Journal articles on the topic 'Anuran amphibian'
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1
Cobo-Cuan, Ariadna, T. Ulmar Grafe, and Peter M. Narins. "Beyond the limits: identifying the high-frequency detectors in the anuran ear." Biology Letters 16, no. 7 (July 2020): 20200343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0343.
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Despite the predominance of low-frequency hearing in anuran amphibians, a few frog species have evolved high-frequency communication within certain environmental contexts. Huia cavitympanum is the most remarkable anuran with regard to upper frequency limits; it is the first frog species known to emit exclusively ultrasonic signals. Characteristics of the Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions from the amphibian papilla and the basilar papilla were analysed to gain insight into the structures responsible for high-frequency/ultrasound sensitivity. Our results confirm the matching of vocalization spectra and inner ear tuning in this species. Compared to most anurans, H. cavitympanum has a hyperextended hearing range spanning from audible to ultrasonic frequencies, far above the previously established ‘spectral limits’ for the amphibian ear. The exceptional high-frequency sensitivity in the inner ear of H. cavitympanum illustrates the remarkable plasticity of the auditory system and the extent to which evolution can modify a sensory system to adapt it to its environment.
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Brandão, Divino, Rogério Bastos, Márcia De Souza, Cleiber Vieira, Luis Bini, Leandro Oliveira, and José Alexandre Diniz-Filho. "Spatial patterns in species richness and priority areas for conservation of anurans in the Cerrado region, Central Brazil." Amphibia-Reptilia 25, no. 1 (2004): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853804322992841.
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AbstractDeclines in anuran populations worldwide are increasingly creating demands for quick and urgent strategies to maximize efforts to conserve amphibian populations, especially in areas in which few detailed data on diversity, abundance and distribution are available, such as the Cerrado of Central Brazil. We used extent of occurrence of 105 species of Anura (Amphibia) in the Cerrado region to establish a regional system of potential areas that preserves all anuran species in the region, at a macroecological scale. The final network, obtained using a simple "greedy" algorithm based on complementarity, has a total of 10 regions, widely distributed in the biome. These areas were also evaluated in terms of their human demographic parameters (human population size and growth rate). Strong spatial autocorrelation in species richness indicates that alternative systems based on pre-existing conservation units will also be efficient in terms of biodiversity conservation. Although macro-scale approaches are usually coarse, they can provide overall guidelines for conservation and define the focus for more local and effective conservation efforts, which is particularly important when dealing with a taxonomic group such as anurans for which quick and drastic population declines have been reported in many regions of the world.
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Agostini, M. Gabriela, and Patricia A. Burrowes. "Infection patterns of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, on anuran assemblages in agro-ecosystems from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 14, no. 2 (December 29, 2015): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v14i2p113-126.
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Infection patterns of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, on anuran assemblages in agro-ecosystems from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is linked to extinctions and declines of amphibians. Additionally, in the context of amphibian decline, the habitat loss related to agricultural landscapes is likely the single most important human activity affecting lowland amphibian populations. To assess the impact of anthropogenic land use on anuran response to Bd, infection patterns in several ponds from cultivated (CA) and uncultivated areas (UCA) were studied. Four anuran species (Rhinella fernandezae [Bufonidae]; juvenile and adult of Leptodactylus latrans [Leptodactylidae]; and the hylids Hypsiboas pulchellus and Pseudis minuta) were monitored and tissue samples were collected for Bd diagnosis and quantification. All species tested positive for Bd, but anurans inhabiting the UCA were twice more likely to be infected than those in the CA. Prevalence and infection level were significantly higher in the UCA, suggesting that vulnerability to Bd is associated with land use in agro-ecosystems. At the assemblage-level, the infection patterns also differed among species, and those with aquatic habitats (L. latrans and P. minuta) had high prevalence and infection levels of Bd. Juvenile stages of L. latrans had higher prevalence and infection level than adults in both study areas. This work contributes to our understanding of anthropogenic effects on host-pathogen relationships, particularly on the effect of Bd on anuran assemblages under different levels of agricultural impact.
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Jofré, Mariana Beatriz, Enrique Caviedes-Vidal, and Fabricio Damián Cid. "Spatial and temporal patterns of richness and abundance in the anuran assemblage of an artificial water reservoir from the semiarid central region of Argentina." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 4 (2010): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x530195.
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AbstractThis constitutes the first study of anuran fauna composition of an artificial permanent water reservoir, in a semiarid ecosystem of San Luis. Species richness, relative abundance, spatial distribution and pattern of summer activity were estimated in the anuran community of the Embalse La Florida, an artificial water reservoir in the semiarid central region of the sierras of San Luis, Argentina. This reservoir represents one of the few sources of water available for reproduction and early development of amphibian species in the zone. We identified anurans using call surveys during two summers at fifteen sites, belonging to four zones around the shorelines of the reservoir. Eight amphibian species (Rhinella arenarum, Melanophryniscus stelzneri, Leptodactylus bufonius, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Odontophrynus americanus, Odontophrynus occidentalis, Pleurodema tucumanum and Hypsiboas cordobae) were recorded at the shores of the embalse. The highest species richness (seven) was detected in the preserve located on the north shore. Species richness analyzed by month or survey was not correlated with weather variables. The highest relative abundance of anurans was detected at the highly modified campsites area, which may provide stable food and refugia. Relative abundance of all anuran species was positively correlated with precipitation. This permanent water reservoir may act as an important site of amphibian fauna concentration, which is important to monitor and preserve.
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Silva, Fernando Rodrigues da, Rodrigo Souza Santos, Maria Andréia Nunes, and Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres. "Anuran captured in pitfall traps in three agrossystem in Northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 4 (December 2009): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000400026.
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Although it is generally assumed that agriculture negatively influences amphibian populations, few studies on the effects of agricultural cultivations on neotropical anuran have been conducted. As a contribution to the knowledge about anuran in agriculture, the present study sought to identify the anuran species present in three different agrossystems. We used data from anurans captured in pitfall traps initially proposed for a survey of harvestmen fauna in three agrossystems (corn, soybean, and rubber tree). Four anuran species found in the pitfall traps belong to two Families: Leptodactylidae: Leptodactulus fuscus and L. mystacinus; and Leiuperidae: Eupemphix nattereri and Physalaemus cuvieri. In corn plantation, four species and 30 individuals were captured; in rubber trees, four species and 11 individuals; and in soybeans plantation, tree species and eight individuals. Our results show that anurans are present in agrossystems, mainly the generalist anuran species.
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AZMANIS, P. N., I. STRACHINIS, P. LYMBERAKIS, and R. E. MARSCHANG. "First detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis) in free- living anuran populations in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 67, no. 4 (January 29, 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15647.
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The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) is a widespread, cosmopolitan pathogen largely affecting free-living amphibian populations. So far there are no published studies for the presence of B. dendrobatidis in Greece. In this preliminary study we sampled 59 metamorphosed anurans from four Greek wetlands. Five samples were positive for the fungus by real-time PCR. B. dendrobatidis was detected in three species (Bufo viridis, Pelophylax epeiroticus, Pelophylax ridibundus) but not in endangered endemic Karpathos water frogs (Pelophylax cerigensis). This is the first report of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in free-living anuran populations from Greece.
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GONÇALVES, DARLENE S., LUCAS B. CRIVELLARI, and CARLOS EDUARDO CONTE. "Linking environmental drivers with amphibian species diversity in ponds from subtropical grasslands." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 3 (September 2015): 1751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140471.
