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Journal articles on the topic 'Antiquités – Liban'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Mugnai, Niccolò, Julia Nikolaus, David Mattingly, and Susan Walker. "Libyan Antiquities at Risk: protecting portable cultural heritage." Libyan Studies 48 (August 22, 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2017.8.

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AbstractThis article provides an outline of the Libyan Antiquities at Risk (LAaR) project, which has developed a reference database and website recording Libyan antiquities that are under threat of being stolen and sold on the illegal art market. Since the Arab Spring in 2011 and the subsequent political instability, the number of antiquities that are trafficked out of Libya has risen sharply. The illustrated reference collection created by LAaR is mainly aimed at customs officials, international agencies, museum curators, the police and cultural heritage sector, to alert them about the likelihood of Libyan provenance of previously unrecorded material of similar appearance to known pieces, and thereby help to prevent the sale of Libyan antiquities on the illegal art market. LAaR is a collaboration between the Society for Libyan Studies and the University of Leicester.

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2

Kenrick, Philip. "Supporting cultural tourism in Libya – a brief history." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.5.

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AbstractTourists come to Libya for two reasons: to admire the antiquities and/or to experience the natural wonders of the desert. The flow of tourists in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been very variable, depending on political circumstances. As a result, the availability of authoritative guidebooks to the antiquities has also been variable. During the years immediately prior to the 2011 revolution, the Society for Libyan Studies has promoted the publication of new Libya Archaeological Guides, both in English for foreign visitors and (progressively) in Arabic for the benefit of the Libyan population.

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3

Troilo, Simona. "Visions of the Empire." Nuncius 37, no. 3 (December 14, 2022): 615–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10042.

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Abstract Since the 1920s, the Fascist regime promoted a significant visual use of Libyan archeological ruins, which were photographed and published by newspapers, periodicals and academic journals in Italy and overseas. The visualisation of antiquities had a clear political purpose: to strengthen the fascist historic imagery while celebrating the myth of romanità and the ideal connection existing between the metropole and the colony. At the same time, it was meant to emphasise the theme of modernity, showing the intimate relation of science and technology with the preservation of the ancient world. Starting from the role that the regime assigned to Libyan antiquities, the present article focuses on such relation and examines the use of a specific means of communication: archeological photography. Divested of its scientific value, archeological photography was not used simply to document the excavation activities, but rather to legitimise the superiority of Italian science, which could bring Rome’s past back to life in territories that had now been reconquered. In this sense, the visualisation of historical evidence further legitimised Italian domination over the colony, providing the fascist colonial archive with new themes.

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4

Munzi, Massimiliano, Fabrizio Felici, Gabriele Cifani, Enrico Citelli, Eleonora Gaudiosi, Giulio Lucarini, and Jabar Matug. "A topographic research sample in the territory of Lepcis Magna: Sīlīn." Libyan Studies 35 (2004): 11–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000371x.

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AbstractWorking with the Libyan Department of Antiquity, the Mission of the University Roma Tre in Lepcis Magna undertook, in April-May 1997 and 1998, an intensive topographic research in a broad coastal sample of the Lepcis Magna territory, west of Khoms and around the Roman villa of Sīlīn (site 29)(Fig. 1). The survey, in an area of about 20 square Km Dounded to the East by wādī al-Ṭūra/al-Fānī and to the West on wādī Jabrūn was conducted by a mixed Italian-Libyan team, consisting of five archaeologists on average; the sample depth was fixed to the South at 3 km from the coast line. The map S. 2190 III, Al-Quṣbat, on a scale of 1:50.000 was used as cartography.

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5

Lloyd, J. A., A. Buzaian, and J. J. Coulton. "Excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi), 1995." Libyan Studies 26 (1995): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002181.

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In April 1995 a three week season of excavation was conducted at the ancient city of Euesperides by the Society for Libyan Studies and the Department of Archaeology, Gar Younis University, Benghazi, in collaboration with the Libyan Department of Antiquities. This note provides a brief account of the main findings.The background to the new work at the site is as follows: in the early 1990s unauthorised excavations for a shopping precinct took place immediately to the north of the known archaeological zone of Sidi Abeid, bringing to light huge quantities of pottery and other artefacts of the Greek period. Eye-witnesses report also the removal of large quantities of ancient building stone during these operations. Following initiatives by the Department of Antiquities and Gar Younis University a legal judgement was obtained suspending further construction (the court case is continuing) and archaeological investigations were set in train.The condition of the site was brought to the attention of Drs Susan Walker and Joyce Reynolds during their visit to Benghazi in September 1993. A year later, following further visits by the first-named author of this note (in December 1993) and by the Libya Society's Chairwoman, Dr Walker, and Head of Mission, Professor Graeme Barker (in Spring 1994), a joint programme of research was agreed and a two-year contract with the Department of Antiquities was signed in Tripoli. The Society was able to divert resources immediately to the site, and the results of the ensuing investigation, which benefited greatly from the participation of the Department of Archaeology, are reported elsewhere in this volume. The field directors, Drs Peter Hayes and David Mattingly, very kindly made available the full records of this work in advance of the excavations.

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6

Rey-Coquais, Jean-Paul. "Inscriptions de l'hippodrome de Tyr." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104775940001401x.

