Relevant bibliographies by topics / ANTXR1

Academic literature on the topic 'ANTXR1'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "ANTXR1"

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Go, Mandy Y., Edith M. C. Chow, and Jeremy Mogridge. "The Cytoplasmic Domain of Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Affects Binding of the Protective Antigen." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 1 (October 20, 2008): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01073-08.

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ABSTRACT The protective antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin binds the I domain of the receptor ANTXR1. Integrin I domains convert between open and closed conformations that bind ligand with high and low affinities, respectively; this process is regulated by signaling from the cytoplasmic domains. To assess whether intracellular signals might influence the interaction between ANTXR1 and PA, we compared two splice variants of ANTXR1 that differ only in their cytoplasmic domains. We found that cells expressing ANTXR1 splice variant 1 (ANTXR1-sv1) bound markedly less PA than did cells expressing a similar level of the shorter splice variant ANTXR1-sv2. ANTXR1-sv1 but not ANTXR1-sv2 associated with the actin cytoskeleton, although disruption of the cytoskeleton did not affect binding of ANTXR-sv1 to PA. Introduction of a cytoplasmic domain missense mutation found in the related receptor ANTXR2 in a patient with juvenile hyaline fibromatosis impaired actin association and increased binding of PA to ANTXR1-sv1. These results suggest that ANTXR1 has two affinity states that may be modulated by cytoplasmic signals.
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Jayawardena, Nadishka, Laura N. Burga, Richard A. Easingwood, Yoshimasa Takizawa, Matthias Wolf, and Mihnea Bostina. "Structural basis for anthrax toxin receptor 1 recognition by Seneca Valley Virus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 46 (October 31, 2018): E10934—E10940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810664115.

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Recently, the use of oncolytic viruses in cancer therapy has become a realistic therapeutic option. Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) is a newly discovered picornavirus, which has earned a significant reputation as a potent oncolytic agent. Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), one of the cellular receptors for the protective antigen secreted by Bacillus anthracis, has been identified as the high-affinity cellular receptor for SVV. Here, we report the structure of the SVV-ANTXR1 complex determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy analysis at near-atomic resolution. This is an example of a shared receptor structure between a mammalian virus and a bacterial toxin. Our structure shows that ANTXR1 decorates the outer surface of the SVV capsid and interacts with the surface-exposed BC loop and loop II of VP1, “the puff” of VP2 and “the knob” of VP3. Comparison of the receptor-bound capsid structure with the native capsid structure reveals that receptor binding induces minor conformational changes in SVV capsid structure, suggesting the role of ANTXR1 as an attachment receptor. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the capsid footprint on the receptor is not conserved in anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), thereby providing a molecular mechanism for explaining the exquisite selectivity of SVV for ANTXR1.
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Jiang, Qing, Xin Qin, Carolina Andrea Yoshida, Hisato Komori, Kei Yamana, Shinsuke Ohba, Hironori Hojo, Brad St Croix, Viviane K. S. Kawata-Matsuura, and Toshihisa Komori. "Antxr1, Which is a Target of Runx2, Regulates Chondrocyte Proliferation and Apoptosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072425.

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Antxr1/Tem8 is highly expressed in tumor endothelial cells and is a receptor for anthrax toxin. Mutation of Antxr1 causes GAPO syndrome, which is characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia, and optic atrophy. However, the mechanism underlying the growth retardation remains to be clarified. Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation and regulates chondrocyte proliferation through Ihh induction. In the search of Runx2 target genes in chondrocytes, we found that Antxr1 expression is upregulated by Runx2. Antxr1 was highly expressed in cartilaginous tissues and was directly regulated by Runx2. In skeletal development, the process of endochondral ossification proceeded similarly in wild-type and Antxr1–/– mice. However, the limbs of Antxr1–/– mice were shorter than those of wild-type mice from embryonic day 16.5 due to the reduced chondrocyte proliferation. Chondrocyte-specific Antxr1 transgenic mice exhibited shortened limbs, although the process of endochondral ossification proceeded as in wild-type mice. BrdU-uptake and apoptosis were both increased in chondrocytes, and the apoptosis-high regions were mineralized. These findings indicated that Antxr1, of which the expression is regulated by Runx2, plays an important role in chondrocyte proliferation and that overexpression of Antxr1 causes chondrocyte apoptosis accompanied by matrix mineralization.
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Jayawardena, Nadishka, Linde A. Miles, Laura N. Burga, Charles Rudin, Matthias Wolf, John T. Poirier, and Mihnea Bostina. "N-Linked Glycosylation on Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Seneca Valley Virus Infection." Viruses 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050769.

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Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. The cellular receptor for SVV mediating the selective tropism for tumors is anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1), a type I transmembrane protein expressed in tumors. Similar to other mammalian receptors, ANTXR1 has been shown to harbor N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular vWA domain. However, the exact role of ANTXR1 glycosylation on SVV attachment and cellular entry was unknown. Here we show that N-linked glycosylation in the ANTXR1 vWA domain is necessary for SVV attachment and entry. In our study, tandem mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant ANTXR1-Fc revealed the presence of complex glycans at N166, N184 in the vWA domain, and N81 in the Fc domain. Symmetry-expanded cryo-EM reconstruction of SVV-ANTXR1-Fc further validated the presence of N166 and N184 in the vWA domain. Cell blocking, co-immunoprecipitation, and plaque formation assays confirmed that deglycosylation of ANTXR1 prevents SVV attachment and subsequent entry. Overall, our results identified N-glycosylation in ANTXR1 as a necessary post-translational modification for establishing stable interactions with SVV. We anticipate our findings will aid in selecting patients for future cancer therapeutics, where screening for both ANTXR1 and its glycosylation could lead to an improved outcome from SVV therapy.
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Alcalá, Sonia, Paola Martinelli, Patrick C. Hermann, Christopher Heeschen, and Bruno Sainz. "The Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 (ANTXR1) Is Enriched in Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells Derived from Primary Tumor Cultures." Stem Cells International 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1378639.