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ABSTRACTAmphibian distribution patterns are known to be influenced by habitat diversity at breeding sites. Thus, breeding sites variability and how such variability influences anuran diversity is important. Here, we examine which characteristics at breeding sites are most influential on anuran diversity in grasslands associated with Araucaria forest, southern Brazil, especially in places at risk due to anthropic activities. We evaluate the associations between habitat heterogeneity and anuran species diversity in nine body of water from September 2008 to March 2010, in 12 field campaigns in which 16 species of anurans were found. Of the seven habitat descriptors we examined, water depth, pond surface area and distance to the nearest forest fragment explained 81% of total species diversity. Water depth, margin vegetation type, surface area and distance to the next body of water explained between 31-74% of the variance in abundance of nine of the 16 species. Thus, maintenance of body of water, of the vegetation along the water edge and natural forest fragments in the grasslands, along with fire control (used to renovation of pasture), are fundamentally important for the maintenance of anuran species diversity through the conservation of their breeding sites.
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PRASAD, VISHAL KUMAR, KUMUDANI BALA GAUTAM, SANDEEP KUMAR GUPTA, R. SREENIVASA MURTHY, K. RAMESH, AJINKYA DUTTATRAY SHINDE, and ABHIJIT DAS. "Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach." Zootaxa 4851, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 450–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2.
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We present a comprehensive inventory of amphibians from Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh based on morphological, molecular and bioacoustic data. Representatives of 15 anuran species were collected, corresponding to roughly four fifths of the known amphibian species of Madhya Pradesh. The main results of this study are: (1) Description of advertisement calls of eleven species, including the first-time description of advertisement calls of Sphaerotheca pashchima. (2) Identification of cryptic species using acoustic and molecular techniques. (3) Five new significant range extensions and new state records. (4) Description of geographical variation in call properties in three anuran species. This study also provides morphological descriptions with ecological and natural history notes for each species that may be useful in management planning for amphibian conservation in Panna Tiger Reserve.
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SÁNCHEZ-CAMACHO, CRISTINA, OSCAR MARÍN, and AGUSTÍN GONZÁLEZ. "Distribution and origin of the catecholaminergic innervation in the amphibian mesencephalic tectum." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 3 (May 2002): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802192091.
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The mesencephalic tectum plays a prominent role in integrating both visual and multimodal sensory information essential for normal behavior in amphibians. Activity in the mesencephalic tectum is thought to be modulated by the influence of distinct neurochemical inputs, including the catecholaminergic and the cholinergic systems. In the present study, we have investigated the distribution and the origin of the catecholaminergic innervation of the mesencephalic tectum in two amphibian species, the anuran Rana perezi and the urodele Pleurodeles waltl. Immunohistochemistry for dopamine and two enzymes required for the synthesis of catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), revealed a complex pattern of catecholaminergic (CA) innervation in the anuran and urodele mesencephalic tectum. Dopaminergic fibers were primarily present in deep tectal layers, whereas noradrenergic (DBH immunoreactive) fibers predominated in superficial layers. Catecholaminergic cell bodies were never observed within the tectum. To determine the origin of this innervation, applications of retrograde tracers into the optic tectum were combined with immunohistochemistry for TH. Results from these experiments demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons in the suprachiasmatic and juxtacommissural nuclei (in Rana) or in the nucleus pretectalis (in Pleurodeles), together with noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus, are the sources of CA input to the amphibian mesencephalic tectum. The present results suggest that similar CA modulatory inputs are present in the mesecencephalic tectum of both anurans and urodeles.
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Dubeux, Marcos Jorge Matias, Filipe Augusto Cavalcanti do Nascimento, Ubiratan Gonçalves, and Tamí Mott. "Identification key for anuran amphibians in a protected area in the northeastern Atlantic Forest." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (September 4, 2021): e20216176. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.76.
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The identification of anuran amphibians is still a challenge in megadiverse assemblages. In the Neotropics, the Atlantic Forest harbors more than 600 anuran species, and many studies in this ecoregion report anuran assemblages surpassing 30 species. Taxonomic keys facilitate the identification of biological diversity, however only a few are available for anuran assemblages in the Atlantic Forest. Herein we present an identification key for 40 anuran species distributed across 20 genera and nine families, occurring in the Environmental Protection Area of Catolé and Fernão Velho, northeastern Atlantic Forest. Thirty-five morphological characteristics were used in the key, all of which can be easily observed in living and museum specimens. This pioneer study provides the first identification key for an amphibian assemblage in the northeastern Atlantic Forest and this baseline information acts as the starting point for the development of evolutionary and ecological research in this conservation unit.
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MARÍN, OSCAR, and AGUSTÍN GONZÁLEZ. "Origin of tectal cholinergic projections in amphibians: A combined study of choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry and retrograde transport of dextran amines." Visual Neuroscience 16, no. 2 (March 1999): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523899162084.
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Immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed an extensive network of cholinergic fibers in the tectum of amphibians. The distribution of ChAT immunoreactive fibers was not restricted to superficial retinocipient layers, but also included deep tectal layers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the origin of the cholinergic inputs to the tectum of amphibians. For that purpose, application of retrograde tracers in the tectum of the anuran Rana perezi and the urodele Pleurodeles waltl was combined with ChAT immunohistochemistry. Double-labeled cells were found primarily in the nucleus isthmi of both species. The cholinergic isthmotectal projection is bilateral and topographically arranged and all retrogradely labeled cells found in this nucleus were ChAT immunoreactive. Remarkably, abundant cholinergic cells in two tegmental nuclei, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (anurans) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (anurans and urodeles), were demonstrated to provide additional cholinergic innervation to the tectum. We compare the present results with previously reported studies in amphibians and other vertebrates, and discuss the possible functional significance of the cholinergic innervation of the amphibian tectum.
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Sotelo, María I., Verner P. Bingman, and Rubén N. Muzio. "The Mating Call of the Terrestrial Toad, Rhinella arenarum, as a Cue for Spatial Orientation and Its Associated Brain Activity." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 94, Suppl. 1-4 (2019): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000504122.
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Acoustic communication is essential for reproduction and predator avoidance in many anuran species. For example, mating calls are generally produced by males and represent a conspicuous communication signal employed during the breeding season. Although anuran mating calls have been largely studied to analyze content and phonotaxis toward choruses, they are rarely discussed as sources of information guiding spatial behavior in broader contexts. This is striking if we consider that previous studies have shown anurans to be impressive navigators. In the current study, we investigated whether terrestrial toad (Rhinella arenarum) males can use a mating call as a spatial cue to locate a water reward in a laboratory maze. Male toads could indeed learn the location of a reward guided by a mating call. This navigational ability, as indicated by c-Fos, was associated with greater neuronal activity in the telencephalic hippocampal formation (HF; also referred to in amphibians as medial pallium), the medial septum (MS), and the central amygdala (CeA). HF and MS are telencephalic structures associated with spatial navigation in mammals and other vertebrates. The CeA, by contrast, has been studied in the context of acoustic processing and communication in other amphibian species. The results are discussed in the framework of an evolutionary conserved, HF-septal spatial-cognitive network shared by amphibians and mammals.
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Garey, Michel V., Diogo B. Provete, Itamar A. Martins, Célio F. B. Haddad, and Denise C. Rossa-Feres. "Anurans from the Serra da Bocaina National Park and surrounding buffer area, southeastern Brazil." Check List 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.308.
