Journal articles: 'Antivirals'

1

Clercq, Erik De. "Antivirals and antiviral strategies." Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, no. 9 (September 2004): 704–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro975.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Wang, Yi, Yu-yuan Li, and Wen Guo. "Original Article .The Optimal Allocation of Investment between Antivirals and Vaccines for Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Planning." Infection International 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0004.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Objectives To investigate that given a fixed amount of financial resources, what is the optimal combination of vaccine and antiviral stockpiles in terms of minimizing the attack rate. Methods Mathematic modeling was used to simulate the dynamics that with fixed influenza pandemic budget. Different budget conditions were observed if the combination changed. Framework between vaccines and antivirals was introduced by taking into account the uncertainty in vaccine and antiviral efficacy. Results Given a fixed budget, different budget allocations between vaccines and antivirals stockpile gave different attack rates. When the price of vaccine was lower than or similar with the antivirals, the attack rate increased with increasing investment in antiviral. But if the price of the vaccine was higher than the antivirals, the attack rate may not decrease with increasing investment in vaccine. Fixed the vaccine effectiveness, higher effectiveness of antiviral got a lower attack rate.When both antiviral and vaccine were with 50% probability of effectiveness, the attack rate changed by antiviral stockpile with a same pattern as they were with 100% efficacy probability, even it has a higher attack rate. Conclusions Assume the antivirals have 100% probability to be effective, budget was limited to a fix number, then in any event, population should stockpile a small amount of antivirals such that if the post-vaccination reproductive number turns out to be near 1, the additional intervention may further reduce the reproductive number to <1 and prevent the epidemic. Under the fixed budget, the price of the vaccines and antivirals will strongly affect the strategy of the stockpile allocation. When the price of vaccine is comparative lower, more investment of vaccine is better for the pandemic control, but if the vaccine price is too high then more investment in antiviral may be better. We found that attack rates and the optimal budget allocation depend on the probability to be effective of vaccine and antivirals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Glass, Kathryn, and Niels G. Becker. "Estimating antiviral effectiveness against pandemic influenza using household data." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 37 (December 5, 2008): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0404.

Full text

Abstract:

Current estimates of antiviral effectiveness for influenza are based on the existing strains of the virus. Should a pandemic strain emerge, strain-specific estimates will be required as early as possible to ensure that antiviral stockpiles are used optimally and to compare the benefits of using antivirals as prophylaxis or to treat cases. We present a method to measure antiviral effectiveness using early pandemic data on household outbreak sizes, including households that are provided with antivirals for prophylaxis and those provided with antivirals for treatment only. We can assess whether antiviral drugs have a significant impact on susceptibility or on infectivity with the data from approximately 200 to 500 households with a primary case. Fewer households will suffice if the data can be collected before case numbers become high, and estimates are more precise if the study includes data from prophylaxed households and households where no antivirals are provided. Rates of asymptomatic infection and the level of transmissibility of the virus do not affect the accuracy of these estimates greatly, but the pattern of infectivity in the individual strongly influences the estimate of the effect of antivirals on infectivity. An accurate characterization of the infectiousness profile—informed by strain-specific data—is essential for measuring antiviral effectiveness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Koban, Robert, Markus Neumann, Philipp P. Nelson, and Heinz Ellerbrok. "Differential Efficacy of Novel Antiviral Substances in 3D and Monolayer Cell Culture." Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111294.

Full text

Abstract:

Repurposing of approved drugs that target host functions also important for virus replication promises to overcome the shortage of antiviral therapeutics. Mostly, virus biology including initial screening of antivirals is studied in conventional monolayer cells. The biology of these cells differs considerably from infected tissues. 3D culture models with characteristics of human tissues may reflect more realistically the in vivo events during infection. We screened first, second, and third generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-inhibitors with different modes of action and the EGFR-blocking monoclonal antibody cetuximab in a 3D cell culture infection model with primary human keratinocytes and cowpox virus (CPXV) for antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of erlotinib and osimertinib was nearly unaffected by the cultivation method similar to the virus-directed antivirals tecovirimat and cidofovir. In contrast, the host-directed inhibitors afatinib and cetuximab were approx. 100-fold more efficient against CPXV in the 3D infection model, similar to previous results with gefitinib. In summary, inhibition of EGFR-signaling downregulates virus replication comparable to established virus-directed antivirals. However, in contrast to virus-directed inhibitors, in vitro efficacy of host-directed antivirals might be seriously affected by cell cultivation. Results obtained for afatinib and cetuximab suggest that screening of such drugs in standard monolayer culture might underestimate their potential as antivirals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Hurt, Aeron C. "Antiviral Therapy for the Next Influenza Pandemic." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020067.

