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14
Watson, David, and Michael W. O'Hara. Understanding the Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199301096.001.0001.
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Understanding the Emotional Disorders: A Symptom-Based Approach examines replicable symptom dimensions contained within five adjacent diagnostic classes in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders. It reviews several problems and limitations associated with traditional, diagnosis-based approaches to studying psychopathology, and it establishes the theoretical and clinical value of analyzing specific types of symptoms within the emotional disorders. It demonstrates that several of these disorders—most notably, major depression, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder—contain multiple symptom dimensions that clearly can be differentiated from one another. Moreover, these symptom dimensions are highly robust and generalizable and can be identified in multiple types of data, including self-ratings, semistructured interviews, and clinicians’ ratings. Furthermore, individual symptom dimensions often have strikingly different correlates, such as varying levels of criterion validity and diagnostic specificity. It concludes with the development of a more comprehensive, symptom-based model that subsumes various forms of psychopathology—including sleep disturbances, eating- and weight-related problems, personality pathology, psychosis/thought disorder, and hypochondriasis—beyond the emotional disorders.
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Cavanna, Andrea E. Lamotrigine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0007.
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Lamotrigine is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a wide range of antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. It has a good behavioural tolerability profile and a wide range of psychiatric uses. In patients with epilepsy, lamotrigine has shown antidepressant properties, as well as mixed effects on anxiety symptoms. Adverse behavioural effects (irritability, agitation, and aggression) are not very common and are usually observed in patients with learning disability. Lamotrigine has a licensed indication for the prevention of depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder (a widespread use of this antiepileptic drug), whereas it is not indicated for manic phases.
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Grassi, Luigi, Maria Giulia Nanni, and Rosangela Caruso. Psychotherapeutic interventions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0010.
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Psychotherapy is an integrative and integrated part of modern patient/relation-centered care in the advanced and terminal phases of physical illness. Psychiatric disorders (e.g. depressive spectrum, stress-related, and anxiety disorders), other clinically significant psychosocial conditions (e.g. demoralization, existential pain) and interpersonal, psychological, and spiritual needs have to be addressed by psychological intervention. Supportive-Expressive Group Psychotherapy (SEGT), Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCT), Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully Therapy (CALM), cognitive-existential therapy, dignity therapy (DT) and other psychotherapeutic interventions have been developed over the last 40 years. These treatments have proved to be effective in increasing the patients’ sense of dignity, purpose, and meaning, and to reduce demoralization, anxiety, and existential distress at the end of life. Also Family Focused Grief Therapy (FFGT) and grief therapy have shown to be effective in overcoming anxiety, depression, and complicated grief symptoms both before and after loss. Psychotherapy should thus be considered a mandatory ingredient of palliative care.
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Dekker, Joost, Daniel Bossen, Jasmijn Holla, Mariëtte de Rooij, Cindy Veenhof, and Marike van der Leeden. Psychological strategies in osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0025.
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Characteristic clinical presentations of osteoarthritis (OA) include pain and activity limitations. These presentations are dependent on psychological processes. The literature reviewed in this chapter leads to the following conclusions: (1) symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue are more prevalent among patients with OA than among the general population. Recently, a depressive mood phenotype has been identified in knee OA. (2) Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue, as well as other psychological variables are established risk factors for future worsening of pain and activity limitations. (3) Psychological interventions such as depression care and pain coping skills training have been demonstrated to improve pain and activity limitations, as well as psychological outcomes. Self-management may have beneficial effects, although there is clearly room for improvement. Interventions combining psychological interventions with exercise therapy have been shown to be effective; improved outcome over exercise therapy alone stills needs to be demonstrated. (4) Psychological interventions are effective in improving exercise adherence and promoting physical activity. Overall, it can be concluded that the psychological approach towards OA is fruitful: the psychological approach has resulted in substantial contributions to the understanding and management of clinical presentations of OA, including pain and activity limitations.
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Ehrenreich-May, Jill, Sarah M. Kennedy, Jamie A. Sherman, Emily L. Bilek, Brian A. Buzzella, Shannon M. Bennett, and David H. Barlow. Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199340989.001.0001.
