Academic literature on the topic 'Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)"
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Komarov, T. N., M. V. Belova, D. D. Stolyarova, I. E. Shohin, D. S. Bogdanova, O. A. Miskiv, Yu V. Medvedev, and I. M. Korenskaya. "Chemical and Toxicological Analysis of Antiretroviral Drugs." Drug development & registration 8, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-4-53-60.
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Introduction. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the main socially significant infection all over the world. HIV-positive patients take medical care, including antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) pharmacotherapy. Like all drugs, ARVs have lots of side effects that should be taken when prescribing drugs as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy. There are many cases when side effects of ARVs caused patients to enter the toxicology department. Therefore, the development of new methods for the analysis of ARV in biological fluids for the timely diagnosis of treatment of poisoning of this group of drugs is relevant today.Aim. The aim of this study is development of screening analysis of atazanavir, abacavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir, zidovudine, darunavir and efavirenz in the urine to identify these drugs as possible toxicants for poisoning by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem massselective detection (HPLC-MS/MS).Materials and methods. Identification of ARV was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. Methanol precipitation method was used as a sample preparation.Results and discussion. The optimal conditions for sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and mass-spectrometric detection were selected to determine the studied ARVs. This method was tested on urine samples from patients in the Department of Acute Poisoning and Somatopsychiatric Disorders (OOSPD) with acute ARV poisoning.Conclusion. This screening method for analyse atazanavir, abacavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir, zidovudine, darunavir and efavirenz in human urine has been developed by HPLC-MS/MS. The developed method can be used to identify these drugs as possible toxicants in case of poisoning. The prospect for the development of the topic is the inclusion of new molecules in the method and quantitative determination of the studied ARVs.
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Matveev, A. V., A. E. Krasheninnikov, E. A. Egorova, and E. I. Konyaeva. "Monitoring the safety of antiretroviral drugs in patients with HIV infection." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 13, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-1-115-123.
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The antiretroviral therapy is a lifelong use of a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs). One of the factors contributing to a significant decrease in patients’ adherence to treatment is the high toxicity of ARVs.The aim of the study is to study the safety of antiretroviral drugs retrospectively and based on spontaneous reports about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) inputted in the ARCADe database.Materials and method. The objects of our research were the 649 spontaneous messages about ARVDs recorded in the regional electronic database (register) of spontaneous messages for period 01 January 2009 — 31 December 2018.Results. Most often, ADR were registered with the use of combined ARVD and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Zidovudine and Efavirenz were the leaders in terms of the incidence of ARV ADR. Among the combined anti-HIV drugs, the most frequently ADR were associated with the use of a Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination.Conclusion. Long-term use of ARVs requires regular monitoring of adverse reactions, which will improve the quality of life of patients with HIV infection and significantly increase their compliance with antiretroviral pharmacotherapy.
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Robinson, Jennifer A., Roxanne Jamshidi, and Anne E. Burke. "Contraception for the HIV-Positive Woman: A Review of Interactions between Hormonal Contraception and Antiretroviral Therapy." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/890160.
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Background. Preventing unintended pregnancy in HIV-positive women can significantly reduce maternal-to-child HIV transmission as well as improve the woman’s overall health. Hormonal contraceptives are safe and effective means to avoid unintended pregnancy, but there is concern that coadministration of antiretroviral drugs may alter contraceptive efficacy.Materials and Methods. We performed a literature search of PubMed and Ovid databases of articles published between January 1980 and February 2012 to identify English-language reports of drug-drug interactions between hormonal contraceptives (HCs) and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). We also reviewed the FDA prescribing information of contraceptive hormone preparations and antiretrovirals for additional data and recommendations.Results. Twenty peer-reviewed publications and 42 pharmaceutical package labels were reviewed. Several studies of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) identified decreased serum estrogen and progestin levels when coadministered with certain ARVs. The contraceptive efficacy of injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) were largely unaffected by ARVs, while data on the contraceptive patch, ring, and implant were lacking.Conclusions. HIV-positive women should be offered a full range of hormonal contraceptive options, with conscientious counseling about possible reduced efficacy of COCs and the contraceptive implant when taken with ARVs. DMPA and the LNG-IUS maintain their contraceptive efficacy when taken with ARVs.
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Satyanarayana, Kanikaram, and Sadhana Srivastava. "Patent Pooling for Promoting Access to Antiretroviral Drugs (ARVs) – A Strategic Option for India." Open AIDS Journal 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601004020041.
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The current HIV/AIDS scenario in India is quite grim with an estimated 2.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in 2008, just behind South Africa and Nigeria. The anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) remain the main stay of global HIV/AIDS treatment. Over 30 ARVs (single and FDCs) available under six categories viz., NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), Protease inhibitors, the new Fusion inhibitors, Entry inhibitors-CCR5 co-receptor antagonists and HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors. The major originator companies for these ARVs are: Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim (BI), Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Merck, Pfizer, Roche, and Tibotec. Beginning with zidovidine in 1987, all the drugs are available in the developed countries. In India, about 30 ARVs are available as generics manufactured by Aurobindo, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Cipla Limited, Goa; Emcure Pharmaceuticals, Pune, Maharashtra; Hetero Drugs, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Macleods Pharmaceuticals, Daman; Matrix Laboratories, Nashik, Maharashtra; Ranbaxy, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh; and Strides Arcolab, Bangalore, Karnataka. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) set up in 1992 by the Govt. of India provides free ARVs to HIV positive patients in India since 2004. The drugs available in India include both single drugs and FDCs covering both first line and second line ARVs. Even while there are claims of stabilization of the disease load, there is still huge gap of those who require ARVs as only about 150,000 PLHA receive the ARVs from the Govt. and other sources. Access to ARVs therefore is still a cause of serious concern ever since India became fully Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)-complaint in 2005. Therefore, the Indian pharmaceutical companies cannot make generics for those for drugs introduced post-2005 due to product patent regime. Other concerns include heat stable, other better formulations and second line ARVs for adults and more drugs and formulations for paediatric groups, that are still to be widely available in India and other developing countries. To examine whether strong intellectual property (IP) protection systems are to be considered important barriers for the limited or lack of access to ARVs, we studied the patent profile of the ARVs of the originator companies within and outside India. We could record 93 patents in the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO). The originator companies have been also aggressively filing and enforcing patents in India. There have been a few efforts by companies like Gilead and GSK to grant licenses to generic manufacturers in developing countries, ostensibly to promote access to ARVs through lower (two-tier) pricing. These steps are considered as too little and too late. There is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies to promote access to ARVs both linked to and independent of IPRs. Patent pooling as a viable strategy mooted by the UNITAID should be seriously explored to promote access to ARVs. India is ideally suited for trying out the patent pool strategy as most of the global requirement of affordable ARV drugs for HIV/AIDS treatment is sourced from Indian generic companies.
