Journal articles on the topic 'Anurans'
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1
Thomas, Kate N., David J. Gower, Rayna C. Bell, Matthew K. Fujita, Ryan K. Schott, and Jeffrey W. Streicher. "Eye size and investment in frogs and toads correlate with adult habitat, activity pattern and breeding ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 23, 2020): 20201393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1393.
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Frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura) display diverse ecologies and behaviours, which are often correlated with visual capacity in other vertebrates. Additionally, anurans exhibit a broad range of relative eye sizes, which have not previously been linked to ecological factors in this group. We measured relative investment in eye size and corneal size for 220 species of anurans representing all 55 currently recognized families and tested whether they were correlated with six natural history traits hypothesized to be associated with the evolution of eye size. Anuran eye size was significantly correlated with habitat, with notable decreases in eye investment among fossorial, subfossorial and aquatic species. Relative eye size was also associated with mating habitat and activity pattern. Compared to other vertebrates, anurans have relatively large eyes for their body size, indicating that vision is probably of high importance. Our study reveals the role that ecology and behaviour may have played in the evolution of anuran visual systems and highlights the usefulness of museum specimens, and importance of broad taxonomic sampling, for interpreting macroecological patterns.
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FERREIRA, R. C., M. CAMPANER, L. B. VIOLA, C. S. A. TAKATA, G. F. TAKEDA, and M. M. G. TEIXEIRA. "Morphological and molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships among anuran trypanosomes from the Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes in Brazil." Parasitology 134, no. 11 (June 19, 2007): 1623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003058.
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SUMMARYWe examined for the presence of trypanosomes in blood samples from 259 anurans (47 species from 8 families), the majority of which were from the Brazilian Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes. Trypanosomes were detected by a combination of microhaematocrit and haemoculture methods in 45% of the anurans, and 87 cultures were obtained: 44 from Hylidae, 22 from Leptodactylidae, 15 from Bufonidae, 5 from Leiuperidae and 1 from an unidentified anuran. High morphological diversity (11 morphotypes) was observed among blood trypanosomes from anurans of different species and of the same species as well as among trypanosomes from the same individual. Conversely, morphologically similar trypanosomes were found in anurans from distinct species and biomes. ITS and SSU rDNA polymorphisms revealed high diversity among the 82 isolates examined.† Twenty-nine genotypes could be distinguished, the majority distributed in 11 groups. Phylogenetic relationships based on rDNA sequences indicated that isolates from more phylogenetically related anurans are more closely related. Comparison of anuran trypanosomes from Brazil and other countries revealed several new species among the isolates examined in this study. Phylogenetic relationships suggest that host restriction, host switching and overall ecogeographical structure may have played a role in the evolution of the anuran trypanosomes.
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Smirnov, Sergei V. "Additional Dermal Ossifications in the Anuran Skull: Morphological Novelties or Archaic Elements?" Russian Journal of Herpetology 4, no. 1 (October 15, 2011): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-1-17-27.
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Examination of the cranial morphology in Bombina orientalis (Anura: Discoglossidae) revealed the occurrence of additional dermal bones lying: a) between the nasals and frontoparietals, b) between frontoparietals, and c) on the tectum synoticum behind the frontoparietals. The presence of similar bones as well as extra ossifications lying in the midline in the rostral portion of skull was shown to be a rather common event among anurans. Based on the occurrence of bones with similar topology in crossopterygians and different stegocephalians, it was concluded that extra ossifications sporadically appearing in anurans are more likely to be ancient cranial elements than neomorphs. Additional dermal bones found in the anterior portion of the anuran skull are homologous to the postrostrals of crossopterygians; extra ossifications lying between the frontoparietals correspond to the bones with similar topology sporadically appearing in crossopterygians and stegocephalians; and extra bones situated behind the frontoparietals are homologous to the lateral extrascapulars (postparietals of stegocephalians) and the median extrascapular of crossopterygians. These extra bones were proposed to be inherited from the presumed common ancestor of all Gnathostomes and retained in anurans in the state of latent capacities. The sporadic appearance of these bones in anurans results from the phenotypical realization of these latent capacities.
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Zamroni, Y., IGN Septian, NT Artiningrum, and I. Hadi. "Dietary niche breadth of endemic and introduced anurans (Amphibia: Anura) in Lombok, Lesser Sunda Islands– Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012046.
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Abstract Anurans are important organisms as components of faunal community structure in ecosystems because of their roles as secondary and tertiary consumers in food webs. Anurans are opportunistic organisms that will consume any resources in their habitat. In this study, we dissected thirty-nine specimens of anurans from Museum Universitas Mataram (MUM) reference collection, it consists by three endemic (Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Limnonectes dammarmani and L. kadarsani) and one introduced species (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) of anurans. These reference collections were collected by authors during herpetofauna survey at Pusuk Forest, western Lombok in 2018. Based on stomach content analysis, both endemic and introduced anurans are generalist arthropod predators where hymenoptera, coleoptera, orthoptera and chilopoda are the most important food. In this study, we found positive correlations between body size and dietary niche breadth in which each anuran species has a high overlap of dietary niches. Anurans with large body size have a variety of prey than the small one.
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Crossland, Michael R. "A comparison of cane toad and native tadpoles as predators of native anuran eggs, hatchlings and larvae." Wildlife Research 25, no. 4 (1998): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98001.
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Few quantitative data exist regarding the impact of the introduced cane toad, Bufo marinus, on native Australian fauna. This study investigated predation by tadpoles of B. marinus and two native anurans (Limnodynastes ornatus and Litoria rubella) on eggs, hatchlings and larvae of native anurans that co-occur with these tadpoles in temporary and semi-permanent water bodies in northern Queensland. During controlled laboratory experiments, neither small nor large B. marinus tadpoles were significant predators of native anuran eggs, hatchlings or tadpoles. Small tadpoles of L. ornatus also did not prey significantly upon native anuran eggs, hatchlings or tadpoles. However, large tadpoles of L. ornatus and, to a lesser extent, L. rubella were often significant predators of native anuran eggs and hatchlings, but were not significant predators of native tadpoles. The results suggest that native tadpoles are often likely to have a greater impact on the survival of early life history stages of native anurans via predation than areB. marinus tadpoles.
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Vagmaker, Natália, Juliane Pereira-Ribeiro, Átilla Colombo Ferreguetti, Alex Boazi, Rayanne Gama-Matos, Helena Godoy Bergallo, and Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha. "Structure of the leaf litter frog community in an area of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil." Zoologia 37 (October 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e38877.
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Different spatial and temporal factors can influence the species richness and abundance of leaf anurans that are fundamental for the ecosystem functioning, as they act as predators and integrate the trophic chain as prey of other animals. There are relatively few studies that aimed to understand the spatio-temporal variation and the influence of environmental factors on leaf litter communities. We studied parameters of the anuran community living in the forest leaf litter in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve (DBBR), Espírito Santo, Brazil. We sought to understand the extent to which richness, abundance, biomass and density varied between two locations with different stages of preservation (primary and secondary forest). In addition, we tested the effect of temperature and local humidity on abundance. We conducted the samplings monthly from October 2017 to September 2018, establishing 98 4 x 4 m plots (16 m2 each) demarcated on the DBBR forest leaf litter. We measured temperature (°C) and relative air humidity (%), and each plot was carefully surveyed by four observers. We tested for differences in anuran density between the two sampled locations and estimated the effects of environmental variables in the community. We recorded 102 individuals of anurans from 11 species belonging to eight families. The DBBR anuran community parameters significantly differed between the two studied locations, with the highest values of anuran richness and abundance occurring in the area covered by primary forest, probably due to differences in the preservation of each area. However, temperature and humidity did not affect the abundance of anurans in the sampled areas. Our results provide the first information about spatial variation and influence of environmental factors, directed to the community of leaf litter anurans in DBBR, and represents the second study on this group of anurans in the state of Espírito Santo.
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Lourenço, Andréa Rösel de, Célio F. B. Haddad, and Fábio P. de Sá. "Multimodal signaling in Boana albopunctata (Anura: Hylidae): reading visual and acoustic cues." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 19, no. 2 (December 12, 2020): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i2p201-216.