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The therapy manuals included in this volume—the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children (UP-C) and Adolescents (UP-A)—include evidence-based treatment strategies to assist child and adolescent clients to function better in their lives. The manuals include specific guidelines for treatment delivery, and they also contain information about how to introduce parent-directed strategies to help promote long-term uptake of youth-directed therapy skills. The evidence-based treatment skills presented may be applied by therapists to children and adolescents with a wide variety of emotional disorders. This treatment guide takes a transdiagnostic approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. Some of the disorders that may be targeted include anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. This treatment is flexible enough for use with some trauma and stress-related disorders (including adjustment disorders), somatic symptom disorders, tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The transdiagnostic presentation of evidence-based intervention techniques within these treatments may be particularly useful for children and adolescents presenting with multiple emotional disorders or mixed/subclinical symptoms of several emotional disorders.
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Holditch-Davis, Diane, and Margaret Shandor Miles. Understanding and Treating the Psychosocial Consequences of Pregnancy Complications and the Birth of a High-Risk Infant. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.012.
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This chapter examines parental responses to pregnancy complications and having a high-risk infant. Women with high-risk pregnancies have more depressive symptoms, stress, and anxiety than healthy pregnant women. They experience shock, worry, sadness, frustration, anger, guilt, and grief; perform fewer health-promoting behaviors; and have less intense maternal–fetal attachment. Parents also experience emotional distress after the birth of a high-risk infant, including worry about infant survival and outcomes, stress, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, grief, hostility, and powerlessness. Distressed parents perceive their infants more negatively and are less sensitive in interactions than nondistressed parents. Several postnatal interventions have been implemented to ameliorate these negative responses. Overall, the responses of mothers to a high-risk pregnancy or birth of a high-risk infant are remarkably similar. More needs to be known about the effect of the parent’s past history, paternal responses, responses of minorities, experiences of parents of high-risk full-term infants, and interventions to ameliorate negative parental responses.
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Bagby, R. Michael, Amanda Uliaszek, Tara M. Gralnick, and Nadia Al-Dajani. Axis I Disorders. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.5.
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The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and discuss the complex relationship between Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and clinical (Axis I) psychopathology, including depressive, bipolar, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, eating, schizophrenia and psychotic, trauma and stress-related, and substance use disorders. Considered herein will be the alternative forms of relationship, including vulnerability, common cause, pathoplasty, complication/scar, and spectrum. This chapter will highlight the necessity for well-designed, longitudinal studies aimed at elucidating the complex relationships between the FFM and clinical disorders. Consistent research supports Neuroticism as a vulnerability factor to certain disorders, even sharing genetic etiology. However, there are also important contributions for each of the other four domains. The majority of this research is in the area of mood and anxiety disorders. Expanding these studies to include other forms of psychopathology could help identify common personality vulnerabilities to psychopathology, as well as unique predictors of certain constellations of symptoms.
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Pirelli, Gianni. Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630430.003.0003.
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In this chapter, the authors provide a broad overview of diagnosable psychiatric disorders, their symptoms, and examples of current theoretical and empirical thought underlying these conditions. In providing a primer concerning mental health, they first review the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), with respect to how psychopathology is defined and the nature of the diagnostic system. They then shift to definitions, key examples, and example theories for (i) clinical disorders (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders), (ii) personality disorders (with an emphasis on borderline and antisocial personality disorders), and (iii) substance use disorders. While this chapter draws heavily from the DSM-5, such is done primarily for educational and illustrative purposes within the broader context of discussing key issues related to the behavioral science of firearms.
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Barlow, David H., Todd J. Farchione, Shannon Sauer-Zavala, Heather Murray Latin, Kristen K. Ellard, Jacqueline R. Bullis, Kate H. Bentley, Hannah T. Boettcher, and Clair Cassiello-Robbins. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190685973.001.0001.