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Bwalya, Edgar. "The Political Economy of Antiretroviral Drugs in Zambia." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 5, no. 4 (2006): 385–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915006779206042.
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AbstractAccording to the 2005 United Nations Programe on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Report, Zambia has one of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS cases in Southern Africa as well as in the world. However, it is also one of the few countries that have recorded a drop in the infection rates from an estimated 26% of the population in 2000 to just fewer than 16% in 2005. There appears to be a general consensus that the availability and free provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and treatment have raised hope that the recipients will live a longer, improved, and productive life. This paper will attempt to assess the major challenges to scaling-up antiretroviral therapy in Zambia. It argues that, while the government has made some progress in scaling-up access to ARVs, there is still much to be done.
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Scheffer, Mario Cesar. "Interaction between pharmaceutical companies and physicians who prescribe antiretroviral drugs for treating AIDS." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 132, no. 1 (2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1321609.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Given that Brazil has a universal public policy for supplying medications to treat HIV and AIDS, the aim here was to describe the forms of relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical companies that produce antiretrovirals (ARVs). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in the state of São Paulo. METHODS : Secondary database linkage was used, with structured interviews conducted by telephone among a sample group of 300 physicians representing 2,361 professionals who care for patients with HIV and AIDS. RESULTS : Around two thirds (64%) of the physicians prescribing ARVs for HIV and AIDS treatment in the state of São Paulo who were interviewed declared that they had some form of relationship with pharmaceutical companies, of which the most frequent were receipt of publications (54%), visits by sales promoters (51%) and receipt of small-value objects (47%). CONCLUSIONS: Two forms of relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians who deal with HIV and AIDS can be highlighted: facilitation of professionals' access to continuing education; and antiretroviral drug brand name promotion.
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Ndoboli, Dickson, Fredrick Nganga, Ben Lukuyu, Barbara Wieland, Delia Grace, Amrei von Braun, and Kristina Roesel. "The misuse of antiretrovirals to boost pig and poultry productivity in Uganda and potential implications for public health." January-July 7, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2021.88-95.
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Background and Aim: Since 2015, local newspapers reported that pig and poultry farmers in Uganda use antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to promote growth in animals and control diseases. This study was conducted to assess farmers' knowledge, attitude and perceptions about the use of antiretroviral drugs as boosters in pigs and poultry and the possibility of detecting the antiretroviral drugs in meat using available laboratory methods. Materials and Methods: In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted in ten districts in Uganda. In 20 focus group discussions with 100 pig and poultry farmers and 70 animal health service providers, we assessed the use of ARV in livestock enterprises. Subsequently, samples of chicken, pigs, and animal feeds were collected from volunteer participants, and screened for residues of saquinavir, lopinavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometer. Results: Participants in all ten districts were predominantly smallholder farmers supplying the local markets. All groups reported the use of ARVs in pigs and broiler birds but not in layer hens. In the absence of good quality feeds, the motivation for feeding ARVs was rapid animal weight gain, as well as the control of animal diseases, for which farmers have no alternative solutions. ARVs were obtained within the community for free, against cash, or in-kind payment. Residues of lopinavir were detected in four, and saquinavir in seven districts, and all three sample matrices. Conclusion: Our study findings confirm anecdotal news reports on ARV use in livestock. While our findings are not generalizable to the whole country, they call for a representative follow-up. As the drugs were detected in tissues destined for human consumption, the potential risk to human health warrants further investigation.
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Hodel, E. M., C. Marzolini, C. Waitt, and N. Rakhmanina. "Pharmacokinetics, Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant and Lactating Women Living with HIV." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 556–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190320162507.