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L'hippodrome de Tyr est l'un des mieux conservès du monde antique. Les malheurs du temps et la mort de l'èmir Maurice Chèhab, qui en avait dirigè la fouille, n'en ont pas encore permis la publication scientifique. Des inscriptions y ont ètè trouvèes, dont l'èmir Chèhab m'avait confiè le relevè et la publication. Les èvènements du Liban ont interrompu ces travaux. Les inscriptions de l'hippodrome sont encore inèdites; des rèvisions et quelques complèments d'information s'imposent, peut-être difficiles à effectuer ou à obtenir, car il est à craindre que plus d'un document n'ait ètè perdu ou dètèriorè durant ces annèes dramatiques. J'ai toutefois souvent eu l'occasion de faire mention des plus importantes de ces inscriptions. La bienveillante autorisation de la Direction Gènèrale des Antiquitès du Liban me permet d'en donner ici les textes eux-mêmes. Cette première prèsentation du dossier anticipe une èdition plus critique et un commentaire plus complet, qui devraient prendre place dans le deuxième volume, en prèparation, consacrè aux inscriptions dècouvertes dans les fouilles de Tyr.Ces inscriptions, peu nombreuses, forment trois groupes. L'un comprend trois mosaïques de pavement, conservèes en place, qui ont quelque peu souffert des èvènements. Un deuxième groupe est celui d'inscriptions sur fragments de colonnes, dont il n'est pas possible de dèterminer avec toute la prècision ou la certitude souhaitable les lieux de dècouverts, et dont je ne sais ce qu'elles sont devenues; ces inscriptions indiquaient les emplacements rèservès, sur les gradins, aux deux grandes factions, à d'autres groupes ou à certains personnages. Un troisième groupe est celui d'inscriptions peintes qui, près des accès et sous les galeries de l'hippodrome, marquaient les emplacements rèservès aux commerçants; dèjà difficiles à dèchiffrer avant 1975, ces inscriptions sont aujourd'hui apparemment effacèes; je n'ai pu en retrouver aucune lors de brèves visites en 1997 et 1998.

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7

Buzaian, Ahmed, and Mohamed Hashem. "Reburial of a mosaic floor discovered at Tocra (Taucheira)." Libyan Studies 45 (November 2014): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2014.4.

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AbstractA large number of mosaic floors in Cyrenaica are in poor condition and a systematic programme for the assessment of exposed mosaics followed by strategic planning for their long term preservation is long overdue and badly needed. A mosaic floor discovered at Tocra in 1972 is a prime example of a deteriorated pavement. In this case the Department of Antiquities decided to protect the mosaic by careful reburial in a methodical fashion. Preservation of the Tocra pavement by careful reburial, with due regard to context and need, is unprecedented and represents a new, extreme but essential conservation activity for Libyan archaeology.

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8

Bennett, Paul, and Ahmed Buzaian. "A preliminary survey of Gasr Shibna, Benghazi." Libyan Studies 37 (2006): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000399x.

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AbstractThis paper provides a preliminary record of a recently damaged Roman farm and late Roman fortified building (gasr) located in the eastern suburbs of Benghazi. The remains of the farm buildings are briefly described, together with the more substantial remains of the gasr. The site was truncated during the building of a new road, with further damage occurring during the construction of a major water main and the building of new houses. The plight of Gasr Shibna and other sites threatened by development in the outskirts of Benghazi is discussed, with the conclusion that these sites are representative of the ongoing, rapidly increasing and widespread destruction of Libyan cultural heritage by development across the country as a whole. The paper concludes with an appeal for the development of a stronger, well-resourced Department of Antiquities, the establishment of a National Sites and Monuments Record to assist with the curation and protection of ancient sites and improved planning legislation to ensure that future prosperity is not being secured at the cost of Libyan heritage.

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9

Mattingly, D. J. "O. Brogan and D. J. Smith, Ghirza. A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period (Libyan Antiquities Series I). Tripoli: Dept of Antiquities, 1984 [1985]. Pp. 327, 115 figs, 172 pls." Journal of Roman Studies 79 (November 1989): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/301242.

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10

Daniels, Charles. "Ghirza, A Libyan Settlement in the Roman Period. By Olwen Brogan and D. J. Smith. 327 pages, 115 figures, 172 plates. Libyan Antiquities Series I, Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, 1984." Libyan Studies 17 (1986): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900007172.

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11

Kane, Susan, William Raynolds, and Sam Carrier. "American Mission activities in Libya 2005–16: report." Libyan Studies 48 (September 14, 2017): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2017.3.

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AbstractThis essay outlines the capacity-building work of the American Archaeological Mission to Libya between the years 2005 and 2016. This work was made possible by grants from the US Embassy to Libya, the US State Department Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) and the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs in Washington, DC. The principles and objectives underlying our capacity-building programme were inspired by the 2003 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Mission Report by Giovanni Boccardi, in particular his recommendation that the Libyan Department of Antiquities obtain training in the best modern cultural heritage management practices via sustained partnerships with external professionals and organisations.

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12

Buzaian, A., and J. A. Lloyd. "Early Urbanism in Cyrenaica: New Evidence from Euesperides (Benghazi)." Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002454.

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AbstractExcavations by the Department of Antiquities, Benghazi, Garyunis University, Benghazi and the Society for Libyan Studies took place at the site of Euesperides for a total of seven weeks in 1995 and 1996. Work was concentrated on the northern margins of the city, where much new evidence for its topography and development came to light. The discoveries include successive fortification walls (the earlier of which may belong to c. 600 BC), part of a necropolis, and a large extramural kiln complex of the fourth/third centuries. Evidence bearing on the infrastructure, economy, diet and cultural life of this early Cyrenaican city, which was abandoned by the mid third century BC, was also recovered.