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Multimodal signaling in Boana albopunctata (Anura: Hylidae): reading visual and acoustic cues. The acoustic mode of communication is important for anurans, but visual communication is beginning to be considered essential for some species, genera, and families. This study focuses on visual and acoustic signals in Boana albopunctata (Hylidae: Cophomantinae) in an attempt to increase our understanding of signaling in this nocturnal Neotropical treefrog. Visual signals were assessed to determine whether they are directed toward conspecific opponents, as has already been observed for some diurnal anurans, or associated with potential morphological asymmetries. Associations between visual and acoustic signals were explored. The results suggest that males may combine visual and acoustic signals (multimodal signaling) synergistically, thereby strengthening the efficiency of information transmission. Thus, in nocturnal anuran species, visual signals may function primarily as an alerting component and multimodal signaling may be a relevant way of communication.
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Silva, Fernando Rodrigues da, Rodrigo Souza Santos, Maria Andréia Nunes, and Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres. "Anuran captured in pitfall traps in three agrossystem in Northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 4 (December 2009): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000400026.
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Although it is generally assumed that agriculture negatively influences amphibian populations, few studies on the effects of agricultural cultivations on neotropical anuran have been conducted. As a contribution to the knowledge about anuran in agriculture, the present study sought to identify the anuran species present in three different agrossystems. We used data from anurans captured in pitfall traps initially proposed for a survey of harvestmen fauna in three agrossystems (corn, soybean, and rubber tree). Four anuran species found in the pitfall traps belong to two Families: Leptodactylidae: Leptodactulus fuscus and L. mystacinus; and Leiuperidae: Eupemphix nattereri and Physalaemus cuvieri. In corn plantation, four species and 30 individuals were captured; in rubber trees, four species and 11 individuals; and in soybeans plantation, tree species and eight individuals. Our results show that anurans are present in agrossystems, mainly the generalist anuran species.
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Cabral Eterovick, Paula. "Distribution of anuran species among montane streams in south-eastern Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 3 (April 28, 2003): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003250.
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The composition of anuran assemblages was studied in 16 streams at the Serra do Cipó, south-eastern Brazil, in which 26 anuran species were found. Volume and isolation level of stream sections of 150 m were estimated; tadpoles, adult anurans, and potential tadpole predators were searched for over 16 consecutive months. Stream size, isolation, richness and diversity of tadpole predators, and some additional physical and biotic variables were measured and related to anuran species richness. Smaller streams tended to shelter more anuran species than larger ones, but neither stream size nor stream isolation explained variations in anuran species richness. Anuran species richness tended to increase with tadpole predator diversity. Tadpole species richness was influenced by predator species richness, and was highest when there were seven types of tadpole predators present. The distribution of few anuran species could be clearly related to particular physical and biotic variables. The behavioural flexibility of anurans and the similarity among streams may have contributed to this pattern.
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FORTI, LUCAS RODRIGUEZ, FÁBIO AUGUSTO MIGUEL MARTINS, and JAIME BERTOLUCI. "Advertisement call and geographical variation in call features of Dendropsophus berthalutzae (Anura: Hylidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southeastern Brazil." Zootaxa 3310, no. 1 (May 11, 2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3310.1.3.
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Acoustic signals are the main mode of communication in anurans (Duellman & Trueb 1994). Calls produced by anurans play an essential role during their reproduction (Wells 1977) and advertisement calls emitted by males are, in many cases, species-specific, representing an important character for species recognition (Abrunhosa et al. 2001; Forti et al. 2010). Thus, the formal description of advertisement calls is relevant for anuran taxonomy (Pombal Jr. et al. 1995).
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Guzy, Jacquelyn C., Steven J. Price, and Michael E. Dorcas. "Using multiple methods to assess detection probabilities of riparian-zone anurans: implications for monitoring." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14038.
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Context Both manual call surveys (MCS) and visual encounter surveys (VES) are popular methods used to monitor anuran populations. Recent statistical developments, specifically the development of occupancy models that permit the use of data from various survey methods to assess method-specific detection probabilities, provide a rigorous framework for evaluating the effectiveness of field methods. Aim To compare species-specific detection probabilities generated by MCS and VES and to evaluate the effectiveness of these methods throughout the activity season of several riparian-zone anuran species. Methods During 2010 and 2011, we sampled 21 sites along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers, in South Carolina, USA, using MCS and VES. Anuran species were surveyed across three seasons (fall, spring and summer) each year. Key results For six species, MCS resulted in a higher mean probability of detection, whereas VES resulted in a higher mean probability of detection for four species. In addition, survey date was an important influence on detection probability of most anurans when using MCS, but largely unimportant when employing VES. Conclusions Our findings indicated that VES are as effective as MCS for detecting some species of anurans, and for others, VES represent a more effective method. Furthermore, when using VES outside the breeding window, some anurans can be reliably detected, and in some cases, detected more easily than by using MCS. Implications We suggest that VES is a complimentary technique to MCS and a potentially important tool for population monitoring of anurans. VES can provide more flexibility for anuran researchers, as robust estimates of detection and occupancy can be obtained outside a narrow breeding window.
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Agustar, H. K., K. M. Jansar, A. H. Ali, and N. F. A. Ghani. "Abundance of anuran parasites and pesticide pollution from lowland and highland golf courses." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 3(SI) (May 31, 2021): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/3(si)/jeb-08.
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Aim: This study aimed to determine the pesticide pollution and prevalence of protozoa in anurans from lowland and highland golf courses in Malaysia and to observe the relationship between environmental factors (water quality index and pollutants) and the presence of protozoa in anurans. Methodology: Water quality index and pesticide levels (metsulfuron methyl) were measured at three locations, i.e. Jeriau river, Fraser's hill golf course in Pahang, and UKM Danau golf club in Selangor. Microscopy techniques were used to identify and examine the prevalence of protozoa and haemoparasites in anuran organs (stomach, kidney, liver, intestine, rectum, and blood). Results: A total of 140 anurans were collected from the study areas. Jeriau river had the highest water quality compared to Fraser's hill golf course and UKM Danau golf club. Metsulfuron methyl concentrations at all three locations were under permissible level (0.001–0.01 mg l-1). Approximately, 30% of the anurans were infected with ≥ 1 protozoa, of which 22.14% were from phylum Opalinata and 10.71% were from phylum Ciliophora (Nyctotherus cordiformis). Approximately 44.44% of the anurans were infected with ≥ 1 groups of haemoparasites, which included Trypanosoma, Haemogregarina, Lankesterella, Aegyptianella and Microfilaria. Interpretation: No significant relationship was found between the environmental parameters and the abundance of protozoa and haemoparasites in anurans from three locations, indicating that the prevalence of protozoa and haemoparasites in anurans is not influenced by environmental factors.
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PIRANI, RENATA M., LUCIANA B. NASCIMENTO, and RENATO N. FEIO. "Anurans in a forest remnant in the transition zone between cerrado and atlantic rain forest domains in southeastern Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 3 (September 2013): 1093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013000300014.
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This study presents the species richness, temporal distribution and reproductive activity of anurans from the Uaimií State Forest (Floresta Estadual do Uaimií – FLOE Uaimií), situated in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, municipality of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Field activities were performed monthly from September 2009 to August 2010. We recorded 36 anurans species, distributed in 10 families. The greatest richness of the sampled sites corresponds to a permanent rivulet in a secondary forest. The majority of anuran species presented seasonal vocalization activity pattern, mainly in the rainy season. The anuran species composition of FLOE Uaimií is similar to others studied areas from the Quadrilátero Ferrífero region.
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Cervino, Nadia G., Agustín J. Elias-Costa, Martín O. Pereyra, and Julián Faivovich. "A closer look at pupil diversity and evolution in frogs and toads." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1957 (August 18, 2021): 20211402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1402.