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Here, we review the species of anuran amphibian from the Serra da Bocaina National Park and its buffer area, in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, comparing the data from a recent survey with museum records. We surveyed adult and larval anurans in ponds, marshes, and streams discontinuously from May 2008 to January 2011. In total, 63 anuran species were previously known to occur at the Park and its surrounding buffer area. In our survey, we recorded 46 species, of which five represented new records, and 22 appeared only in the historical list. Seven topotypic populations were not found in the present study. We suggest that conservation strategies for anurans in the Serra da Bocaina should also consider the surrounding areas that are subjected to anthropogenic pressure, due to the high diversity recorded, high altitudinal variation in species distribution, and various vegetation formations.
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Silva-Leite, Roberta Rocha da, João Manoel de Almeida Leite Júnior, Éder A. Barbosa, Sérgio Eustáquio Noronha, and José Roberto de Souza de Almeida Leite. "The anurans of Terra Ronca State Park, municipality of São Domingos, state of Goiás, Central Brazil." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2008): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb8087.
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The Terra Ronca State Park is located in the Cerrado biome. Knowledge on the biology and diversity of Cerrado amphibian assemblages is still incipient. The aim of the present research is to subsidize further studies on anuran composition and conservation of the Brazilian savanna by means of a detailed inventory of anurans from the Terra Ronca State Park. Twenty two species in five families were collected: Bufonidae, Cycloramphidae, Hylidae, Leiuperidae and Leptodactylidae. The most abundant family was Hylidae, with 12 species. Compared to other areas of Cerrado, the region explored in this study showed a high rate in relation to the diversity of amphibians. The goal of this research is to improve the knowledge of the biodiversity of the Brazilian Cerrado in order to better preserve such species.
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Mohanty, Nitya Prakash, and John Measey. "What’s for dinner? Diet and potential trophic impact of an invasive anuran Hoplobatrachus tigerinus on the Andaman archipelago." PeerJ 6 (October 2, 2018): e5698. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5698.
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Amphibian invasions have considerable detrimental impacts on recipient ecosystems. However, reliable risk analysis of invasive amphibians still requires research on more non-native amphibian species. An invasive population of the Indian bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, is currently spreading on the Andaman archipelago and may have significant trophic impacts on native anurans through competition and predation. We carried out diet analyses of the invasive H. tigerinus and native anurans, across four habitat types and two seasons; we hypothesized that (i) small vertebrates constitute a majority of the H. tigerinus diet, particularly by volume and (ii) the diet of H. tigerinus significantly overlaps with the diet of native anurans, thereby, leading to potential competition. We assessed the diet of the invasive H. tigerinus (n = 358), and individuals of the genera Limnonectes (n = 375) and Fejervarya (n = 65) and found a significant dietary overlap of H. tigerinus with only Limnonectes. Small vertebrates, including several endemic species, constituted the majority of H. tigerinus, diet by volume, suggesting potential impact by predation. Prey consumption and electivity of the three anurans indicated a positive relationship between predator-prey body sizes. Individuals of H. tigerinus and Fejervarya chose evasive prey, suggesting that these two taxa are mostly ambush predators; individuals of Limnonectes chose a mixture of sedentary and evasive prey indicating that the species employs a combination of ‘active search’ and ‘sit and wait’ foraging strategies. All three species of anurans mostly consumed terrestrial prey. This intensive study on a genus of newly invasive amphibian contributes to knowledge of the impact of amphibian invasions, and elucidates the feeding ecology of H. tigerinus, and species of the genera Limnonectes and Fejervarya. We also stress the necessity to evaluate prey availability and volume in future studies for meaningful insights into diet of amphibians.
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Oskyrko, S., J. Dudkina, T. Nikolaieva, T. Halenova, and O. Marushchak. "Variability and properties of host defense peptides from the skin secretions of anurans." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 76, no. 2 (2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2018.76.51-56.
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Cationic antimicrobial proteins are an important part of innate nonspecific immunity. It is the first defensive level, which is inherent in almost all living organisms. The main objective of such proteins is the destruction of dangerous microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasites etc.). The skin of amphibians is a rich source of these molecules, which are produced and stockpiled in skin glands, which are usually located on the dorsal side of the body. Basically, they are spread over the surface of the body or grouped in special morphological structures – parotids. Currently the host defensive proteins were found in members of all families of amphibians, that suggests a connection among them with evolutionary advantages. Moreover, amphibian antimicrobial proteins can be used in modern medicine. Amphibians can become a rich source of biologically active agents and usage of them is very beneficial for pharmaceutical industry. These substances appeared to have much more abilities than it was believed before. For example, they can be used in methods of blood folding or antiviral therapy. Taking this into account, it is very promising to study antimicrobial proteins in Ukraine (from 15 anuran species of 5 families (Pelobatidae, Hylidae, Bufonidae, Ranidae and Bombinatoridae). This article describes the chemical structure and properties of the antimicrobial proteins presently known from the studies and their presence in different families of Anura. The main aim of the work is to show the variability of these substances in anurans to create a background for further investigations of amphibians' antimicrobial proteins in Ukraine and studying of their pharmaceutical potential.
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Kern, Madeleine M., Jacquelyn C. Guzy, Steven J. Price, Stephanie D. Hunt, Evan A. Eskew, and Michael E. Dorcas. "Riparian-Zone Amphibians and Reptiles Within the Broad River Basin of South Carolina." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 128, no. 3-4 (October 1, 2012): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-128.3.81.
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Abstract An inventory of the Broad River Basin in South Carolina documented distribution and species richness of amphibians and reptiles of the area, focusing primarily on riparian zones. A list of 92 potentially occurring species was assembled for the area. Multiple survey methods were used including active searches, manual anuran calling surveys, and turtle trapping to document the herpetofauna. Using these techniques, 14 anuran, 9 salamander, 7 lizard, 16 snake, and 8 turtle species were documented. Seven of these species were of conservation concern in South Carolina. The Broad River Basin supports a diverse array of amphibian and reptile species associated with both wetland and riverine habitats. As water resources, energy demand, and urbanization continue to increase in the Piedmont region, these baseline data have important implications for conservation and future land management.
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Telles, Felipe Bottona da Silva, Vanderlaine Amaral Menezes, Thiago Maia-Carneiro, Thiago Arnt Dorigo, Gisele Regina Winck, and Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha. "Anurans from the “Restinga” of Parque Natural Municipal de Grumari, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil." Check List 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1267.
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We present a list of the anuran amphibians from “restinga” of Grumari, part of the Parque Natural Municipal de Grumari (PNMG), Rio de Janeiro municipality, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. This study was carried out from May 2009 to December 2010 using two active sampling methods: quadrant plots and acoustic/visual transects. We recorded 22 anuran species distributed in six families: Bufonidae (1 species), Craugastoridae (1), Hylidae (14), Leptodactylidae (3), Microhylidae (2) and Strabomantidae (1). The presence of endangered and endemic species evidence Grumari’s importance as an area for conservation of the “restinga” habitat remnants in Rio de Janeiro. Grumari is also one of the richest known areas in terms of amphibian species among the “restinga” areas studied to date in Brazil, second only to Mata de São João, Bahia.