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13

Wright, G. R. H. "Tombs at the Oasis of Jeghbub: an Exploration in 1955." Libyan Studies 28 (1997): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002612.

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AbstractThe Libyan Department of Antiquities has begun to investigate the many chamber tombs cut into the rock scarps surrounding the oasis of Jeghbub (=Jarabub/Gerabub). Some notice of this work was given at the Congress of Cyrenaican Studies in Rome (1996) by the Director of the Department. This communication called to mind a visit to Jeghbub made more than forty years ago. The visit afforded occasion for a brief investigation of these tombs, which because of a mischance has hitherto not been recorded. In view of the renewed concern with them it may now be opportune at least to put on record some surviving impressions of these tombs, mentioning unlooked for contents and their background.

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14

Mattingly, David, Marta Lahr, Simon Armitage, Huw Barton, John Dore, Nick Drake, Robert Foley, et al. "Desert Migrations: people, environment and culture in the Libyan Sahara." Libyan Studies 38 (2007): 115–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004283.

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AbstractThe Desert Migrations Project is a new interdisciplinary and multi-dimensional collaborative project between the Society for Libyan Studies and the Department of Antiquities. The geographical focus of the study is the Fazzan region of southwest Libya and in thematic terms we aim to address the theme of migration in the broadest sense, encompassing the movement of people, ideas/knowledge and material culture into and out of Fazzan, along with evidence of shifting climatic and ecological boundaries over time. The report describes the principal sub-strands of the project's first season in January 2007, with some account of research questions, methods employed and some preliminary results. Three main sub-projects are reported on. The first concerns the improved understanding of long-term climatic and environmental changes derived from a detailed palaeoenvironmental study of palaeolake sediments. This geo-science work runs alongside and feeds directly into both archaeological sub-projects, the first relating to prehistoric activity and mobility around and between a series of palaeolakes during wetter climatic cycles; the second to the excavation of burials in the Wadi al-Ajal, exploring the changing relationship between material culture, identity and ethnicity across time, from prehistory to the early Islamic period (the span of the main cemetery zones). In addition, some rock art research and a survey of historic period sites was undertaken in the Wadi ash-Shati and Ubari sand sea.

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15

Wright, G. R. H. "The Martyrion by the City Wall at Apollonia: Its Structure and Form." Libyan Studies 24 (1993): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900001965.

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AbstractA small Christian monument of centralised plan built against the West Wall of Apollonia was excavated and slightly restored by the Libyan Department of Antiquities under the directorship of the late Professor Goodchild during the sixties. In 1967 the present writer, then architect to the Michigan Apollonia Expedition, was commissioned to make a set of drawings of the monument as a basis for its publication by Professor Goodchild to appear in the Michigan Report. Professor Goodchild's untimely death in 1968 nullified the project and eventually in its stead only a cursory notice of the monument appeared. The substantive treatment of the monument, utilising the prepared set of drawings, was reserved for the long laboured Corpus of Christian Antiquities of Cyrenaica. Unfortunately in turn this design was frustrated by the death of Professor Ward Perkins in 1986 so that the detailed drawings of the monument remained unpublished for 25 years. In 1991 old prints of the drawings were recovered and are published here with a commentary.This small square monument with a dome on four pillars giving a rudimentary cross-in-square plan is of late sixth century date. It is clearly sepulchral, whether it be a simple tomb or a martyrion. Thus in spite of its provincial guise it is of interest and significance (together with the Church at Qasr el Lebia) in the long vexed question of the origins of the ecumenical Byzantine cross-in-square plan.

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16

Dore, J. N. "Is El Merj the Site of Ancient Barqa?: Current Excavations in Context." Libyan Studies 25 (January 1994): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006415.

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Since 1989, the Society for Libyan Studies has been carrying out, in conjunction with the Libyan Department of Antiquities, excavation and fieldwork in El Merj (Dore 1990, 1991, 1992) which is held to be the site of two earlier towns named Barqa (also spelled Barca and Barka), one of medieval date and the other Greek, as also of a Roman-period village. In this paper I wish to review critically the evidence for the identification of El Merj as medieval Barqa.The broad outline of the case is as follows: a town called Barqa is mentioned by a considerable number of medieval authors writing in Arabic. To judge from them the town flourished between the ninth and eleventh centuries AD but declined thereafter. The association of the names Barqa and El Merj with a single site seems to stem from one author, Ibn Sa 'id, writing in the thirteenth century, though even he is tentative in his identification (see below). After the fourteenth century there is a period which is devoid of information. By the eighteenth century the town(s) of Barqa/El Merj had disappeared (i.e. ceased to be inhabited) but local memory preserved the name and location of El Merj because Pacho visited its ruins and recorded the name in 1825 (see below). About twenty years after this a new town called El Merj began to grow up around a castle newly built by the Ottoman authorities on the remains of an earlier town. This town was called Barce by the Italians but reverted to being called El Merj after the second world war, and was finally destroyed by an earthquake in 1963.