Full text

Abstract:

Influenza antivirals will play a critical role in the treatment of outpatients and hospitalised patients in the next pandemic. In the past decade, a number of new influenza antivirals have been licensed for seasonal influenza, which can now be considered for inclusion into antiviral stockpiles held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and individual countries. However, data gaps remain regarding the effectiveness of new and existing antivirals in severely ill patients, and regarding which monotherapy or combinations of antivirals may yield the greatest improvement in outcomes. Regardless of the drug being used, influenza antivirals are most effective when treatment is initiated early in the course of infection, and therefore in a pandemic, effective strategies which enable rapid diagnosis and prompt delivery will yield the greatest benefits.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Oksenych, Valentyn, and Denis E. Kainov. "Broad-Spectrum Antivirals and Antiviral Drug Combinations." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020301.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Lee, Michelle Felicia, Yuan Seng Wu, and Chit Laa Poh. "Molecular Mechanisms of Antiviral Agents against Dengue Virus." Viruses 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030705.

Full text

Abstract:

Dengue is a major global health threat causing 390 million dengue infections and 25,000 deaths annually. The lack of efficacy of the licensed Dengvaxia vaccine and the absence of a clinically approved antiviral against dengue virus (DENV) drive the urgent demand for the development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics. Various antiviral agents have been developed and investigated for their anti-DENV activities. This review discusses the mechanisms of action employed by various antiviral agents against DENV. The development of host-directed antivirals targeting host receptors and direct-acting antivirals targeting DENV structural and non-structural proteins are reviewed. In addition, the development of antivirals that target different stages during post-infection such as viral replication, viral maturation, and viral assembly are reviewed. Antiviral agents designed based on these molecular mechanisms of action could lead to the discovery and development of novel anti-DENV therapeutics for the treatment of dengue infections. Evaluations of combinations of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action could also lead to the development of synergistic drug combinations for the treatment of dengue at any stage of the infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ley, Sidney. "Popular Influenza Antiviral Drugs: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Resistance." BioScientific Review 5, no. 2 (August 29, 2023): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/bsr.52.08.

Full text

Abstract:

Influenza viruses cause acute respiratory infections responsible for significant mortality and morbidity around the world. Various factors, such as antigenic drift, allow influenza strains to avoid being fully suppressed by seasonal vaccines. This has led to the increased scrutiny of antivirals as treatment and prophylaxis options for seasonal outbreaks and potential pandemics. Unfortunately, many influenza antivirals suffer from a lack of adequate clinical trials, as well as a lack of toxicity data. This is especially true of umifenovir (arbidol), a drug popularly used for the prevention and treatment of influenza strains in China and Russia. Neuraminidase inhibitors, though widely prescribed, display a potential for future resistance. Adamantanes, while proven to be effective in treating influenza A, are already encountering rapid and widespread cross-resistance and are effectively obsolete. Baloxavir marboxil, a newer antiviral, shows promise in treating acute uncomplicated influenza and may avoid the development of resistance when co-administered with other antiviral drugs. Indeed, the low genetic barrier to resistance associated with influenza antivirals could potentially be overcome by co-administration with other antivirals. This review explores the most widely prescribed antivirals for influenza treatment, their mechanisms of action, and the data currently available about their susceptibility to resistance and efficacy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Hajjo, Rima, Dima A. Sabbah, Osama H. Abusara, Reham Kharmah, and Sanaa Bardaweel. "Targeting Human Proteins for Antiviral Drug Discovery and Repurposing Efforts: A Focus on Protein Kinases." Viruses 15, no. 2 (February 19, 2023): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020568.

Full text

Abstract:

Despite the great technological and medical advances in fighting viral diseases, new therapies for most of them are still lacking, and existing antivirals suffer from major limitations regarding drug resistance and a limited spectrum of activity. In fact, most approved antivirals are directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, which interfere with viral proteins and confer great selectivity towards their viral targets but suffer from resistance and limited spectrum. Nowadays, host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) are on the rise, in the drug discovery and development pipelines, in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs target host proteins involved in the virus life cycle and are considered promising alternatives to DAAs due to their broader spectrum and lower potential for resistance. Herein, we discuss an important class of HTAs that modulate signal transduction pathways by targeting host kinases. Kinases are considered key enzymes that control virus-host interactions. We also provide a synopsis of the antiviral drug discovery and development pipeline detailing antiviral kinase targets, drug types, therapeutic classes for repurposed drugs, and top developing organizations. Furthermore, we detail the drug design and repurposing considerations, as well as the limitations and challenges, for kinase-targeted antivirals, including the choice of the binding sites, physicochemical properties, and drug combinations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Peiffer, Kai-Henrik, and Stefan Zeuzem. "Behandlung von Hepatitis-C-Infektionen im Zeitalter direkt wirkender antiviraler Medikamente (DAAs)." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 65, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03481-z.