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Background:Remarkable progress has been achieved in the identification of HIV infection in pregnant women and in the prevention of vertical HIV transmission through maternal antiretroviral treatment (ART) and neonatal antiretroviral drug (ARV) prophylaxis in the last two decades. Millions of women globally are receiving combination ART throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, periods associated with significant biological and physiological changes affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ARVs. The objective of this review was to summarize currently available knowledge on the PK of ARVs during pregnancy and transport of maternal ARVs through the placenta and into the breast milk. We also summarized main safety considerations for in utero and breast milk ARVs exposures in infants.Methods:We conducted a review of the pharmacological profiles of ARVs in pregnancy and during breastfeeding obtained from published clinical studies. Selected maternal PK studies used a relatively rich sampling approach at each ante- and postnatal sampling time point. For placental and breast milk transport of ARVs, we selected the studies that provided ratios of maternal to the cord (M:C) plasma and breast milk to maternal plasma (M:P) concentrations, respectively.Results:We provide an overview of the physiological changes during pregnancy and their effect on the PK parameters of ARVs by drug class in pregnancy, which were gathered from 45 published studies. The PK changes during pregnancy affect the dosing of several protease inhibitors during pregnancy and limit the use of several ARVs, including three single tablet regimens with integrase inhibitors or protease inhibitors co-formulated with cobicistat due to suboptimal exposures. We further analysed the currently available data on the mechanism of the transport of ARVs from maternal plasma across the placenta and into the breast milk and summarized the effect of pregnancy on placental and of breastfeeding on mammal gland drug transporters, as well as physicochemical properties, C:M and M:P ratios of individual ARVs by drug class. Finally, we discussed the major safety issues of fetal and infant exposure to maternal ARVs.Conclusions:Available pharmacological data provide evidence that physiological changes during pregnancy affect maternal, and consequently, fetal ARV exposure. Limited available data suggest that the expression of drug transporters may vary throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding thereby possibly impacting the amount of ARV crossing the placenta and secreted into the breast milk. The drug transporter’s role in the fetal/child exposure to maternal ARVs needs to be better understood. Our analysis underscores the need for more pharmacological studies with innovative study design, sparse PK sampling, improved study data reporting and PK modelling in pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV to optimize their treatment choices and maternal and child health outcomes.
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Moss, John A., Amanda M. Malone, Thomas J. Smith, Sean Kennedy, Cali Nguyen, Kathleen L. Vincent, Massoud Motamedi, and Marc M. Baum. "Pharmacokinetics of a Multipurpose Pod-Intravaginal Ring Simultaneously Delivering Five Drugs in an Ovine Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 8 (June 10, 2013): 3994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00547-13.
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ABSTRACTMultipurpose technologies that simultaneously protect from sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy are urgently needed. Pod-intravaginal rings (IVRs) formulated with the antiretroviral agents (ARVs) tenofovir, nevirapine, and saquinavir and the contraceptives etonogestrel and estradiol were evaluated in sheep. Steady-state concentrations were maintained for 28 days with controlled, sustained delivery. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that pod IVRs can deliver three ARVs from different mechanistic classes and a progestin-estrogen combination over the wide range needed for putative preventative efficacy.
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Anker, J. N. Y. van den, S. Sanduja, Kathleen Ferrer, N. Rakhmanina, and Marc Pfister. "NOVEL APP FOR PRACTICAL DOSING OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH HIV/AIDS." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 1 (December 14, 2015): e1.20-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310148.27.
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BackgroundCombination antiretroviral therapy (ART) of HIV infection in pediatric patients requires lifetime daily administration of a minimum of three antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). A wide range of dosing regimens is used in these patients. Dosing errors are common and may result in ARVs overdosing with associated toxicities orARVs underdosing resulting in the development of viral resistance. Attempts have been made to produce compact ARVs dosing charts, but have not been successful due to the complexity of regimens, ARV drug-drug interactions and compatibility restrictions. Advances in mobile technology have brought new opportunities for creating dosing support tools, including smartphone applications (Apps). In middle and low income countries, most affected by HIV epidemic,smartphones and tablets are widespread among medicalprofessionals. A mobile Appthat produces correct pediatric ARVs dosing, warnings for compatibility and most important drug interactions,has the potential to significantly improve the quality of ART in HIV-infected children.MethodsUsing reference ARVs guidelines from the 2014 Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection by the HHS Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children and 2013 World Health Organization pediatric HIV treatment guidelines we have developed a novel drug prescription App for pediatric ART.ResultsA noveldrug prescription App, based on up to date references, permits health care providers to easily access up-to-date dosing information and quickly calculate individualdoses of all ARVsbased on a patient's characteristics (e.g. weight, height, age, serum creatinine value). Most importantly, the App can be easily updated and synchronized remotely, allowing for timelydelivery of most important pediatric ARVs dosing updates.ConclusionThe smartphone App for pediatric ARVs can serve as an important healthcare worker support tool in the treatment of HIV-infected infants and children. Pharmacometric modelingcan be built in such App to leverage resistance and clinical patient data, individualize dosing strategies particularly for co-morbidities and optimize ART outcome. Most importantly, in the era of the global scale up of pediatric ART and task shifting of ART management to nursing staff, this App can have significant capacitating effect on the healthcare workforce.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)"
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Scheepers, Jenine. "A retrospective analysis of the usage patterns of antiretroviral drugs : a pharmacoeconomic approach / Jenine Scheepers." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2298.
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Kalokoni, Emmanuel. "Prescribing patterns of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs at Sekgoma Memorial Hospital ARV therapy clinic in Botswana / E. Kalokoni." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4855.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by the progressive
destruction of a person’s immune system and is the latest and most serious stage of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Botswana currently has the highest estimated
prevalence of HIV infection in the world. Botswana has a relatively young population
structure, with about 60% of the approximately 1,8 million people aged less than 45 years.
HIV prevalence for pregnant women aged 15–45 years in Botswana did, however, decrease
marginally from 36,2% in 2001 to 35,4% in 2002. It is estimated that about 258 000
Botswana are now living with HIV and AIDS, and high morbidity and mortality rates due to
HIV/AIDS have seen Botswana slip down the United Nations Development Plan (UNDP)
Human Development Index rankings from 71 in 1996, to 122 in 1999/2000. In 2002
Botswana initiated public antiretroviral therapy (ART) at four sites initially to provide
treatment to HIV/AIDS patients before expanding the programme to the rest of the country.
The specific objective of the study was to investigate the prescribing patterns of ARV drugs
at Sekgoma Memorial Hospital ARV therapy clinic (SMH–IDCC) in the central district of
Botswana for a two–year period from 2005 to 2006.