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Ogushi, Yuji, Hiroshi Mochida, Takashi Nakakura, Masakazu Suzuki, and Shigeyasu Tanaka. "Immunocytochemical and Phylogenetic Analyses of an Arginine Vasotocin-Dependent Aquaporin, AQP-h2K, Specifically Expressed in the Kidney of the Tree Frog, Hyla japonica." Endocrinology 148, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 5891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0613.
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Water movement occurs across the plasma membrane of various cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms through specialized water-channel proteins called aquaporins (AQPs). We have identified a new member of the amphibian AQP family, AQP-h2K, from the kidneys of Hyla japonica. This protein consists of 280 amino acid residues with two NPA (Asn-Pro-Ala) sequence motifs and a mercury-sensitive cysteine residue just upstream from the second NPA motif. There are two putative N-linked glycosylation sites at Asn-120 and Asn-128 and one protein kinase A phosphorylation site at Ser-262. The AQP-h2K protein was specifically expressed in the apical membrane and/or cytoplasm of principal cells in the kidney collecting ducts. After stimulation with arginine vasotocin, it was translocated from the cytoplasmic pool to the apical membrane. Phylogenetic analysis of AQP proteins from anurans and mammals identified six clusters of anuran AQPs: types 1, 2, 3, and 5 and two anuran-specific types, designated a1 and a2. The cluster AQPa2 contains Hyla AQP-h2 and AQP-h3, which are expressed in the anuran urinary bladder and ventral pelvic skin. AQP-h2K belongs to the type 2, together with mammalian (human and mouse) AQP2, suggesting that AQP-h2K is an anuran ortholog of the neurohypophysial hormone-regulated mammalian AQP2 and that the AQP2 molecule is already present in the anuran mesonephros.
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Wang, Guangshun. "Bioinformatic Analysis of 1000 Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptides Uncovers Multiple Length-Dependent Correlations for Peptide Design and Prediction." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080491.
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Amphibians are widely distributed on different continents, except for the polar regions. They are important sources for the isolation, purification and characterization of natural compounds, including peptides with various functions. Innate immune antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a critical role in warding off invading pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. They may also have other biological functions such as endotoxin neutralization, chemotaxis, anti-inflammation, and wound healing. This article documents a bioinformatic analysis of over 1000 amphibian antimicrobial peptides registered in the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) in the past 18 years. These anuran peptides were discovered in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and America from 1985 to 2019. Genomic and peptidomic studies accelerated the discovery pace and underscored the necessity in establishing criteria for peptide entry into the APD. A total of 99.9% of the anuran antimicrobial peptides are less than 50 amino acids with an average length of 24 and a net charge of +2.5. Interestingly, the various amphibian peptide families (e.g., temporins, brevinins, esculentins) can be connected through multiple length-dependent relationships. With an increase in length, peptide net charge increases, while the hydrophobic content decreases. In addition, glycine, leucine, lysine, and proline all show linear correlations with peptide length. These correlations improve our understanding of amphibian peptides and may be useful for prediction and design of new linear peptides with potential applications in treating infectious diseases, cancer and diabetes.
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Bernal, Manuel Hernando, and John D. Lynch. "Thermal Tolerance in Anuran Embryos with Different Reproductive Modes: Relationship to Altitude." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/183212.
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Anurans are ectothermic animals very sensitive to temperature, mainly during the embryonic stage. In addition, environmental temperature decreases with altitude, and the amphibian fauna changes. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the embryonic thermal tolerances of twelve species of anurans and the temperatures of their microhabitat along an altitudinal gradient from 430 m to 2600 m. We hypothesized that there is a strong thermal adjustment of embryos to their microhabitat and, consequently, that temperature could be a limiting factor of altitudinal distribution of the anurans. We also compared the embryonic thermal tolerances according to six postulated reproductive modes of the study species. We found a significant relationship between the maximum and minimum thermal tolerances of the anuran embryos and the maximum and minimum temperatures of their microhabitat and altitudinal distribution. We also found a wide range of embryonic thermal tolerances for aquatic breeding species and a narrower range for terrestrial breeding species. Particularly, embryos of direct development species were the most sensitive to temperature. These results show the strong thermal adjustment of anuran embryos to their microhabitat and elevation and do not reject the hypothesis that temperature can be a limiting factor of their altitudinal distribution.
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Ballesteros-Barrera, Claudia, Oscar Tapia-Pérez, Rocío Zárate-Hernández, Adrián Leyte-Manrique, Angélica Martínez-Bernal, Bárbara Vargas-Miranda, Matías Martínez-Coronel, and Selene Ortiz-Burgos. "The Potential Effect of Climate Change on the Distribution of Endemic Anurans from Mexico’s Tropical Dry Forest." Diversity 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080650.
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Mexico is one of the richest countries in amphibian species (420 spp.), with a high level of endemism (69%). The order Anura represents the most diverse and widespread of the three extant amphibian orders (257 spp.). The anurofauna of Mexico’s tropical dry forest ecosystem host a high proportion of the species and endemism registered in the country. In terms of conservation, both dry forests and amphibians are at risk due to climate change because it is expected that as the temperature becomes higher and precipitation decreases, this vegetation type may experience water stress. We applied the MaxEnt algorithm to estimate the potential current and future (year 2070) geographic distribution patterns of 95 endemic Mexican anuran species inhabiting the country’s tropical dry forests by considering two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP4.5/RCP8.5) and analyzed the potential distributional pattern changes. The results indicated that overall, species would experience enough of a significant warming effect to cause a reduction in the original distribution area, with 44% of species losing an average of 50% of their original range (9 spp. in threatened category); additionally, 22% of the species in the dry forest ecosystem will experience an average increase of almost 50% in their original area, two species will lose more than 80% of their range, and one will disappear.
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MENIN, Marcelo, Rafaela Fernanda Batista FERREIRA, Izomar Barbosa MELO, Marcelo GORDO, Gustavo Yomar HATTORI, and Bruno Sampaio SANT’ANNA. "Anuran diversity in urban and rural zones of the Itacoatiara municipality, central Amazonia, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 49, no. 2 (April 2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201800284.
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ABSTRACT Few studies in the Amazon region have evaluated anuran diversity in urban forest fragments or in areas with differing degrees of anthropogenic impact. We determined the composition and abundance of the anurofauna in urban and rural sites within the municipality of Itacoatiara in central Amazonia, Brazil. Specimens were sampled from January 2012 to May 2013 in 10 urban sites and five rural sites. A total of 1,538 anurans (930 in rural sites and 608 in urban sites) were recorded, belonging to 29 species in five families. Species richness was higher in rural sites, with 10 exclusive species. All species found in urban sites were also found in rural sites, however, species abundance varied considerably between the habitats. Sampling- and individual-based rarefaction curves showed a tendency toward stabilization of species richness only in the urban sites. We concluded that the anuran assemblages in the urban sites are depauperate due to the absence of many species associated to pristine terra firme or várzea and igapó forests. Habitat loss and quality degradation in urban landscapes are the main factors threatening amphibian diversity. The anuran assemblages in our study areas were similar to those recorded in other Amazonian habitats. Conservation measures involving anurans in this region should consider the preservation of habitat mosaics, including both pristine terra firme, várzea and igapó forests.
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Suzuki, Makoto, Nayuta Yakushiji, Yasuaki Nakada, Akira Satoh, Hiroyuki Ide, and Koji Tamura. "Limb Regeneration inXenopus laevisFroglet." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.325.