Full text

Abstract:

ZusammenfassungDie chronische Hepatitis-C-Infektion kann unbehandelt zu schwerwiegenden und potenziell lebensbedrohlichen leberassoziierten Komplikationen führen. Grundsätzlich stellt damit jede chronische Infektion mit dem Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV) eine Indikation zur antiviralen Therapie dar. Besonders dringlich ist sie jedoch bei Patient*innen mit fortgeschrittener Lebererkrankung. In diesem Beitrag werden Indikation, Therapieziele und Grundprinzipien der direkt antiviralen Therapie beschrieben. Verschiedene Therapieregime und Möglichkeiten der Überwachung von Therapie und Therapieerfolg werden vorgestellt.Heutzutage wird die chronische HCV-Infektion interferonfrei mit direkt antiviral wirksamen Medikamenten („direct acting antivirals“ – DAA) behandelt, wobei die Wahl der Medikamente von HCV-Genotyp, Vortherapie und Fibrosestatus abhängt. Patient*innen mit kompensierter Leberzirrhose und solche ohne Leberzirrhose weisen unter Behandlung vergleichbar hohe Viruseradikationsraten auf. Auch bei dekompensierter Leberzirrhose oder dialysepflichtiger Niereninsuffizienz und selbst bei Kindern ab einem Alter von 3 Jahren ist heutzutage eine sichere und hocheffiziente antivirale Behandlung möglich. Medikamenteninteraktionen sind zu beachten, können aber einfach und schnell im Internet überprüft werden. Auch wenn sich die Prognose nach HCV-Eradikation deutlich verbessert, sollten Patient*innen mit fortgeschrittener Leberfibrose bzw. einer Leberzirrhose lebenslang weiterbeobachtet werden, um die Entstehung eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms rechtzeitig zu erkennen (HCC-Surveillance).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Arman, Benediktus Yohan, Juliane Brun, Michelle L. Hill, Nicole Zitzmann, and Annette von Delft. "An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Trial Results—What We Can Learn for the Next Pandemic." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010354.

Full text

Abstract:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide, providing a stark reminder of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Due to the lack of approved antiviral drugs effective against coronaviruses at the start of the pandemic, the world largely relied on repurposed efforts. Here, we summarise results from randomised controlled trials to date, as well as selected in vitro data of directly acting antivirals, host-targeting antivirals, and immunomodulatory drugs. Overall, repurposing efforts evaluating directly acting antivirals targeting other viral families were largely unsuccessful, whereas several immunomodulatory drugs led to clinical improvement in hospitalised patients with severe disease. In addition, accelerated drug discovery efforts during the pandemic progressed to multiple novel directly acting antivirals with clinical efficacy, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We argue that large-scale investment is required to prepare for future pandemics; both to develop an arsenal of broad-spectrum antivirals beyond coronaviruses and build worldwide clinical trial networks that can be rapidly utilised.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Portelli, Stephanie, Ruby Heaton, and David B. Ascher. "Identifying Innate Resistance Hotspots for SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals Using In Silico Protein Techniques." Genes 14, no. 9 (August 26, 2023): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14091699.

Full text

Abstract:

The development and approval of antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 has further equipped clinicians with treatment strategies against the COVID-19 pandemic, reducing deaths post-infection. Extensive clinical use of antivirals, however, can impart additional selective pressure, leading to the emergence of antiviral resistance. While we have previously characterized possible effects of circulating SARS-CoV-2 missense mutations on proteome function and stability, their direct effects on the novel antivirals remains unexplored. To address this, we have computationally calculated the consequences of mutations in the antiviral targets: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and main protease, on target stability and interactions with their antiviral, nucleic acids, and other proteins. By analyzing circulating variants prior to antiviral approval, this work highlighted the inherent resistance potential of different genome regions. Namely, within the main protease binding site, missense mutations imparted a lower fitness cost, while the opposite was noted for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase binding site. This suggests that resistance to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination treatment is more likely to occur and proliferate than that to molnupiravir. These insights are crucial both clinically in drug stewardship, and preclinically in the identification of less mutable targets for novel therapeutic design.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Plummer, Emily, Michael D. Buck, Marisa Sanchez, Jason A. Greenbaum, Julia Turner, Rajvir Grewal, Brennan Klose, et al. "Dengue Virus Evolution under a Host-Targeted Antiviral." Journal of Virology 89, no. 10 (March 11, 2015): 5592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00028-15.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThe host-targeted antiviral drug UV-4B reduces viral replication and promotes survival in a mouse model of experimental dengue virus (DENV) infection. UV-4B is an iminosugar that inhibits the α-glucosidase family of enzymes and subsequently the folding of glycosylated proteins, both viral and host. Here, we utilized next-generation sequencing to investigate evolution of a flavivirus under selective pressure by a host-targeted antiviralin vivo. In viral populations recovered from UV-4B-treated mice, there was a significant increase in the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous SNPs compared to findings in viral populations from vehicle-treated mice. The strongest evidence of positive selection was in the glycosylated membrane protein, thereby providingin vivovalidation of the mechanism of action of an iminosugar. In addition, mutations in glycosylated proteins were present only in drug-treated mice after a single passage. However, the bulk of the other mutations were present in both populations, indicating nonspecific selective pressure. Together with the continued control of viremia by UV-4B, these findings are consistent with the previously predicted high genetic barrier to escape mutations in host-targeted antivirals.IMPORTANCEAlthough hundreds of millions of people are infected with DENV every year, there is currently no approved vaccine or antiviral therapy. UV-4B has demonstrated antiviral activity against DENV and is expected to enter clinical trials soon. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of DENV resistance to UV-4B. Host-targeted antivirals are thought to have a higher genetic barrier to escape mutants than directly acting antivirals, yet there are very few published studies of viral evolution under host-targeted antivirals. No study to date has described flavivirus evolutionin vivounder selective pressure by a host-based antiviral drug. We present the firstin vivostudy of the sequential progression of viral evolution under selective pressure by a host-targeted antiviral compound. This study bolsters support for the clinical development of UV-4B as an antiviral drug against DENV, and it provides a framework to compare how treatment with other host-targeted antiflaviviral drugs in humans and different animal models influence viral genetic diversity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Mariewskaya, Kseniya A., Anton P. Tyurin, Alexey A. Chistov, Vladimir A. Korshun, Vera A. Alferova, and Alexey V. Ustinov. "Photosensitizing Antivirals." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 3971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133971.