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be the drivers of pancreatic tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance, but our understanding of these cells is still limited by our inability to efficiently identify and isolate them. While a number of markers capable of identifying pancreatic CSCs (PaCSCs) have been discovered since 2007, there is no doubt that more markers are still needed. The anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was identified as a functional biomarker of triple-negative breast CSCs, and PDAC patients stratified based on ANTXR1 expression levels showed increased mortality and enrichment of pathways known to be necessary for CSC biology, including TGF-β, NOTCH, Wnt/β-catenin, and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, suggesting that ANTXR1 may represent a putative PaCSC marker. In this study, we show that ANTXR1+ cells are not only detectable across a panel of 7 PDAC patient-derived xenograft primary cultures but ANTXR1 expression significantly increased in CSC-enriched 3D sphere cultures. Importantly, ANTXR1+ cells also coexpressed other known PaCSC markers such as CD44, CD133, and autofluorescence, and ANTXR1+ cells displayed enhanced CSC functional and molecular properties, including increased self-renewal and expression of pluripotency-associated genes, compared to ANTXR1- cells. Thus, this study validates ANTXR1 as a new PaCSC marker and we propose its use in identifying CSCs in this tumor type and its exploitation in the development of CSC-targeted therapies for PDAC.
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Stránecký, Viktor, Alexander Hoischen, Hana Hartmannová, Maha S. Zaki, Amit Chaudhary, Enrique Zudaire, Lenka Nosková, et al. "Mutations in ANTXR1 Cause GAPO Syndrome." American Journal of Human Genetics 92, no. 5 (May 2013): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.023.

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Dong, Zhiqiang, Jinglong Zhang, Liang Niu, Guokuo Hou, Zhenshan Gao, and Qiang Yang. "miR-381-3p Involves in Glioma Progression by Suppressing Tumor-Promoter Factor ANTXR1." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (December 16, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4883509.

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Accumulating studies revealed association between development of glioma and miRNA dysregulation. A case in point is miR-381-3p, but its mechanism in glioma is unclear yet. In this work, we confirmed that overexpressed miR-381-3p repressed biological functions of glioma cells. Additionally, we also discovered that upregulated anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was negatively mediated by miR-381-3p. We further proved that miR-381-3p-targeted ANTXR1 was able to counteract the suppression of miR-381-3p on biological functions of glioma. We concluded that miR-381-3p and ANTXR1 were both important factors in modulating glioma progression. miR-381-3p/ANTXR1 axis is expected to be a molecular target for glioma.
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Cao, Lin, Ran Zhang, Tingting Liu, Zixian Sun, Mingxu Hu, Yuna Sun, Lingpeng Cheng, et al. "Seneca Valley virus attachment and uncoating mediated by its receptor anthrax toxin receptor 1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (December 4, 2018): 13087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814309115.

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Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is an oncolytic picornavirus with selective tropism for neuroendocrine cancers. SVV mediates cell entry by attachment to the receptor anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1). Here we determine atomic structures of mature SVV particles alone and in complex with ANTXR1 in both neutral and acidic conditions, as well as empty “spent” particles in complex with ANTXR1 in acidic conditions by cryoelectron microscopy. SVV engages ANTXR1 mainly by the VP2 DF and VP1 CD loops, leading to structural changes in the VP1 GH loop and VP3 GH loop, which attenuate interprotomer interactions and destabilize the capsid assembly. Despite lying on the edge of the attachment site, VP2 D146 interacts with the metal ion in ANTXR1 and is required for cell entry. Though the individual substitution of most interacting residues abolishes receptor binding and virus propagation, a serine-to-alanine mutation at VP2 S177 significantly increases SVV proliferation. Acidification of the SVV–ANTXR1 complex results in a major reconfiguration of the pentameric capsid assemblies, which rotate ∼20° around the icosahedral fivefold axes to form a previously uncharacterized spent particle resembling a potential uncoating intermediate with remarkable perforations at both two- and threefold axes. These structures provide high-resolution snapshots of SVV entry, highlighting opportunities for anticancer therapeutic optimization.
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Jin, Tingting, Zhaojun Zhang, Yuanyuan Han, Di Li, Juan Liu, Minmin Jiang, Ryo Kurita, et al. "ANTXR1 Regulates Erythroid Cell Proliferation and Differentiation through wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway In Vitro and in Hematopoietic Stem Cell." Disease Markers 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1226697.