Data from 1717 patients were obtained from the SMH–IDCC electronic database regarding
ARV drugs prescribed during the study period, CD4–Tcell count (cells/?L) at the
commencement of therapy and after six months from the commencement of therapy and
side effects necessitating change of therapy for the study period 2005 until 2006.
The study showed that there were eight antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens prescribed:
zidovudine plus lamivudine plus efavirenz (AZT/3TC/EFV), zidovudine plus lamivudine plus
nevirapine (AZT/3TC/NVP), Combivir® plus efavirenz (CBV/EFV), Combivir® plus nelfinavir
(CBV/NFV), Combivir® plus nevirapine (CBV/NVP), stavudine plus lamivudine plus efavirenz
(D4T/3TC/EFV), stavudine plus lamivudine plus nelfinavir (D4T/3TC/NFV), and stavudine
plus lamivudine plus nevirapine (D4T/3TC/NVP).
The most prescribed ART regimen for adult patients was Combivir® plus efavirenz
(CBV/EFV) (51,37%). This was broken down as 17,20% of females and 34,17% of males. The second most prescribed ART regimen was Combivir® plus nevirapine (CBV/NVP)(36%
of the total study population (N=1717). This represented 34,17% of females and 1,98% of
males.
The most prescribed ART regimen in children was zidovudine plus lamivudine plus efavirenz
(AZT/3TC/EFV) (3,73% of the total population), broken down as 1,05% of females and
2,68% of males. The second most prescribed regimen in this group was zidovudine plus
lamivudine plus nevirapine (ZDV/3TC/NVP) (3,50% of total population).
The findings from this study indicated that all eight the ART regimens prescribed at the study
site were in accordance with the Botswana national ART guidelines. There were thirteen
different types of side effects necessitating change of therapy, including pregnancy,
treatment failure and poor adherence. The average CD4–Tcell count change
(155.63 cells/?L, ± 204.08 cells/?L) for the study population was more than 100% after six
months from commencement of therapy, indicating success of therapy in terms of CD4–Tcell
count.Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Mocke, Martlie. "Medicine prescribing patterns in HIV/AIDS and non HIV/AIDS children : a comparative study in the private health care sector of South Africa / Mocke, M." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7033.
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Background: According to the United Nations AIDS Reference Group (2010) and World Health Organization (2010:2), approximately 33 million people in the world had HIV/AIDS in 2009 of which 2.6 million were children. More than 30 million of these individuals resided in low– and middle–income countries. South–Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the world with an estimated 5.2 million patients in 2009 (Statistics South Africa, 2010:2). Although the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among children is reported to be high, little is known about other medication administrated concomitantly with their antiretroviral drugs.
Objective: The general objective of this study was to investigate possible changes in the medicine prescribing patterns of HIV/AIDS and non–HIV/AIDS children.
Methods: A quantitative, retrospective drug utilisation review was performed utilising medicine claims data of a South African pharmacy benefit management company. Data for a four–year period (Jan 1, 2005 to Dec 31, 2008) were analysed. The study population consisted of all children <=12 years divided into those receiving ARVs (designated HIV positive) and those without (designated HIV negative).
Descriptive statistics such as average mean, standard deviation, t–test, d–values, and two way frequency tables were used to describe the results. Data were analysed using the Statistical Analysis System ® SAS 9.1 ® programme.
Results: The study population (children <= 12 years) represented 16.2% (n = 197 323) of the total population in 2005, 15.4% (n = 193 346) in 2006, 15.6% (n = 142 049) in 2007 and 13.3% (n = 98 939) in 2008. Children with HIV/AIDS represented 0.2% (n = 197 323) of the study population in 2005 and increased to 0.4% (n = 98 939) in 2008, whereas the percentage of children without HIV/AIDS decreased from 99.8% (n = 197 323) in 2005 to 99.6% (n = 98 939) in 2008. The total number of HIV/AIDS children that also received other medication concomitantly with their ARVs increased from 96.5% (n = 402) in 2005 to 97.2% (n = 427) in 2008. Males with HIV/AIDS who used other medication represented 52.6% (n = 388) in 2005 and increased to 53.3% in 2008 while female HIV/AIDS patients represented 47.4% in 2005 and decreased to 46.7% in 2008.
Prescriptions containing three ARV items represented 69.5% (n = 2 969) of the total number of prescriptions received by HIV/AIDS patients in 2005 and decreased to 67.7% in 2008. The combination of lamivudine, nevirapine and stavudine were the three products that appeared most frequently on prescriptions for HIV/AIDS children in the age group 0 <= 1 years and 1 <= 5 years from 2005 to 2008. In the age group 5 <= 12 years the combination most frequently prescribed was lamivudine, nevirapine and zidovudine.
HIV positive children received 6.2 ± 4.62 prescriptions for other medication (non–ARVs) per year during 2005 compared to HIV negative children with 3.9 ± 3.71 (p < 0.0001, d = 0.5). In 2008 HIV positive children received 6.4 ± 5.02 prescriptions per year compared to HIV negative patients who received 4.36 ± 4.05 prescriptions (p < 0.0001, d = 0.5) in 2008.
HIV negative children received more central nervous system items, endocrine items and autacoids than HIV positive children, whereas HIV positive children received more respiratory system agents, dermatological, ear, nose throat and antimicrobials items.
Conclusion: The study showed that HIV positive children received significantly more prescriptions for other medication per year compared to their HIV negative counterparts. The top pharmacological groups mostly prescribed to both groups were respiratory agents, antimicrobials, analgesics, dermatological and ear, nose and throat items.Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Gaula, M. D. "Drug adverse effects in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy-a pharmacovigilence approach." Thesis, University of Limpopo ( Medunsa Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/396.