Full text

Abstract:

Antiviral action of various photosensitizers is already summarized in several comprehensive reviews, and various mechanisms have been proposed for it. However, a critical consideration of the matter of the area is complicated, since the exact mechanisms are very difficult to explore and clarify, and most publications are of an empirical and “phenomenological” nature, reporting a dependence of the antiviral action on illumination, or a correlation of activity with the photophysical properties of the substances. Of particular interest is substance-assisted photogeneration of highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2). The damaging action of 1O2 on the lipids of the viral envelope can probably lead to a loss of the ability of the lipid bilayer of enveloped viruses to fuse with the lipid membrane of the host cell. Thus, lipid bilayer-affine 1O2 photosensitizers have prospects as broad-spectrum antivirals against enveloped viruses. In this short review, we want to point out the main types of antiviral photosensitizers with potential affinity to the lipid bilayer and summarize the data on new compounds over the past three years. Further understanding of the data in the field will spur a targeted search for substances with antiviral activity against enveloped viruses among photosensitizers able to bind to the lipid membranes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Becker, Y. "Transfer of antivirals to skin Langerhans cells--a novel approach to anti-HIV treatment by "antiviral peplotion"." Acta Biochimica Polonica 43, no. 1 (March 31, 1996): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1996_4575.

Full text

Abstract:

The analysis of the history of the research on antivirals especially the treatment of HIV-1 infected individuals with antivirals which were developed prior to the current AIDS epidemic led to suggest a different approach to the targeting of antivirals in the AIDS patients. Since HIV-1 replication in infected individuals occurs in the lymph nodes, it is suggested that modified anti-HIV-1 drugs should be applied to Langerhans cells in the skin. The Langerhans cells can serve as the carries of the antiviral drugs attached to their surfaces due to their ability to migrate from the skin through the lymph vessels and to home to the lymph node. At that site Langerhans cells interact with T cells. Transfer of the anti-HIV-1 drugs to infected CD4+ T cells in the lymph node will reduce virus replication in the lymph nodes and will reduce the cytotoxic systemic effects of the antiviral drug. Such an antiviral treatment requires the development of efficient methods of drug delivery through the skin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Meijer, A., A. Lackenby, A. Hay, and M. Zambon. "Influenza antiviral susceptibility monitoring activities in relation to national antiviral stockpiles in Europe during the winter 2006/2007 season." Eurosurveillance 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.12.04.00698-en.

Full text

Abstract:

Due to the influenza pandemic threat, many countries are stockpiling antivirals in the hope of limiting the impact of a future pandemic virus. Since resistance to antiviral drugs would probably significantly alter the effectiveness of antivirals, surveillance programmes to monitor the emergence of resistance are of considerable importance. During the 2006/2007 influenza season, an inventory was conducted by the European Surveillance Network for Vigilance against Viral Resistance (VIRGIL) in collaboration with the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) to evaluate antiviral susceptibility testing by the National Influenza Reference Laboratories (NIRL) in relation to the national antiviral stockpile in 30 European countries that are members of EISS. All countries except Ukraine had a stockpile of the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir. Additionally, four countries had a stockpile of the NAI zanamivir and three of the M2 ion channel inhibitor rimantadine. Of 29 countries with a NAI stockpile, six countries'; NIRLs could determine virus susceptibility by 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and in 13 countries it could be done by sequencing. Only in one of the three countries with a rimantadine stockpile could the NIRL determine virus susceptibility, by sequencing only. However, including the 18 countries that had plans to introduce or extend antiviral susceptibility testing, the NIRLs of 21 of the 29 countries with a stockpile would be capable of susceptibility testing appropriate to the stockpiled drug by the end of the 2007/2008 influenza season. Although most European countries in this study have stockpiles of influenza antivirals, susceptibility surveillance capability by the NIRLs appropriate to the stockpiled antivirals is limited.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Mariewskaya, Kseniya A., Maxim S. Krasilnikov, Vladimir A. Korshun, Alexey V. Ustinov, and Vera A. Alferova. "Near-Infrared Dyes: Towards Broad-Spectrum Antivirals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010188.