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The eyes of frogs and toads (Anura) are among their most fascinating features. Although several pupil shapes have been described, the diversity, evolution, and functional role of the pupil in anurans have received little attention. Studying photographs of more than 3200 species, we surveyed pupil diversity, described their morphological variation, tested correlation with adult habits and diel activity, and discuss major evolutionary patterns considering iris anatomy and visual ecology. Our results indicate that the pupil in anurans is a highly plastic structure, with seven main pupil shapes that evolved at least 116 times during the history of the group. We found no significant correlation between pupil shape, adult habits, and diel activity, with the exception of the circular pupil and aquatic habits. The vertical pupil arose at least in the most-recent common ancestor of Anura + Caudata, and this morphology is present in most early-diverging anuran clades. Subsequently, a horizontal pupil, a very uncommon shape in vertebrates, evolved in most neobatrachian frogs. This shape evolved into most other known pupil shapes, but it persisted in a large number of species with diverse life histories, habits, and diel activity patterns, demonstrating a remarkable functional and ecological versatility.
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Mauricio, Beatriz, Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana, Luciana Almeida Sato, Flavia Ferreira Barbosa, Renato Mancini Astray, Alexander Kupfer, Edmund D. Brodie, Carlos Jared, and Marta Maria Antoniazzi. "Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (Siphonops annulatus)." Toxins 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110779.
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Caecilians (order Gymnophiona) are apodan, snake-like amphibians, usually with fossorial habits, constituting one of the most unknown groups of terrestrial vertebrates. As in orders Anura (frogs, tree frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders and newts), the caecilian skin is rich in mucous glands, responsible for body lubrication, and poison glands, producing varied toxins used in defence against predators and microorganisms. Whereas in anurans and caudatans skin gland morphology has been well studied, caecilian poison glands remain poorly elucidated. Here we characterised the skin gland morphology of the caecilian Siphonops annulatus, emphasising the poison glands in comparison to those of anurans and salamanders. We showed that S. annulatus glands are similar to those of salamanders, consisting of several syncytial compartments full of granules composed of protein material but showing some differentiated apical compartments containing mucus. An unusual structure resembling a mucous gland is frequently observed in lateral/apical position, apparently connected to the main duct. We conclude that the morphology of skin poison glands in caecilians is more similar to salamander glands when compared to anuran glands that show a much-simplified structure.
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GAGNÉ, SARA A., and LENORE FAHRIG. "Effects of time since urbanization on anuran community composition in remnant urban ponds." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 2 (June 2010): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000421.
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SUMMARYLow-density residential development, the fastest growing land use in the USA, is increasingly occurring adjacent to protected areas and in areas of high biodiversity. Thus, determining the environmental impacts, including the cumulative impacts, of proposed residential developments is a pressing challenge. The relative abundance and species richness of anurans in 19 ponds surrounded by landscapes with varying ages of residential development were measured, while endeavouring to control for local habitat quality effects on the anurans. Age of residential development was a predictor in the best models describing the responses of four individual anuran species and total anuran relative abundance. In particular, all of the best models of gray treefrog Hyla versicolor relative abundance included age of residential development as a predictor. Present-day anuran communities in remnant urban ponds are evidently responding to the effects of residential development that occurred up to 54 years in the past.
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Reiter, Matthew E., Clint W. Boal, and David E. Andersen. "Anurans in a Subarctic Tundra Landscape Near Cape Churchill, Manitoba." Canadian Field-Naturalist 122, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v122i2.571.
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Distribution, abundance, and habitat relationships of anurans inhabiting subarctic regions are poorly understood, and anuran monitoring protocols developed for temperate regions may not be applicable across large roadless areas of northern landscapes. In addition, arctic and subarctic regions of North America are predicted to experience changes in climate and, in some areas, are experiencing habitat alteration due to high rates of herbivory by breeding and migrating waterfowl. To better understand subarctic anuran abundance, distribution, and habitat associations, we conducted anuran calling surveys in the Cape Churchill region of Wapusk National Park, Manitoba, Canada, in 2004 and 2005. We conducted surveys along ~1-km transects distributed across three landscape types (coastal tundra, interior sedge meadow–tundra, and boreal forest–tundra interface) to estimate densities and probabilities of detection of Boreal Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris maculata) and Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). We detected a Wood Frog or Boreal Chorus Frog on 22 (87%) of 26 transects surveyed, but probability of detection varied between years and species and among landscape types. Estimated densities of both species increased from the coastal zone inland toward the boreal forest edge. Our results suggest anurans occur across all three landscape types in our study area, but that species-specific spatial patterns exist in their abundances. Considerations for both spatial and temporal variation in abundance and detection probability need to be incorporated into surveys and monitoring programs for subarctic anurans.
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AGUIAR, ALINE, DRAUSIO HONORIO MORAIS, LIDIANE A. FIRMINO SILVA, LUCIANO ALVES DOS ANJOS, OTTILIE CAROLINA FOSTER, and REINALDO JOSÉ DA SILVA. "Biodiversity of anuran endoparasites from a transitional area between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes in Brazil: new records and remarks." Zootaxa 4948, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4948.1.1.
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The richness of metazoan endoparasites associated with 25 anuran species from a transitional area between Cerrado and Atlantic Rain Forest from Brazil is here presented. We present and discuss the type-host and localities, the current taxonomic status, remarks on morphological features, biological cycle, and new records of these parasites. Nine hundred and seventy-eight anurans of four families (Bufonidae, Hylidae, Microhylidae, and Leptodactylidae) were collected during four expeditions in a private forested area from Northwest of São Paulo state. The richness of metazoan parasites was composed of nematodes (21), acanthocephalans (2), digeneans (18), monogeneans (1), cestodes (1), and oligochaetes (1), resulting in 44 taxa that are presented with their respective prevalence and the range of abundance in host populations. Among these parasites, nine were found in immature stages which usually complete their life cycle in fishes, snakes, birds or mammals, attesting the trophic relation of amphibians and their parasites within the regional vertebrate community. We reported 23 anuran species as new hosts resulting in 79 new associations between anurans and parasites. Gorgoderina diaster and Bursotrema tetracotyloides are reported for the first time in Brazil, and our finding of Clinostomum cf. complanatum represents the first in South American anurans.
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Bernal, Manuel Hernando, and John D. Lynch. "Thermal Tolerance in Anuran Embryos with Different Reproductive Modes: Relationship to Altitude." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/183212.
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Anurans are ectothermic animals very sensitive to temperature, mainly during the embryonic stage. In addition, environmental temperature decreases with altitude, and the amphibian fauna changes. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the embryonic thermal tolerances of twelve species of anurans and the temperatures of their microhabitat along an altitudinal gradient from 430 m to 2600 m. We hypothesized that there is a strong thermal adjustment of embryos to their microhabitat and, consequently, that temperature could be a limiting factor of altitudinal distribution of the anurans. We also compared the embryonic thermal tolerances according to six postulated reproductive modes of the study species. We found a significant relationship between the maximum and minimum thermal tolerances of the anuran embryos and the maximum and minimum temperatures of their microhabitat and altitudinal distribution. We also found a wide range of embryonic thermal tolerances for aquatic breeding species and a narrower range for terrestrial breeding species. Particularly, embryos of direct development species were the most sensitive to temperature. These results show the strong thermal adjustment of anuran embryos to their microhabitat and elevation and do not reject the hypothesis that temperature can be a limiting factor of their altitudinal distribution.
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Willaert, Bert, Robin Suyesh, Sonali Garg, Varad B. Giri, Mark A. Bee, and S. D. Biju. "A unique mating strategy without physical contact during fertilization in Bombay Night Frogs (Nyctibatrachus humayuni) with the description of a new form of amplexus and female call." PeerJ 4 (June 14, 2016): e2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2117.