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17

Wilson, R. J. A. "Olwen Brogan & D. J. Smith. Ghirza: a Libyan settlement in the Roman period. 327 pages, 115 figures, 172 plates. 1984 [1988]. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities [Libyan Antiquities Series 11; paperback (available from the Director General of Archaeological Research, As-Saray al-Hamra (The Castle), Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, or from The Secretary, Society for Libyan Studies, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H OPY.) £55." Antiquity 63, no. 238 (March 1989): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00075712.

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18

Abdalrahim Sheriff Saad, A., S. Farag Abdel Hati, Sonia Antonelli, Oliva Menozzi, Veronica Petraccia, and Maria Carla Somma. "GIS of the chora of Cyrene: fortifications and Christian buildings in Late Antiquity." Libyan Studies 47 (November 2016): 31–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2016.7.

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AbstractThe project of mapping the chora of Cyrene, for the team of Chieti University, started between 1999 and 2001 as a layer of a ‘macro-GIS’ of the area to the east of Cyrene, that is, the transect between Cyrene and El-Gubba/Qubbah. Because of the large scale of the area and the monumentality of the sites, the team is composed of several research units based around a large number of scholars and technicians. The project employs a suite of traditional methodologies for the study of landscape archaeology (surveys, GIS mapping, differential GPS, excavations), in combination with technologies integrating the knowledge of the territory (remote sensing on HD satellite photos, geomorphological reconstruction, laser scanning, archaeometric analysis, non-invasive geophysical prospection and infrared diagnostic analysis). The large quantity of data coming from this wide approach has been organised into a flexible and multilayer GIS. A joint team of Libyan and Italian archaeologists and technicians is testing a common protocol for monitoring the monuments and sites in the territory, using surveys and remote sensing analysis, which has intensified during these problematic periods, and regularly analysing satellite sets over the past four years.The project aims to map and document as much as possible in this territory, to identify the location of the region's so-called ‘minor sites’, which are numerous and almost unknown. They were, from the Late Classical to the Islamic periods, vital sites for the management of the local economy. This paper presents the main issues relating to settlements and sites in Late Antiquity, concentrating mainly on fortifications along the limes and basilicas within the area of the transect. Moreover, in the presentation of the data, the GIS approach has been integrated here with data coming both from the remote sensing and from more traditional research approaches, such as planimetrical and typological analysis of the buildings, study of the sources and detailed mapping of the building techniques.

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19

Hobson, Matthew S. "EAMENA training in the use of satellite remote sensing and digital technologies in heritage management: Libya and Tunisia workshops 2017–2019." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.22.

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AbstractThis article provides a brief summary of the aims, methods and results of a programme of training carried out by the EAMENA project in partnership with the Tunisian Institut National du Patrimoine and the Libyan Department of Antiquities. The focus was on the use of freely available satellite imagery for archaeological site identification and monitoring, on compiling and maintaining spatial databases - including the on-the-ground location of sites with the use of a GPS - and on the observation of patterns of preservation and threat within Geographical Information Systems to inform heritage management decisions at both regional and national levels. Three pairs of workshops took place in Tunis in 2017, 2018 and 2019, with interim support being given to participants by a Training Manager and Research Assistant based at the University of Leicester. The work was part of a larger scheme offered to heritage professionals across the Middle East and North Africa by the EAMENA project thanks to a grant received from the Cultural Protection Fund. In general this training has been very well received. Not only has it successfully achieved the propagation of desirable and much needed skills within partner institutions, it has also raised awareness of issues affecting the protection of cultural heritage within the broader community.

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20

Orzeł, Joanna. "From imagination to political reality? The Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a successor of Rome in the early modern historiography (15th–18th centuries)." Open Political Science 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2018-0015.

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AbstractAt the beginning of the Renaissance Lithuanians understood that to join the civilization of Western Europe, it was necessary to have an appropriate (it means: very long) tradition. Like other countries, they had to create their own myth of origin. The most prestigious tradition was Greek-Roman antiquity, so the country’s origin story was invented, claiming its people descended directly from Rome. According to subsequent chronicles, the founder of the new state was Palemon (Publius Libon, initially Vilia).Using the theory of cultural memory of Jan and Aleida Assmann, the article presents how and why the Lithuanian myth of origin was transformed from 15th to the end of the 18th century. Particular attention was paid to the current needs of the state and the powerful noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which also found their origins in the state myth.During the early modern period, the changes in the story were made (including the date of Palemon’s arrival in the Lithuanian lands). Nonetheless, the myth was not questioned for a long time. Even once it had already been established that it was no more than a fairy tale, the story was revived again, performing other functions in the 19th century.

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21

Roskams, Steve. "David J. Mattingly (ed.). The archaeology of Fazzān. Volume 2: site gazetteer, pottery and other survey finds. xxx+522 pages, 782 b&w & colour illustrations, 37 tables. 2007. Tripoli: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya, Department of Antiquities & London: Department of Antiquities & Society for Libyan Studies; 978-1-900971-05-4 hardback £50." Antiquity 82, no. 318 (December 1, 2008): 1145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097994.

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22

Fontana, Sergio, and Fabrizio Felici. "Importazioni italiche in Tripolitania nella prima e media età imperiale." Libyan Studies 34 (2003): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900003411.

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AbstractThe present contribution considers Italic imports into Tripolitania between the end of the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD with special reference to the city of Lepcis Magna and its territory. The imports consist mainly of fine ceramic tableware and amphorae. The archaeological context is varied and highlights the diverse use of Italic goods. A wealth of information has been derived from the study of subterranean tombs excavated in the suburbs of Lepcis by the Libyan Department of Antiquities and by the University of Rome III mission. The assemblages consist of grave goods dated to between the middle of the first century BC and the 3rd century AD. Here we consider a sample of ten subterranean tombs not all of which have been published. They are located in the necropolis of the western suburbs of Lepcis with the exception of a tomb at Gelda, in the southern suburbs, and the Ganima tombs in the countryside to the east of Lepcis. Burial in subterranean tombs apparendy was reserved for the nobility while the majority of the population were buried in surface cemeteries often nearby. A contextual study of the early and middle Imperial period of the villa of Wadi er-Rsaf—excavated between 1995 and 1998—provided more data. Further surface reconnaissance surveys of various sample areas near Lepcis were carried out by the same mission in 1999-2000. Special emphases is placed on the survey in the Silin area on the coast some 15 km west of Lepcis and another inland in W Tareglat, now semi-desert, 40 km SE of Lepcis. The quality of the documentation is uneven but good enough to reveal the presence of Italic goods in different contexts: the ritual setting of a necropolis, everyday life in a prosperous suburban home, and rural settlements in the hinterland.

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23

Lloyd, J. A. "Urban Archaeology in Cyrenaica 1969-1989: the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006610.

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During the past two decades all the major cities of Cyrenaica have seen new fieldwork, and much has been achieved. The Department of Antiquities has been active, particularly in the increasingly important area of rescue archaeology. Its resolute and skilful efforts have included very important work at Shahat (Cyrene) (Walker (in Walda and Walker), this volume) and at Benghazi (Berenice). At the latter city, one of the least known in Cyrenaica, the Department's excavations at Sidi Khrebish demonstrated the rich archaeological potential of the site and led to the large-scale campaigns of 1971-5, in which the Society for Libyan Studies was deeply involved.Generous support has also been extended to British teams at Euesperides (Berenice's predecessor), Driana (Hadrianopolis), Tocra (Tauchira) and Tolmeita (Ptolemais); to the Italian Mission, whose work at Cyrene has proceeded throughout the period; to the major American investigation of the extra-mural Demeter sanctuary at the same site; and to the French Mission, which has conducted annual campaigns at Susa (Apollonia) since 1976. There has also been productive research into the minor towns.Perhaps the outstanding feature of the period under review, however, has been publication. No less than thirteen major site reports (see bibliography under Apollonia, Berenice, Cirene, Cyrene and Tocra), several works of synthesis (Goodchild 1971; Huskinson 1975; Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980; Stucchi 1975), collected papers (Goodchild 1976) and a profusion of shorter studies in journals, conference proceedings (Barker, Lloyd and Reynolds 1985; Gadallah 1971; Stucchi and Luni 1987) and exhibition publications (Missione Italiana 1987) have appeared — a very rich harvest. Many of course, had their genesis in earlier research, particularly during the fecund years of Richard Goodchild's controllership. Amongst much else, this saw Boardman and Hayes' exemplary Tocra project, which in its use of quantification, scientific analysis and other techniques anticipated later British and American work; the University of Michigan's extensive research at Apollonia; and the inauguration of the Italian Mission, under S. Stucchi, to Cyrene (Stucchi 1967), whose work on the architectural development, art and anastylosis of the city continues to make an outstanding contribution to our appreciation of Libya's archaeology and cultural heritage.

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King, G. R. D. "Islamic Archaeology in Libya, 1969–1989." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006695.

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In the course of the two decades since 1969, archaeological and architectural investigations relating to the Islamic period in Libya have made sufficient progress for it to be possible now to see the country's Islamic antiquities with a reasonable degree of perspective within Libya and in relation to a broader context. Nevertheless, a great deal of work remains to be done, both with regard to extending the geographical scope of research on Islamic Libya and to studying relatively neglected periods. At present we are better informed about certain Fāṭimid monuments in Libya than any other Islamic buildings in the country. While the importance of Libya in the tenth and eleventh centuries AD is a matter of great interest, it must not be forgotten that even today, we know very much less in detail about the mosques and houses of later times. A marked imbalance therefore exists in the relative degree of information available for an account of the Islamic archaeology and architecture of Libya in the period as a whole. This imbalance is very clear in the present survey.The extent of the increase in knowledge of the Islamic archaeology of Libya becomes immediately clear by referring to K. A. C. Creswell'sA Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960and the Supplements to it (Creswell 1973; Pearsonet al.1984). In his originalBibliographyCreswell found nothing on Libyan architecture except for some studies on Tripoli. Even in the 1960s, very little further research on the Islamic period was published, although it was in this period that Ajdābiyah and Madīnah Sulṭān were initially investigated: this work formed the foundation of that which was to follow after 1969. Bys the time that the latestSupplementto Creswell'sBibliographyappeared in 1984, a plethora of published material had emerged as a result of the sharp rise of interest in Islamic Libya during the period from 1969 onwards. As a result, no comprehensive survey of Islamic archaeology and architecture in North Africa written in the future will be complete without giving some account of the information that has been accumulated during the period 1969 to 1989.

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Al Raeid, Fawzi, Eugenio Di Valerio, Maria Giorgia Di Antonio, Oliva Menozzi, Mazen A. S. Abdalgader El Mziene, and Clara Tamburrino. "The main issues of the Cyrene necropolis and the use of remote sensing for monitoring in the case of the eastern necropolis." Libyan Studies 47 (November 2016): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2016.8.

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AbstractCyrene offers one of the largest and most spectacular necropoleis of the Mediterranean basin and, owing especially to its vastness, it is particularly difficult to control and protect. It reveals an extraordinary patrimony of rock-cut architecture, monumentally built around the ancient site, and also represents a zone at major risk of damage and destruction as a result of continuous looting, uncontrolled urbanisation and vandalism. Recent studies by Jim and Dorothy Thorn have presented a preliminary view and gazetteer of the architectonic monumentality, especially of the rocky chamber tombs, showing the need for survey projects in the area. A joint team of Libyan and Italian archaeologists, geologists, topographers and technicians of the local Department of Antiquities and Chieti University started in 1999 a project of surveying and mapping the southern and eastern parts of the necropolis, giving birth to a GIS using differential GPS and Robotic total station for the positioning and recording of the tombs, as well as multispectral HD satellite images, previously orthorectified and georeferred, combined with old maps and RADAR data for a highly detailed topographic base, up to DEM and DTM. From 2004, the survey and the GIS have been extended to the western and northern parts of the necropolis, at the moment counting more than 2,000 mapped and recorded tombs. An important step in the last two years has been the use of remote-sensing and photo-interpretation analysis in order to map the damages of urbanisation and modern construction in the areas of the necropolis. Using images covering the development of the situation every two to three months, mainly shots coming from Google Earth archives, in combination with further satellite images specifically bought for a more complete view of the last two to three years, it has been possible to start drawing a map of the areas under threat from building works and urbanisation. The aim of this paper is to present the main problems of this huge necropolis, which is at the moment one of the most threatened areas of Cyrene, every day at risk from the destruction of its monumental buildings.

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Zimi, Eleni, K. Göransson, and K. Swift. "Pottery and trade at Euesperides in Cyrenaica: an overview." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.27.

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AbstractThe excavations conducted at Euesperides between 1999 and 2007 under the auspices of the Society for Libyan Studies, London, and the Department of Antiquities, Libya, and jointly directed by Paul Bennet and Andrew Wilson, brought to light private houses and a building complex, industrial areas related to purple dye production and part of the city's fortification wall. Among the finds was a highly significant body of local, regional and imported pottery (from the Greek and Punic world, Cyprus, Italy and elsewhere), dated between the last quarter of the seventh and the middle of the third century BC, when the city was abandoned.This archaeological project adopted an innovative approach to the study of pottery from the site, based on the total quantification of the coarse, fine wares and transport amphorae. This was supplemented by a targeted programme of petrographic analysis to shed light on production centres and thus questions about the trade and the economy of ancient Euesperides. The pottery study by K. Göransson, K. Swift and E. Zimi demonstrated that although the city gradually developed a significant industry of ceramics, it relied heavily on imports to cover its needs and that imported pottery reached Euesperides’ sheltered harbour either directly from the supplying regions or most often through complex maritime networks in the Mediterranean which changed over time.Cooking pots from Aegina and the Punic world, mortaria, bowls, jugs and table amphorae from Corinth as well as transport amphorae from various centres containing olive oil, wine, processed meat and fish were transported to the city from Greece, Italy/Sicily, Cyprus and elsewhere. The so-called amphorae B formed the majority, while Corinthian, Aegean (Thasian, Mendean, Knidian, etc.), Greco-Italic and Punic were adequatly represented. Regarding fine wares, East Greek, Laconian and Corinthian are common until the end of the sixth century; Attic black-glazed, and to a lesser extend, black-figure and red-figure pots dominate the assemblages between the fifth and the mid-third centuries BC, while Corinthian, Italian/Sicilian and Punic seem to have been following the commodities flow at Euesperides from the fourth century BC onwards. Finally, Cyrenaican pottery and transport amphorae have been also identified at Euesperides implying a considerable volume of inter-regional trade.

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Rushworth, Alan. "The Archaeology of Fazzān: Volume 3, The Excavations of C. M. Daniels. By David Mattingly, Charles Daniels, John Dore, Dave Edwards and John Hawthorne (with contributions by others). Edited by David J. Mattingly. The Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 8. Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahariya Department of Antiquities, Tripoli and The Society of Libyan Studies, London, 2010. ISBN 978-1-900971-10-2, pp. 574 and numerous figures. Price: £ 60.00." Libyan Studies 42 (2011): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004891.

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Hitchner, R. Bruce. "The Archaeology of Fazzān. Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds. Edited by David J. Mattingly. Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 7. Department of Antiquities, Tripoli and Society for Libyan Studies, London. 2007. ISBN 978-1-900971-05-8, pp. xxix + 522, 784 figures, 36 tables, Arabic summary. Price: £50.00." Libyan Studies 39 (2008): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890001013x.

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Stone, David L. "Farming the Desert: the Unesco Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. By Graeme Barker, David Gilbertson, Barri Jones, and David Mattingly (eds.), UNESCO Publishing, Paris; Department of Antiquities, Tripoli; Society for Libyan Studies, London 1996. 2 vols. ISBN 0-950-8363-8-9, pp. xx + 404, £40 (vol. 1) and 0-950-8363-9-7, pp. xxi + 393, £50 (vol. 2)." Libyan Studies 31 (2000): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005367.

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Cartledge, Paul. "Cyrenaica in Antiquity. Edited by Graeme Barker, John Lloyd and Joyce Reynolds. Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers I, British Archaeological Reports International Series 236, Oxford, 1985. Pages xiv + 403, 58 figures, 44 plates, 9 tables. Price £21." Libyan Studies 16 (1985): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900007342.

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Kane, Susan. "David J. Mattingly (ed.). The archaeology of Fazzān. Volume 4, survey and excavations at Old Jarma (ancient Garama) carried out by C.M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzān Project (1997–2001) (Society for Libyan Studies Monographs 9). xxix+610 pages, 339 colour and b&w illustrations, 100 tables, CD. 2014. London: Society for Libyan Studies; Tripoli: Department of Antiquities; 978-1-900971-18-8 hardback £60." Antiquity 89, no. 344 (April 2015): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.13.

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SADR, KARIM. "WHO WERE THE GARAMANTES AND WHAT BECAME OF THEM? The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume I: Synthesis. Edited by DAVID J. MATTINGLY. London: Society for Libyan Studies, and Tripoli: Department of Antiquities, 2003. Pp. xxvi+426. No price given (ISBN 1-90097-102-X)." Journal of African History 45, no. 3 (November 2004): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853704229930.

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Hitchner, R. Bruce. "The Garamantes and the archaeology of Fazzan - D. J. MATTINGLY, C. M. DANIELS, J. N. DORE, D. EDWARDS, J. HAWTHORNE, with contributions by others, edited by DAVID J. MATTINGLY, THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF FAZZAN VOLUME 1, SYNTHESIS (published by Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya, Department of Antiquities, Tripoli; Society for Libyan Studies, London 2003). Pp. xxvi + 408, figs. 460 (many in colour), tables 31, Arabic summary. ISBN 190097102X. £50." Journal of Roman Archaeology 18 (2005): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400007996.

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Dunbabin, Katherine M. D. "The mosaics of Berenice in Cyrenaica - D. MICHAELIDES, EXCAVATIONS AT SIDI KHREBISH BENGHAZI (BERENICE) IV.1 THE MOSAIC AND MARBLE FLOORS (Supplements to Libya Antiqua V; Dept, of Antiquities, Tripoli, in collaboration with the Society for Libyan Studies, London; Tripoli 1998). Pp. 212,16 colour pls., 110 figs." Journal of Roman Archaeology 13 (2000): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019577.

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Fulford, Michael. "G. Barker, D. Gilbertson, B. Jones and D. Mattingly, Farming the Desert. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Paris: UNESCO Publishing; Tripoli: Department of Antiquities; London: Society for Libyan Studies, 1996. Vol. 1. SYNTHESIS (Ed. G. Barker). Pp. xx + 404; illus. ISBN 0-9508-3638-9/9-2310-3214-3. £40.00. Vol. 2. GAZETEER AND POTTERY (Ed. D. Mattingly). Pp. xxi + 393, illus. ISBN 0-9508-3639-7/9-2310-3273-9. £50.00." Journal of Roman Studies 90 (November 2000): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300214.

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Fulford, Michael. "G. Barker, D. Gilbertson, B. Jones and D. Mattingly, Farming the Desert. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Paris: UNESCO Publishing; Tripoli: Department of Antiquities; London: Society for Libyan Studies, 1996. Vol. 1. SYNTHESIS (Ed. G. Barker). Pp. xx + 404; illus. ISBN 0-9508-3638-9/9-2310-3214-3. £40.00. Vol. 2. GAZETEER AND POTTERY (Ed. D. Mattingly). Pp. xxi + 393, illus. ISBN 0-9508-3639-7/9-2310-3273-9. £50.00." Journal of Roman Studies 90 (November 2000): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435800031464.

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Higgs, Peter. "The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, Final Reports v The Site's Architecture, Its First Six Hundred Years of Development. By Donald White. Pp. xxvi, 213, 103 figs and 97 plates in text. Arabic summary. The University of Pennsylvania Museum/The Libyan Department of Antiquities, 1993." Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000248x.

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Roskams, Steve. "North African perspectives - Michel Janon & Jean-Marie Gassend. Lambése, capitale militaire de l'Afrique romaine. 86 pages, 65 b&w & colour illustrations incl. many water-colours. 2005. Ollioules: Editions de la Nerthe; 2-913483-52-6 hardback. - David J. Mattingly (ed.). Synthesis: the archaeology of Fazzān (Vol. 1). xxvi+430 pages, 269 figures, 31 tables. 2003. London: Society for Libyan Studies with Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahariya Department of Antiquities; 1-90097102X hardback £50." Antiquity 80, no. 308 (June 1, 2006): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00093819.

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Trousset, Pol. "L'agriculture romano-libyenne dans le prédésert de Tripolitaine - GRAEME BARKER and DAVID MATTINGLY (edd.), FARMING THE DESERT, THE UNESCO LIBYAN VALLEYS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY (UNESCO Publishing, Paris; Department of Antiquities, Tripoli; Society for Libyan Studies, London; 2 vol. ISBN (UNESCO): Vol. I: 92-3-103214-3, Vol. II: 92–3-103273-9; ISBN (Soc. Lib. Stud.): Vol. I: 0 950 8353 8 9, Vol. II: 0 950 8363 9 7. £95 for the pair (available from the Society, 31–34 Gordon Square, London WC1H OPY)." Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104775940001864x.

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Cook, R. M. "Cyrene.The extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya: final reports. Ed. D. White. 2. The East Greek, Island and Laconian pottery. By G. P. Schaus. (Pennsylvania University Museum monograph, 56.) Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Museum (for Libyan Department of Antiquities, Tripoli). 1985. Pp. xxii + 140, [44] plates (1 col.), 8 text figs., 2 plans. Price not stated." Journal of Hellenic Studies 107 (November 1987): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/630167.

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Antun, Thallein M. "Excavations at Surt (Medinat al-Sultan) between 1977 and 1981. By Géza Fehérvári, ʻAbbās Hamdānī, Masʻūd Shaqlūf, and Hal Bishop, with contributions by John Riley, Muḥammad Ḥamīd and Ted Hughes. Edited by Elizabeth Savage. Arabic summary by Muṣṭafa ʻAbd Allah al-Turjmān. pp. 128. London, Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, and the Society for Libyan Studies, 2002." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 13, no. 3 (November 2003): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186303233460.

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Tomlinson, R. A. "Cyrene. The extramural sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final reports Ed. D. White 1. Background and introduction to the excavations. By D. White. (Pennsylvania University Museum monograph, 52.) Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Museum and Tripoli: Libyan Department of Antiquities. 1984. Pp. xx + 143, [124[ illus. (incl. plates, text figs., maps, plans (7 folding, 2 in rear pocket)). Price not stated." Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (November 1986): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/629717.

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Messier, Ronald A. "Excavations at Surt (Medinat al-Sultan) Between 1977 And 1981. By Géza Fehérvari, Abbas Hamdani, Masoud Shaghlouf, Hal Bishop and contributions by John Riley, Muhammad Hamid and Ted Hughs. Edited by Elizabeth Savage. The Department of Antiquities, Tripoli and the Society for Libyan Studies, London. 2002. ISBN 190097 1003, pp. vii, 128, 11 figures, 45 plates. Arabic summary 7 pp. Price: £25." Libyan Studies 34 (2003): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900003551.

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Russell, Ben. "The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final Reports, Volume VIII: The Sanctuary's Imperial Architectural Development, Conflict with Christianity, and Final Days. By D. White with J. Reynolds (2012) (University Museum Monograph 134). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, for The Libyan Department of Antiquities, Tripoli. 240 pages, 110 illustrations (also available as ebook). Price: £45.50." Libyan Studies 44 (2013): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900009766.

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Mazzilli, Giuseppe. "La decorazione architettonica di Lepcis Magna in pietra locale - KARL-UWE MAHLER, DIE ARCHITEKTURDEKORATION DER FRÜHEN KAISERZEIT IN LEPCIS MAGNA (Supplement VIII to Libya Antiqua; People's Libyan Arab Socialist Jamahiriya, Teaching and Educational Secretariat, Department of Antiquities, Tripoli; Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 2006). Pp. 246, Taf. 129, Beil. 1-17; abstracts in Arabic. ISBN 978-3-88462-258-2. EUR 58.00." Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 (2016): 889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400072962.

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Gatto, Maria Carmela. "The Archaeology of Fazzān: Volume 4, Survey and excavations at Old Jarma (ancient Garama) carried out by C.M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzān Project (1997–2001). Edited by David J. Mattingly . The Society for Libyan Studies, London, and Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, 2013. ISBN 978-1-900971-18-8, pp. xxix + 610 + CD with Appendices and Catalogues, pp. 260. Price: £60.00 (Hardcover)." Libyan Studies 45 (November 2014): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2014.11.

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Fulford, M. G. "Sidi Khrebish. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) (Libya Antiqua, supp. v). III, 1. The Fine Pottery. By P. M. Kenrick. in, 2. The Lamps. By D. M. Bailey. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities, and London: Society for Libyan Studies, 1985. Pp. xviii + 516, 24 pls, 77 text figs, 1 plan; pp. ix + 200, 39 pls, 19 text figs, 1 plan." Journal of Roman Studies 77 (November 1987): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300613.

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Bailey, Donald M. "The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, Final Reports Volume IV. Edited by Donald White, with P. Gregory Warden, Andrew Oliver, Pamela Crabtree, Janet Monge and Jennifer Price. xxxi + 191 pages, colour frontispiece, 16 figures 71 plates. Arabic summary. University of Museum Monograph 67. The University Museum, University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, for the Libyan Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, 1990. ISBN 0-934718-78-4. $65.00." Libyan Studies 23 (1992): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900001783.

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Hayes, J. W. "Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice) (=Supplements to Libya Antiqua, V). Vol. III Part 1. The Fine Pottery. By P. M. Kenrick. Part 2. The Lamps. By D. M. Bailey. 31 × 21·5 cm. Pp. xviii + 516, 77 figs., 1 plan + 24 pls.; pp. ix + 200 + 19 figs. + 39 pls. (Arabic summaries.) Tripoli: Department of Antiquities, in collaboration with the Society for Libyan Studies, London, 1985. £40·00; £20·00." Antiquaries Journal 66, no. 2 (September 1986): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500028365.

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Leone, Anna. "EXCAVATIONS AT CYRENE - D. White, J. Reynolds The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final Reports, Volume VIII. The Sanctuary's Imperial Architectural Development, Conflict with Christianity, and Final Days. (University Museum Monograph 134.) Pp. xxiv + 216, ills, maps. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, for the Libyan Department of Antiquities, As-Saray, Al-Hamra, Tripoli, 2012. Cased, £45.50, US$69.95. ISBN: 978-1-934536-46-9." Classical Review 63, no. 2 (September 12, 2013): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x13001285.

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