Full text

Abstract:

Broad antiviral activity in vitro is known for many organic photosensitizers generating reactive oxygen species under irradiation with visible light. Low tissue penetration of visible light prevents further development of antiviral therapeutics based on these compounds. One possible solution to this problem is the development of photosensitizers with near-infrared absorption (NIR dyes). These compounds found diverse applications in the photodynamic therapy of tumors and bacterial infections, but they are scarcely mentioned as antivirals. In this account, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic prospects of various NIR-absorbing and singlet oxygen-generating chromophores for the development of broad-spectrum photosensitizing antivirals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

&NA;. "Antivirals." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 721 (October 1998): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199807210-00018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

&NA;. "Antivirals." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 728 (November 1998): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199807280-00015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

&NA;. "Antivirals." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 750 (May 1999): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907500-00016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

&NA;. "Antivirals." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 774 (October 1999): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907740-00013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

&NA;. "Antivirals." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 781 (December 1999): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907810-00017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

&NA;. "Antivirals." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 801 (May 2000): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200008010-00015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Rahmah, Laila, Sunny O. Abarikwu, Amanuel Godana Arero, Aliyu Tijani Jibril, Andrzej Fal, Robert Flisiak, Rangarirai Makuku, et al. "Oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19: opportunities and challenges." Pharmacological Reports, July 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43440-022-00388-7.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe use of antiviral COVID-19 medications can successfully inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and prevent disease progression to a more severe form. However, the timing of antiviral treatment plays a crucial role in this regard. Oral antiviral drugs provide an opportunity to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection without a need for hospital admission, easing the general burden that COVID-19 can have on the healthcare system. This review paper (i) presents the potential pharmaceutical antiviral targets, including various host-based targets and viral-based targets, (ii) characterizes the first-generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 oral drugs (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir), (iii) summarizes the clinical progress of other oral antivirals for use in COVID-19, (iv) discusses ethical issues in such clinical trials and (v) presents challenges associated with the use of oral antivirals in clinical practice. Oral COVID-19 antivirals represent a part of the strategy to adapt to long-term co-existence with SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that prevents healthcare from being overwhelmed. It is pivotal to ensure equal and fair global access to the currently available oral antivirals and those authorized in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Wallace, Veronica J., Eric G. Sakowski, Sarah P. Preheim, and Carsten Prasse. "Bacteria exposed to antiviral drugs develop antibiotic cross-resistance and unique resistance profiles." Communications Biology 6, no. 1 (August 12, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05177-3.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractAntiviral drugs are used globally as treatment and prophylaxis for long-term and acute viral infections. Even though antivirals also have been shown to have off-target effects on bacterial growth, the potential contributions of antivirals to antimicrobial resistance remains unknown. Herein we explored the ability of different classes of antiviral drugs to induce antimicrobial resistance. Our results establish the previously unrecognized capacity of antivirals to broadly alter the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Bacteria exposed to antivirals including zidovudine, dolutegravir and raltegravir developed cross-resistance to commonly used antibiotics including trimethoprim, tetracycline, clarithromycin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin. Whole genome sequencing of antiviral-resistant E. coli isolates revealed numerous unique single base pair mutations, as well as multi-base pair insertions and deletions, in genes with known and suspected roles in antimicrobial resistance including those coding for multidrug efflux pumps, carbohydrate transport, and cellular metabolism. The observed phenotypic changes coupled with genotypic results indicate that bacteria exposed to antiviral drugs with antibacterial properties in vitro can develop multiple resistance mutations that confer cross-resistance to antibiotics. Our findings underscore the potential contribution of wide scale usage of antiviral drugs to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans and the environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

LoMascolo, Natalie J., Yazmin E. Cruz-Pulido, and Bryan C. Mounce. "Bisacodyl Limits Chikungunya Virus Replication In Vitro and Is Broadly Antiviral." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00292-22.

Full text

Abstract:

Identifying novel antivirals requires significant time and resource investment, and the continuous threat of viruses to human health necessitates commitment to antiviral identification and development. Developing antivirals requires years of research and validation, and recent outbreaks have highlighted the need for preparedness in counteracting pandemics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Li, Xinlei, and Tao Peng. "Strategy, Progress, and Challenges of Drug Repurposing for Efficient Antiviral Discovery." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (May 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.660710.