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Anurans show the highest diversity in reproductive modes of all vertebrate taxa, with a variety of associated breeding behaviours. One striking feature of anuran reproduction is amplexus. During this process, in which the male clasps the female, both individuals’ cloacae are juxtaposed to ensure successful external fertilization. Several types of amplexus have evolved with the diversification of anurans, and secondary loss of amplexus has been reported in a few distantly related taxa. WithinNyctibatrachus, a genus endemic to the Western Ghats of India, normal axillary amplexus, a complete loss of amplexus, and intermediate forms of amplexus have all been suggested to occur, but many species remain unstudied. Here, we describe the reproductive behaviour ofN. humayuni, including a new type of amplexus. The dorsal straddle, here defined as a loose form of contact in which the male sits on the dorsum of the female prior to oviposition but without clasping her, is previously unreported for anurans. When compared to known amplexus types, it most closely resembles the form of amplexus observed in Mantellinae. Furthermore, we prove that, opposed to the situation in most anurans, male semen release happens before egg deposition. We hypothesize that the male ejaculates on the female’s dorsum and that sperm subsequently runs from her back and hind legs before fertilizing the eggs. A second feature characterizing anuran breeding is the advertisement call, mostly produced solely by males. Despite recent descriptions of several newNyctibatrachusspecies, few studies have explored their vocal repertoire. We describe both the male advertisement call and a female call forN. humayuni. The presence of a female call has not been reported within Nyctibatrachidae, and has been reported in less than 0.5% of anuran species. Altogether, our results highlight a striking diversity and several unique aspects ofNyctibatrachusbreeding behaviour.
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Jorge, Jaqueiuto Da Silva, Raul Fernandes Dantas Sales, Marcelo Nogueira de Carvalho Kokubum, and Eliza Maria Xavier Freire. "On the natural history of the Caatinga Horned Frog, Ceratophrys joazeirensis (Anura: Ceratophryidae), a poorly known species of northeastern Brazil." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 14, no. 2 (December 29, 2015): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v14i2p147-156.
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On the natural history of the Caatinga Horned Frog, Ceratophrys joazeirensis (Anura: Ceratrophryidae), a poorly known species of northeastern Brazil. Data on reproduction, sexual dimorphism, and the diet of Ceratophrys joazeirensis, the only species of the genus that occurs in the Brazilian semiarid Caatinga Biome, are presented. Anurans were observed and collected in Santa Maria Municipality, state of Rio Grande do Norte in northeastern Brazil. Fieldwork was conducted at night either after or during rains throughout the rainy season in 2010–2013. Searches were conducted near places where males were calling, usually around the perimeters of bodies of water. Reproduction is explosive in the population, with breeding activity occurring as the rain intensified during the rainy seasons of 2011–2013. However, in 2010, neither calling males nor active females were found, even after rainy days. Although males call in temporary and permanent ponds, most males call in the marginal vegetation of temporary ponds. Females C. joazeirensis are significantly larger than males. The average clutch size is 2555.0 ± 1551.1 eggs; clutch size is not significantly correlated with female body size. In decreasing order of volume, the most important prey categories in the diet of C. joazeirensis are anurans, followed by coleopterans and plant material. The apparent importance of anurans in the diet probably is related to the number of anuran species that co-occur with C. joazeirensis and the voracious feeding behavior of ceratophryids.
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Correa, Fabricio S., Leandro Juen, Lenise C. Rodrigues, Heriberto F. Silva-Filho, and Maria C. Santos-Costa. "Effects of oil palm plantations on anuran diversity in the eastern Amazon." Animal Biology 65, no. 3-4 (2015): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002481.
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The extent of land use for oil palm plantations has grown considerably in the tropics due to climate, appropriate soil conditions for cultivation and its profitability. However, oil palm plantations may endanger biodiversity through reduction and fragmentation of forest areas. Herein we analyzed the effects on anuran species richness, composition and total abundance in oil palm plantations and surrounding forests in eastern Amazon. We installed seven plots in oil palm plantations and seven plots in surrounding forests, which we surveyed for the presence of anurans through active visual and acoustic surveys during periods of high and low rainfall levels. Anuran assemblages found in forests and oil palm plantations differed in species richness and composition, with a loss of 54% of species in oil palm plantations. No difference was observed in total abundance of anurans between both environments. While conversion of forests to oil palm plantations may result in less negative impacts on anuran diversity than other types of monocultures, such loss is nevertheless high, making the maintenance of relatively greater forested areas around oil palm plantations necessary in order to conserve anuran diversity.
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Garey, Michel V., Diogo B. Provete, Itamar A. Martins, Célio F. B. Haddad, and Denise C. Rossa-Feres. "Anurans from the Serra da Bocaina National Park and surrounding buffer area, southeastern Brazil." Check List 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.308.
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Here, we review the species of anuran amphibian from the Serra da Bocaina National Park and its buffer area, in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, comparing the data from a recent survey with museum records. We surveyed adult and larval anurans in ponds, marshes, and streams discontinuously from May 2008 to January 2011. In total, 63 anuran species were previously known to occur at the Park and its surrounding buffer area. In our survey, we recorded 46 species, of which five represented new records, and 22 appeared only in the historical list. Seven topotypic populations were not found in the present study. We suggest that conservation strategies for anurans in the Serra da Bocaina should also consider the surrounding areas that are subjected to anthropogenic pressure, due to the high diversity recorded, high altitudinal variation in species distribution, and various vegetation formations.
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Weerawardhena, Senarathge R., and Anthony P. Russell. "COVER-DEPENDENCY OF ANURANS IN THE RIVERSTONE, KNUCKLES MOUNTAIN FOREST RANGE, SRI LANKA." Taprobanica 4, no. 1 (May 28, 2012): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v4i1.60.
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The species composition of anurans was studied in the disturbed and undisturbed sub-montane forest habitats in the Riverstone of the Knuckles Mountain Forest Range of Sri Lanka. Twenty one anuran species were encountered. The distribution pattern of collected anuran species was related to the percentage of vegetational cover and they were categorized in relation to dependency on the vegetational cover.
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Rocek, Zbynek. "Origin and evolution of the frontoparietal complex in anurans." Amphibia-Reptilia 9, no. 4 (1988): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853888x00062.
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AbstractThe frontoparietal is a unique feature of anurans, not only if this group is compared with other amphibians, but also with other vertebrates as well. It is often used as an important character in anuran systematics. However, little is still known about its evolutionary origin and significance. This is the reason why its state in Triadobatrachus and fossil anurans was examined, and compared with the condition in osteolepiforms and labyrinthodonts. Besides that also an information from the larval development was taken into consideration. It follows from all these data that the frontoparietal in adult anurans is a compound bone; the originally independent elements forming it (frontals, parietals, and some other ones) either coalesced with each other, or have disappeared during the course of evolution, often in convergent fashion. As the original state is better reflected in early developmental stages, one may suppose that larval condition also better reflects phylogenetic relations than the definitive bone complex of adults.
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Nadaline, Junior, André E. Confetti, and Marcio R. Pie. "Diet evolution in litter frogs: reassessing the Toft’s hypotheses." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 4 (2019): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191160.
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Abstract In a series of papers starting in the early 1980s, Toft proposed a general scenario to explain dietary evolution in leaf litter anurans in which species would “form a continuum from those that specialize on ants and mites, through generalists, to species that avoid ants and mites”, and these differences would in turn correlate with foraging strategies, morphology, and defense mechanisms. In this study, we reassess this hypothesis using a global dataset on the dietary composition of 120 anuran species. Surprisingly, we found that the relative contribution of ants and mites in anuran diets were largely orthogonal to one another. Moreover, we did not find evidence for the continuum of dietary composition envisioned by Toft. These results suggest that, although ants and mites have played a major role in the evolution of aposematic species, the trends found in those species might not be directly extrapolated to all leaf litter anurans.
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Rubinatto Serrano, Juliana, Maria Camila Vallejo-Pareja, Susan D. deFrance, Sarah I. Baitzel, and Paul S. Goldstein. "Contextual, Taphonomic, and Paleoecological Insights from Anurans on Tiwanaku Sites in Southern Peru." Quaternary 5, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat5010016.