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Thesis (M Med Pharmacy)--University of Limpopo, 2011Most pharmaceutical agents can result in side effects and toxicities that in some instances may be life threatening, especially if there is delay in their recognition. For various reasons it is therefore imperative to study adverse events associated with antiretroviral agents (ARVs). The aim of this study was to study the adverse events in adult HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at a public health treatment site, and to quantify the frequency of adverse events in different population subgroups. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a sample of 99 patients (i.e. 70% females and 30% males) from a public health clinic providing antiretroviral drugs to more than 1500 patients. The reported adverse events were neurological disorders (33%), rash (17%), gastrointestinal toxicity (16%), lactic acidosis (14%), hepatitis (7%), lipodystrophy (7%), pancreatitis (5%), IRIS (3%), anaemia (1%), and gynaecomastia (1%). Based on the analysis of the presented data in this report, age, weight, gender, and pCD4 count are not the predictors for the development of lactic acidosis, pancreatitis, and peripheral neuropathy. The duration of treatment was found to be the predictor for the development of lactic acidosis, pancreatitis, and peripheral neuropathy in this study sample. More frequent and closer monitoring of the reported adverse events will be necessary for patients treated longer on ART. Information bias is possible as case data for all reported adverse effects were collected retrospectively from hand-written patient records which were not consistent and standardised.
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Scholtz, Daniël Jacobus. "Prescribing patterns of antiretroviral drugs in the private health care sector in South Africa : a drug utilisation review / Daniël Jacobus Scholtz." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1723.
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Botha, Mario Matthew. "Pre-clinical evaluation of the possible enhancement of the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs by pheroid technology / M.M. Botha." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1064.
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HIV/AIDS is the most threatening and challenging infectious diseases of our time, with the highest increase of newly infected cases reported. This infectious disease was discovered in the early eighties under homosexual men and was later to be discovered in heterosexuals. HIV is a systemic immunosuppressive disorder which causes a depletion of CD4+ T cells and develops into the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS.
Africa is the continent most affected by HIV/AIDS with the southern parts of Africa having the highest prevalence rates compared to the rest of Africa. Statistics indicate that AIDS is responsible for 3% of deaths in children worldwide - one in seven people dying of an HIV-related illness is a child under the age of 15 years. It was stated by the WHO that countries should develop improved antiretrovirals regimes for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
Difficulties in administering antiretrovirals (ARVs) to patients (especially children) are the strict dosage regimes and the severe adverse reactions. These factors complicate patient adherence. The list of problems in treating patients is endless and includes the distribution, stability as well as the low efficacy of these drugs.
Most of the above mentioned problems and obstacles related to ARVs and ARV treatment could be minimized or eliminated by the use of a stable and effective drug delivery system. Enhancing ARV treatment may be accomplished by the use of the Pheroid™ drug delivery system. Pheroids™ consists mainly of fatty acids and sterile nitrous oxide gassed water. Pharmacological active substances are entrapped into submicron and micron sized structures called Pheroids™. Research showed promising results and advantages in delivering drugs through oral and transdermal routes using Pheroid™ technology.
The focus of this study was to test the possible enhancement of the efficacy of antiretrovirals using Pheroid™ technology. The assays used to study this possible enhancement were a modified neutral red and a modified 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. These assays confirmed and illustrated the toxic and protective properties of the tested ARVs (stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine). An MT-2 cell line was used and infected with an HIV-1 strain, SW7-TCL.
Applying Pheroid™ technology in these assays resulted in massive cell death, due to increased ARV toxic levels within the cells. Viability tests proved that Pheroids™ had no effect on the viability of cells at the concentration typically used. This confirmed the enhancing properties of Pheroids™ in the delivery of drugs into the cells. The MTT assay was further adapted from a seven day incubation period to a three day incubation period. By using a low concentration series and a three day incubation period the loss of cells through toxicity was partially overcome.
One of the problems that arose form this study was the non-reproducibility of the results. Absorbance levels fluctuated at specific concentrations of the same ARV, which cause difficulties in comparing results. This result was repeatedly confirmed in this syncytium forming infection model.
In conclusion, Pheroid™ technology enhanced the delivery of ARVs into the cells although it resulted in cell death. Both the neutral red and MTT assays were found to be inaccurate but further development, research and assay optimization could result in improved in vitro studies.
The article format was used for this thesis, as described in the general academic rules in section A.13.7.3 of the North West University. Chapter 1 deals with HIV/AIDS related problems, statistics and treatment obstacles. Chapter 2 is a summary of the cell viability assays used in this study. Pheroid™ technology and its application to ARV treatment are dealt with in chapter 3. The proposed article for submission in the journal Cell Death and Differentiation has been included in chapter 4. Some of the results from the study are reported in the article and annexures, whilst other results are shown and discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 gives a conclusion and final summary of this study. All other experimental methods and results are enclosed in the annexures, as is the "Guide for authors" for the article.Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Adebanjo, Adefolarin Babafemi. "Comparison of clinical and immulogical responses to Zidovudine (AZT) and Tenofovir (TDF) – containing ARV regimens in patients taking HAART at Roma health service area of Lesotho." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20440.