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Limb regeneration in amphibians is a representative process of epimorphosis. This type of organ regeneration, in which a mass of undifferentiated cells referred to as the “blastema” proliferate to restore the lost part of the amputated organ, is distinct from morphallaxis as observed, for instance, in Hydra, in which rearrangement of pre-existing cells and tissues mainly contribute to regeneration. In contrast to complete limb regeneration in urodele amphibians, limb regeneration inXenopus, an anuran amphibian, is restricted. In this review of some aspects regarding adult limb regeneration inXenopus laevis, we suggest that limb regeneration in adultXenopus, which is pattern/tissue deficient, also represents epimorphosis.
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Lang, M. A., J. S. Handler, and H. Gainer. "Neurohypophysial peptide potencies in cultured anuran epithelia (A6)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 251, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): R77—R81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.251.1.r77.
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To characterize the V2 receptor (for antidiuretic hormone), we have studied the effect of a number of neurohypophysial hormone analogues on cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation and short-circuit current in cultured epithelia formed by A6 cells. A6 is the designation of a continuous cell line derived from the kidney of Xenopus laevis. The order of potency for stimulating cAMP accumulation and short-circuit current in A6 epithelia is like that for stimulating water permeability in toad urinary bladder. As anticipated, arginine vasotocin (AVT), the antidiuretic hormone of Amphibia, is more potent than arginine vasopressin (AVP), the antidiuretic hormone of most mammals. The two hormones differ only in the third amino acid (Phe-3 in AVP is a substitution for Ile-3 in AVT). However, there are a number of striking differences in the responsiveness of these amphibian V2 receptors and mammalian V2 receptors to changes in the 7th, 8th, and 9th amino acids where AVT and AVP are identical. 1) Substitution of Lys-8 for Arg-8 in AVP results in marked loss of potency in Amphibia, whereas there is only modest loss of potency in mammals. 2) Desglycinamide AVP is nearly as potent as AVP in Amphibia, whereas it is inactive in mammals. 2) Tocinoic acid, lacking amino acids 7, 8, and 9, has activity in Amphibia, but pressinoic acid, lacking the same three amino acids, is inactive.
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Li, Qiye, Qunfei Guo, Yang Zhou, Huishuang Tan, Terry Bertozzi, Yuanzhen Zhu, Ji Li, Stephen Donnellan, and Guojie Zhang. "A draft genome assembly of the eastern banjo frog Limnodynastes dumerilii dumerilii (Anura: Limnodynastidae)." Gigabyte 2020 (July 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46471/gigabyte.2.
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Amphibian genomes are usually challenging to assemble due to their large genome size and high repeat content. The Limnodynastidae is a family of frogs native to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. As an anuran lineage that successfully diversified on the Australian continent, it represents an important lineage in the amphibian tree of life but lacks reference genomes. Here we sequenced and annotated the genome of the eastern banjo frog Limnodynastes dumerilii dumerilii to fill this gap. The total length of the genome assembly is 2.38 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 285.9 kb. We identified 1.21 Gb of non-redundant sequences as repetitive elements and annotated 24,548 protein-coding genes in the assembly. BUSCO assessment indicated that more than 94% of the expected vertebrate genes were present in the genome assembly and the gene set. We anticipate that this annotated genome assembly will advance the future study of anuran phylogeny and amphibian genome evolution.
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Gould, John. "Safety Bubbles: A Review of the Proposed Functions of Froth Nesting among Anuran Amphibians." Ecologies 2, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 112–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies2010006.
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The adults of several anuran amphibian species deposit their eggs externally in mucus secretions that are purposely aerated to produce a froth nest. This type of clutch structure has evolved independently several times in this group and has been proposed to serve a variety and often simultaneous adaptive functions associated with protecting offspring from sub-optimal conditions during embryogenesis and later stages after hatching has occurred. These functions range from buffering offspring from sub-optimal temperatures and desiccation, to defending against predation and improving oxygenation. This versatility has likely helped facilitate the reduced reliance of egg development on water and thus the penetration of anurans into environments where permanent aquatic systems are not always available. In this paper, I review the hypothesised functions of the anuran froth nest as a mucus-based solution to the environmental challenges offspring face during development, with consideration of the functions of froth nest breakdown and communal froth nesting, as well.
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Waldman, B. "Chemical communication in an archaic anuran amphibian." Behavioral Ecology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg071.
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Kolozsvary, Mary B., and Robert K. Swihart. "Habitat fragmentation and the distribution of amphibians: patch and landscape correlates in farmland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 8 (November 1, 1999): 1288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-102.
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We studied the effects of agriculturally induced fragmentation of forests and wetlands on amphibian assemblages and their distribution in a landscape of the midwestern United States. Potential breeding pools and upland areas in 30 forest patches of various sizes and degrees of isolation were intensively sampled for amphibians during April through August 1996 and March through August 1997 in Indiana. Species presence was documented using pitfall traps, anuran vocalization surveys, and cover-board sampling for adults and minnow traps and dip nets for larvae. Amphibian, anuran, and salamander assemblages were nonrandomly distributed across the landscape. American toads (Bufo americanus) and gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) were ubiquitous, whereas the distributions of several other species were ordered in a predictable manner. Logistic regression was used to develop predictive models of probabilities of occurrence for species in response to forest and wetland patch and landscape variables. Occurrence of redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) was positively associated with the area of a forest patch. Occurrence of ranid frogs was positively associated with proximity of wetlands for three of four species, and occurrences of smallmouth salamanders (Ambystoma texanum), spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), and western chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata) were related to the degree of wetland permanency. Multiple linear regression revealed that species richness was greatest for wetlands with intermediate degrees of permanency. The observed nonrandom distribution exhibited by several amphibians suggests that they respond to landscape-level attributes. Moreover, species differed substantially in the nature of their responses to fragmentation, consistent with differences in their life history and ecology.
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Moser, Camila F., Renata K. Farina, Márcio Borges-Martins, Iberê F. Machado, Patrick Colombo, and Alexandro M. Tozetti. "Amphibians of the Sinos River Basin, southern Brazil." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e65843.
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The Sinos River encompasses a wide area of natural habitats and, at the same time, supports one of the highest population densities of southern Brazil. Consequently, natural habitats along the Basin present a high degree of habitat disturbance. Despite of the existence of threatened species, information about diversity of amphibians in that area is scarce. Thus, we aimed to catalogue the amphibian species of the Sinos River Basin from records in scientific collections and compilation of published articles. We recorded 52 species, all with geographic coordinates validated at the collection point, indicating that the Sinos River Basin harbours about 50% of the amphibian species of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Three anuran species were classified as having some degree of threat: Melanophryniscus cambaraensis, Melanophryniscus dorsalis and Thoropa saxatilis. We also expected other 18 species with a high probability of occurrence in the Basin. This work shows that, despite the intense human impact, the Sinos River Basin has a relevant role for the maintenance of a considerable fraction of the amphibian biodiversity in southern Brazil.
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Lima, M. S. C. S., J. Pederassi, R. B. Pineschi, and D. B. S. Barbosa. "Acoustic niche partitioning in an anuran community from the municipality of Floriano, Piauí, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 4 (November 2019): 566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.180399.