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We examine the processes that resulted in the deposition of bones of at least three anuran genera on four archaeological sites associated with the Tiwanaku culture occupied between 700–1100 CE in the Moquegua Valley of far southern Peru. We review archaeological data and ethnographic accounts of Andean peoples using frogs and toads for food and in rain-quest rituals. Anuran bones are common in prehispanic cemeteries, but far less common in habitational and ceremonial sites. The quantity of anuran remains in certain cemeteries is anomalous in comparison to other archaeological sites in the valley and to Tiwanaku sites in other geographic settings. We conclude that anurans are most common where abandoned below-ground rock-covered tombs are likely to have been reused by nesting owls, and propose that most anuran remains in archaeological contexts in Moquegua are the result of predation. We consider environmental, cultural and taphonomic explanations and posit that the abundance of anuran remains relates to the 14th-century Miraflores ENSO event. This event generated increased rainfall in the desert, creating conditions favorable for frogs and toads, and predation by owls. We also advocate for the use of fine-screening to recover small-sized animal remains, such as anurans, that can be used to understand taphonomic processes and paleoenvironmental conditions.
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Pereira-Ribeiro, Juliane, Atilla Colombo Ferreguetti, Helena Godoy Bergallo, and Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha. "Good timing: evaluating anuran activity and detectability patterns in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19019.
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Abstract ContextAnimal activity patterns throughout the day constitute an important dimension of their ecological niche, and may have ecological and evolutionary implications; for an organism to be active during the day or night period, a series of conditions requiring different anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations must be met. AimsTo study the anuran community in an area of Atlantic Forest in Brazil, to evaluate the species activity period as well as the diurnal and nocturnal detection probabilities of anurans, and to relate these activities to environmental variables such as air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. MethodsThe anurans were sampled along 21 plot transects in the diurnal period and during a nocturnal period, with temperature and relative humidity measured in each plot. Species were considered predominantly diurnal or nocturnal if 35% or more individuals were recorded during one of these periods. Anuran detectability was estimated using single-season occupancy models, relating to environmental variables. Key resultsOf the individuals recorded, 12% were recorded during diurnal sampling and 88% were recorded during nocturnal sampling, with Ololygon agilis being the only species considered diurnal. The probability of detection was affected by only two variables (period and humidity). ConclusionsThe anuran community in the study area was essentially nocturnal, with only one species that could be considered diurnal. Additionally, detectability was higher at night, with humidity being the most important variable affecting species detection. ImplicationsSurveys can be planned under climatic conditions that positively influence the probabilities of detection to improve the effectiveness of monitoring species and/or anurans community.
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Onadeko, A. B., and O. S. Ogoanah. "Investigation on the road mortality of Anuran species on the Ikorodu-Epe/Ejirin-Ijebu Ode Roads in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 37, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v37i2.5.
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The effect of road kills of anuran species by vehicular traffic on the Ikorodu-Epe/Ejirin-Ijebu Ode road in Lagos and Ogun States was investigated. The mean traffic density on the road during the survey (between 18:30-20:30hr and 06:00 and 07:00hr) was 127±45 vehicles/hr, which ranged between 72 and 216 vehicles/hr. A total of 738 anuran road mortalities among eight species were recorded [661 (89.6%) were identifiable, while 77 (10.4%) were not]. Ptychadena pumilio had the highest mortality of 67±27.1 individuals, while Xenopus muelleri and Aubria subsigillata were the least susceptible to road kills. This respectively represented 2.66±1.5 and 2.66±3 individuals each. Most mortality (256 individuals) occurred on the section of the road bordered by grassland/tertiary vegetation. However there was no significant difference (at P> 0.05) between the anurans killed along the different vegetation structures bordering the road (F2,21 = 0.415). About 473 live anurans belonging to five species were observed of which P. pumilio, the highest constituted the greatest number (81±42.9), while the least Hoplobatrachus occipitalis 7.3±4.2 was recorded. Both species had greater live counts than road kills compared to other anuran species that had greater road kills than live counts recorded. The greatest number of live anurans was recorded at where grassland/tertiaryvegetation occurred. This constituted a total of 198 individuals (41.8%), while the least occurred at the secondary/primaryvegetation which had 95 individuals (20%). However, the difference was not significant (F2,12 = 0.600) at P> 0.05. It is evident that anuran migration is an integral part of their biological activity. However vehicular traffic sadly possesses a negative effect on this activity. Precautionary measures are necessary to reduce population decline and possible extinction of not only the anuran species but also other wildlife species, which is a positive direction in the conservation of biological diversity. Keywords: Vehicular traffic, anuran, mortality, vegetation, road kill, conservation
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Ferreira Rodrigues, André Flávio Soares, Drausio Honório Morais, Vinícius Tadeu Carvalho, Marta D’Agosto, and Moara Lemos. "Caracterização morfológica e morfométrica dos tripanossomas de anuros do Centro-Oeste brasileiro." Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 20, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2596-3325.2019.v20.24785.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate parasitism caused by trypanosomes in naturally infected anurans from Brazilian Midwest and characterize trypanosomes by morphology and morphometry. Anurans were captured from margins of the Guaporé River in transition areas between Cerrado and Rain Forest. Blood samples of 16 anurans species were obtained by cardiac puncture and analyzed for the presence of hemoparasites. Trypanosomes were found infecting two anuran species, Leptodactylus lineatus (Leptodactylidae) and Osteocephalus sp. (Hylidae). It was observed high prevalence of trypanosomes (100%; N = 3) in L. lineatus, with intensity of infection of 9.9 × 102 parasites/ml. In Osteocephalus sp. the prevalence of trypanosomes was comparatively lower (36%; N = 4 from 11), however, the intensity of infection was higher 2.16 × 103 parasites/ml. Morphological variation related to body length and width of bloodstream trypomastigotes were observed in different host species and between individual hosts of the same species. Polymorphic trypanosomes were separated into morphotypes and classified as elongated or short trypanosomes. Trypanosomes infecting L. lineatus are elongated with slender or broad body and trypanosomes infecting Osteocephalus sp. presented a short body with broad posterior extremity. The parasitological analyses and morphological characterizations presented in this study contribute to the knowledge of diversity of trypanosomes from neotropical anurans.
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Edo-Taiwo, O., and U. G. Onyebuolise. "Parasitic helminth infection in anurans from Ozomo Wetland, Edo State, Nigeria." Tropical Freshwater Biology 29, no. 1 (August 21, 2020): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v29i1.7.
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Anurans from Ozomo Wetland were examined for parasitic helminth infection. Among these anurans were Arthroleptis poecilonotus, Arthroleptis sp., Leptopelis occidentalis, L. spiritusnoctus, Sclerophrys maculata, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Hyperolius concolor, H. fusciventris burtoni Phase B, Hyperolius sp., Afrixalus dorsalis, Ptychadena bibroni, P. longirostris, P. mascareniensis, P. oxyrhynchus, P. pumilio, Hemisus marmoratus and Silurana tropicalis. The prevalence and intensity of infection recorded in the anurans were 58.2% and 9.5 parasites/infected host, respectively. Eighteen parasite species were recovered and these include the monogeneans (Polystoma aeschilimanni, P. prudhoei and P. prucei); digeneans (Diplodiscus fischthalicus, Metahaematoloechus micrurus and Mesocoelium monodi) and nematodes (Amplicaecum sp., Aplectana sp., Batrachocamallanus siluranae, Camallanus dimitrovi, Chabaudus leberrei, Cosmocerca commutata, C. ornata, Physaloptera sp., Rhabdias africanus, Rhabdias sp., an unidentified nematode and an unidentified oxyurid nematode). These parasites were recovered from different microhabitats (oesophagus/stomach, small intestine, large intestine/rectum lungs and urinary bladder) in the anuran hosts. Nematode was the dominant parasite with 66.7% infection while the monogeneans and digeneans had 16.7% infection each. Metahaematoloechus micrurus recorded in this study had unusually large testes which have not been observed in other specimens recorded elsewhere and there is need for further investigation.
Keywords: anurans, species, farming, logging, deforestation, digeneans, nematodes, prevalence, intensity, Nigeria
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Stocker, Michelle R., Sterling J. Nesbitt, Ben T. Kligman, Daniel J. Paluh, Adam D. Marsh, David C. Blackburn, and William G. Parker. "The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona." Biology Letters 15, no. 2 (February 2019): 20180922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922.