Full text

Abstract:

Emerging or re-emerging viruses are still major threats to public health. Prophylactic vaccines represent the most effective way to prevent virus infection; however, antivirals are more promising for those viruses against which vaccines are not effective enough or contemporarily unavailable. Because of the slow pace of novel antiviral discovery, the high disuse rates, and the substantial cost, repurposing of the well-characterized therapeutics, either approved or under investigation, is becoming an attractive strategy to identify the new directions to treat virus infections. In this review, we described recent progress in identifying broad-spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We defined the two major categories of the repurposed antivirals, direct-acting repurposed antivirals (DARA) and host-targeting repurposed antivirals (HTRA). Under each category, we summarized repurposed antivirals with potential broad-spectrum activity against a variety of viruses and discussed the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we proposed the potential investigative directions of drug repurposing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Soobramoney, Cassandra, and Raveen Parboosing. "siRNAs and viruses: The good, the bad and the way forward." Current Molecular Pharmacology 14 (April 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467214666210420113427.

Full text

Abstract:

: There are no available antivirals for many viruses or strains, while current antivirals are limited by toxicity and drug resistance. Therefore, alternative strategies, such as RNA interference (RNAi) are required. RNAi suppresses gene expression of any mRNA, making it an attractive candidate for antiviral therapeutics. Studies have evaluated siRNAs in a range of viruses, with some showing promising results. However, issues with stability and delivery of siRNAs remain. These may be minimized by modifying the siRNA structure, using an efficient delivery vector and targeting multiple regions of a virus's genome in a single dose. Finding these solutions could accelerate the progress of RNAi-based antivirals. This review highlights selected examples of antiviral siRNAs, limitations of RNAi and strategies to overcome these limitations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Chitalia, Vipul C., and Ali H. Munawar. "A painful lesson from the COVID-19 pandemic: the need for broad-spectrum, host-directed antivirals." Journal of Translational Medicine 18, no. 1 (October 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02476-9.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract While the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred intense research and collaborative discovery worldwide, the development of a safe, effective, and targeted antiviral from the ground up is time intensive. Therefore, most antiviral discovery efforts are focused on the re-purposing of clinical stage or approved drugs. While emerging data on drugs undergoing COVID-19 repurpose are intriguing, there is an undeniable need to develop broad-spectrum antivirals to prevent future viral pandemics of unknown origin. The ideal drug to curtail rapid viral spread would be a broad-acting agent with activity against a wide range of viruses. Such a drug would work by modulating host-proteins that are often shared by multiple virus families thereby enabling preemptive drug development and therefore rapid deployment at the onset of an outbreak. Targeting host-pathways and cellular proteins that are hijacked by viruses can potentially offer broad-spectrum targets for the development of future antiviral drugs. Such host-directed antivirals are also likely to offer a higher barrier to the development and selection of drug resistant mutations. Given that most approved antivirals do not target host-proteins, we reinforce the need for the development of such antivirals that can be used in pre- and post-exposure populations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Srivastava, Shriyansh, Sachin Kumar, Sumel Ashique, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar, Javedh Shareef, and Sabin Thomas. "Novel antiviral approaches for Marburg: a promising therapeutics in the pipeline." Frontiers in Microbiology 15 (April 25, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387628.

Full text

Abstract:

Marburg virus disease (MVD) presents a significant global health threat, lacking effective antivirals and with current supportive care offering limited therapeutic options. This mini review explores the emerging landscape of novel antiviral strategies against MVD, focusing on promising therapeutics currently in the development pipeline. We delve into direct-acting antiviral approaches, including small molecule inhibitors targeting viral entry, replication, and assembly, alongside nucleic acid antisense and RNA interference strategies. Host-targeting antivirals are also considered, encompassing immune modulators like interferons and cytokine/chemokine modulators, broad-spectrum antivirals, and convalescent plasma and antibody-based therapies. The paper then examines preclinical and clinical development for the novel therapeutics, highlighting in vitro and in vivo models for antiviral evaluation, safety and efficacy assessments, and the critical stages of clinical trials. Recognizing the challenges of drug resistance and viral escape, the mini review underscores the potential of combination therapy strategies and emphasizes the need for rapid diagnostic tools to optimize treatment initiation. Finally, we discuss the importance of public health preparedness and equitable access to these promising therapeutics in achieving effective MVD control and global health security. This mini review presents a comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of MVD antivirals, highlighting the potential of these novel approaches to reshape the future of MVD treatment and prevention.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Hussain, Fayyaz Salih, Naveed Qasim Abro, Naseer Ahmed, Saima Q. Memon, and Najma Memon. "Nano-antivirals: A comprehensive review." Frontiers in Nanotechnology 4 (December 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2022.1064615.