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Erythropoiesis is a highly complex and sophisticated multistage process regulated by many transcription factors, as well as noncoding RNAs. Anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) is a type I transmembrane protein that binds the anthrax toxin ligands and mediates the entry of its toxic part into cells. It also functions as a receptor for the Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin, and mediates the entry of Edema factor (EF) and Lethal factor (LF) into the cytoplasm of target cells and exerts their toxicity. Previous research has shown that ANTXR1 inhibits the expression of γ-globin during the differentiation of erythroid cells. However, the effect on erythropoiesis from a cellular perspective has not been fully determined. This study examined the role of ANTXR1 on erythropoiesis using K562 and HUDEP-2 cell lines as well as cord blood CD34+ cells. Our study has shown that overexpression of ANTXR1 can positively regulate erythrocyte proliferation, as well as inhibit GATA1 and ALAS2 expression, differentiation, and apoptosis in K562 cells and hematopoietic stem cells. ANTXR1 knockdown inhibited proliferation, promoted GATA1 and ALAS2 expression, accelerated erythrocyte differentiation and apoptosis, and promoted erythrocyte maturation. Our study also showed that ANTXR1 may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, though the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which may help to establish a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of blood disorders.
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Jin, Tingting, Zhaojun Zhang, Yuanyuan Han, Di Li, Juan Liu, Minmin Jiang, Junwei Zhu, et al. "Transmembrane Protein ANTXR1 Regulates γ-Globin Expression by Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway." Journal of Immunology Research 2022 (July 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8440422.

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Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) alleviates clinical symptoms in patients with β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease, although the regulatory mechanisms of γ-globin expression have not yet been fully elucidated. Recent studies found that interfering with the expression of the membrane protein ANTXR1 gene upregulated γ-globin levels. However, the exact mechanism by which ANTXR1 regulates γ-globin levels remains unclear. Our study showed that overexpression and knockdown of ANTXR1 in K562, cord blood CD34+, and HUDEP-2 cells decreased and increased γ-globin expression, respectively. ANTXR1 regulates the reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) in K562, cord blood CD34+, and adult peripheral blood CD34+ cells through interaction with LRP6 to promote the nuclear entry of β-catenin and activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The overexpression or knockdown of ANTXR1 on γ-globin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in K562 cells was reversed by the inhibitor XAV939 and the activator LiCl, respectively, where XAV939 inhibits the transcription of β-catenin in the Wnt pathway, but LiCl inhibits GSK3-β. We also showed that the binding ability of the rank4 site in the transcriptional regulatory region of the SOX6 gene to c-Jun was significantly increased after overexpression of ANTXR1 in K562 cells. SOX6 protein expression was increased significantly after overexpression of the c-Jun gene, indicating that the transcription factor c-Jun initiated the transcription of SOX6, thereby silencing γ-globin. Our findings may provide a new intervention target for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ANTXR1"

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Keino, E. (Eliud), J. (Joona) Päivärinta, and J. (Jonne) Taipale. "Puristusvoima-anturi osana robottitarttujan toimintaa." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201906122534.

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Tiivistelmä. Robotti on jo noin 80 vuotta vanha käsite, mutta nykyistä muotoaan robotiikka on alkanut saavuttaa vasta 1900-luvun loppupuolella teollisuuden myötä. Robotiikka onkin nopeassa kasvussa oleva teknologian ala. Sille pyritään jatkuvasti etsimään uusia sovelluskohteita ja se on korvannut ihmisiä jo monilla aloilla, kuten teollisuuden kokoonpanolinjoilla. Lisäksi robotiikka on tullut osaksi lääketiedettä ja palvelualoja, ja autonomiset autot tulevat yleistymään liikenteessä lähivuosina. Robottien yleistyessä on otettava huomioon myös turvallisuusnäkökulma, jotta niiden kanssa toimiminen olisi ihmisille luontevaa ja riskitöntä. Kun robotit kykenevät paremmin havainnoimaan ympäristöään esimerkiksi erilaisten sensorien avulla, tulee niiden käytöstä turvallisempaa. Tässä työssä esitellään puristusvoima-anturin käyttöä osana robottitarttujaa, jolla pyritään tarttumaan erilaisiin kappaleisiin. Työssä käytetyn robottitarttujan toiminta perustuu servomoottorin ja anturin yhteistoimintaan, jota ohjataan Arduino Uno -kehitysalustan avulla. Työssä tultiin tulokseen, että puristusvoima-anturi on hyödyllinen apuväline robottitarttujan toiminnassa. Tämä korostuu varsinkin silloin, kun tarttujan välissä on kova periksiantamaton kappale, mikä voi johtaa servon tai laitteiston rikkoontumiseen. Työssä käytetty anturi todettiin kuitenkin liian pieneksi, sillä se ei tunnista kappaleita, jotka ovat hieman suurikokoisempia ja joissa on tasainen pinta.Force sensing resistor as a part of robot gripper. Abstract. As a concept, robot is about 80 years old already, but the robotics has started to reach its current form in the late 20th century by becoming common with industry. The robotics is a quickly growing field of technology. New applications for robotics are constantly being striven to find, and the robotics has already replaced people in many fields, for example in assembly lines in industry. In addition, the robotics has become a part of medicine and service industry, and autonomous cars will become more general in traffic in the near future. While robots are getting more common, the security perspective of robotics should be also taken into account. This is necessary for the interaction with robots to be natural and risk free for human beings. When robots are able to detect their environment better, for example by using different sensors, it becomes safer to use them. In this project force sensing resistor is introduced as a part of a robot gripper, which is trying to catch different objects. The action of the robot gripper is based on the cooperation of servomotor and FSR, that are being controlled by Arduino Uno -development board. In conclusion, the FSR is a useful tool for the robot gripper. This appears especially when there is a tough object that won’t bend inside the gripper. This can break the servo or the setup. The sensor used in this project appeared to be too small, because it does not recognize objects that are slightly larger and have a flat surface.
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MEHL, HELEN ARAUJO. "ANTERO DE QUENTAL: A COURSE WITH GOD." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4717@1.