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Crown-group frogs (Anura) originated over 200 Ma according to molecular phylogenetic analyses, though only a few fossils from high latitudes chronicle the first approximately 60 Myr of frog evolution and distribution. We report fossils that represent both the first Late Triassic and the earliest equatorial record of Salientia, the group that includes stem and crown-frogs. These small fossils consist of complete and partial ilia with anteriorly directed, elongate and distally hollow iliac blades. These features of these ilia, including the lack of a prominent dorsal protuberance and a shaft that is much longer than the acetabular region, suggest a closer affinity to crown-group Anura than to Early Triassic stem anurans Triadobatrachus from Madagascar and Czatkobatrachus from Poland, both high-latitude records. The new fossils demonstrate that crown anurans may have been present in the Late Triassic equatorial region of Pangea. Furthermore, the presence of Early Jurassic anurans in the same stratigraphic sequence ( Prosalirus bitis from the Kayenta Formation) suggests that anurans survived the climatic aridification of this region in the early Mesozoic. These fossils highlight the importance of the targeted collection of microfossils and provide further evidence for the presence of crown-group representatives of terrestrial vertebrates prior to the end-Triassic extinction.
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Womack, Molly C., Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard, Luis A. Coloma, Juan C. Chaparro, and Kim L. Hoke. "Earless toads sense low frequencies but miss the high notes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 4, 2017): 20171670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1670.
Full textAbstract:
Sensory losses or reductions are frequently attributed to relaxed selection. However, anuran species have lost tympanic middle ears many times, despite anurans' use of acoustic communication and the benefit of middle ears for hearing airborne sound. Here we determine whether pre-existing alternative sensory pathways enable anurans lacking tympanic middle ears (termed earless anurans) to hear airborne sound as well as eared species or to better sense vibrations in the environment. We used auditory brainstem recordings to compare hearing and vibrational sensitivity among 10 species (six eared, four earless) within the Neotropical true toad family (Bufonidae). We found that species lacking middle ears are less sensitive to high-frequency sounds, however, low-frequency hearing and vibrational sensitivity are equivalent between eared and earless species. Furthermore, extratympanic hearing sensitivity varies among earless species, highlighting potential species differences in extratympanic hearing mechanisms. We argue that ancestral bufonids may have sufficient extratympanic hearing and vibrational sensitivity such that earless lineages tolerated the loss of high frequency hearing sensitivity by adopting species-specific behavioural strategies to detect conspecifics, predators and prey.
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Lucas, Elaine M., and Paulo C. A. Garcia. "Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815 and Hylodidae Günther, 1858: distribution extension and new records for Santa Catarina, southern Brazil." Check List 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.1.13.
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In the present study we report new records of the anurans Hypsiboas curupi, Scinax littoralis, Dendropsophus elegans, and Crossodactylus schmidti for the state of Santa Catarina. These records expand the geographic distribution currently known for these species and contribute for the knowledge of the southern Brazilian anuran fauna.
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Pansonato, André, Tamí Mott, and Christine Strüssmann. "Anuran amphibians' diversity in a northwestern area of the Brazilian Pantanal." Biota Neotropica 11, no. 4 (December 2011): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000400008.
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In the Pantanal, the largest continuous floodplain in the world, the diversity and distribution of anuran amphibians vary in and across distinct subregions and distinct habitats occurring along inundation gradients. Permanent and natural aquatic habitats are relatively scarce in the Pantanal, and occurrence of temporary aquatic habitats varies seasonally, depending on rains. We here present results of evaluations of anuran's species richness and abundance in a seasonally flooded area in the northwestern section of the Pantanal (Fazenda Baía de Pedra, Cáceres municipality, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil), comparing values obtained in 10 plots systematically distributed over 5 km² with those obtained in additional aquatic plots in the study area. Data were obtained in five field trips, from February 2008 to March 2009. In addition to the plots, 36 water bodies (20 permanent and 16 temporary) were also sampled for the presence of anurans. In total, 3,983 individuals from 34 anuran species distributed in five families were recorded: Hylidae (14 species), Leptodactylidae (8), Leiuperidae (6), Microhylidae (4), and Bufonidae (2). Local richness represents 77.3% of the anuran diversity already recorded for the Brazilian Pantanal. The number of species recorded exclusively in systematically distributed terrestrial plots and in water bodies was 28 and 32, respectively. Sampling methods used at Fazenda Baía da Pedra were efficient in determining anuran richness, abundance, composition and distribution. Evaluations of anuran richness and abundance by using permanent sampling plots in the Pantanal may benefit from additional sampling sites, particularly permanent and temporary water bodies.
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Warkentin, Ian G., Christine E. Campbell, Kristin G. Powell, and Tina D. Leonard. "First Record of Mink Frog, Rana septentrionalis, from Insular Newfoundland." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i3.813.
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Two populations of the Mink Frog (Rana septentrionalis) were identified near Corner Brook Newfoundland during wider surveys for anurans on the west coast of the island. This brings to six the number of anuran species which are known to have been introduced to insular Newfoundland, with four known to be currently extant.
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Mraz, Alexis, Mark Weir, and Patrick McLaughlin. "Efficacy of anuran trapping and monitoring techniques in the tropical forests of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 4 (2018): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181047.
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Abstract Anurans are of particular importance in monitoring the ecosystems of tropical environments. Existing literature reveals little standardization in methodology, and many of the techniques that have been shown to be effective in deciduous environments, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) refuges and pitfall traps, are either inadequate or too difficult to implement in tropical environments. This study evaluated three anuran trapping and monitoring techniques for use in a tropical environment: PVC pipe refuges, pitfall traps, and anuran census. Prior research validated the use of PVC refuges and pitfall traps in deciduous forests, but their use outside of the Americas has not been thoroughly examined. PVC refuges failed to attract anurans in this study, likely due to the abundance of natural refugia characteristic of tropical environments with dense foliage. Pitfall traps utilizing 19-liter buckets are difficult to implement in rocky soil and were shown to be ineffective utilizing buckets small enough to implement in this research. The modifications to the pitfall traps made in this research allowed for effective use with smaller, easier to install buckets. The anuran census described in this study utilizes established trails or paths for a continuous census. This study shows evidence for the effective utilization of both modified pitfall trapping and anuran census in monitoring population densities, assessing species richness, and detecting the presence of rare or cryptic species.
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Moreira, Leonardo Felipe Bairos, and Leonardo Maltchik. "Assessing patterns of nestedness and co-occurrence in coastal pond anuran assemblages." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 2 (2012): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853812x641721.
Full textAbstract:
Segregated species co-occurrence and nestedness are two ecological patterns used to measure assemblage structure. We investigated species co-occurrence and nestedness patterns in assemblages of tadpoles and adult anurans in 30 coastal ponds in southern Brazil. Ponds varied in hydroperiod and were classified as temporary or permanent. We explored whether co-occurrence or nestedness varied among ponds in each hydroperiod. Species co-occurrence patterns were analyzed using the C-score index and three null models. In order to quantify nestedness, we used the nestedness metric based on overlap and decreasing fill (NODF). We found seventeen anuran species; however, only 13 species were observed in breeding activity, and 11 species were observed as tadpoles. The co-occurrence and nestedness analyses showed that anuran assemblages exhibit non-random patterns that were generally contingent on the hydroperiod and pond area. Only species in non-breeding adult anurans assemblages showed significant segregation when randomizations were weighted by pond area and the pattern was similar among hydroperiods. Tadpole assemblages of permanent ponds showed an aggregated co-occurrence in weighted-fixed model. In temporary ponds, NODF showed that anuran assemblages were significantly nestedness in all three phases of life cycle. We obtained contrasting results depending on the hydroperiod. These results support the hypothesis that habitat nestedness, due to hydroperiod, might be an important factor structuring anuran assemblages along the different phases of their life cycle.
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Leung, Ka Wah, Shengnan Yang, Xiaoyi Wang, Ke Tang, and Junhua Hu. "Ecogeographical Adaptation Revisited: Morphological Variations in the Plateau Brown Frog along an Elevation Gradient on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau." Biology 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10111081.