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Thesis (MMed) -- Stellenbosch University, 2010.Bibliography
Objective: The objective of this retrospective cohort study is to assess whether demographic and anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, co-morbidity, co-infection, treatment regimen, IRIS and adherence to treatment predict the expected response to HAART and differences if any, in the pattern of response as measured by CD4 count, weight gain and haemoglobin levels in two cohorts of patients in Roma, The Kingdom of Lesotho. Method: Data were collected randomly from a computerised database of the Antiretroviral Centre of the hospital and two cohorts of 151 subjects in each of the two arms of the study were identified from hospital records from January 2008. Each of these subjects was followed up over a period of 12 months with data obtained for at least 2 visits within the 12 month span. Data were obtained at baseline, 3 months and also at 6 and 12 months marks. Data on characteristics were compared between the two arms. Variables that may be potential confounders were identified and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to establish differences independent of confounding factors for the combined endpoints as well as for each endpoint separately. Results: In all 302 patients had their records analysed and comparison of clinical and immunological response patterns in patients taking AZT and TDF-containing ART regimens and the possible prediction of which the regimen would be better and within which population. Despite the perceived mismatch between two NRTIs it can be concluded from the results of this study that, overall, the inclusion of AZT in treatment regimen showed a modest protective effect over the TDF counterpart as measured by the endpoints of the discriminative powers of the Receiver Operating Curves of the explanatory variables being 66% , 77% and 66% for CD4, Haemoglobin and Weight respectively, and 63%, 70% and 65% for the same variables in the AZT and TDF arms of the study respectively. Conclusion: In a population of HIV patients on treatment in resource-limited settings AZT-containing regimens appear to show a slight improvement over the TDF-containing ones.
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Ntshakala, Theresa Thembi. "Voluntary counselling and testing nurses' perceptions of educating HIV-positive people about ARVs in Swaziland." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2128.
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A qualitative study following a phenomenological approach was undertaken to explore voluntary counselling and testing nurses' perception of educating HIV+ people about ARVs. Non-probability convenience sampling was used and in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data from 12 participants.
The most important results were:
The need for extensive education on ARVs since it is a new technology used to curb the infection therefore clients need the information in order to use them effectively.
Stumbling blocks encountered when educating HIV+ people about the drugs. The problems are mainly due to the nurses lack of current knowledge about the drugs; patients' low economic status; severe side effects; difficulties in behaviour change; poor quality of life on ARVs and medical terminology.
Inability of clients to comply to the regimen because of severe side effects, complex regimen, lack of support from family and friends, lack of motivation, depression, cultural beliefs, lack of knowledge on how to use them and financial constraints.
Challenges for continuous education because of current nursing shortage, negative attitudes of some nurses, demotivation and inadequate funding for such activity.
Recommendations include provision of continuing education and the incorporation of ARV therapy knowledge in the basic nursing curriculum in nursing education.Health Studies
MA (HEALTH STUDIES)
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Maja, Lineo Joyce. "Assessment of adverse drug reactions caused by HAART at antiretroviral clinics in the Maseru district, Lesotho / Lineo Joyce Maja." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11829.
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Antiretroviral drugs are successful in controlling HIV/AIDS and reducing disease progression. Antiretroviral regimens are stopped in up to 25% of all patients during their initial treatment therapy as a result of adverse drug effects, failing treatment and nonadherence within the initial eight months of treatment (Sharma et al., 2007: 235). A pharmacovigilance surveillance system makes it possible for physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare providers to report suspected ADRs. The purpose of this system is to operate as a guide in identification of new ADRs and predisposing risk factors to known ADRs.
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and documentation of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in the private and public antiretroviral clinics in Maseru district, with special reference to zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir (TDF) - based regimens. The empirical investigation was divided into two phases. The first phase was a cross-sectional quantitative retrospective drug utilisation review study which focused on the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in patients taking zidovudine (AZT) and tenofovir (TDF). The second phase, a survey in a form of questionnaires for the health professionals.
Drug utilisation review: The sample size of patients was 300. Of the 44 patients who experience ADRs, 72.73% (n = 32) were female and 27.27% (n = 12) were male. A greater number of patients who experienced ADRs were females with 43.18% (n = 19) presenting with skin rash, 27.27% (n = 12) with nausea/vomiting, and 2.27% (n = 1) with diarrhoea. In male patients, 2.27% (n = 1) had peripheral neuropathy, 18.18% (n = 8) skin rash, 2.27% (n = 1) Fanconi syndrome, 2.27% (n = 1) nausea/vomiting, and 2.27% (n = 1) diarrhoea. Patients whose ART regimen changed due to ADRs were five. 60% (n = 3) of the patients were females and 40% (n = 2) were males. There was an estimated increase of 0.0025 cell/mm³, 0.0026 cell/mm³, 0.0024 cell/mm³, 0.0025 cell/mm³, and of 0.0019 cell/mm³ in CD4 cell count per day according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. An estimated increase of 0.00021 g/dL, 0.00022 g/dL, 0.00018 g/dL, 0.00022 g/dL, and of 0.00020 g/dL in Hb profile per day occurred according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. There was an estimated increase of 0.000062%, 0.000046%, 0.000068%, 0.000062%, and of 0.00017% in neutrophil count according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs per day, respectively. There was an estimated increase of 0.000044 IU/L, 0.000043 IU/L, 0.000046 IU/L, and of 0.000028 IU/L in ALT according to sex, age group, weight group, and initial ART regimen per day, respectively. An estimated decrease of 0.000013 IU/L in ALT according to ADRs per day also occurred. There was an estimated decrease of 0.00038 μmol/L, 0.00039 μmol/L, 0.00040 μmol/L, 0.00040 μmol/L, and of 0.00028 μmol/L in serum creatinine per day according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively. There was an estimated decline of 0.00023 mmol/L, 0.00022 mmol/L, 0.00023 mmol/L, 0.00024 mmol/L, and of 0.00015 mmol/L per day in urea according to sex, age group, weight group, initial ART regimen, and ADRs, respectively.