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Para Antero de Quental, acreditar num Deus supremo foi o alicerce onde firmou todo o seu projeto de vida. A perda desse fundamento transformou o poeta num ser angustiado, pessimista e cheio de dúvidas. Esses sentimentos permaneceram ao longo de toda a sua trajetória de vida, levando-o à busca de Deus pelos caminhos da Filosofia. Percorrendo-os, foi atribuindo novos nomes a Deus - Bem, Justiça, Verdade, Absoluto, Idéia, Ignotus, Inconsciente -, na tentativa de conciliação entre o seu novo ser e o que fôra em sua juventude. Nesta busca de um impossível, conseguiu apenas um simulacro de solução: a evasão pela morte. Como um romântico - que, no fundo, sempre foi - matou-se na sua Ilha de São Miguel, sentado em um banco de praça, diante de um muro onde se lia a palavra cujo sentido perdera: Esperança.
For Antero de Quental, believing in a supreme God was the foundation on which he based his whole lifes project. The loss of this belief transformed the poet into an anguished, pessimistic and questioning being. These feelings remained throughout his whole life, leading him to a search for God by the ways of philosophy. Following those, he started to give new names to God - Goodness, Justice, Truth, Absolute, Idea, Ignotus, Unconscious -, in an attempt to conciliate his new being and what he had been in his youth. In this search for the impossible, he found only a fake solution: evasion trough death. As a romantic - which, deep down, he had always been - he killed himself in the Isle of São Miguel, sitting at a bench on a town square, facing a wall where one could read the word whose sense had been lost to him: Hope.
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KARKOUS, JEAN. "Les ressauts antero-internes de la hanche." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31047.

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Saltani, Bernoussi. "L'Univers poétique dans "Sirat Antar"." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609676f.

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Fendrich, Tássia Goulart. "A tendência generalista no sistema de polinização em espécies de Miconieae (Melastomataceae) está relacionada com a morfometria das anteras e das sementes?" reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/28194.

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ZEITOUN, JEAN-MARC. "Les conflits antero-internes de l'epaule : a propos d'une serie de 25 cas." Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL2M049.

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Caneparo, Luca. "Antero-posterior patterning of the neural plate in Zebrafish." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417266.

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Mesnard, Daniel. "On spatiotemporal establishment of the mouse antero-posterior axis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615116.

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Lamy, Clément. "Détermination antéro-postérieure de l'ectoderme chez l'ascidie Ciona intestinalis." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22079.pdf.

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J’étudie dans cette thèse les mécanismes moléculaires de l’asymétrie précoce de l’ectoderme d’un chordé, l’ascidie Ciona intestinalis. Rose (1939) a été la première à mettre en évidence que les ectodermes antérieur et postérieur possèdent une différence de compétence à répondre aux signaux més-endodermiques. Le lignage antérieur a semble plus compétent que le lignage postérieur b à former du tissu neural antérieur (tel que le cerveau). L’identification d’un marqueur spécifique de l’ectoderme antérieur, le gène Ci-SFRP1/5, a permis l’étude des événements en amont de son expression au stade 64-cellules. J’ai ainsi identifié un élément cis-régulateur exprimé spécifiquement dans l’ectoderme antérieur dès le stade 64-cellules. Cet élément contient 3 sites putatifs de fixation Fox, et est activé par la sur-expression de Ci-FoxA-a, le gène antérieur le plus précoce connu. Ci-FoxA-a, exprimé dans la moitié antérieure de l’embryon dès le stade 8-cellules mais absent de l’ectoderme postérieur, joue un rôle global dans l’ectoderme, activant les marqueurs antérieurs et réprimant activement le programme postérieur. L’expression du gène postérieur le plus précoce, Ci-Nodal, semble inhibée antérieurement par la présence d’un Fox. Une compétition stérique entre FoxA-a et les activateurs GATA et ETS semble l’hypothèse la plus probable pour expliquer cette inhibition. Dans l’ectoderme antérieur, la perte de fonction de Ci-SFRP1/5, connu chez d’autres organismes comme inhibiteur sécrété des Wnt, apparaît insuffisante pour supprimer la formation de l’ectoderme antérieur, révélant une possible redondance fonctionnelle. L’activation de la voie canonique Wnt/ß-caténine est néanmoins incompatible avec le développement du tissu neural antérieur. Je discute enfin, au regard des autres modèles de détermination antéro-postérieure de l’ectoderme chez les chordés, les mécanismes conservés et les stratégies nouvelles développées par l’embryon d’ascidie
In this thesis, I address the molecular mechanism of the early asymmetry in the ectoderm of a chordate, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Since Rose (1939) it was known that anterior and posterior ectodermal lineages have different competence to respond to endo-mesodermal signals. The anterior a-line appears more competent than the posterior b-line to form anterior neural tissue (brain). The identification of a specific marker for the anterior ectoderm, the Ci-SFRP1/5 gene, allowed addressing the events upstream of its expression at the 64-cell stage. I identified a small cis-regulatory element expressed from the 64-cell stage specifically in the anterior ectoderm, and activated by Ci-FoxAa-a, the earliest known anterior specific gene. Ci-FoxA-a, expressed in the anterior half of the embryo from the 8-cell stage but absent from the posterior ectoderm plays a global role in the ectoderm, activating the anterior ectodermal markers while actively repressing the posterior ectodermal programme. I finally discuss, in light of other model for anteroposterior patterning in chordates, the common conserved mechanisms and the possible new strategies develop by the ascidian embryo
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Vives, Espelta Margarida. "Consideracions fisiopatològiques i metabòliques de la gastrectomia vertical amb gastroplàstia tubular laparoscòpica amb o sense preservació antral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454722.