Full textAbstract:
Several anurans have broad elevational and latitudinal distribution ranges; distinct species and populations may face various environmental and selection stresses. Due to their environmental sensitivity, adaptation is critical for the long-term persistence of anurans. Previous studies have tried to identify the ecogeographical pattern and its mechanism in anurans, suggesting different patterns, but the related explanatory mechanisms are yet to be generally supported and are suggested to be complicated. To explore the elusive mechanisms, we studied the morphological variation of the plateau brown frog (Rana kukunoris) along an elevational gradient on the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Using body size, extremity length, and the ratio between them (extremities/body size) as testing indicators, we examined potential ecogeographical adaptations and investigated how environmental and biological factors could shape the morphological development in R. kukunoris. We found that males and females showed different variations in body size and extremities along the elevational gradient, whereas both of them showed a decreasing extremities/body size ratio along elevation. Together with the strong correlations between environmental and biological factors and the morphometrics, we identified ecogeographical adaptation and a sexual difference in the selective pressures on the extremities and body size of the plateau brown frog. Our results imply that geographic variations in anuran morphological traits should be understood as an outcome of environmental and biological factors. Furthermore, ecogeographical adaptation in anurans can manifest as an interactive change between body size and extremities.
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Gardner, James D. "An edentulous frog (Lissamphibia; Anura) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation of southeastern Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 2015): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0176.
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The frog Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani, gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of seven incomplete maxillae from vertebrate microfossil localities in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation, in the Dinosaur Provincial Park area, southeastern Alberta, Canada. The maxillae are distinctive in a unique suite of features related to size, shape, and proportions of the bone, texture of the labial surface, form of the surface for inferred contact with the squamosal, form of the lamina horizontalis and the processus pterygoideus, relative depth of the crista dentalis, and in being edentulous (i.e., lacking teeth). The higher level affinities of Tyrrellbatrachus are uncertain, although certain features exclude it from several known families; for example, the presence of a processus pterygoideus excludes it from Gobiatidae (Late Cretaceous, Asia), whereas the presence of a crista dentalis and of a relatively unreduced pars facialis exclude it from Pipidae (Cretaceous–Recent, Africa and South America). The lack of teeth in Tyrrellbatrachus is notable because although tooth loss is widespread among extant anurans and has arisen independently multiple times, it has rarely been documented among Mesozoic anurans. Comparisons with the only other edentulous anuran from the Mesozoic of the Northern Hemisphere, namely Theatonius (late Campanian – late Maastrichtian, western USA), reveal no compelling similarities to support a close relationship between the two genera. Those taxa represent an early (Campanian) instance of independent tooth loss in anurans and, potentially, the oldest record of tooth loss in nonpipid anurans.
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Smirnov, N. A. "The Cases of Abnormal Amplexus in Anura on the Territory of the Chernivtsi Region, Ukraine." Zoodiversity 56, no. 6 (2022): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2022.06.489.
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The paper contains information about 21 cases of abnormal amplexus among anurans (Amphibia) detected on the territory of the Chernivtsi Region, Ukraine. Multiple amplexus, consisting of one female and two or more males, was registered in three species: Bombina variegata, Bufo bufo, Rana temporaria. The author described interspecific amplexus in six cases. Five of them were among anurans (Bufo bufo male × Pelophylax lessonae male, Rana dalmatina males × Rana temporaria female or males, Rana temporaria male × Pelophylax ridibundus female) and one case — among Anura and Caudata (Bombina variegata male × Lissotriton montandoni female).
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Carvajal-Castro, Juan D., Yelenny López-Aguirre, Ana María Ospina-L, Juan C. Santos, Bibiana Rojas, and Fernando Vargas-Salinas. "Much more than a clasp: evolutionary patterns of amplexus diversity in anurans." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 652–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa009.
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Abstract The evolution and diversification of animal reproductive modes have been pivotal questions in behavioural ecology. Amphibians present the highest diversity of reproductive modes among vertebrates, involving various behavioural, physiological and morphological traits. One such feature is the amplexus, which is the clasp or embrace of males on females during reproduction and is found almost universally in anurans. Hypotheses about the origin of amplexus are limited and have not been tested thoroughly, nor have they taken into account evolutionary relationships in most comparative studies. However, these considerations are crucial to an understanding of the evolution of reproductive modes. Here, using an evolutionary framework, we reconstruct the ancestral state of amplexus in 685 anuran species. We investigate whether the type of amplexus has a strong phylogenetic signal and test whether sexual size dimorphism could have influenced amplexus type or male performance while clasping females. Overall, we found evidence of ≥34 evolutionary transitions in amplexus type across anurans. We found that amplexus type exhibits a high phylogenetic signal and that amplexus type does not evolve in association with sexual size dimorphism. We discuss the implications of our findings for the diversity of amplexus types across anurans.
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Jofré, Mariana Beatriz, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, and Fabricio Damián Cid. "Spatial and temporal patterns of richness and abundance in the anuran assemblage of an artificial water reservoir from the semiarid central region of Argentina." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 4 (2010): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x530195.
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AbstractThis constitutes the first study of anuran fauna composition of an artificial permanent water reservoir, in a semiarid ecosystem of San Luis. Species richness, relative abundance, spatial distribution and pattern of summer activity were estimated in the anuran community of the Embalse La Florida, an artificial water reservoir in the semiarid central region of the sierras of San Luis, Argentina. This reservoir represents one of the few sources of water available for reproduction and early development of amphibian species in the zone. We identified anurans using call surveys during two summers at fifteen sites, belonging to four zones around the shorelines of the reservoir. Eight amphibian species (Rhinella arenarum, Melanophryniscus stelzneri, Leptodactylus bufonius, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Odontophrynus americanus, Odontophrynus occidentalis, Pleurodema tucumanum and Hypsiboas cordobae) were recorded at the shores of the embalse. The highest species richness (seven) was detected in the preserve located on the north shore. Species richness analyzed by month or survey was not correlated with weather variables. The highest relative abundance of anurans was detected at the highly modified campsites area, which may provide stable food and refugia. Relative abundance of all anuran species was positively correlated with precipitation. This permanent water reservoir may act as an important site of amphibian fauna concentration, which is important to monitor and preserve.
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Boelter, Ruben A., Igor L. Kaefer, Camila Both, and Sonia Cechin. "Invasive bullfrogs as predators in a Neotropical assemblage: What frog species do they eat?" Animal Biology 62, no. 4 (2012): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075612x634111.
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Anurans are important prey for the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus, but field assessments of its diet in the context of a local prey assemblage are lacking. We aimed to identify the frog species consumed by an invasive bullfrog population in subtropical South America, and to assess their relative importance among other types of prey. Characterization of the frog assemblage in the study area also allowed us to calculate the degree of electivity of the recorded anuran prey, in order to gain insight regarding bullfrog feeding preferences and to test if the bullfrog prey composition differed from a random sample of the assemblage. A total of 32.6% of the bullfrogs had at least one anuran in the stomach contents, and post-metamorphic anurans represented 49.1% of the relative prey importance for adult bullfrogs. Anurans were preyed on by all size classes, and constituted the volumetrically most important prey category in the diet of individuals heavier than 100 g. Cycloramphidae, Hylidae and Leiuperidae were positively selected, and Hypsiboas pulchellus and Physalaemus cuvieri were the species most often taken. We found a low occurrence of cannibalism, despite the high density of bullfrogs at the study site. Our results showed that the degree of electivity differed among bullfrog prey types, suggesting that some frog species may be preyed on in a higher proportion than their relative abundance in the assemblage. Testing the clues provided by this assemblage-level approach may lead to a better assessment of the interactions between bullfrogs and the native frog fauna.
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Goldberg, Javier, Bruno S. L. Valverde, and Lilian Franco-Belussi. "Testicular melanization in anuran species: ontogeny and sexual maturity." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191206.
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Abstract Testicular melanization in anurans may be absent or present with different degrees of intensity. When present, the color is due to the concentration of melanocytes in external (surface) and interstitial tissue. The function of this coloration is not fully known and we ask if melanization during testicular development, in species with highly pigmented testes in adults, is correlated with germ cells maturation. To do so, we selected four anuran species with highly pigmented testes. Species differed in the amount of interstitial melanin. Pigmentation increased throughout ontogeny, but with interspecific variation in the onset and rate. The rate of melanization progressed with testicular differentiation. A threshold for interstitial pigmentation seems to be reached with the advancement of spermatogenesis. Overall, testicular pigmentation adds a new chapter to the study of sexual maturity in anurans.