Health professional’s questionnaire: 49 health professionals responded to the questionnaire. 100% (n= 49) of the participants showed that they did not use the yellow card scheme to report ADRs. 34.65% (n = 17) use the individual case safety reports. 57.14% (n = 28) used the structured databases to report ADRs. 85.71% (n = 42) documented in the patient bukana, and 6.12% (n = 3) used the HIV/AIDS ART card to document ADRs occurrence. 91.84% (n = 45) of the health professionals never filled the ADR reporting form in their working environment.
In conclusion, adverse drug reactions occurring in a hospital or healthcare facility should be recorded and reported by the medical practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and the pharmacy technicians. Therefore, it is important to assess the continuous evaluation of the benefits and harm of medicines which will help in achieving the ultimate goal of making safer and more effective treatment available for patients. As well as to help the health professionals to participate in the very important process of continuous surveillance of safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products used in clinical practice.MPham (Pharmacy Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Negash, Tefera Girma. "Personal factors influencing patients' anti-retroviral treatment adherence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5090.
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This study attempted to identify personal (patient-related) factors influencing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical design was used. Structured interviews were conducted with 355 ART patients.
The findings revealed that stigma, discrimination, depression and alcohol use negatively affected patients’ ART adherence levels. However, patients’ knowledge levels had no influence on their ART adherence levels, contrary to other researchers’ reports.
Addressing stigma and discrimination at community levels might enhance patients’ abilities to take their medications in the presence of others. Healthcare professionals should be enabled to diagnose and treat depression among ART patients during the early stages. Non-adherent ART patients should be counseled about possible alcohol abuse.Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health with specialisation in Medical Informatics)
Books on the topic "Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)"
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Chandani, Yasmin. Quantification of HIV tests and ARV drugs for Zimbabwe's MOHCW Program: 2007-2008. Arlington, VA: Supply Chain Management System, 2007.
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Pandit, Neha Sheth, and Emily L. Heil. Principles of Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Antiretroviral Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0018.
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Systemic concentrations of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are influenced by the pharmacokinetic properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacokinetics and local drug exposure can differ significantly within anatomical sanctuary sites compared with the systemic compartment. High variability in interpatient ARV concentrations is common, which makes population pharmacokinetics for ARVs very difficult to interpret. HIV replication is dynamic and requires combination antiretroviral therapy with multiple active agents in order to achieve durable virologic suppression. Direct and indirect relationships between drug exposure, efficacy, and/or toxicity are common for most ARVs, which can be used to improve overall treatment success. Suboptimal adherence can result in inadequate concentrations, drug resistance, and virologic failure. Therapeutic drug monitoring can be considered in certain scenarios that should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
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Short, William R., and Jason J. Schafer. Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnant Women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0026.
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Research has demonstrated that proper prevention strategies and interventions during pregnancy, labor, and delivery can significantly reduce the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) should be initiated in all HIV-infected pregnant women regardless of CD4+ T cell count or HIV-1 RNA level. ARVs should be given in combination therapy, similar to nonpregnant patients, with the goal of complete virologic suppression. Treatment changes during pregnancy have been associated with the loss of virologic control and independently associated with mother-to-child transmission. All cases of prenatal antiretroviral exposure should be reported to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, which collects data on HIV-infected pregnant women taking ARVs with the goal of detecting any major teratogenic effects.
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G, Shekelle Paul, Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center/RAND., and United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., eds. Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance in the developing world. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2007.
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Webber, David M. Morals and Medicines. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423564.003.0006.
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The second case study, explored here in chapter 6, addresses the commitment of the New Labour government to increase the availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs needed to combat HIV and AIDS in the developing world. This chapter extends the analysis that appears in chapter 3 concerning New Labour’s claim to be the ‘party of business’ and its special relationship with the UK pharmaceutical industry. In doing so, it reveals a clear tension between the priority that New Labour afforded to these drug companies, and the commitment that Brown and other government officials made concerning the delivery of ARV medicines. Despite the urgent need to roll-out these drugs to stem the rising tide of AIDS-related deaths in the global South, New Labour’s policies – again designed principally by Brown – appeared to prioritise the preferences of these firms and their shareholders. Although Brown was amongst a number of government officials concerned at the prohibitively high price of these drugs, this chapter finds that he was also instrumental in introducing a number of measures that incentivised rather than forced the industry into meeting its wider obligations towards addressing HIV and AIDS, and the other so-called ‘diseases of poverty’ in the global South.
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Plan de acción mundial sobre la farmacorresistencia del VIH 2017-2021. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275320501.
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En el informe de la OMS sobre la farmacorresistencia del VIH del 2017 se pone de manifiesto el aumento constante de la prevalencia de la FRVIH desde el 2001 en las personas que inician un tratamiento antirretroviral de primera línea, sobre todo en África oriental y meridional. La prevalencia de la FRVIH en las personas que iniciaron un tratamiento antiretroviral de primera línea (farmacorresistencia previa al tratamiento o FRP) fue del 6,8% en el 2010, y los cálculos basados en encuestas recientes representativas a nivel nacional indicant niveles de FRP situados por encima del 10% para los fármacos ARV de primera línea recomendados por la OMS que son ampliamente utilizados en muchos países […] Este plan de acción mundial se elaboró con la participación plena de los asociados clave (por ejemplo, los CDC, el Fondo Mundial y el PEPFAR). Proporciona a los países y a los asociados nacionales e internacionales un marco de referencia que, cuando se aplique de manera conjunta entre el 2017 y el 2021, contribuirá al logro de las metas mundiales 90-90-90 de acción acelerada para el 2020 (un 90% de todas las personas con infección por el VIH conocerán su estado con respecto a dicha infección, un 90% de todas las personas con diagnóstico de infección por el VIH recibirán TAR, y un 90% de todas las personas que tengan acceso al TAR alcanzarán la supresión de la carga viral), así como a poner fin a la epidemia del sida como amenaza de salud pública para el 2030. Versión oficial en español de la obra original en inglés Global action plan on HIV drug resistance 2017-2021 © World Health Organization 2017 ISBN: 978-92-4-151284-8
Book chapters on the topic "Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)"
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Sailaja, Inampudi, Manoj Kumar Baghel, and Ivvala Anand Shaker. "Nanotechnology Based Drug Delivery for HIV-AIDS Treatment." In AIDS Updates - Recent Advances and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97736.