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The Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Therapist Guide is a treatment programv applicable to all anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders and potentially other disorders with strong emotional components (e.g., eating disorders, borderline personality disorder). The UP for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders addresses neuroticism by targeting the aversive, avoidant reactions to emotions that, while providing relief in the short term, increase the likelihood of future negative emotions and maintains disorder symptoms. The strategies included in this treatment are largely based on common principles found in existing empirically supported psychological treatments—namely, fostering mindful emotion awareness, reevaluating automatic cognitive appraisals, changing action tendencies associated with the disordered emotions, and utilizing emotion exposure procedures. The focus of these core skills has been adjusted to specifically address core negative responses to emotional experiences.
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Aikens, Kim, and Shauna Shapiro. The Concept of Mindfulness in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses mindfulness as it applies to integrative preventive medicine. Defining mindfulness as the awareness that arises through intentionally attending in an open, caring, and discerning way, the chapter proposes three core mindfulness elements: intention, attention, and attitude. It explores the potential application of mindfulness to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The chapter looks at the impact of mindfulness on health promotion and examines mindfulness as a secondary prevention strategy, particularly in hypertension and diabetes. It then addresses tertiary prevention and the impact of mindfulness in chronic disease. Lastly, mindfulness as a preventive strategy for psychological well-being is explored. Overall, there is strong evidence suggesting that mindfulness is positively associated with healthy lifestyle as well as improvements in depressive symptoms, stress, anxiety, quality of life, physical outcomes, and positive psychological health.
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Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: surgery and radiotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0005.
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Surgery and radiotherapy for cancers can disrupt mental health through direct biological mechanisms in addition to the well-described psychological distress associated with the physical consequences of treatment. Upper bowel surgery and bilateral oophorectomy both frequently provoke psychopathology. Total gastrectomy, or ileal resection, causes an inevitable vitamin B12 deficiency. The molecular mechanisms by which these surgical treatments provoke depressive symptoms, or even a dementia, are considered. Raised homocysteine levels and reduced SAM availability are involved. Chronic gonadal oestrogen deprivation increases the risk of anxiety, depression, and dementia in later life. The likely molecular basis for this is discussed. Hypothyroidism, with its associated psychopathology, complicates radiotherapy for head & neck cancers in 40 per cent of patients. The chapter closes with a review of the effects of whole-brain radiotherapy on cognitive function, and the psychopathology arising from radiation-induced hypopituitarism.
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Wilkinson, Philip. Cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0017.
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Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a dominant psychological treatment in the management of a range of psychiatric disorders and is increasingly being refined to suit the needs older adults. This chapter summarises the theory and practice of CBT, with an emphasis on assessment, formulation, and adaptation of treatment with older patients. Management of depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and dementia caregiver distress are described in detail with relevant case examples. Problem-solving therapy and behavioural activation are described. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has potential benefits in the treatment of older adults. MBCT is described and applications with older people are reviewed. Newer applications are outlined, including treatment of psychological symptoms associated with physical illness, psychosis and memory impairment. The evidence base for CBT-based interventions with older adults is limited; the limitations and extent of the current evidence are reviewed.
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Galynker, Igor. Suicide Crisis Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0007.
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Research has shown that the suicide crisis syndrome (SCS) is a suicide-specific diagnosable condition that is associated with imminent suicidal behavior. This chapter proposes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for SCS and provides a detailed description of its proposed structure and symptoms. Discussion of long-term versus short-term suicide risk and of suicide warning signs is followed by a discussion of the lack of predictive validity of self-reported suicidal ideation and intent with regard to imminent suicidal behavior. The core of the chapter consists of detailed description of the SCS main components: entrapment, affective disturbance in its many forms (emotional pain, anhedonia, frantic anxiety, and depressive turmoil), loss of cognitive control in several forms (ruminations, cognitive rigidity, thought suppression, and ruminative flooding), and altered arousal. The chapter concludes with the SCS assessment algorithm, representative case descriptions, and a test case.
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Segre, Lisa S., Michael W. O'Hara, and Elena Perkhounkova. Adaptations of Psychotherapy for Psychopathology During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.013.