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Simon, Nadia, Marina Mohd. Top, Mohd Zaki Hamzah, Nor Azwady Abdul Aziz, Mohamad Azani Alias, Mohd Ridza Awang, Zahari Ibrahim, Ahmad Fadzil Abd. Majid, Mohd Syahrir Azrin Salleh, and Azhar Anuar. "Microhabitat and Microclimate Preferences of Anuran Species Inhabiting Restoration and Adjacent Forest of Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1635–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5106-03.
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The conversion of forests to agricultural farmland modifies lands into small patches, making amphibians more susceptible to external environmental changes. It is important to restore the forest ecosystem so that fauna species, especially anurans, could gradually recover and help create a balanced ecosystem in the restoration process. The aims of this study are to determine diversity, richness, and evenness of the anuran species, and to investigate the relationship of the anuran species with environmental variables of restoration areas and adjacent forests of Terla Forest Reserve (FR), Cameron Highlands, Pahang. The study recorded 14 species belonging to six families with higher species diversity, whereby the Shannon Wiener (H’) value in the adjacent forest (H’ = 1.71) was higher as compared to the restoration area (H’ = 0.77). The anuran species in the restoration area showed an adaptation to bare soil, herbs, and shrubs. Meanwhile, in the forest, forest litter was favoured by the anuran species. Species abundance demonstrated correlation towards microclimate. The adaption of two species to the restoration area showed that temperature had a significant and negative correlation with Duttaphrynus melanostictus; relative humidity was significant and positively correlated with Polypedates leucomystax; while relative humidity had a significant and negative correlation with Microhyla annectens, a forest specialist. A deeper understanding of environmental factors that affect the presence of anurans, especially in restoration areas, can facilitate forest management in evaluating the effectiveness of forest restoration in this region.
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Silva e Silva, Yuri Breno, and Carlos Eduardo Costa-Campos. "Anuran species composition of Cancão Municipal Natural Park, Municipality of Serra do Navio, Amapá state, Brazil." ZooKeys 762 (May 31, 2018): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.762.22634.
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In this study, the first survey of anuran species in the Cancão Municipal Natural Park is presented, a protected area of approximately 370 hectares of Amazonian forest located in the northwest center region of the state of Amapá, Brazil. The work was performed during the dry and rainy season, through active visual and auditory survey, totaling 216 man hours of sampling effort. Forty-nine species of anuran amphibians were recorded in the Cancão Municipal Natural Park, including three new records:Hyalinobatrachiumiaspidiense, Pristimantiscf.ockendeni, andScinaxgarbei. Three species,Hyalinobatrachiumiaspidiense,Ameeregapulchripecta, andAnomaloglossusbaeobatrachus, are listed as Data Deficient and one is listed as Vulnerable (Atelopushoogmoedi) according red lists of IUCN. The rarefaction curve cumulative species did not reach an asymptote, indicating that site has potential for species that have not yet been recorded. Nine species were represented by only one individual and were considered rare in the studied environments, eight species were defined as common, and the 32 remaining species were classified as having intermediary abundance. Our data indicated that Cancão Municipal Natural Park contains a considerable portion of the anurans species richness of Amapá state, turn the area into a place of great importance for the conservation of the anurans of the Eastern Amazon.
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Akani, G. C., L. Luiselli, C. C. Amuzie, and G. N. Wokem. "Helminth community structure and diet of three Afrotropical anuran species: a test of the interactive-versus-isolationist parasite communities hypothesis." Web Ecology 11, no. 1 (September 6, 2011): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-11-11-2011.
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Abstract. The interactive-versus-isolationist hypothesis predicts that parasite communities should be depauperated and weakly structured by interspecific competition in amphibians. A parasitological survey was carried out to test this hypothesis using three anuran species from Nigeria, tropical Africa (one Bufonidae; two Ranidae). High values of parasite infection parameters were found in all three species, which were infected by nematodes, cestodes and trematodes. Nonetheless, the parasite communities of the three anurans were very depauperated in terms of number of species (4 to 6). Interspecific competition was irrelevant in all species, as revealed by null models and Monte Carlo permutations. Cluster analyses revealed that, in terms of parasite community composition, the two Ranidae were similar, whereas the Bufonidae was more different. However, when prevalence, intensity, and abundance of parasites are combined into a multivariate analysis, each anuran species was clearly spaced apart from the others, thus revealing considerable species-specific differences in terms of their parasite communities. All anurans were generalists and probably opportunistic in terms of dietary habits, and showed no evidence of interspecific competition for food. Overall, our data are widely consistent with expectations driven from the interactive-versus-isolationist parasite communities hypothesis.
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Imasuen, Abigail A., Habibat J. Ozemoka, and Martins S. O. Aisien. "Anurans as Intermediate and Paratenic Hosts of Helminth Infections in the Rainforest and Derived Savanna Biotopes of Southern Nigeria." International Journal of Zoology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/823970.
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Anurans from the rainforest (Okomu National Park) and derived savanna (Agbede) locations in Nigeria were investigated for their role either as intermediate or paratenic hosts of helminth infections. A total of 269 anuran specimens (157 from the Okomu National Park and 112 from Agbede) were examined. Metacercariae of a strigeoid trematode, two nematode species, a proteocephalid cestode, and an acanthocephalan were recovered from infected hosts. Except for the strigeoid trematode, which was only recorded in the rainforest, there was no ecological dichotomy in the distribution of the larval parasites recorded. Tree frogs from the rainforest only served as second intermediate hosts for the strigeoid trematode. The two nematode larvae (type I and type II) found in the body cavity of the infected host are believed to use them as paratenic hosts. Tree frogs were the predominant intermediate hosts of the proteocephalid cestode larvae in the rainforest, whilePtychadenaandPhrynobatrachusspp. served this function in the derived savanna. The occurrence of cystacanths in the anurans from both biotopes confirms their known role as paratenic host for acanthocephalans.Afrixalus dorsalisis a new host record for the ascaridoid nematode while the finding of the strigeoid trematode, the proteocephalid cestode larvae and acanthocephalan cystacanths in the anurans investigated represents new geographical records.
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Netherlands, Edward C., Courtney A. Cook, Louis H. Du Preez, Maarten P. M. Vanhove, Luc Brendonck, and Nico J. Smit. "Monophyly of the species of Hepatozoon (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) parasitizing (African) anurans, with the description of three new species from hyperoliid frogs in South Africa." Parasitology 145, no. 8 (December 4, 2017): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201700213x.
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AbstractHaemogregarines (Apicomplexa: Adeleiorina) are a diverse group of haemoparasites reported from almost all vertebrate classes. The most commonly recorded haemogregarines to parasitize anurans are species of Hepatozoon Miller, 1908. To date 16 Hepatozoon species have been described from anurans in Africa, with only a single species, Hepatozoon hyperolli (Hoare, 1932), infecting a member of the Hyperoliidae. Furthermore, only two Hepatozoon species are known from South African anurans, namely Hepatozoon theileri (Laveran, 1905) and Hepatozoon ixoxo Netherlands, Cook and Smit, 2014, from Amietia delalandii (syn. Amietia quecketti) and three Sclerophrys species, respectively. Blood samples were collected from a total of 225 individuals representing nine hyperoliid species from several localities throughout northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Twenty frogs from three species were found positive for haemogregarines, namely Afrixalus fornasinii (6/14), Hyperolius argus (2/39), and Hyperolius marmoratus (12/74). Based on morphological characteristics, morphometrics and molecular findings three new haemogregarine species, Hepatozoon involucrum Netherlands, Cook and Smit n. sp., Hepatozoon tenuis Netherlands, Cook and Smit n. sp. and Hepatozoon thori Netherlands, Cook and Smit n. sp., are described from hyperoliid hosts. Furthermore, molecular analyses show anuran Hepatozoon species to be a separate monophyletic group, with species isolated from African hosts forming a monophyletic clade within this cluster.