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One of the biggest challenges of the world in this 21st century is to cure HIV-AIDS. In Present scenario different antiviral drugs are available in the market to reduce the worse condition and manage improved survival rate. These drugs are manageable but their bioavailability, lower permeability and poor half life of the drugs have limitations. If the drug is preferred in higher dosage in AIDS patients, the drug leads to toxicity and adverse effects to patients and increase resistant against HIV & if the drug is preferred in lower dose along with nano carriers it will reach the target area for beneficial effect, therefore drugs Lacking of Knowledge in Potent Drug delivery systems is due to instability, chemical degradation and tissue barrier difficulties are reasons to reach drug target successfully. In this scenario Nanotechnology based antiretroviral drugs delivery holds drug and will provide to cure AIDS. Nanotechnology based deliver system Nanocarriers like Liposomes, dendrimers, Nanoparticles, Polymeric Micelles, Nanovesicles, Nanoemulsion provide the way to deliver drug to targeting tissue. Nanobased carriers revolutionized the field of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaco Kinetic’s in target drug delivery. The present study depicts nano based ARV drug provides increase efficiency with less adverse effects to control HIV. Like same way we can provide and increase nanobased drug delivery capacity to other available HIV drugs.
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Bininashvili, Tamara, Quentin Doperalski, and Naiel Nassar. "HIV-1 Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs." In Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2019, 245–56. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190942496.003.0023.
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Discuss the different HIV drug resistance mutations and cross-resistance patterns in each class of HIV medication. In recent years, newer HIV medications have been introduced, and several studies have identified resistance mutations associated with the newer medications. • Previous exposure to antiretroviral (ARV) medications has a significant role in the development of drug resistance, especially in patients who are noncompliant with medications....
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Pandit, Neha Sheth, and Emily L. Heil. "Principles of Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Antiretroviral Therapy." In Fundamentals of HIV Medicine 2019, 219–24. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190942496.003.0020.
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Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to • Understand the basic principles of applied pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiretroviral agents, and apply this knowledge to improve individual patient treatment regimens. Understanding the basic principles of applied clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can help the clinician gain insight into contemporary HIV pharmacotherapy and improve therapeutic responses. This information can be used to improve antiretroviral (ARV) treatment for the individual patient by gaining a fundamental working knowledge of concepts that contribute to the occurrence of drug–drug interactions (DDIs), adverse drug reactions, poor adherence, decreased efficacy, and the selection of viral resistance. These factors, alone or in combination, can lead to treatment failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequent progression of HIV disease. This chapter discusses some of the applied clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles that relate to the treatment of HIV....
Conference papers on the topic "Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)"
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Mustafa, Fadhil Ilham, Nurfitri Bustamam, and Andri Pramesyanti. "Association between Compliance Level on Fixed-Dose Combination Antiretroviral Drug and CD4 Level among HIV Patients." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.03.
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Background: People living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) have weak immune systems and are prone to infection. Therefore, PLWHA must take antiretroviral (ARV) to maintain their immunity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of adherence to taking ARV fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs and CD4 levels of HIV patients. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Pengayoman Cipinang Hospital, Indonesia, in 2018. Total of 91 HIV patient over 17 years of age, had or had received FDC ARV therapy for at least 1 year, and did not experience drug-induced hepatitis were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was CD4 level. The independent variable was level of adherence to taking ARV fixed-dose combination (FDC). The data were taken from the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Poli Pengayoman Cipinang Hospital. This study used secondary data from the Overview of HIV Care and ARV Therapy. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: A total of 65.93% HIV patients had a good level of medication adherence and 79.12% had an increase of CD4 levels. There was a significant relationship between adherence to taking FDC ARV drugs and CD4 levels (OR = 6.50; 95% CI = 2.15 to 19.62; p<0.001), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the level of adherence to taking FDC ARV drugs and CD4 levels. Therefore, patients must receive education and support to improve adherence to taking ARV drugs. Keywords: antiretroviral, CD4, fixed-dose combination, adherence to taking medication, people with HIV / AIDS Correspondence: Fadhil Ilham Mustafa. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta. Jl. RS Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta. Email: fadhilimn@gmail.com. Mobile: 081283681755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.03
Reports on the topic "Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)"
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Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults: A Guide for Trainers. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1000.
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Over the last five years, there has been a rapid change in treatment strategies for HIV infection. With the advent of newer antiretrovirals, treatment has moved from mono-therapy and bi-therapy to triple drug therapy or Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. One of the foremost concerns of ARV programs is the ability of people living with HIV/AIDS to maintain near perfect adherence over the long term. To achieve the goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART), undetectable levels of the virus in the blood, patients are required to maintain more than 90–95% adherence. Adherence is defined as a patient’s ability to follow a treatment plan, take medications at prescribed times and frequencies, and follow restrictions regarding food and other medications. This Adherence Training Manual was developed by the Horizons Program of the Population Council for the Antiretroviral Therapy Program in Mombasa, Kenya. It was designed for health workers including physicians, clinical officers, and adherence nurse counselors in ARV programs. It consists of four modules to be conducted over four sessions, which can be conducted as part of a comprehensive ART training program.