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Women experiencing depressive symptoms often do not seek timely treatment from a mental health professional. This review focuses specifically on adapted approaches and tailored interventions for perinatal depression that increase their acceptability and accessibility. The effects of these adapted depression interventions cover a broad range; to compare these new treatments only those resulting in statistically significant improvement are reviewed. Some adaptations, even those provided by non–mental health specialists, produced effects equal to or surpassing those achieved by traditional treatment strategies. Suggestions for future research have two foci. First, because depressed perinatal women are also likely to suffer from comorbid disorders such as anxiety, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of adapted treatments on complex cases. Second, the implementation setting of adapted treatments has generally been limited. Evaluating how these interventions might be incorporated into new settings as part of a stepped-care approach moves research from the bench into clinical settings.
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Landau, Carol. Mood Prep 101. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190914301.001.0001.
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Depression and anxiety in college students have reached a crisis, and the prevalence continues to rise. The increasing distress of the current generation, Gen Z, and their greater openness to mental health care have overwhelmed college counseling services. Despite this sobering news, parents can play a critically important role in helping their children. This book describes a plan that parents can use for supporting and preventing depression and anxiety in young people. Each chapter concludes with practical strategies for parents. The book consists of four sections. The first section is a description of adolescent development and the types of depressive and anxious symptoms and disorders. The second section details the foundations that students need to move toward a successful college experience, including family support, communication skills, self-efficacy and problem-solving skills, self-regulation, and distress tolerance. Barriers to optimal development include underage substance use and unsafe sexual relationships. The third section examines vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety, including cognitive distortions, perfectionism, and the stress of being a sexual minority or overweight. Challenges faced by students who are seen as “different” are explored. The final section is a description of life on campus, including the stresses of college life and the opportunities to develop friendships, relationships with faculty, and a more meaningful view of the future. There are also chapters on how to access mental health services before and during college. The book concludes with a call to reduce stress on students and to challenge the competitive individualistic culture in which we live.
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Gupta, Neha, Ajay Shah, Kamalika Roy, Varma Penumetcha, and Mark Oldham. Clinical Aspects of Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Isis Burgos-Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265557.003.0005.
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In this chapter, clinical aspects of major psychiatric disorders listed in the DSM5 including intellectual-disability, attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, somatic symptom and related disorders are reviewed
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Douaihy, Antoine, Meredith Spada, Nicole Bates, Julia Macedo, and Jack M. Gorman. Anxiety Disorders. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0018.
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HIV practitioners are increasingly confronted with complex co-occurring medical and psychiatric disorders among their patients. Depressive and anxiety disorders are among the most commonly diagnosed in HIV-infected individuals and can complicate the overall management of HIV illness. Anxiety may be experienced as a symptom, as a manifestation of an anxiety disorder, as a consequence of HIV-associated or other illness, or as a result of one of its treatments. It can occur at any stage, from the realization of being at risk, to the anxiety about a possible symptom, to the time of HIV testing and the experience of HIV-associated stigma and discrimination, diagnosis, disclosure, illness progression, late- and end-stage illness, and dying. This chapter explores the complexities of anxiety as it relates to HIV and AIDS and discusses the prevalence, diagnosis, and assessment of anxiety disorders. The impact of anxiety on medical management of HIV is also addressed, including adherence to antiretroviral regimen, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions, and coexisting medical and psychiatric disorders.
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Mehnert, Anja. Clinical psychology in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0413.
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The psychosocial implications of disease progression result in a range of challenges for both the patient and the caregiver. The consequences of advanced disease can comprise emotional states such as anxiety, distress and depressive episodes, fear of being a burden to others, loss of control, anger, loss of sense of dignity, uncertainty, and changes in close relationships and social roles. Adjustment disorder, anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, and the demoralization syndrome represent common disorders and phenomena among patients with advanced cancer. Moreover, uncontrollable pain and high unrelieved physical symptom burden, depression, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, delirium, and low family support are major factors in the desire for thoughts of suicide and the desire for hastened death. Caregivers play an important and challenging role, providing emotional and social support for the patient, helping with medical needs, and meeting increasingly complex instrumental needs such as running the household and work.
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Stewart, Jessica Ann, L. Mark Russakoff, and Jonathan W. Stewart. Pharmacotherapy, ECT, and TMS. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0016.