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Introducció: La gastrectomia vertical laparoscòpica és una de les tècniques en cirurgia bariàtrica més comú. No existeix consens sobre la distància òptima entre el pílor i l’inici de la secció gàstrica. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és determinar les diferències en el buidament gàstric, volum gàstric, resposta metabòlica i pèrdua ponderal entre dues distàncies d’inici de secció. Material i Mètodes: Estudi prospectiu aleatoritzat de 60 pacients (30 pacients amb secció a 3cm i 30 pacients a 8 cm del pílor). Als 6 i 12 mesos postoperatoris es va calcular el buidament gàstric mitjançant gammagrafia (T1/2 min), volum gàstric mitjançant TC (cc) i resposta metabòlica mitjançant analítica sanguínia. La pèrdua ponderal fou analitzada als 3, 6 i 12 mesos postoperatoris. Resultats: La velocitat de buidament gàstric augmenta significativament en ambdós grups però és major en el grup 3cm (p < 0.05). Si dividim la mostra en funció de la seva condició de diabètics observem que la velocitat en el grup no diabètic 3cm és significativament més alta. Analitzant la pèrdua ponderal amb PEBMIL s’obté major percentatge de resultats excel·lents en el grup 3cm. L’EWL també situa els millors resultats en el grup 3cm. Un any després de la cirurgia s’observa una significativa millora de la hiperinsulinèmia en els pacients del grup 3cm respecte el grup 8cm, però només en els diabètics. La concentració d’incretines no mostrà diferències entre grups. Conclusions: El buidament gàstric és més ràpid en el grup de resecció antral. La distancia no influencia el buidament gàstric en els pacients diabètics. Poden existir altres mecanismens més enllà del GLP-1 que regulin la resposta metabólica a través del buidament gàstric. En el grup de ressecció antral s’observa menor percentatge de resultats subòptims segons EWL i un major percentil de %TWL .
Introducción: La gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica es una de las técniques más comunes en cirugía bariátrica. No existe consenso sobre la distancia óptima entre el píloro y el inicio de la sección gàstrica. El objectivo de este estudio es determinar las diferencias en el vaciamiento gástrico, volumen gástrico, respuesta metabòlica y pérdida ponderal entre dos distancias de inicio de sección. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado de 60 pacientes (30 pacientes con sección a 3cm i 30 pacientes a 8 cm del píloro). A los 6 y 12 meses postoperatorios se calcúló el vaciamiento gástrico mediante gammagrafia (T1/2 min), volumen gástrico mediante TC (cc) y respuesta metabòlica mediante analítica sanguínea. La pérdida ponderal se analizó a los 3, 6 i 12 meses postoperatorios. Resultados: La velocidad de vaciamiento gástrico aumenta significativamente en ambos grups però és mayor en el grupo 3cm (p < 0.05). Si dividimos la muestra en función de su condición de diabéticos observamos que la velocidad en el grup no diabético 3 cm es significativamente mayor. Analizando la pérdida ponderal con PEBMIL se obtiene mayor porcentaje de resultados excelentes en el grupo 3cm. El EWL también sitúa mejores resultados en el grupo 3 cm. Un año tras la cirugía se observa una significativa mejoría de la hiperinsulinémia en los pacientes del grupo 3 cm respecto el grupo 8 cm per sólo en los diabéticos. La concentración de incretinas no mostró diferencias entre grupos. Conclusiones: El vaciamiento gástrico és más rápido en el grupo de resección antral. La distancia no influencia el vaciamiento gástrico en los pacientes diabéticos. Pueden existir otros mecanismos más allá del GLP-1 que regulen la respuesta metabólica a través del vaciamiento gástrico. En el grupo de resección antral se observó un menor porcentaje de resultados subóptimos según EWL y un mayor percentil de %TWL.
Introduction: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most common techniques in bariatric surgery, but there is no consensus on the optimal distance from the pylorus to start the gastric transection. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in gastric emptying, gastric distension, metabolic response and weight loss between two starting distances. Material and Methods: This is a prospective randomised study of 60 patients (30 patients with the section at 3 cm and 30 patients at 8 cm from the pylorus). We calculate at 6 and 12 months from surgery gastric emptying by scintigraphy (T1/2 min), gastric volume by CT scan (cc) and metabolic response by blood sample analysis. Weight loss was analysed at 3, 6 and 12 months from surgery. Results: Gastric emptying increases the speed significantly in both groups but is greater in the 3cm group (p < 0.05). Dividing groups into type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic patients, the speed in non-diabetic patients is significantly higher for the 3-cm group. With the PEBMIL, the 3 cm group reaches 67.8% classified as excellent, while 8 cm group reaches 62.8% classified as a good result. EWL situates the best results for 3 cm group. One year after surgery, there are significant improvements in the hyperinsulinaemia in the patients of the 3- cm group with respect to the 8-cm group, but only in diabetic patients. No differences between groups are found regarding changes in GLP-1 or GIP. Conclusions: Gastric emptying is faster in patients with antrum resection. The distance does not influence the gastric emptying of diabetic patients. Other mechanisms may explain metabolic response besides GLP-1 and its association with improvements in diabetes via gastric emptying. Lower percentage of suboptimal results using EWL and higher percentile of %TWL were observed in patients with antrum resection.
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Books on the topic "ANTXR1"

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Tomàs, Alexandre Navarro i. Antara. [Benicull de Xúquer, València]: 7 i Mig, 1999.