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Abstract Vocalizations are an important trait for the identification of cryptic and/or closely related amphibian species. Different vocalizations also contribute to partitioning of the acoustic space by sympatric species. This study aimed to describe the advertisement calls of anurans in a pond of the municipality of Floriano, State of Piauí, Brazil, and infer the acoustic niche partitioning of amphibians. Euclidean distance was used in a cluster analysis approach to infer the acoustic similarities among species. Thirteen species were analysed: Boana raniceps, Dendropsophus nanus, D. rubicundulus , D. minutus, Leptodactylus fuscus, L. troglodytes, L. vastus, Pithecopus nordestinus , Physalaemus cuvieri, P. nattereri, Pleurodema diplolister, Proceratophrys cristiceps and Scinax ruber. From these, six showed more than 90% of acoustic overlap: P. nattereri , P. cuvieri, L. fuscus and L. vastus (Leptodactylidae); and, D. nanus and D. rubicundulus (Hylidae). Despite the acoustic similarities among these six species, the acoustic interference was reduced due to the small number of sympatric species and to distinct features on carrier frequency such as dominant frequency and the degree of modulation in the frequency. Environmental factors limit the periods and sites of reproduction respectively, which may maintain the low anuran diversity and consequently reduce acoustic overlap.
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Cogalniceanu, Dan, and Claude Miaud. "Population age structure and growth in four syntopic amphibian species inhabiting a large river floodplain." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1096–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-086.
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River floodplains are disturbance-dominated landscapes where floods are major regulators of both aquatic and nearby terrestrial communities. Amphibians are common inhabitants of floodplains and their life cycle depends on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We focused on how different syntopic species of amphibians reacted to the environmental conditions of a large river floodplain. We examined life-history traits such as population age structure and growth in small- and large-bodied species of anurans and urodeles in the lower Danube River floodplain in Romania. Two newt species, Triturus vulgaris (small-bodied) and Triturus dobrogicus (large-bodied), and two anuran taxa, Bombina bombina (small-bodied) and the Rana esculenta complex (large-bodied), were included in the study. The ages of individuals estimated by skeletochronology varied from 3 to 56 years for T. vulgaris and from 23 to 45 years for T. dobrogicus. In the anurans, ages varied from 2 to 5 years in B. bombina and from 4 to 10 years in the R. esculenta complex. The numbers of breeding opportunities (i.e., the number of years the adults reproduce) are similar in both newt species (3), while growth rates and age at maturity differ between the large- and small-bodied species. In anurans, the number of breeding opportunities for the smallest species, B. bombina (4), is associated with a high growth rate and earlier maturation. In the larger R. esculenta complex, the higher number of breeding opportunities (7) is associated with a low growth rate and delayed maturation. The study of age distribution and associated parameters provides useful information on population life history. We discuss how age structure and growth of amphibian populations in large river floodplains can be used as indicators of environmental conditions.
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Weiss, Lukas, Ivan Manzini, and Thomas Hassenklöver. "Olfaction across the water–air interface in anuran amphibians." Cell and Tissue Research 383, no. 1 (January 2021): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03377-5.
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AbstractExtant anuran amphibians originate from an evolutionary intersection eventually leading to fully terrestrial tetrapods. In many ways, they have to deal with exposure to both terrestrial and aquatic environments: (i) phylogenetically, as derivatives of the first tetrapod group that conquered the terrestrial environment in evolution; (ii) ontogenetically, with a development that includes aquatic and terrestrial stages connected via metamorphic remodeling; and (iii) individually, with common changes in habitat during the life cycle. Our knowledge about the structural organization and function of the amphibian olfactory system and its relevance still lags behind findings on mammals. It is a formidable challenge to reveal underlying general principles of circuity-related, cellular, and molecular properties that are beneficial for an optimized sense of smell in water and air. Recent findings in structural organization coupled with behavioral observations could help to understand the importance of the sense of smell in this evolutionarily important animal group. We describe the structure of the peripheral olfactory organ, the olfactory bulb, and higher olfactory centers on a tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Differences and similarities between the olfactory systems of anurans and other vertebrates are reviewed. Special emphasis lies on adaptations that are connected to the distinct demands of olfaction in water and air environment. These particular adaptations are discussed in light of evolutionary trends, ontogenetic development, and ecological demands.
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Acosta-Chaves, Víctor-J., Víctor Madrigal-Elizondo, Gerardo Chaves, Brayan Morera-Chacón, Adrián García-Rodríguez, and Federico Bolaños. "Shifts in the diversity of an amphibian community from a premontane forest of San Ramón, Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 67, no. 2SUPL (May 14, 2019): S259—S273. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37240.
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Biological communities are experiencing rapid shifts of composition in Neotropical ecosystems due to several factors causing population declines. However, emerging evidence has provided insights on the adaptive potential of multiple species to respond to illnesses and environmental pressures. In Costa Rica, the decline of amphibian populations is a remarkable example of these changes. Here we provide evidence of variation in the amphibian richness of a premontane forest of San Ramón (Costa Rica) across a ~30 year period. We also quantified changes in the composition and abundance of the leaf-litter frog community occurring in the same premontane forest, by comparing diversity data with a difference of ~18 years. We evaluated the similarity of species richness from 1980s to 2010s based on several sources, and the dissimilarity of species diversity in the site comparing 28 standardized surveys from 1994-1995 and 2011-2012. We compared the relative abundance of some frogs that inhabit the leaf-litter layer between these same periods. Our results show that there is more similarity in amphibian richness between 1980s and 2010s (~ 52 %) than between 1980s and 1990s (~ 40 %). The richness of leaf-litter anurans was ~ 65 % similar between 1990s and 2010s. The diversity of leaf-litter anuran was clearly different between 1994-1995 and 2011-2012, and it was clustered among those periods. We determined that the amphibian community in this premontane forest drastically changed: many species have disappeared, or gradually declined through the decades (e.g. Pristimantis ridens, P. cruentus, Craugastor bransfordii) as in other well studied localities of Costa Rica, while some few species flourished after being almost absent from the site in the 1990s (e.g. Craugastor crassidigitus, Lithobates warszewistchii). Currently dominant species such as C. crassidigitus would be using developed resistance against Bd-fungus as an advantage (apparent competition) in the premontane forest where the disease is more virulent than in lowlands. Our analysis supports the hypothesis of individualized responses of anuran populations under distinct site and elevations. We suggest to continue monitoring the amphibian communities of premontane tropical forests to understand how this ecosystem gradually resist and adapts to this catastrophic time of biodiversity loss.
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Dey, Mithra, and Shweta Goswami. "Diet of Tadpoles of Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Bibron,1841) from a Freshwater System in Rosekandy Tea Estate, Cachar, Assam and Significance of Conservation of Aquatic Habitats." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.28.
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Anuran tadpoles are gregarious in nature and knowledge of food and feeding behavior of the tadpoles is very essential for their successful breeding and survival. Dramatic declines in amphibian populations have been noted since 1980 from all over the world and are thus perceived to be one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity. Microhyla ornata commonly known as Ornamented Pygmy Frog, belongs to Family- Microhylidae and is widespread species occurring throughout South Asian countries like Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka as well as in Japan. Considering the occurrence of tea plantation in the region and the presence of aquatic bodies in tea estates it is necessary to know the feeding habit of the anuran tadpoles and impact of unavailability of suitable food items which will affect the survival and completion of life cycle of the tadpoles. In the present study it was observed that Microhyla ornata tadpoles feed mainly on various algal (25 genera) and detrital material. Hence, it may be concluded that aquatic habitats must be conserved and maintained so that conservation of anurans can be ensured.