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Physicians’ attention to patients’ concerns and attitudes about taking medication will engender adherence, as will close monitoring of potentially disconcerting side effects. The primary indication for antipsychotic medications is the treatment of psychotic disorders and mania, even in the absence of psychosis. The more troublesome side effects of antipsychotic medications include increased appetite and weight gain; extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antidepressants are effective for treating depressive illness, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. They are also often used effectively in the treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and somatic symptom disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally well tolerated. Other important categories of medications include mood stabilizers and anxiolytics.
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Steffen, Ann M., Larry W. Thompson, and Dolores Gallagher-Thompson. Treating Later-Life Depression. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190068431.001.0001.
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One of the greatest challenges for providers treating later-life depression is the wide variability of life circumstances that accompany depressive symptoms for clients across outpatient mental health, integrated primary care, and inpatient psychiatric settings. This thoroughly revised Clinician Guide for Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach outlines culturally responsive practices that target the contexts and drivers/antecedents of depression in middle-aged and older adults. Clinicians choose research-supported modules from the accompanying workbook that fit the needs of their clients (i.e., changes in brain health, chronic pain, sleep problems, anxiety, experiences of loss, family caregiving issues). This practical guide reflects continuing international scientific and clinical advances in applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to age-related problems using individual and group formats, with clinician-tested recommendations for telehealth practice. Flexible use of these clinical tools enhances the personalized application of change strategies, including behavioral activation, problem solving, relaxation training, attention to personal strengths and positive emotional experiences, self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, and communication skills training. Case examples are provided to support the efforts of practitioners from a range of disciplines (e.g., clinical psychology, psychiatry, social work, counseling, marriage and family therapy, nursing, occupational therapy, and recreational specialists). The appendices include aging-friendly assessment tools and other resources to support professional development. Because the practical techniques presented have empirical support accumulated over decades, Treating Later-Life Depression is an indispensable resource for behavioral health providers who wish to effectively and efficiently help diverse aging clients thrive in a daily life that is true to their values and personal strengths.
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Sony, Dr Krishan K., Dr Nidhi Verma, and Dr Mohsin Uddin, eds. PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC. REDSHINE Publication, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/1794795529.
Full textAbstract:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has sparked a global health crisis that has altered our perceptions of the world and our daily lives. Not only has the velocity of infection and transmission patterns undermined our feeling of agency, but the safety measures to restrict the virus's spread also demanded social and physical separation, prohibiting us from seeking solace in the company of others. The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has wreaked havoc on daily life and normal activities as well as having serious health, economic, financial, and societal consequences Lockdowns and physical/social distancing measures were enforced in numerous countries throughout the world beginning in March 2020. COVID-19 has claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people all over the world. This high death toll, combined with the rapid changes in daily life brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, may have a negative impact on child and adolescent mental health. Individuals' reactions to the security measures adopted to combat the epidemic varied depending on the social roles they played. Some segments of the population seem to be more exposed to the risk of anxious, depressive, and post-traumatic symptoms as the population is more susceptible to stress. COVID-19 pandemic has generated a situation like mass hysteria or fear. This mass fear of COVID-19, termed as “Coronaphobia”, has generated a plethora of psychiatric manifestations across societies. In India, the first and foremost responses to the pandemic have been fear and a sense of clear and imminent danger. Fears have ranged from those based on facts to unfounded fears based on misinformation circulating in the media, particularly social media. All of us respond differently to the barrage of information from all the available sources. It is equally important to consider the impact of the various phases of the pandemic on children, the elderly and pregnant women. The worries of adults can be transmitted to children and make them anxious and fearful. They can become very easily bored, angry and frustrated. Without an opportunity for outdoor play and socialization, they may become increasingly engrossed in social media and online entertainment, which can make them even more socially isolated when they emerge out of this situation. Parents need to know means of keeping the children engaged, providing an opportunity to learn new skills at home, as well as encourage children to participate in activities, get them engaged in “edutainment” and hone their extracurricular skills as well. Children with special needs may need innovative approaches to engage them and keep them active at home. For the elderly, they can feel further isolated and neglected, become more worried about their families, and increasingly worried about their health. They may not have the support systems to care for them, particularly in terms of their medical needs. This can aggravate into anxiety and depression.