Full text

Abstract:

Nanoparticles can be used as inhibitory agents against various microorganisms, including bacteria, algae, archaea, fungi, and a huge class of viruses. The mechanism of action includes inhibiting the function of the cell membrane/stopping the synthesis of the cell membrane, disturbing the transduction of energy, producing toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibiting or reducing RNA and DNA production. Various nanomaterials, including different metallic, silicon, and carbon-based nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures, have been successfully used against different viruses. Recent research strongly agrees that these nanoarchitecture-based virucidal materials (nano-antivirals) have shown activity in the solid state. Therefore, they are very useful in the development of several products, such as fabric and high-touch surfaces. This review thoroughly and critically identifies recently developed nano-antivirals and their products, nano-antiviral deposition methods on various substrates, and possible mechanisms of action. By considering the commercial viability of nano-antivirals, recommendations are made to develop scalable and sustainable nano-antiviral products with contact-killing properties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Yu, Zhenwei, Yuhua Zhao, Jiayi Jin, Jianping Zhu, Lingyan Yu, and Gang Han. "Antiviral treatment in outpatients with herps zoster in six major areas of China, 2010–2019." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (July 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.942377.

Full text

Abstract:

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the status and trends of antiviral treatment in outpatients with herpes zoster in China.MethodsPrescription data on antiviral drugs were extracted from the database of the Hospital Prescription Analysis Program of China according to the inclusion criteria. Yearly prescriptions and costs were calculated, and trends were analyzed. The trends were further stratified by age, sex, and specific drug use. The distribution of defined daily costs (DDCs) of valaciclovir and famciclovir were analyzed, and trends in the median DDCs were identified.ResultsA total of 132,911 prescriptions from 49 hospitals located in six major areas of China were included in the analysis. The yearly prescriptions containing antivirals increased from 8,819 in 2010 to 16,361 in 2019. The percentage of prescriptions for patients aged 65 years and above also increased (27.7% in 2010 to 31.0% in 2019), and the number of prescriptions for females was higher than those for males (P < 0.001). The average cost of antivirals per prescription decreased; thus, the yearly cost showed no increasing trend. The main prescribed antivirals were valaciclovir and famciclovir, which progressively increased in prescriptions. The use of acyclovir decreased during the study period. Prescriptions containing topical formulations, acyclovir and penciclovir, both increased. The DDCs of valaciclovir and famciclovir decreased dramatically.ConclusionThe use of antivirals has increased over the decade, while the cost has not. Antiviral treatments adhere well to recent recommendations, except for the use of topical antivirals. The findings of this study may benefit the healthcare source allocation and management of herpes zoster in China.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Pham, Hong Tham, Tuong-Anh Mai-Phan, Kim-Huong Truong-Nguyen, and Minh-Hoang Tran. "Effects of antivirals on patients with COVID-19 breakthrough." BMC Infectious Diseases 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08952-z.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Antivirals have been given widely for patients with COVID-19 breakthrough in Asian countries, creating a “black market” for unapproved and unprescribed medications. More evidence is needed to clarify the benefits of antivirals in these settings. Methods We conducted a random-sampling retrospective cohort study at a general hospital in Vietnam. We recruited patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 breakthrough who were given either standard of care (SoC) alone or SoC + antiviral. Primary outcome was residual respiratory symptoms that lasted > 7 days. Secondary outcome was long COVID-19, diagnosed by specialized physicians. We used logistic regression to measure odds ratio (OR), in addition to a sensitivity and subgroup analyses to further explore the results. Results A total of 142 patients (mean age 36.2 ± 9.8) were followed. We recorded residual symptoms in 27.9% and 20.3% of the SoC and SoC + antiviral group, while the figures for long COVID-19 were 11.8% and 8.1%, respectively. Antiviral use was not significantly associated with lower the risks of residual symptoms (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.22–1.20, p = 0.12) or long COVID-19 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.16–1.90, p = 0.35). The sensitivity and subgroup analyses did not show any significant differences between the study groups (all p > 0.05). Conclusion Antivirals were not associated with faster resolution of respiratory symptoms or lower risks of long COVID-19. Further studies should focus on different antivirals to confirm their effects on different sub-populations. Meanwhile, antivirals should only be used in very high-risk patients to avoid excessive costs and harms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Zhao, Na, Gang Wang, Atze T. Das, and Ben Berkhout. "Combinatorial CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA Interference Attack on HIV-1 DNA and RNA Can Lead to Cross-Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61, no. 12 (September 11, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01486-17.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Many potent antiviral drugs have been developed against HIV-1, and their combined action is usually successful in achieving durable virus suppression in infected individuals. This success is based on two effects: additive or even synergistic virus inhibition and an increase in the genetic threshold for development of drug resistance. More recently, several genetic approaches have been developed to attack the HIV-1 genome in a gene therapy setting. We set out to test the combinatorial possibilities for a therapy based on the CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms that attack the viral DNA and RNA, respectively. When two different sites in the HIV-1 genome were targeted, either with dual CRISPR-Cas9 antivirals or with a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 and RNAi antivirals, we observed additive inhibition, much like what was reported for antiviral drugs. However, when the same or overlapping viral sequence was attacked by the antivirals, rapid escape from a CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral, assisted by the error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair machinery, accelerated the development of cross-resistance to the other CRISPR-Cas9 or RNAi antiviral. Thus, genetic antiviral approaches can be combined, but overlap should be avoided.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Săndulescu, Oana, Cătălin Gabriel Apostolescu, Liliana Lucia Preoțescu, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, and Mihai Săndulescu. "Therapeutic developments for SARS-CoV-2 infection—Molecular mechanisms of action of antivirals and strategies for mitigating resistance in emerging variants in clinical practice." Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (March 2, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1132501.