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Paul, Bidisha, Zachary R. Sterner, Daniel R. Buchholz, Yun-Bo Shi, and Laurent M. Sachs. "Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Amphibian Metamorphosis." Cells 11, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11101595.
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In multicellular organisms, development is based in part on the integration of communication systems. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axes, are central players in orchestrating body morphogenesis. In all vertebrates, the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis controls thyroid hormone production and release, whereas the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal/interrenal axis regulates the production and release of corticosteroids. One of the most salient effects of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids in post-embryonic developmental processes is their critical role in metamorphosis in anuran amphibians. Metamorphosis involves modifications to the morphological and biochemical characteristics of all larval tissues to enable the transition from one life stage to the next life stage that coincides with an ecological niche switch. This transition in amphibians is an example of a widespread phenomenon among vertebrates, where thyroid hormones and corticosteroids coordinate a post-embryonic developmental transition. The review addresses the functions and interactions of thyroid hormone and corticosteroid signaling in amphibian development (metamorphosis) as well as the developmental roles of these two pathways in vertebrate evolution.
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Schmid, Michael, Ben J. Evans, and James P. Bogart. "Polyploidy in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 145, no. 3-4 (2015): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000431388.
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This review summarizes the current status of the known extant genuine polyploid anuran and urodelan species, as well as spontaneously originated and/or experimentally produced amphibian polyploids. The mechanisms by which polyploids can originate, the meiotic pairing configurations, the diploidization processes operating in polyploid genomes, the phenomenon of hybridogenesis, and the relationship between polyploidization and sex chromosome evolution are discussed. The polyploid systems in some important amphibian taxa are described in more detail.
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Lüscher, Beatrice, Lutz Dalbeck, and Dagmar Ohlhoff. "Beaver ponds as habitat of amphibian communities in a central European highland." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 4 (2007): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807782152561.
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Abstract The Eurasian beaver Castor fiber, formerly occurred across the Palaearctic, but was nearly eradicated in the 19th century. Due to reintroductions in the 20th century, beaver populations are increasing and now extend into highland areas. Natural still waters are scarce in highlands of Central Europe. Therefore the question arises, “Are beaver ponds essential habitats for amphibians?”, especially since fishes, predators of amphibian larval stages, also inhabit beaver ponds. We investigated the amphibian fauna of one typical valley in the Eifel, that was colonized by beavers in 1981, and compared areas with and without beaver ponds. All anuran species of the region occupied beaver ponds, including species that were absent (Alytes obstetricans, Bufo bufo and Rana kl. esculenta) or rare (Rana temporaria) in natural waters. Alytes obstetricans obviously benefited from pond construction and the removal of trees by beavers which leads to sunny plots along the slopes of the valley, crucial habitat for this species. The urodelans Salamandra salamandra, Triturus alpestris and Triturus helveticus were widely distributed in beaver ponds. Our results show clearly, that beaver altered landscapes offer high quality habitats for amphibians in our study area. Due to a considerable increase of habitat heterogeneity in impounded streams, the predator Salmo trutta was not able to extirpate the amphibian fauna. We conclude that the historic effects of beavers need to be considered for a proper understanding of patterns of amphibian distribution and habitat requirements in Central European Highlands. Furthermore, beaver-created landscapes will be of future relevance for conservation of endangered species, like Alytes obstetricans.
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Hofmann, Sylvia, Heiner Kuhl, Chitra Bahadur Baniya, and Matthias Stöck. "Multi-Tissue Transcriptomes Yield Information on High-Altitude Adaptation and Sex-Determination in Scutiger cf. sikimmensis." Genes 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10110873.
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The Himalayas are one of earth’s hotspots of biodiversity. Among its many cryptic and undiscovered organisms, including vertebrates, this complex high-mountain ecosystem is expected to harbour many species with adaptations to life in high altitudes. However, modern evolutionary genomic studies in Himalayan vertebrates are still at the beginning. Moreover, in organisms, like most amphibians with relatively high DNA content, whole genome sequencing remains bioinformatically challenging and no complete nuclear genomes are available for Himalayan amphibians. Here, we present the first well-annotated multi-tissue transcriptome of a Greater Himalayan species, the lazy toad Scutiger cf. sikimmensis (Anura: Megophryidae). Applying Illumina NextSeq 500 RNAseq to six tissues, we obtained 41.32 Gb of sequences, assembled to ~111,000 unigenes, translating into 54362 known genes as annotated in seven functional databases. We tested 19 genes, known to play roles in anuran and reptile adaptation to high elevations, and potentially detected diversifying selection for two (TGS1, SENP5) in Scutiger. Of a list of 37 genes, we also identify 27 candidate genes for sex determination or sexual development, all of which providing the first such data for this non-model megophryid species. These transcriptomes will serve as a valuable resource for further studies on amphibian evolution in the Greater Himalaya as a biodiversity hotspot.
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MANZANO, MARIA CAROLINA RODELLA, MICHELE FERNANDES TAKENO, and RICARDO J. SAWAYA. "Advertisement calls of 18 anuran species in the megadiverse Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil: review and update." Zootaxa 5178, no. 5 (August 30, 2022): 453–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.5.3.
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Advertisement calls constitute the main acoustic signals emitted by frogs during reproductive seasons and are considered species-specific. Currently, many studies explore the advertisement calls in this group, including descriptions, taxonomy status, influence of social and ecological aspects, character displacement and plasticity. Although some patterns are detected in several anuran species, the possible intra and interpopulation variation is not well established for the group. Furthermore, new approaches have been proposed to standardize studies in the area and contribute to the description and interpretation of anuran calls, highlighting the urgency of a literature review. We aimed to review and update the advertisement calls of 18 anurans species from the megadiverse Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. We analyzed 1612 advertisement calls from 175 males of 18 anuran species recorded in ten communities between September 2018 and March 2019. We reviewed the information available in 23 scientific papers and describe each advertisement call based on recent papers. Our results include the definition of sound type for all species recorded, providing temporal and spectral parameters for each species along different localities, including intra and interpopulation variations. We provide new information on the frequency range (minimum and maximum frequencies) for eight species. A new description of the advertisement and territorial call of Boana bandeirantes is also provided based on our fieldwork observations. We emphasize that many species present interpopulation variance throughout their distribution in the megadiverse Atlantic Forest. We hope this information will contribute to future research on amphibian anuran bioacoustics and natural history.
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Chianese, Rosanna, Vincenza Ciaramella, Silvia Fasano, Riccardo Pierantoni, and Rosaria Meccariello. "Kisspeptin regulates steroidogenesis and spermiation in anuran amphibian." Reproduction 154, no. 4 (October 2017): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0030.
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Kisspeptin (Kp) system has a recognized role in the control of gonadotropic axis, at multiple levels. Recently, a major focus of research has been to assess any direct activity of this system on testis physiology. Using the amphibian anuran,Pelophylax esculentus, as animal model, we demonstrate – for the first time in non-mammalian vertebrate – that testis expresses both Kiss-1 and Gpr54 proteins during the annual sexual cycle and thatex vivo17B-estradiol (E2, 10−6 M) increases both proteins over control group. Since the interstitium is the main site of localization of both ligand and receptor, its possible involvement in the regulation of steroidogenesis has been evaluated byex vivotreatment of testis pieces with increasing doses of Kp-10 (10−9–10−6 M). Treatments have been carried out in February – when a new wave of spermatogenesis occurs – and affect the expression of key enzymes of steroidogenesis inducing opposite effects on testosterone and estradiol intratesticular levels. Morphological analysis of Kp-treated testes reveals higher number of tubules with spermatozoa detached from Sertoli cells than control group and the expression of connexin 43, the main junctional protein in testis, is deeply affected by the treatment. In spite of the effects on spermatozoa observedex vivo,in vivoadministration of Kp-10 has been unable to induce sperm release in cloacal fluid. In conclusion, we demonstrate Kp-10 effects on steroidogenesis with possible involvement in the balance between testosterone and estradiol levels, and report new Kp-10 activities on spermatozoa–Sertoli cell interaction.
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Villalba, J. M., M. I. B�ron, J. M. Rold�n, and P. Navas. "Plasma membrane glycoproteins during anuran amphibian epidermal development." Protoplasma 172, no. 2-4 (June 1993): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01379371.
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Godin, Isabelle. "Explanted and implanted notochord of amphibian anuran embryos." Anatomy and Embryology 173, no. 3 (February 1986): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00318924.
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Hetherington, T. E., and E. D. Lindquist. "Lung-based hearing in an "earless" anuran amphibian." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 184, no. 4 (May 10, 1999): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050338.
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Ribeiro, Joana, Guarino R. Colli, and Amadeu Soares. "Landscape correlates of anuran functional connectivity in rice crops: a graph-theoretic approach." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 03 (March 18, 2019): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741900004x.
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AbstractHabitat fragmentation is a major cause of biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes. Studying habitat connectivity in fragmented landscapes is therefore pivotal for better understanding the factors that shape faunal communities in anthropogenic landscapes. Amphibians have limited dispersal abilities, strong site fidelity and often perform seasonal movements to reach relatively distant breeding habitats. This calls for a better knowledge of which landscape features might promote dispersal, especially in crops. We applied graph-theoretic network analyses to a set of 35 waterbodies embedded in 10 rice fields in a savanna–rain forest ecotone, Tocantins, Brazil, to assess the importance of landscape features (forest patches, waterbodies) for anuran functional connectivity within the entire network. We used taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity as proxies of anuran functional connectivity (i.e. dispersal ability intrinsic to the taxa), based on previous associations uncovered between species diversity metrics and landscape connectivity. We found that, assuming individuals belonging to each of the 14 amphibian species recorded are unable to disperse over 800 m, forest and waterbody area and abundance are the most important predictors of waterbody importance for connectivity. Hence, pond network connectivity for amphibians in rice crops depends on (1) abundant and large forest patches in the area surrounding waterbodies, and (2) a network of abundant waterbodies.
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Mačát, Zdeněk, and Daniel Jablonski. "Male-male amplexus between two amphibian families." Zoology and Ecology 31, no. 31.1 (September 9, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The amplexus between two different anuran males is observed very rarely. Therefore, here we provide the first documented observation of a long-lasting male-male amplexus between Bombina bombina (Bombinatoridae) and Hyla arborea (Hylidae) together with an overview of the data published in literature. The observed mating pattern is reported from Southern Moravia, the Czech Republic. The possible reasons for its occurrence during the mass breeding season are discussed.
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Caffara, M., G. Bruni, C. Paoletti, A. Gustinelli, and M. L. Fioravanti. "Metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea) in European newts Triturus carnifex and Lissotriton vulgaris (Caudata: Salamandridae)." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x13000151.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAdults of Clinostomum spp. are digenetic trematodes found in fish-eating birds, reptiles and occasionally mammals, including humans. Freshwater snails serve as first intermediate hosts and many fish species and amphibians as second intermediate hosts. To date, amphibian hosts of Clinostomum metacercariae include members of urodele and anuran families in North America, but no data are available on infections of European amphibians, including newts. In this study, we characterize infections of Clinostomum complanatum metacercariae in four smooth (Lissotriton vulgaris) and 18 Italian crested newts (Triturus carnifex) from an artificial pond located in a protected area in Tuscany, Italy. Parasites were surgically removed from the infected newts and identified both morphologically and using sequences of a mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase I, and the ribosomal markers, internal transcribed spacers. This is the first record of C. complanatum in European newts and, more generally, in amphibians in Europe.
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Ruggeri, J., AGS Martins, AHR Domingos, I. Santos, IB Viroomal, and LF Toledo. "Seasonal prevalence of the amphibian chytrid in a tropical pond-dwelling tadpole species." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 142 (December 17, 2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03539.
Full textAbstract:
Infection by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a major threat to amphibians and has caused catastrophic global declines of amphibian populations. Some studies have detected a seasonal pattern of infection associated with the local climate, and although most of them have focused on investigating the seasonality of Bd in relation to its impacts on amphibians, fewer have aimed to understand the chytrid persistence in the amphibian assemblage over seasons by investigating reservoir hosts. Since tadpoles are generally tolerant to Bd infection, they often play a relevant role in local disease dynamics. Thus, we hypothesized that tadpoles of Boana faber, a species that can be found in permanent ponds throughout the seasons, would function as Bd reservoirs. We therefore investigated Bd infection prevalence in tadpoles of this species over 2 yr in a nature reserve. As expected, we detected a seasonal variation of Bd infection, with a higher prevalence of Bd during the coldest months (winter) when compared to the warmer months (summer). Interestingly, our seasonal-trend decomposition analysis showed that Bd prevalence is increasing annually in the area, which could represent either a natural fluctuation of this pathogen, or an imminent threat to that anuran assemblage. With this study, we highlight the tadpole of B. faber as a potential reservoir for Bd, and we suggest that monitoring Bd in such hosts could be a powerful tool for identifying priority areas for amphibian conservation.
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Salles, Rodrigo De Oliveira Lula, Luiz Norberto Weber, and Thiago Silva-Soares. "Amphibia, Anura, Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, municipality of Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil." Check List 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/5.4.840.
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Herein is presented a list of the amphibians from the Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara (22°35'S, 43°14'W), an area of Atlantic Rainforest at municipality of Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The work was carried out from September 2006 to October 2008. Expeditions were made three times a week during the day, and once a month at night. We recorded 50 species of anuran amphibians distributed in 13 families: Amphignathodontidae (1 species), Brachycephalidae (2), Bufonidae (2), Centrolenidae (1), Craugastoridae (1), Cycloramphidae (3), Hylidae (29), Hylodidae (3), Leiuperidae (1), Leptodactylidae (4), Microhylidae (1), Strabomantidae (1), and Ranidae (1). Some species had their range extended. The present study demonstrates that the Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara is a conservation area of huge importance to the preservation of the amphibian communities that inhabit this Atlantic Rainforest lowland environment.
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Raices, Marilina. "Evidence of the peptide identity of the epidermal alarm cue in tadpoles of the toad Rhinella arenarum." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 4 (October 1, 2020): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.4.230233.
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Chemical cues associated with predation attempts allow prey to trigger defensive behaviours. Accordingly, tadpoles of several species of anurans display strong behavioural responses to chemical cues of injured conspecifics. As part of the antipredator response, tadpoles show rapid and sustained inhibition of activity when exposed to chemical cues of predation. Although the ability to respond to cues of conspecifics has been confirmed in a wide variety of anuran species, studies about the tissue source and the chemical aspects of the molecules involved are scarce and contradictory. In the present work, we analysed the chemical characteristics, tissue source and release mechanism of the chemical alarm cue in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles. Our results support the hypothesis that a peptide of epidermal origin in mediates amphibian tadpole communication.