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Pāṭhaka, Varshā. Antarā. Mumbaī: Navabhārata Sāhitya Mandira, 2008.

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Caudharī, Raghuvīra. Antara. Mumbaī: Āra. Āra. Śeṭhanī Kampanī, 1988.

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Antara. 2nd ed. Amadāvāda: Raṅgadvāra Prakāśana, 2013.

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Nitimihardjo, Handjojo. Otobiografi spiritual Handjojo Nitimihardjo: Kutemukan Tuhan di balik penyakit gagal ginjal. [Jakarta]: Pustaka Antara Utama, 1998.

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Perindustrian, Indonesia Departemen. Pelaksanaan program keterkaitan antar sektor industri dan antara sektor industri dengan sektor ekonomi lainnya: Ringkasan. [Jakarta]: Biro Humas, Departemen Perindustrian, 1985.

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Davies, R. Gwynn. Anturiaf ymlaen. Caernarfon: Gwasg Gwynedd, 1994.

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Dēśakulakarṇi. Antara: Vimarśe. Beṅgaḷūru: Anubhava Maṇṭapa, 1994.

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Kādarī, Sohana. Antara-jhātī. Nawīṃ Dillī: Nawayuga, 2003.

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Meghani, Zaverchand Kalidas. Antara-chabi. Amadāvāda: Gūrjara Grantharatna Kāryālaya, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "ANTXR1"

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Schellbach-Kopra, Ingrid. "Koskenniemi, Veikko Antero." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_10291-1.

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Wild, Gerhard. "Quental, Antero Tarquínio de." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_13728-1.

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Schellbach-Kopra, Ingrid. "Koskenniemi, Veikko Antero: Elegioja." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_10292-1.

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Rolian, Campbell, and Julia C. Boughner. "Introduction to Evo-Devo-Anthro." In Developmental Approaches to Human Evolution, 1–15. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118524756.ch1.

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Blount, Ben G. "Anthropological linguistics." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 51–61. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m2.ant1.

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Zwipp, Hans. "Thematik." In Die antero-laterale Rotationsinstabilität des oberen Sprunggelenkes, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82701-3_1.

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Zwipp, Hans. "Historischer Rückblick." In Die antero-laterale Rotationsinstabilität des oberen Sprunggelenkes, 3–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82701-3_2.

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Zwipp, Hans. "Klinische Relevanz der antero-lateralen Rotationsinstabilität (ALRI) des oberen Sprunggelenkes: aktueller Wissensstand." In Die antero-laterale Rotationsinstabilität des oberen Sprunggelenkes, 6–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82701-3_3.

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Zwipp, Hans. "Verbliebene Fragen." In Die antero-laterale Rotationsinstabilität des oberen Sprunggelenkes, 27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82701-3_4.

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Zwipp, Hans. "Eigene experimentelle-klinische Untersuchungen." In Die antero-laterale Rotationsinstabilität des oberen Sprunggelenkes, 28–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82701-3_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "ANTXR1"

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Lee, Chang-Hoon, Ju-Young Kim, Chong Hyuk Chung, Yoon-Jung Choi, Wan-Hee Yoo, and Myeung-Su Lee. "AB0095 A REGULATORY ROLE OF ANTXR1 IN RANKL-INDUCED OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5692.

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Cryan, Lorna, Kaiane Habeshian, Kenneth Christensen, and Michael S. Rogers. "Abstract 1381: A high-throughput assay for tumor endothelial marker-8 (TEM8/ANTXR1) inhibitors." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-1381.

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Miles, Linde A., J. T. Poirier, and Charles M. Rudin. "Abstract 4356: Identification of the anthrax toxin receptor (ANTXR1) as the high affinity cellular receptor for Seneca Valley Virus (SVV)." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4356.

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Byrd, Tiara, Kristen Fousek, Antonella Pignata, Christopher Szot, Kevin Bielamowicz, Steven Seaman, Daniel Landi, et al. "Abstract 2312: TEM8/ANTXR1 specific T cells co-target tumor stem cells and tumor vasculature in triple-negative breast cancer." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2312.

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Zulfariska, Dely, and Nurul Bariyah. "Pengujian Teori Kurva U-Terbalik (Hipotesis Kuznets) di Kalimantan Barat." In Seminar Nasional Penerapan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi : kampus merdeka meningkatkan kecerdasan sumberdaya manusia melalui interdispliner ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi : Pontianak, 24 Agustus 2021. Untan Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/pipt.2021.33.

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Ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah merupakan satu diantara masalah yang dihadapi dan sering terjadi di negara berkembang termasuk pula di negara Indonesia. Provinsi Kalimantan Barat merupakan satu diantara provinsi yang memiliki tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah yang paling tinggi dari empat provinsi yang ada di pulau Kalimantan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini diantaranya 1) Mengklasifikasikan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat berdasar pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah; 2) Membuktikan Kurva U-Terbalik (Hipotesa Kuznets) berlaku atau tidak di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat; dan 3) Menganalisis pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah setiap Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Indikator ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat pada penelitian ini ialah menggunakan angka Gini Rasio. Analisis regresi linier sederhana (GLS) dengan kurun waktu penelitian selama 8 tahun penelitian dari tahun 2011-2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan software Eviews 10. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan analisis tipologi klassen bahwa ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah masih terjadi walau tergolong pada ketimpangan yang sedang. Dalam penelitian ini, berlakunya teori hipotesis Kuznets serta terdapat arah hubungan yang positif dan secara statistik tidak signifikan antara variabel pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat antar wilayah di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat selama periode pengamatan tahun 2011-2018.
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Kamilia, Husna, Sri Rezeki, and Rinjani Ratih. "Pengaruh Komposisi Substrat Limbah Tempe terhadap Waktu Start-Up Proses Penguraian Anaerobik Menggunakan Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk (RATB)." In Seminar Nasional Penerapan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi : kampus merdeka meningkatkan kecerdasan sumberdaya manusia melalui interdispliner ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi : Pontianak, 24 Agustus 2021. Untan Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/pipt.2021.17.

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Limbah tempe bisa diolah menjadi biogas melalui proses penguraian anaerobik. Penguraian anaerobik ini dipengaruhi oleh fase start up, di mana fase start up merupakan fase penumbuhan bakteri anaerob sampai terbentuknya biogas. Pengaruh keberhasilan start up sering kali bergantung pada kondisi reaktor yaitu efektivitas pengadukan dan pencampuran susbtrat dalam proses tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi substrat dari limbah tempe terhadap waktu start up yang diperlukan oleh RATB dapat ditinjau dari analisis VS, pH, volume gas, dan CH4. Waktu start up dilakukan dalam sistem semi batch yang terbagi atas dua siklus dengan konsentrasi substrat yang berbeda. Untuk siklus pertama substrat yang dimasukkan lebih encer dengan perbandingan komposisi 3:1 antara limbah cair tempe dengan ampas tempe, sedangkan untuk siklus kedua, dilakukan feeding menggunakan substrat yang lebih kental dengan konsentrasi 2:1 antara limbah cair tempe dan ampas tempe. Waktu start up dilakukan hingga proses penguraian anaerobik berada pada fase stasioner. Analisis parameter pengamatan dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel setiap hari sekali untuk analisis VS, metana, volume gas dan pH. Hasil Pengaruh komposisi subtrat dengan perbandingan 3:1 dan 2:1 antar limbah cair tempe dan ampas tempe memperoleh waktu start up untuk siklus pertama antar 12-14 hari sedangkan untuk siklus kedua berada pada 11-19 hari.
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Wang, Xiaolei, Sencun Zhu, Dehua Zhou, and Yuexiang Yang. "Droid-AntiRM." In ACSAC 2017: 2017 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3134600.3134601.

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Tuccari, Gino, Walter Alef, Salvo Buttaccio, Vincenza Tornatore, and Michael Wunderlich. "DBBC3: AntArr Project." In 12th European VLBI Network Symposium and Users Meeting. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.230.0112.

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Butler, M. L., L. Rainford, J. Last, and P. C. Brennan. "Optimization of exposure index values for the antero-posterior pelvis and antero-posterior knee examination." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Berkman Sahiner and David J. Manning. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.810748.

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Ken Satya Dien, Zukhrufa. "INTERAKSI BUDAYA ANTARA AUSTRONESIA DENGAN NON AUSTRONESIA MEMENGARUHI PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI DI MASA AUSTRONESIA." In Seminar Nasional Arkeologi 2019. Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/prosiding.v3i1.19.

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Indonesia merupakan salah satu bagian dari peradaban Austronesia. Sebelumnya peradaban Austronesia berasal dari Taiwan yang mana teori mengenai ini banyak diikuti oleh peneliti yang mendukung adanya peradaban budaya Austronesia. Populernya teori tersebut tidak lepas dari dukungan data linguistik, antropologi, DNA, pertanggalan dan data dari arkeologis. Interaksi antar budaya yang kolonisasi Austronesia di Kepulauan Indonesia dapat dirangkum dalam kebudayaan masa neolitik datang di Kepulauan Indonesia, budaya tersebut di bawa oleh masyarakat penutur bahasa Austronesia. Akibat dari peristiwa tersebut, terjadi perkembangan budaya Neolitik di Kepulauan Indonesia, terjadinya evolusi dan interaksi antara masyarakat pendatang Austronesia dengan komunitas Non Austronesia yang telah menghuni kawasan ini sejak masa sebelumnya. Ketika masyarakat Austronesia datang di kawasan Non Austronesia, komunitas Non Austronesia juga telah memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang lebih sama dengan bangsa Austronesia bahkan lebih bersifat adaptif dalam beberapa penguasaan teknologi seperti alat kerang dan alat tulang, teknologi pelayaran, teknologi dalam pembudidayaan tanaman umbi-umbian.
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Reports on the topic "ANTXR1"

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Riestenberg, David. SECARB Anthro Test Site Implementation Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1823060.

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Raj, Anil K. Anthro-Centric Multisensory Interface for Vision Augmentation/Substitution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada559634.

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Riestenberg, David. SECARB Anthro Test Report on Subsurface Characterization for Project Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819927.

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Riestenberg, David. SECARB Anthro Test Report on Assessment of Existing Subsurface Data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819921.

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Riestenberg, David. SECARB Anthro Test Report on Survey of Existing Wellbores in Project Area. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819923.

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Ellis, Heidi S. The Effects of Computer-Aided Antero-Posterior Forehead Movement on Ratings of Facial Attractiveness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012702.

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Aprilianti, Ira, and Felippa Amanta. Memajukan Keamanan Pangan pada Layanan Pesan Antar Makanan Daring di Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/324009.

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Haver, Samara. Analysis of underwater soundscape conditions at Buck Island Reef National Monument during the COVID-19 pandemic: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294883.

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In partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Oregon State University, the National Park Service has been collecting continuous acoustic recordings at a stationary autonomous recorder in Buck Island Reef National Monument since 2016. The audio data were previously analyzed to establish baseline soundscape conditions as well as monitor the acoustic presence of vessels and humpback whales. This report specifically investigates potential changes to the soundscape environment during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent “anthro-pause” when human activities such as tourism and commercial shipping were interrupted by public health guidance. Although major declines of anthropogenic activities were observed in other regions of the world, soundscape conditions in Buck Island Reef National Monument were only minimally impacted during early 2020. Furthermore, in latter months of 2020 and into 2021, vessel movement and related noise levels slightly increased from historic levels. Humpback whale vocalizations were also analyzed for seasonal presence in Buck Island Reef National Monument, revealing a consistent pattern with previously analyzed seasons. Ongoing passive acoustic soundscape monitoring will provide data that can be used to evaluate continued impacts of anthropogenic activity in and near Buck Island Reef National Monument.
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Amzeri, Achmad. Evaluasi Nilai Heterosis dan Heterobeltiosis Pada Persilangan Dialel Tanaman Jagung Madura (Zea mays L.). Universitas Islam Madura, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2016.1.

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Identifikasi heterosis dan heterobeltiosis pada persilangan dialel diantara galur inbrida Madura sangat dibutuhkan sebagai dasar untuk merakit varietas jagung hibrida yang sesuai untuk dikembangkan di Madura. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi kombinasi persilangan yang menunjukkan nilai heterosis dan heterobeltiosis terbaik untuk karakter kegenjahan, penunjang produksi dan produksi per hektar. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Trunojoyo Madura. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah 6 genotip galur inbred jagung madura (UTM 2, UTM 7, UTM 14, UTM 14, UTM 15, UTM 18, dan UTM 22), dan 30 hibrida hasil persilangan dialel penuh (full diallel cross) antar 6 genotip galur inbred. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) faktor tunggal, yaitu genotipe dengan tiga ulangan sehingga terdapat 108 satuan percobaan. Karakter yang diamati adalah umur berbunga, umur panen, diameter tongkol, panjang tongkol, bobot 100 biji, dan produksi per hektar. Persilangan yang menghasilkan nilai heterosis dan heterosbeltiosis terbaik untuk umur genjah adalah UTM14 x UTM18, UTM15 x UTM2 dan UTM18 x UTM2. Hasil persilangan untuk karakter diameter tongkol, panjang tongkol dan berat 100 biji sebagian besar menghasilkan nilai heterosis dan heterobeltiosis bernilai positif. Pada karakter produksi per hektar nilai heterosis dan heterobeltiosis tertinggi pada persilangan UTM2 x UTM14 (214,742%) dan UTM2 x UTM18 (171,585%).
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Leach, Roland M., Mark Pines, Carol V. Gay, and Shmuel Hurwitz. In vivo and in vitro Chondrocyte Metabolism in Relationship to the Developemnt of Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568090.bard.

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Skeletal deformities are a significant financial and welfare problem for the world poultry industry. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is the most prevalent skeletal abnormality found in young broilers, turkeys and ducks. Tibial dyschondroplasia results from a perturbation of the sequence of events in the epiphyseal growth plate, the tissue responsible for longitudinal bone growth. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that TD was the result of a failure of growth plate chondrocytes to differentiate and express the chemotactic molecules required for cartilage vascularization. In this investigation in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques were used to study chondrocyte gene products associated with cartilage maturation and vascularization such as osteopontin, osteonectin, type X collagen, and alkaline phosphatase. All markers were present in the growth plate tissue anter or to the TD lesion but were greatly diminished in the TD lesion. Thus, rather than not acquiring the markers for hypertrophy, it appears that the growth plate chondrocytes reach a certain stage of hypertrophy and then de-differentiate into cells which resemble chondrocytes in the prehypertrophic zone. Similar patterns were observed in all TD tissues examined whether the lesions were spontaneous or induced by dietary treatments or genetic selection. The decrease in gene expression can at least be partially explained by the fact that many of the dysplastic chondrocytes show classic signs of apoptosis. These results provide an explanation for the observation that a variety of genes show reduced expression in the TD lesion when examined by in situ hybridization. This would suggest that future research should focus on the earliest detectable stages in the development of TD and examine endocrine and autocrine factors which cause chondrocytes to de-differentiate and undergo premature apoptosis.
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