Full text

Abstract:

This article systematically presents the current clinically significant therapeutic developments for the treatment of COVID-19 by providing an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of action for SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and critically analyzing the potential targets that may allow the selection of resistant viral variants. Two main categories of agents can display antiviral activity: direct-acting antivirals, which act by inhibiting viral enzymes, and host-directed antivirals, which target host cell factors that are involved in steps of the viral life cycle. We discuss both these types of antivirals, highlighting the agents that have already been approved for treatment of COVID-19, and providing an overview of the main molecules that are currently in drug development. Direct-acting antivirals target viral enzymes that are essential in the viral life cycle. Three direct-acting antivirals are currently in use: two are nucleoside analogs that inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., remdesivir and molnupiravir, and the third one, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The potential for induction of viral resistance is discussed for each of these antivirals, along with their clinical activity on each of the SARS-CoV-2 variants and sublineages that have been dominant over the course of the pandemic, i.e., Alpha, Delta, as well as Omicron and its sublineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1 and XBB. Host-directed antivirals are currently in preclinical or clinical development; these agents target host cell enzymes that are involved in facilitating viral entry, replication, or virion release. By blocking these enzymes, viral replication can theoretically be effectively stopped. As no SARS-CoV-2 host-directed antiviral has been approved so far, further research is still needed and we present the host-directed antivirals that are currently in the pipeline. Another specific type of agents that have been used in the treatment of COVID-19 are neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Their main binding site is the spike protein, and therefore their neutralization activity is influenced by mutations occurring in this region. We discuss the main changes in neutralization activity of NAbs for the most important dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants. Close monitoring of emerging variants and sublineages is still warranted, to better understand the impact of viral mutations on the clinical efficiency of antivirals and neutralizing antibodies developed for the treatment of COVID-19.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Holmes, Edward C., Aeron C. Hurt, Zuzana Dobbie, Barry Clinch, John S. Oxford, and Pedro A. Piedra. "Understanding the Impact of Resistance to Influenza Antivirals." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 34, no. 2 (February 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00224-20.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARY Influenza poses a significant burden on society and health care systems. Although antivirals are an integral tool in effective influenza management, the potential for the emergence of antiviral-resistant viruses can lead to uncertainty and hesitation among front-line prescribers and policy makers. Here, we provide an overview of influenza antiviral resistance in context, exploring the key concepts underlying its development and clinical impact. Due to the acute nature of influenza in immunocompetent patients, resistant viruses that develop during antiviral treatment of a single patient (“treatment-emergent resistance”) are usually cleared in a relatively short time, with no impact on future antiviral efficacy. In addition, although available data are limited by small numbers of patients, they show that antiviral treatment still provides clinical benefit to the patient within whom resistance emerges. In contrast, the sustained community transmission of resistant variants in the absence of treatment (“acquired resistance”) is of greater concern and can potentially render front-line antivirals ineffective. Importantly, however, resistant viruses are usually associated with reduced fitness such that their widespread transmission is relatively rare. Influenza antivirals are an essential part of effective influenza management due to their ability to reduce the risk of complications and death in infected patients. Although antiviral resistance should be taken seriously and requires continuous careful monitoring, it is not comparable to antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which can become permanent and widespread, with far-reaching medical consequences. The benefits of antiviral treatment far outweigh concerns of potential resistance, which in the vast majority of cases does not have a significant clinical impact.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1838, no. 1 (January 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-89393-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1851, no. 1 (April 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-94143-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1842, no. 1 (February 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-90795-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1841, no. 1 (February 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-90542-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1841, no. 1 (February 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-90543-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1848, no. 1 (March 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-93067-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1843, no. 1 (February 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-91157-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1843, no. 1 (February 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-91156-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1844, no. 1 (February 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-91503-z.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1917, no. 1 (July 2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-19962-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1907, no. 1 (May 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-15333-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1928, no. 1 (October 15, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-25331-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1923, no. 1 (September 10, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-22930-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

"Antivirals." Reactions Weekly 1866, no. 1 (July 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-99760-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Antivirals'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles