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1
Lee, Kyung Hee, Myeounghoon Cha, and Bae Hwan Lee. "Neuroprotective Effect of Antioxidants in the Brain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 7152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197152.
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The brain is vulnerable to excessive oxidative insults because of its abundant lipid content, high energy requirements, and weak antioxidant capacity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase susceptibility to neuronal damage and functional deficits, via oxidative changes in the brain in neurodegenerative diseases. Overabundance and abnormal levels of ROS and/or overload of metals are regulated by cellular defense mechanisms, intracellular signaling, and physiological functions of antioxidants in the brain. Single and/or complex antioxidant compounds targeting oxidative stress, redox metals, and neuronal cell death have been evaluated in multiple preclinical and clinical trials as a complementary therapeutic strategy for combating oxidative stress associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we present a general analysis and overview of various antioxidants and suggest potential courses of antioxidant treatments for the neuroprotection of the brain from oxidative injury. This review focuses on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms in the brain and examines the relative advantages and methodological concerns when assessing antioxidant compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Rosado-Pérez, Juana, Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez, Taide L. Arista-Ugalde, Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio, and Víctor M. Mendoza-Núñez. "The Biological Significance of Oxidative Stress, Effects of Fruits as Natural Edible Antioxidants." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 40 (March 15, 2019): 4807–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666190114164758.
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Background: Oxidative stress (OxS) is a biochemical process characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive species (RS) and antioxidants in favor of the former that subsequently induces the oxidative damage of biomolecules and alters cellular physiology. OxS exerts diverse effects and is associated with the pathophysiology of more than 100 diseases, as well as with the aging process. OxS also plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis of both animal and plant organisms. We analyze the role and mechanisms of the generation of RS and antioxidants both under physiological conditions and during aging and pathological processes. Likewise, the potential of antioxidant agents from the diet is considered, specifically fruits such as chayote. We focus on naringenin, a flavonoid with a high antioxidant capacity. Method: We conducted a literature review to present the state of the art of knowledge about the biological significance of oxidative stress and the effect of antioxidants in some edible fruits. Conclusions: Evidence supports the existence of RS, their physiological roles as well its harmful effects when oxidative stress occurs. In this sense, given the association of oxidative stress with diseases and aging the fruits rich in antioxidants are a feasible alternative to restore de redox balance if necessary.
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Patel, Pankaj C., and Marcus T. Wolfe. "Under Pressure: The Effect of Antioxidants on Health Consequences Related to Oxidative Stress." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 45, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 211–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258720964184.
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We examine the relationships between oxidative stress (i.e., manifestations of physiological stress), antioxidants, potentially negative health outcomes (i.e., triglyceride levels), and self-employment through two studies. Our results indicate that oxidative stress is associated with higher triglyceride levels and, as hypothesized, this relationship is mitigated in the presence of higher levels of antioxidants. Perhaps most interestingly, in both studies, we find that oxidative stress has a stronger positive relationship with triglyceride levels for individuals who are self-employed and have lower antioxidant levels relative to employed individuals. We discuss the implications of these findings on research regarding self-employment, stress, and well-being.
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El-Beltagi, Hossam S., Heba I. Mohamed, and Mahmoud R. Sofy. "Role of Ascorbic acid, Glutathione and Proline Applied as Singly or in Sequence Combination in Improving Chickpea Plant through Physiological Change and Antioxidant Defense under Different Levels of Irrigation Intervals." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071702.
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In recent years, the harmful effects of drought stress have been be mitigated by using bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and osmolytes. In this research, pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid, glutathione and proline on alleviating the harmful effect of drought stress in chickpea plants during season 2017. Chickpea plant seeds were soaked in ascorbic acid (0.75 mM), glutathione (0.75 mM), proline (0.75 mM) singly and/or in sequence combinations for 4 h and then planted in pots. The pots were irrigated with water after seven days (to serve as control), after 14 days (moderate drought stress) and after 28 days (severe drought stress). The sequence combination of antioxidants and proline under drought stress has not been studied yet. The results showed significantly decreased in plant growth, yielding characteristics, photosynthetic pigments and soluble protein content in response to moderate and severe drought stress. Moreover, treatment with antioxidants caused increment the antioxidant enzyme activity, non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid and glutathione) contents and endogenous proline in stressed and unstressed plants. In conclusion, The sequence combination of antioxidants and proline caused improvement in plant growth under drought stress by up-regulating the antioxidant defense system and osmolyte synthesis.
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Khisamova, A., and O. Gizinger. "The antitoxic and protective effects of Curcuma longa and it`s active agent, Curcumin: оverview." Terapevt (General Physician), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-12-2006-09.
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In the modern world, where a person is exposed to daily stress, increased physical exertion, the toxic effect of various substances, including drugs. The task of modern science is to find antioxidants for the body. These can be additives obtained both synthetically and the active substances that we get daily from food. Such a striking example is turmeric, obtained from the plant Curcuma longa. Recently, it has been known that curcumin has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effect and, thanks to these effects, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, in particular, from cancer to autoimmune, neurological, cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. In addition, much attention is paid to increasing the biological activity and physiological effects of curcumin on the body through the synthesis of curcumin analogues. This review discusses the chemical and physical characteristics, analogues, metabolites, the mechanisms of its physiological activity and the effect of curcumin on the body.
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Petrović, Tamara G., Tijana Z. Vučić, Sonja Z. Nikolić, Jelena P. Gavrić, Svetlana G. Despotović, Branka R. Gavrilović, Tijana B. Radovanović, Caterina Faggio, and Marko D. Prokić. "The Effect of Shelter on Oxidative Stress and Aggressive Behavior in Crested Newt Larvae (Triturus spp.)." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040603.
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Shelters are important for animal survival. Provision of adequate hiding places allow animals to express their natural sheltering behavior and it can have different positive effects on cortisol levels, physiological processes and mental performance. Although the absence of a refuge activates some stress response, its effect on oxidative stress has not been adequately examined. This study investigated whether the presence/absence of a shelter modifies the oxidative status (the antioxidant system and oxidative damage) and aggressive behavior of crested newt larvae (Triturus macedonicus and its hybrid with T. ivanbureschi). Our results show that individuals reared with shelters had lower values of the tested antioxidant parameters (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione), indicating a lower production of reactive species than individuals reared without shelter. The same pattern was observed in both T. macedonicus and its hybrid. Contrary to the activation of some physiological pathways, shelter availability did not significantly affect the rate of intraspecific aggressive behavior. The physiological benefits of shelter use can be manifested as a lower requirement for investment in the energy necessary for the maintenance of the upregulated antioxidant defenses, activation of repair systems and synthesis of endogenous antioxidants. This study highlights the importance of shelter provision, which may be valuable in habitat restoration and animal conservation studies.
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Reboul, Emmanuelle, Sinay Thap, Franck Tourniaire, Marc André, Christine Juhel, Sophie Morange, Marie-Josèphe Amiot, Denis Lairon, and Patrick Borel. "Differential effect of dietary antioxidant classes (carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins C and E) on lutein absorption." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 3 (March 2007): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507352604.
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Lutein is assumed to protect the human retina from blue light and oxidative stress and diminish the incidence of age-related macular degeneration. This antioxidant is commonly ingested with other dietary antioxidants. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the main dietary antioxidants, i.e. carotenoids, polyphenols and vitamins C and E, affect lutein absorption. We measured the effect of adding a mixture of antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 67 mg (100 IU) vitamin E and 1 g polyphenols) to a lutein-containing meal (18 mg) on the postprandial lutein response in the chylomicron-rich fraction in eight healthy men. Lutein response was weakest ( − 23 %;P = 0·07) after ingestion of the meal containing antioxidants (21·9 (sem4·6)v.28·4 (sem7·2) nmol × h/l). To assess the effect of each class of antioxidants and potential interactions, we subsequently evaluated the effect of various combinations of antioxidants on lutein uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 TC-7 cells. A full factorial design showed that both a mixture of polyphenols (gallic acid, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin and naringenin) and a mixture of carotenoids (lycopene plus β-carotene) significantly (P < 0·05) impaired lutein uptake by ( − 10 to − 30 %), while vitamins C and E had no significant effect. Subsequent experiments showed that the aglycone flavanone naringenin was the only polyphenol responsible for the effect of the polyphenol mixture, and that the carotenoid effect was not carotenoid species-dependent. Taken together, the present results suggest that lutein absorption is not markedly affected by physiological concentrations of vitamins C and E but can be impaired by carotenoids and naringenin.
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Spagnuolo, Maria Stefania, Fiorella Sarubbi, Cristina Rossetti, Giuseppe Grazioli, Giulia Pia Di Meo, and Leopoldo Iannuzzi. "Effect of dioxin exposure on several indices of blood redox status in lactating buffalo cows." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 2 (March 4, 2011): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000021.
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Dioxins are lipophilic compounds with a small molecular weight and are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. Dioxin detoxification is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In physiological conditions the body is protected against ROS and their toxic products by a wide range of antioxidant systems. We hypothesize that the imbalance between ROS production, associated with dioxin exposure, and the antioxidant defence capacity, may lead to oxidative stress, with consequent increased consumption of antioxidants and accumulation of toxic compounds in blood and tissues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to dioxins on the plasma redox status of lactating buffalo cows. To this aim, the major liposoluble (retinol and α-tocopherol) and water-soluble (ascorbate) antioxidants, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as specific protein oxidation markers (protein bound carbonyls and nitro-tyrosine) and lipid oxidation markers (hydroperoxides), were chosen as indices of blood redox status. The concentration of antioxidants, protein-bound carbonyls (PC), nitro-tyrosine (N-Tyr), and hydroperoxides (LPO), the SOD and GPx activity, and the TAC were measured in plasma samples obtained from buffalo cows exposed to environmental levels of dioxins higher (n=21, group A) or lower (n=29; group B) than those permitted. Plasma titres of antioxidants, as measured by HPLC, and the total antioxidant capacity, as measured by trolox equivalents capacity, were higher in group B than in A. Similarly, SOD and GPx activities were higher in group B than in A. Conversely, plasma levels of PC, N-Tyr and LPO, as measured by ELISA, were higher in group A than in B. Our results suggest that exposure to dioxins impairs the plasma antioxidant defence system of lactating buffalo cows, and that metabolic processes associated with dioxin detoxification might induce or enhance oxidation of protein and lipids. This adverse effect on blood redox status might have negative implications for animal health and reproduction, and might compromise animal welfare.
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PERUMAL, P., D. CHAURASIA, A. K. DE, D. BHATTACHARYA, JAI SUNDER, SNEHA BHOWMICK, A. KUNDU, and P. C. MISHRA. "Effect of clinical endometritis on physiological, hematological, biochemical and endocrinological profiles in crossbred cows under tropical island ecosystem." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 9 (January 12, 2021): 1296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i9.109493.
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The present study was carried out to assess the effect of endometritis on hematological, physiological, antioxidant, oxidative and endocrinological profiles in crossbred cows under tropical island ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Each 12 number of cows affected with clinical endometritis was selected as group 2 and without endometritis as group 1. These cows were in same parity in same locality with similar type management. Physiological profiles, hematological profiles, antioxidant profiles and hormone profiles were estimated. The result revealed that the crossbred cows with endometritis were suffering severe anaemia. The endometritis affected animals were shown significantly low level of antioxidant profiles and higher MDA level than the unaffected animal groups. Similarly endocrinological profiles revealed that the endometritis affected animals have significantly higher level of CORT and lower level of E2, P4, FSH, LH and T4 than the unaffected crossbred cows. It was concluded that the endometritis was due to anaemia, lack of antioxidants, over production of free radicals and disturbances of endocrinological profiles in crossbred cows of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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Sathler, Plínio, André Lourenço, Max Saito, Ana Arêas, Carlos Rodrigues, Lúcio Cabral, Helena Castro, and Hye Kang. "The antihemostatic profile of vitamin C: Mechanisms that underlie the technical application of a physiological molecule." Archives of Biological Sciences 68, no. 2 (2016): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150413024s.
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The potential of antioxidants as tools for lowering the incidence of diseases, including cardiovascular events, is of growing interest. Some antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and acetyl-salicylic acid) have been described as effective on cardiovascular diseases with mechanisms that differ from other scavenging agents. Currently, vitamin C is used to open occluded long-term central venous catheters, which avoids the process of reinserting a new one and injuring the patient. In this work, we investigated the vitamin C antihemostatic profile by evaluating its effects on the coagulation process. We used different assays, including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT) and ancrod time tests. We also examined the overall pH disturbance caused by vitamin C at different concentrations and its effect on the thrombin-initiated fibrin polymerization assay. Our results revealed a significant anticoagulant activity of vitamin C at high plasma concentrations (surpassing the normal 100 ?mol/L ratio) in a cell-independent mechanism. Our results suggest that vitamin C may affect blood coagulation by a direct impairment of fibrin assembly and further formation of a cohesive clot microstructure. This study supports the literature that points to the antihemostatic ability of antioxidant agents, and clarifies the mechanism of vitamin C in opening occluded long-term central venous catheters.
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Koss-Mikołajczyk, Izabela, Monika Baranowska, Jacek Namieśnik, and Agnieszka Bartoszek. "Determination of antioxidantactivity of phytochemicals in cellular models by fluorescence/luminescence methods." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 71, no. 1 (July 30, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3841.
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As soon as the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in so-called civilization diseases, which include non-infectious chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes or high blood pressure has been discovered, and the possibility of employing antioxidants as a remedy for these diseases have been proposed, scientists developed a broad spectrum of methods to determine antioxidant activity of pure chemicals and plant extracts, as well as dietary supplements. Most of these methods are based on simple redox reactions between antioxidant and ROS (for example ABTS, DPPH, or FRAP tests). However, chemical methods of assessing antioxidant activity are rarely biologically relevant. They do not mirror the real effect of antioxidants in living organisms, because they are used in non-physiological conditions of temperature and pH; neither they take metabolism nor intracellular transport under consideration. The perfect model for assessment of antioxidant activity in living organisms would be human or animal model, but such determinations are very complicated and often ambiguous. The current best alternative to chemical and human tests are assays employing cell culture models being less expensive than human tests, yet still reflecting biological systems more convincingly than chemical assays. Cellular antioxidant assays are performed under physiological pH and temperature, but most importantly, they take metabolism and intracellular transport under consideration. In this review, we present cellular tests used to determine antioxidant activity that are based on luminescence and fluorescence methods.
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Nikolaeva, Yu V., and O. O. Danchenko. "Features of the influence of oat extract on the antioxidant activity of goose liver." Animal Biology 23, no. 2 (July 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol23.02.041.
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The use of antioxidants in poultry feeding helps to relieve stress of various etiologies. Natural antioxidants have a number of advantages over synthetic ones. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Avena sativa oat extract on the peculiarities of the functioning of the antioxidant system of goose liver during the physiological stress of contour and juvenile feather formation (from the 14th to the 56th day). The state of the antioxidant system in liver tissues was determined by the coefficient of antioxidant activity, the content of the final products of lipoperoxidation, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of fat-soluble vitamins. The results of the experiment showed that the goslings of the control group during the formation of contour feathers have a decrease in antioxidant activity of the liver by 2.36 times, and juvenile — 1.90 times compared to the initial value of this indicator. Adding oat extract to the diet of geese during feather formation increases the antioxidant activity of their liver. Under the influence of the extract, the physiological stress associated with the formation of contour feathers (28 days) is significantly reduced by reducing the content of the main substrate of lipoperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, despite the decrease in the activity of all antioxidant enzymes. Increasing antioxidant activity in the liver during the formation of juvenile feathers is due to the inclusion of alternative mechanisms of antioxidant protection, implemented by increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidants: superoxide dismutase by 29.6 (P≤0.05), catalase by 34.6% (P≤0.05), glutathioperoxidase by 41.2% (P≤0.01), and the content of vitamin E by 32.7% (P≤0.05) and β-carotene by 30.9% (P≤0,05). Under the influence of the extract there is not only a significant increase in the weight of geese at the end of the experiment, but also an improvement in their pterylographic performance. Therefore, in the future, it would be advisable to conduct similar studies on wild bird species in kennels, as the process of feather formation is of fundamental importance for these birds.
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Seneviratne, Charita K., Timao Li, Neelam Khaper, and Pawan K. Singal. "Effects of methionine on endogenous antioxidants in the heart." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): H2124—H2128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.6.h2124.
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The deficiency of methionine, an essential amino acid, is associated with cardiovascular lesions. Because different types of cardiac pathologies are caused by a decrease in antioxidants, we examined the effects of methionine on myocardial antioxidant enzymes in hemodynamically assessed rats that were treated with methionine (10 mg/ml) in drinking water for 12, 24, and 48 h. Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was significantly increased to 150.5 ± 12.2 and 191.7 ± 13.7% of the control value at 12 and 24 h, respectively, followed by a decline to 120 ± 24.6% at 48 h. The mRNA levels of GSHPx at these time points were 151.2 ± 12.0, 218.7 ± 35.3, and 173.5 ± 25.2%, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was 144.3 ± 3.7, 114.3 ± 10.1, and 143.1 ± 11.2% at 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Catalase (Cat) activity was 272.4 ± 5.4, 237.8 ± 16.6, and 224.1 ± 17.3% of the control value. The expression of Cat and SOD mRNA was unchanged at 12, 24, and 48 h. The lipid peroxidation was decreased by 24.4 ± 11.2, 54.9 ± 0.1, and 6.4 ± 2.1% at 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Methionine had no effect on the ventricular or aortic pressures, heart rate, and myocardial glutathione levels at any of the time points. The study shows that methionine has a significant effect on the myocardial antioxidant enzyme activities, and only changes in GSHPx enzyme activity correlated with the mRNA changes. These antioxidant changes may have a role in the beneficial effects of methionine in pathological rather than physiological conditions.
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Zahra, Kamal Fatima, Radu Lefter, Ahmad Ali, Ech-Chahad Abdellah, Constantin Trus, Alin Ciobica, and Daniel Timofte. "The Involvement of the Oxidative Stress Status in Cancer Pathology: A Double View on the Role of the Antioxidants." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (August 5, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9965916.
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Oxygen-free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are known by their “double-sided” nature in biological systems. The beneficial effects of ROS involve physiological roles as weapons in the arsenal of the immune system (destroying bacteria within phagocytic cells) and role in programmed cell death (apoptosis). On the other hand, the redox imbalance in favor of the prooxidants results in an overproduction of the ROS/RNS leading to oxidative stress. This imbalance can, therefore, be related to oncogenic stimulation. High levels of ROS disrupt cellular processes by nonspecifically attacking proteins, lipids, and DNA. It appears that DNA damage is the key player in cancer initiation and the formation of 8-OH-G, a potential biomarker for carcinogenesis. The harmful effect of ROS is neutralized by an antioxidant protection treatment as they convert ROS into less reactive species. However, contradictory epidemiological results show that supplementation above physiological doses recommended for antioxidants and taken over a long period can lead to harmful effects and even increase the risk of cancer. Thus, we are describing here some of the latest updates on the involvement of oxidative stress in cancer pathology and a double view on the role of the antioxidants in this context and how this could be relevant in the management and pathology of cancer.
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Rakhmanin, Yu A., Natalija A. Egorova, R. I. Mikhailova, I. N. Ryzhova, D. B. Kamenetskaya, and M. G. Kochetkova. "MOLECULAR HYDROGEN: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION IN HEALTH CARE. REVIEW." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-4-359-365.
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Hydrogen (H2) is the lightest and most common element in the universe. In molecular form, (H2) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and non-toxic gas. For a long time, hydrogen was considered physiologically inert until its ability to reduce the intensity of the negative effect of oxidative stress was detected. According to modern concepts, oxidative stress affecting cells and tissue to be damaged, aged and causing a number of diseases - cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and other. Antioxidants, however, have had limited use in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases due to the high toxicity and low efficacy of many of them. Therefore, it remained necessary to identify effective antioxidants with little-to-no side effects. Since 2007, discovery molecular hydrogen (H2) to possess selective antioxidant properties, multiple studies have demonstrated H2 to show beneficial effects in diverse human disease (such as digestive, cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory, reproductive, immune, endocrine systems diseases, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and aging). H2 is a specific scavenger of •OH, which is a very strong oxidant that reacts with nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, resulting in DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, and protein inactivation. Fortunately, H2 does not appear to react with other ROS having normal physiological functions in vivo. Due to its mild but effective antioxidant properties, H2 can reduce oxidative stress and cause numerous effects in cells and tissues, including anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and metabolic effects. This review discusses H2 biological effects, describes effective H2 delivery approaches and summarizes data on the results and prospects of H2 applications in the prevention of human diseases and therapy.
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Cammisuli, Davide Maria, Ferdinando Franzoni, Giorgia Scarfò, Jonathan Fusi, Marco Gesi, Ubaldo Bonuccelli, Simona Daniele, Claudia Martini, and Gianluca Castelnuovo. "What Does the Brain Have to Keep Working at Its Best? Resilience Mechanisms Such as Antioxidants and Brain/Cognitive Reserve for Counteracting Alzheimer’s Disease Degeneration." Biology 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050650.
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Here we performed a narrative review highlighting the effect of brain/cognitive reserve and natural/synthetic antioxidants in exerting a neuroprotective effect against cognitive deterioration during physiological and pathological aging. Particularly, we discussed pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, brain and cognitive reserve as means of resilience towards deterioration, and evidence from the literature about antioxidants’ role in sustaining cognitive functioning in the preclinical phase of dementia. During aging, the effects of disease-related brain changes upon cognition are reduced in individuals with higher cognitive reserve, which might lose its potential with emerging cognitive symptoms in the transitional phase over the continuum normal aging-dementia (i.e., Mild Cognitive Impairment). Starting from this assumption, MCI should represent a potential target of intervention in which antioxidants effects may contribute—in part—to counteract a more severe brain deterioration (alongside to cognitive stimulation) causing a rightward shift in the trajectory of cognitive decline, leading patients to cross the threshold for clinical dementia later.
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Gutmann, Clemens, Richard Siow, Adam M. Gwozdz, Prakash Saha, and Alberto Smith. "Reactive Oxygen Species in Venous Thrombosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061918.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have physiological roles as second messengers, but can also exert detrimental modifications on DNA, proteins and lipids if resulting from enhanced generation or reduced antioxidant defense (oxidative stress). Venous thrombus (DVT) formation and resolution are influenced by ROS through modulation of the coagulation, fibrinolysis, proteolysis and the complement system, as well as the regulation of effector cells such as platelets, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes and fibroblasts. Many conditions that carry an elevated risk of venous thrombosis, such as the Antiphospholipid Syndrome, have alterations in their redox homeostasis. Dietary and pharmacological antioxidants can modulate several important processes involved in DVT formation, but their overall effect is unknown and there are no recommendations regarding their use. The development of novel antioxidant treatments that aim to abrogate the formation of DVT or promote its resolution will depend on the identification of targets that enable ROS modulation confined to their site of interest in order to prevent off-target effects on physiological redox mechanisms. Subgroups of patients with increased systemic oxidative stress might benefit from unspecific antioxidant treatment, but more clinical studies are needed to bring clarity to this issue.
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Righi, Federico, Rosario Pitino, Carmen L. Manuelian, Marica Simoni, Afro Quarantelli, Massimo De Marchi, and Eleni Tsiplakou. "Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Poultry Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050659.
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Plant feed additives (PFA) such as essential oils, extracts, and by-products from plant processing can be included in poultry diets. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the literature published in the last 20 years (2000–2020) comparing PFA antioxidant effects with synthetic antioxidant vitamins (mainly vitamin E) in poultry nutrition. The PFA can be used as an effective nutritional strategy to face poultry’s oxidative stress with positive impact also on their productivity and efficiency. They can partially or completely replace antioxidant synthetic vitamins (the latter administered at doses between 150 and 500 mg/kg) in animal diets, sometimes affecting important physiological functions or expressing synergistic effect with the synthetic antioxidants. It is crucial to take into consideration the issues related to the absorption and the metabolism of these additives and their interaction with gut microbiota. However, some form- and dose-dependent negative effects on growth performances are observed.
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Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian, Vasile Stoleru, Marian Burducea, Andrei Lobiuc, Neculai Munteanu, Lorena-Diana Popa, and Gianluca Caruso. "Biochemical, Physiological and Yield Characteristics of Red Basil as Affected by Cultivar and Fertilization." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020048.
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Unconventional fertilizers can act as elicitors to encourage the synthesis of phyto-pharmaceuticals in aromatic plants. In the present research, the effects of factorial combination between two red basil cultivars, ‘Opal’ and ‘De Buzau’, and four fertilization types, biosolids, organic, microorganisms and chemical, plus an unfertilized control, were assessed on fresh and dry yield, biometrical parameters, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) and antioxidant compounds and activity. Chemical fertilization increased fresh yield compared with the control, with no difference in organic and microorganism fertilization regarding dry weight. ‘De Buzau’ enhanced the number of lateral stems and plant height, the latter being better affected by chemical and microorganisms compared to the control. Chemical fertilization showed the highest leaf dry matter, nitrate content and SPAD, whereas the control showed the lowest. Compared to the unfertilized control, biosolids increased total phenolics in ‘Opal’; microorganisms, organic and biosolids enhanced total flavonoids in ‘Opal’, with the same effect under microorganisms and organic treatments in ‘De Buzau’. Total anthocyanins showed the highest content in ‘Opal’ under organic fertilization. The highest antioxidant activity in the basil extracts was detected under microorganisms and organic applications in ‘Opal’. The present investigation results demonstrate that unconventional fertilizers increase the synthesis of antioxidants and represent a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilization for growing red basil.
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Ponomarev, S. V., O. A. Levina, Yu V. Fedorovykh, and A. B. Akhmedzhanova. "Biologically active additives with antioxidant effect in the composition of feed for industrial aquaculture objects." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2211-05.
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Aquaculture, especially the industrial cultivation of aquatic organisms, is the main supplier of fish to the world market. However, the success of the industrial form of fish farming primarily depends on the quality and balance of the combined feeds used. The article presents the results of a study on the effectiveness of the use of an antioxidant of a flavanoid nature — dihydroquercetin in combination with vitamin E in the composition of a production feed for a tilapia hybrid. In the process of work, the formulation of a complete mixed feed for tilapia was adjusted, the productive effect of feed on fish was assessed in terms of fish-breeding, biological and physiological indicators. As a result of research, it was found that the complex of antioxidants has a positive effect on growth and survival rates. The growth increased by 37.0–46.0%. The indicators of energy metabolism also indicate a better accumulation of plastic substances in the fish of the experimental groups: ESR 1.92±0.30 and 1.83±0.27 mm/h, the level of total protein is significant (p≤0.01) lower than the values of the control group (25.70±2.9 and 23.38±0.90 g/l), and the cholesterol level is 11.5–24.1% lower. Thus, we can say that the complex of antioxidants provided more favorable trophic and biochemical conditions necessary, in particular, for the normal growth and development of fish. The results obtained complement the existing ideas about the areas of application of antioxidants, and also prove the promise of using herbal products as antioxidant feed additives. The results obtained in the course of the research can serve as a basis for improving the technologies for the production of mixed feed when raising fish on an intensive basis.
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Pasenko, D. A. "Pharmacotherapy and efficacy of antihypoxants and antioxidants." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 4 (July 30, 2022): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2208-07.
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In clinical practice, antihypoxants, «deproteinized calf blood hemoderivatives », and an antioxidant, «ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate», are used in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke and transient attacks. The use of these drugs is pathophysiologically justified as it prevents neuronal damage, which is confirmed by the clinical guidelines «Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in Adults», 2021. However, these drugs have not been proven effective. The purpose of the work: to study the expected effect of these drugs, based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, as well as biochemical and physiological (pathophysiological) capabilities of the body.
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de la Riva, Gustavo Alberto, Francisco Javier López Mendoza, and Guillermin Agüero-Chapin. "Known Hepatoprotectors Act as Antioxidants and Immune Stimulators in Stressed Mice: Perspectives in Animal Health Care." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 40 (March 15, 2019): 4825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190116151628.
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Background: Oxygen is involved in a variety of physiological reactions in aerobic organisms, such as those produced in the electron transport chain, hydroxylation, and oxygenation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are naturally formed as byproducts from these previously reactions involving the O2 molecule; they are made up of superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (HO−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), peroxyl (ROO−), and reactive aldehyde (ROCH). Under certain environmental stress conditions, ROS are accumulated causing cellular damage but also triggering the overexpression of several enzyme classes such as superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalases (CAT) and glutathione peroxidases (GPx), which represent an important intrinsic antioxidant defence line. Liver is a key organ in vertebrates including farm animals and human. The oxidative stress plays an important role in systemic malfunctions including hepatic, renal and immunological, disorders. Methods: This review presents a brief update about the relationship of oxidative stress with hepatic, renal and immunological malfunctions in stressed organisms. Cellular and exogenous hepatoprotective compounds share also the ability to scavenge ROS acting as antioxidants and in many cases as stimulators of immune response in stressed organisms. We present the effect of some hepatoprotectors on the hepatic, renal and immunological function in stressed mice by the jointed evaluation of biological and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: Hepatoprotective effect of several exogenous compounds is very associated with their antioxidant capacity. This fact is relevant for keeping oxidant/antioxidant balance in the respective organs, but also for maintaining the physiological status of the whole organism.
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Daader, Ahmed H., Adham A. Al-Sagheer, Hassan A. Gabr, and Elham A. Abd El-Moniem. "Alleviation of heat-stress-related physiological perturbations in growing rabbits using natural antioxidants." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): e0610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018163-13184.
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The current study was performed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), betaine (BET), lemongrass essential oil (LGEO), gallic acid (GA), vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) on different body temperature traits and stress hormone and glucose levels in heat-stressed growing rabbits. Rabbits were fed diets with no supplementation (control group) or supplemented with 15 g of EVOO, 400 mg of LGEO, 500 mg of GA, 1000 mg of BET, 500 mg of VC, or 200 mg of VE per kg of diet. All tested feed additives, especially EVOO, had a lowering effect on various rabbit temperature traits. Both triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine (T4) were increased (p<0.05) by the addition of BET, VC, EVOO, and VE. With the exception of the VC group, all dietary groups showed no significant changes in the insulin level compared to the control group level. In contrast, the cortisol and glucose levels were diminished (p<0.05) in all treated groups compared to the control levels. The results suggested that all tested supplementations had positive ameliorating effects on growing rabbits under a severe heat load in terms of lowered body temperatures and a favourable stress hormone balance, with the most favourable results found in the EVOO, VC, and BET supplementation groups.
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Garcia-Herrera, Patricia, Helayne A. Maieves, Erika N. Vega, María Luisa Perez-Rodriguez, Virginia Fernandez-Ruiz, Amaia Iriondo-DeHond, Maria Dolores del Castillo, and Maria Cortes Sanchez-Mata. "Dwarf Kiwi (Actinidia arguta Miq.), a Source of Antioxidants for a Healthy and Sustainable Diet." Molecules 27, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 5495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175495.
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The feasibility of using dwarf kiwi fruits (Actinia arguta Miq.) as a healthy and sustainable food, compared to other types of commercial kiwi fruits, was evaluated in the present study. The overall antioxidant capacity of these fruits was assessed by either extraction-dependent methods (ABTS, ORAC) or the direct method called Quick, Easy, New, CHEap, Reproducible (QUENCHER) (DPPH, FRAP, Folin–Ciocalteu), applied for the first time to analyze kiwi fruits. With this methodology, all the molecules with antioxidant capacity are measured together in a single step, even those with high molecular weight or poor solubility in aqueous extraction systems, such as antioxidant dietary fiber. The effect of kiwi extracts on physiological and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on IEC-6 cells was also analyzed, as well as total phenolic content (TPC) by Fast Blue BB, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, and hydroxybenzoic acids. A. arguta fruits showed the highest values in all the antioxidant assays, being remarkably higher than the other kiwi species for Q-FRAP and Q-DPPH. Dwarf kiwi showed the highest potential in reducing physiological ROS and the highest values of TPC (54.57 mgGAE/g), being hydroxybenzoic acids the main phenolic family found (2.40 mgGAE/g). Therefore, dwarf kiwi fruits are a natural source of antioxidants compared to conventional kiwi fruits, being a sustainable and healthy alternative to diversify fruits in the diet.
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Harnavi Harun, Yanwirasti Yanwirasti, Bambang Purwanto, and Endang Purwati Rahayuningsih. "The Effect of Giving Dadih on Malondialdehyde Levels and Renal Interstitial Fibrosis at Aging Kidney." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (May 15, 2020): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4285.
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BACKGROUND: The increase in the elderly poses problems in the areas of health, since it can cause aging of the physiological function of organs. It also has an impact on kidney function, which will enhance the chronic kidney disease. One of the theory that causes aging process is the free radical theory, which that accumulation of free radicals is caused by depletion of antioxidants. Therefore, exogenous antioxidants are needed and in this study author use dadih. Dadih is fermented buffalo milk, indigenous from West Sumatera-Indonesia. Peptides found in fermented milk contained antioxidant that can stimulate the formation of endogenous antioxidants and diversification of dadiah increases its effect as antioxidant.
AIM: This study aims to prove the effect of dadih antioxidants on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of kidney tissue and renal interstitial fibrosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: An experimental study with post-test only control group design conducted to observe effect of dadih to kidney aging of Rattus norvegicus in the Laboratory of Andalas University. It used 30 R. norvegicus which were divided into three groups. Group K was a positive control (did not get dadih), Group P1 was given dadih 4.5 g once a day, and Group P2 was given dadih 4.5 g twice a day for 42 days. After that, MDA levels of kidney tissue are examined using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances examination technique and examination of renal interstitial fibrosis which is done by histopathology with Sirius-red staining. Data were analyzed using the normality test with Shapiro–Wilk.
RESULTS: The results showed that dadih can reduce levels of MDA in kidney tissue, where its decrease very significant in Group P1 (given dadih once a day) and Group P2 (given dadih twice a day) compared to the Group K (control group) 0.97 ± 0.06 pg/ml to 0.75 ± 0.03 pg/ml (p < 0.05). Group P1 and Group P2 can also reduce the renal interstitial fibrosis rank. Obtained a decrease in the average fibrosis rank from Group K to Group P1 and subsequently to Group P2 (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: This study concluded that dadih can reduce MDA levels in kidney tissue and reduce renal interstitial fibrosis rank on aging kidney.
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Xie, Zhi-Zhong, Yang Liu, and Jin-Song Bian. "Hydrogen Sulfide and Cellular Redox Homeostasis." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6043038.
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Intracellular redox imbalance is mainly caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or weakness of the natural antioxidant defense system. It is involved in the pathophysiology of a wide array of human diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now recognized as the third “gasotransmitters” and proved to exert a wide range of physiological and cytoprotective functions in the biological systems. Among these functions, the role of H2S in oxidative stress has been one of the main focuses over years. However, the underlying mechanisms for the antioxidant effect of H2S are still poorly comprehended. This review presents an overview of the current understanding of H2S specially focusing on the new understanding and mechanisms of the antioxidant effects of H2S based on recent reports. Both inhibition of ROS generation and stimulation of antioxidants are discussed. H2S-induced S-sulfhydration of key proteins (e.g., p66Shc and Keap1) is also one of the focuses of this review.
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Dinler, Burcu Seckin, Hatice Cetinkaya, Iskren Sergiev, Elena Shopova, and Dessislava Todorova. "PACLOBUTRAZOL DEPENDENT SALT TOLERANCE IS RELATED TO CLC1 AND NHX1 GENE EXPRESSION IN SOYBEAN PLANTS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 21, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.3.3.
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Paclobutrazol (PBZ) enhances plant resistance to salt stress in two ways: directly, by straight clearance of reactive oxygen species; and indirectly by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic efficiency, and metabolite content, and by regulating transcription factors associated with stress. However, the regulatory effects of PBZ under salt stress in soybean are still not well explained and need further investigation. With this aim, the combination effect of salinity (250 mM NaCl) and three different doses of PBZ (5, 10 and 20 ppm) on physiological, biochemical and molecular traits of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves were studied in soil experiments. Furthermore, physiological parameters (relative growth rate, relative water content), chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and as well as enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, POX, APX, CAT and GST), ion content (Na, Cl) and soybean Na+/H+ antiporter GmNHX1 and chloride channel GmCLC1 gene expressions were investigated. The results showed that PBZ caused a reduction in salt-induced damages and an increase in biomass yield, water status, and chlorophyll. Moreover, PBZ regulated enzymatic antioxidants and alleviated the oxidative damages under salinity. In this study, for a first time it was determined that PBZ increased both GmNHX1 (ABA dependent or independent) and GmCLC1 (ABA independent) gene expressions and reduced Na and Cl concentrations in soybean under salinity. In conclusion, PBZ plays a role as a regulator and stimulant in salt stress response by mostly regulating ion balance in soybean leaves.
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Akhmedzhanova, Aliya, Sergey Ponomarev, Yulia Fedorovykh, Olga Levina, Tatyana Starikova, and Evgeny Dutikov. "The effectiveness of the use of astaxanthin in production feeds for promising aquaculture objects." E3S Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236303001.
Full textAbstract:
When developing the composition of recipes for complete dry combined feeds in industrial aquaculture, in addition to their balance in terms of basic nutrients, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of a number of irreplaceable biologically active feed components in them. Among them, along with vitamins and minerals, are carotenoids – natural pigments contained in the natural food of fish. Carotenoids – play a different role in the metabolism of fish and are also pronounced antioxidants that protect the body from the action of free radicals. The article discusses the experience of using the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in feeding tilapia. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that has a huge impact on the functioning of all systems and overall health. But this practice has not affected mass thermophilic aquaculture species like tilapia, their muscle tissues and caviar are not stained under the action of astaxanthin, and its effect on the physiological status of fish, as well as antioxidant properties have not been studied. It was found that the addition of astaxanthin – 20.0 and 40.0 mg/ kg to the composition of production feeds allowed to increase productivity by 22.0 and 39.2%, respectively, as well as to have a positive effect on the physiological state of fish.
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Karg, Cornelia A., Lucia Parráková, Dietmar Fuchs, Harald Schennach, Bernhard Kräutler, Simone Moser, and Johanna M. Gostner. "A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC." Antioxidants 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102056.
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Phyllobilins are natural products derived from the degradation of chlorophyll, which proceeds via a common and strictly controlled pathway in higher plants. The resulting tetrapyrrolic catabolites—the phyllobilins—are ubiquitous in nature; despite their high abundance, there is still a lack of knowledge about their physiological properties. Phyllobilins are part of human nutrition and were shown to be potent antioxidants accounting with interesting physiological properties. Three different naturally occurring types of phyllobilins—a phylloleucobilin, a dioxobilin-type phylloleucobilin and a phylloxanthobilin (PxB)—were compared regarding potential antioxidative properties in a cell-free and in a cell-based antioxidant activity test system, demonstrating the strongest effect for the PxB. Moreover, the PxB was investigated for its capacity to interfere with immunoregulatory metabolic pathways of tryptophan breakdown in human blood peripheral mononuclear cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine was observed, suggesting a suppressive effect on pathways of cellular immune activation. Although the exact mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects are yet unknown, these prominent bioactivities point towards health-relevant effects, which warrant further mechanistic investigations and the assessment of the in vivo extrapolatability of results. Thus, phyllobilins are a still surprisingly unexplored family of natural products that merit further investigation.
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Feng, Yifeng, Shanshan Li, Rongjian Jia, Jie Yang, Qiufang Su, and Zhengyang Zhao. "Physiological Characteristics of Sunburn Peel after Apple Debagged." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 3775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123775.
Full textAbstract:
The bagging of fruits provides efficient protection from high-intensity sunlight and improves fruit color and quality. However, bagged fruit suddenly exposed to bright light can cause sunburn and destroys the peel cell structure. In this study, fruits from ten-year-old apple trees of ‘Gala’ variety were debagged, and the effect of sunburn on fruits was divided into: (1) normal peels (BFN), (2) peels with albefaction (BFA), and (3) browning (BFB). The non-bagging fruits (NBF) were set as a control to study the physiological characteristics of apple fruits with different levels of sunburn. Our results showed that in the early stages of debagged fruits’ sunburn, the cell structure of the peel was partially destroyed, the color of the injured fruit surface turned white, and the peroxidation in the cell membrane of the peel increased. Initially, the fruit improved its photosynthetic protection ability, and the activity of antioxidants and phenolics was enhanced, to cope with external injury. However, with the increase in duration of high-intensity sunlight, the cell structure of the peel was severely damaged, and the increase in membrane peroxidation resulted in brown coloration of fruits. Under the same conditions, the photoprotection ability and antioxidant enzyme activity of non-bagged fruits showed higher levels. In conclusion, the non-bagged fruits were more adaptable to high-intensity sunlight as compared to debagged fruits.
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Arazi, Hamid, Ehsan Eghbali, and Katsuhiko Suzuki. "Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030869.
Full textAbstract:
Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by antioxidant mechanisms. ROS degrade biogenic substances such as deoxyribonucleic acid, lipids, and proteins, which in turn may lead to oxidative tissue damage. One of the physiological conditions currently associated with enhanced oxidative stress is exercise. Although a period of intense training may cause oxidative damage to muscle fibers, regular exercise helps increase the cells’ ability to reduce the ROS over-accumulation. Regular moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to increase antioxidant defense. Endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage under the physiological and pathological conditions (intense exercise and exercise at altitude). These conditions may disturb the endogenous antioxidant balance and increase oxidative stress. In this case, the use of antioxidant supplements such as creatine can have positive effects on the antioxidant system. Creatine is made up of two essential amino acids, arginine and methionine, and one non-essential amino acid, glycine. The exact action mechanism of creatine as an antioxidant is not known. However, it has been shown to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the capability to eliminate ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It seems that the antioxidant effects of creatine may be due to various mechanisms such as its indirect (i.e., increased or normalized cell energy status) and direct (i.e., maintaining mitochondrial integrity) mechanisms. Creatine supplement consumption may have a synergistic effect with training, but the intensity and duration of training can play an important role in the antioxidant activity. In this study, the researchers attempted to review the literature on the effects of creatine supplementation and physical exercise on oxidative stress.
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Le Floc'h, Nathalie, Florence Gondret, J. Jacques Matte, and Hélène Quesnel. "Towards amino acid recommendations for specific physiological and patho-physiological states in pigs." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 3 (May 21, 2012): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112000560.
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The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the implication of amino acids (AA) in important physiological functions. This is done in the context of pig production where the competition for AA utilisation is exacerbated by constraints to maximise productive responses and the necessity to reduce dietary protein input for environmental, economic and sanitary issues. Therefore, there is an opportunity to refine the nutritional recommendations by exploring the physiological roles of AA. For example, methionine and cysteine, either in selenised or sulfur forms, are directly involved in the regulation of the glutathione antioxidative system. In sows, glutathione antioxidative system may contribute to improving ovulation conditions through control of oxidative pressure. Supplementation of sow diets withl-arginine, a precursor of NO and polyamines, may stimulate placental growth, promoting conceptus survival, growth and tissue development. The beneficial effect of arginine supplementation has been also suggested to improve lactation performance. Feed intake is usually the first response that is impacted by an inadequate AA supply. Valine and tryptophan imbalances may act as signals for decreasing feed intake. AA are also important nutrients for maintaining the animal's defence systems. Threonine, one of the main constituents of mucin protein, is important for gut development during the postnatal period. It may exert a protective effect that reduces the impact of weaning on gut morphology and associated disturbances. Finally, tryptophan is involved in the regulation of the defence system through its action as a precursor of antioxidants and its effect on the inflammatory response.
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Hussain, Khalid, Fatima Asghar Diyyal, Khalid Nawaz, Noshia Arshad, Uswa Ali, and Mohammad Qurban. "Promoting growth and morpho-physiological attributes in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) using indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid applied individually or jointly as foliar spray." International Journal of Applied and Experimental Biology 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56612/ijaeb.v2i1.25.
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Gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are commercially and scientifically important due to their promising impacts on growth, quantity and quality of most crops. The current work intended to observe the effect of foliar applications of plant growth regulators (IAA and GA3) on linseed morpho-biochemical attributes and key antioxidants. Indole-3-acetic acid showed more beneficial effects on growth and antioxidant activities than those by GA3. Root length, shoot length, photosynthetic rate, root fresh weight, and N were respectively 38%, 25%, 38%, 60%, and 1.26% higher with combined treatments of IAA+GA3 than those of the control plants at the vegetative stage. The effect of IAA was highly significant on N percentage, total protein contents and fibre percentage in linseed at both seedling and vegetative stages. Overall, the nutritional value of linseed was boosted by both PGRs, i.e., GA3 and IAA. Furthermore, it is recommended that IAA, GA3 and their combined applications can be used to enhance the quality of cereal crops.
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Ponomarev, S. V., Y. V. Fedorovykh, A. B. Akhmedzhanova, O. A. Levina, V. A. Pospelov, S. V. Tsulimov, and A. B. Gavrilov. "Efficiency of using bioflavonoids in production feeds for promising aquaculture facilities." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2010-05.
Full textAbstract:
Modern technologies of industrial fish farming allow getting high-quality products. However, stressful conditions of an artificial ecosystem (high planting density, violation of optimal hydrochemical conditions) can negatively affect food activity, growth rate, lead to the development of alimentary diseases and depletion of the antioxidant potential In conditions when fish is deprived of natural food, and the metabolism is completely under human control, the use of balanced feeds enriched with macro — and microelements, as well as biologically active substances, maximizes metabolic processes and helps to increase the growth rate and obtain physiologically complete juveniles. The use of antioxidant feed additives allows not only to carry out timely therapy, but also to provide a preventive effect to prevent the negative consequences of an artificial ecosystem. Currently, there are a number of antioxidant feed additives, among which are of particular interest to natural bioantioxidant of flavonoid nature, such as catechins, dihydrochalcones, flavonols, leukocyanins, dihydroquercetin. The article discusses the experience of using a new generation antioxidant — dihydroquercetin and an immunostimulator — arabinogalactan in feeding a tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus). It was found that the addition of dihydroquercetin (25,0– 50,0 mg/kg) and arabinogalactan (50,0 mg/kg) to the production feed allowed to increase productivity by 26,0%, as well as to show a positive effect on the physiological state of fish. The results obtained complement the existing ideas about the fields of application of antioxidants, and also prove the prospects of using plant-based products as antioxidant feed additives.
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Liu, Yang, Shujun Zhou, Du Xiang, Lingao Ju, Dexin Shen, Xinghuan Wang, and Yanfeng Wang. "Friend or Foe? The Roles of Antioxidants in Acute Lung Injury." Antioxidants 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121956.
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Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency caused by various intra- and extra-pulmonary injury factors. The oxidative stress caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the lungs plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALI. ROS is a “double-edged sword”, which is widely involved in signal transduction and the life process of cells at a physiological concentration. However, excessive ROS can cause mitochondrial oxidative stress, leading to the occurrence of various diseases. It is well-known that antioxidants can alleviate ALI by scavenging ROS. Nevertheless, more and more studies found that antioxidants have no significant effect on severe organ injury, and may even aggravate organ injury and reduce the survival rate of patients. Our study introduces the application of antioxidants in ALI, and explore the mechanisms of antioxidants failure in various diseases including it.
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Raziq, Abdul, Yu Wang, Atta Mohi Ud Din, Jin Sun, Sheng Shu, and Shirong Guo. "A Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Tomato (Var. Ailsa Craig): Responses of Physiological and Transcriptional Changes in RBOH’s and ABA Biosynthesis and Signalling Genes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031603.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity is a ubiquitous stressor, depleting osmotic potential and affecting the tomato seedlings’ development and productivity. Considering this critical concern, we explored the salinity response in tomato seedlings by evaluating them under progressive salt stress duration (0, 3, 6, and 12 days). Intriguingly, besides the adverse effect of salt stress on tomato growth the findings exhibited a significant role of tomato antioxidative system, RBOH genes, ABA biosynthesis, and signaling transcription factor for establishing tolerance to salinity stress. For instance, the activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants continued to incline positively with the increased levels of reactive oxygen species (O2•−, H2O2), MDA, and cellular damage, suggesting the scavenging capacity of tomato seedlings against salt stress. Notably, the RBOH transcription factors activated the hydrogen peroxide-mediated signalling pathway that induced the detoxification mechanisms in tomato seedlings. Consequently, the increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and the corresponding ratio of non-enzymatic antioxidants AsA-GSH suggested the modulation of antioxidants to survive the salt-induced oxidative stress. In addition, the endogenous ABA level was enhanced under salinity stress, indicating higher ABA biosynthesis and signalling gene expression. Subsequently, the upregulated transcript abundance of ABA biosynthesis and signalling-related genes suggested the ABA-mediated capacity of tomato seedlings to regulate homeostasis under salt stress. The current findings have revealed fascinating responses of the tomato to survive the salt stress periods, in order to improve the abiotic stress tolerance in tomato.
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Bansal, Amrit Kaur, and G. S. Bilaspuri. "Impacts of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants on Semen Functions." Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/686137.
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Oxidative stress (OS) has been considered a major contributory factor to the infertility. Oxidative stress is the result of imbalance between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in the body which can lead to sperm damage, deformity, and eventually male infertility. Although high concentrations of the ROS cause sperm pathology (ATP depletion) leading to insufficient axonemal phosphorylation, lipid peroxidation, and loss of motility and viability but, many evidences demonstrate that low and controlled concentrations of these ROS play an important role in sperm physiological processes such as capacitation, acrosome reaction, and signaling processes to ensure fertilization. The supplementation of a cryopreservation extender with antioxidant has been shown to provide a cryoprotective effect on mammalian sperm quality. This paper reviews the impacts of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species on spermatozoa functions, causes of ROS generation, and antioxidative strategies to reduce OS. In addition, we also highlight the emerging concept of utilizing OS as a tool of contraception.
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Abbas, Ghulam, Muhammad Saqib, Javaid Akhtar, Ghulam Murtaza, and Muhammad Shahid. "Effect of salinity on rhizosphere acidification and antioxidant activity of two acacia species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 1 (January 2015): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0354.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity is a major environmental stress that is reducing crop yield, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It is responsible for many physiological and biochemical disorders in plants. To investigate its effects on two acacia species, namely Acacia ampliceps Maslin and Acacia nilotica L., a solution-culture experiment was conducted in which both species were exposed to NaCl concentrations of 100 and 200 mmol·L–1. After four weeks of salinity stress, plants were harvested, and physical-growth data were recorded. The membrane stability index and activities of antioxidants enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were determined using standard methods. Root exudates were collected for the analysis of organic acids, i.e., citric acid and tartaric acid. Root ash alkalinity was also measured. The results indicated that salinity stress caused a significant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and in the release of organic acids in both species. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes resulted in less damage to membranes and produced more shoot and root biomass in A. ampliceps than in A. nilotica. Likewise, having more rhizosphere acidification enabled A. ampliceps to respond in a better way to salinity stress than A. nilotica.
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Leskiv, K. Y., B. V. Gutyj, V. M. Hunchak, I. I. Khariv, R. O. Vasiv, M. S. Romanovych, V. Ya Prysiazhniuk, O. V. Pavliv, and S. S. Adamiv. "The effect of antioxidants on biochemical and morphological indicators of the piglet's blood." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 108 (November 28, 2022): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10814.
Full textAbstract:
The work aimed to study the influence of methifen, fenarone, and methionine on the biochemical and morphological indicators of the piglet’s blood. We researched three-month-old large white piglets. 10 groups were formed, each with 5 animals: a control group and nine experimental groups. We established that antioxidants promote an increase in the erythrocyte number and the Hb level to the upper limits of physiological indicators from the 10th day of the test. On the 60th day, the erythrocyte number in the blood of piglets fed methionine varied between 7.15 ± 0.12 – 7.30 ± 0.12 B/l. This indicator was 7.34 ± 0.10 – 7.64 ± 0.11 B/l (Р < 0.05) in the group fed fenarone, and 7.64 ± 0.14 – 7.65 ± 0.11 B/l (Р < 0.05) in animals fed methifen. On the 90th day, the erythrocyte number was the highest in animals that were fed methifen at a dose of 0.9 mg/kg body weight. Relative to piglets of the C group, the aforementioned indicator increased by 12.9 %. We also found a slight growth in the activity of aminotransferases in the blood serum of piglets of the experimental groups. In addition, it was found that the studied drugs do not affect the mononuclear system. It was indicated by the number of leukocytes, which was within the limits of physiological parameters during the experiment and ranged from 10.0 ± 0.12 to 11.8 ± 0.6 G/l. The highest indicators of enzyme activity, hemoglobin content, and the number of erythrocytes in the blood of animals of the experimental groups were established on the 60th and 90th days of the trial. It manifested the best effect under methionine feeding at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, fenarone – 1.20 mg/kg body weight. and metifen – 0.9 mg/kg body weight.
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Rizwana, Nasera, Vipul Agarwal, and Manasa Nune. "Antioxidant for Neurological Diseases and Neurotrauma and Bioengineering Approaches." Antioxidants 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010072.
Full textAbstract:
Antioxidants are a class of molecules with an innate affinity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been associated with a wide range of diseases mediated by physiological damage to the cells. ROS play both beneficial and detrimental roles in human physiology depending on their overall concentration. ROS are an inevitable byproduct of the normal functioning of cells, which are produced as a result of the mitochondrial respiration process. Since the establishment of the detrimental effect of oxidative stress in neurological disorders and neurotrauma, there has been growing interest in exploring antioxidants to rescue remaining or surviving cells and reverse the neurological damage. In this review, we present the survey of different antioxidants studied in neurological applications including neurotrauma. We also delve into bioengineering approaches developed to deliver antioxidants to improve their cellular uptake in neurological applications.
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Chourasia, Kumar Nishant, Milan Kumar Lal, Rahul Kumar Tiwari, Devanshu Dev, Hemant Balasaheb Kardile, Virupaksh U. Patil, Amarjeet Kumar, et al. "Salinity Stress in Potato: Understanding Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses." Life 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11060545.
Full textAbstract:
Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.
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Dichala, Olga, Anastasia Evripidis Giannakoula, and Ioannis Therios. "Effect of Salinity on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Leaves in Three Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Cultivars." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 8675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178675.
Full textAbstract:
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting crop yield. It is important to exploit pomegranates’ potential against salts because they are considered beneficial plants for human health due to their antioxidants and they are often exposed to severe salinity stress in the field. Three pomegranate cvs. were chosen as model plants for assessing the impact of different salt stress in the cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical response of three pomegranate varieties (Punica granatum L.) (Wonderful, Ermioni, and Grenada) under different saline conditions. The plants were grown in a sand/perlite substrate in a 1:1 ratio and, throughout the experiment, were irrigated with a Hoagland nutrient solution, modified to contain four concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM) of NaCl, KCl, and K2SO4. At the end of the experiment, we measured the (a) concentrations of carotenoids and porphyrin of leaves; (b) phenols and flavonoids contents, and antioxidant capacity of leaves; (c) lipid peroxidation level; (d) leaf water potential; and (e) proline concentration. Ermioni contained the maximum concentration of proline phenols and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in all salts. Furthermore, reductions in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration were recorded in all cultivars. Grenada possessed the lowest porphyrin concentration. In conclusion, our results showed that Grenada was the most salt-susceptible cultivar. Salinity treatment triggered the enhancement in lipid peroxidation in the sensitive cultivar, while no change in lipid peroxidation level was observed in the tolerant cultivars. These data provide further support to the hypothesis that a mechanism exists that excludes salinity from the roots of tolerant cultivars, as well as an internal mechanism of tolerance that minimizes the accumulation of lipid peroxides through a higher proline content related to osmoregulation and membrane stabilization.
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Ponomarev, Sergey, Yulia Viktorovna Fedorovykh, Aliya Akhmedzhanova, Olga Aleksandrovna Levina, Alexey Nikiforov – Nikishin, and Viktor Klimov. "The effectiveness of the use of some BAS in the composition of production feeds for sturgeon fish." Fisheries 2022, no. 4 (August 10, 2022): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2022-4-58-64.
Full textAbstract:
Bioflavonoids, also known as flavonoids, are substances with low molecular weight that are found in vascular plants. They are found in all parts of plants, but especially in photosynthetic cells and have a wide spectrum of action as antioxidants, enzymatic inhibitors, precursors of toxic substances, protection against ultraviolet radiation, and also participate in energy conversion. The article discusses the experience of using a new generation antioxidant – dihydroquercetin and an immunostimulator – arabinogalactan in feeding sturgeon fish. The objects of research in the work were: two-year-olds of Russian sturgeon, as well as dihydroquercetin, arabinogalactan and feed formulations for sturgeon fish species. In the process of work, the formulation of a full-fledged compound feed for sturgeon fish species was adjusted using the bioflavonoid dihydroquercin, an arabinogalactant immunostimulator, and the productive effect of feed on fish was evaluated according to fish-biological and physiological indicators. The obtained results complement the existing ideas about the fields of application of antioxidants, and also prove the prospects of using herbal remedies as antioxidant feed additives. The results obtained in the course of research can serve as a basis for improving technologies for the production of compound feeds when growing fish on an intensive basis.
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Heyland, Daren K., Rupinder Dhaliwal, Andrew G. Day, John Muscedere, John Drover, Ulrich Suchner, and Deborah Cook. "REducing Deaths due to OXidative Stress (The REDOXS© Study): rationale and study design for a randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation in critically-ill patients." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65, no. 3 (August 2006): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2006505.
Full textAbstract:
Critically-ill patients experience an extent of hyperinflammation, cellular immune dysfunction, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Supplementation with key nutrients, such as glutamine and antioxidants, is most likely to have a favourable effect on these physiological derangements, leading to an improvement in clinical outcomes. The results of two meta-analyses suggest that glutamine and antioxidants may be associated with improved survival. The purpose of the present paper is to report the background rationale and study protocol for the evaluation of the effect of high-dose glutamine and antioxidant supplementation on mortality in a large-scale randomized trial in 1200 mechanically-ventilated, critically-ill patients. Patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with clinical evidence of severe organ dysfunction will be randomized to one of four treatments in a 2×2 factorial design: (1) glutamine; (2) antioxidant therapy; (3) glutamine and antioxidant therapy; (4) placebo. The primary outcome for this study is 28 d mortality. The secondary outcomes are duration of stay in ICU, adjudicated diagnosis of infection, multiple organ dysfunction, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in hospital and health-related quality of life at 3 and 6 months. A novel design feature is the combined use of parenteral and enteral study nutrients dissociated from the nutrition support. The therapeutic strategies tested in the randomized trial may lead to less morbidity and improved survival in critically-ill patients. The trial will be conducted in approximately twenty tertiary-care ICU in Canada and the first results are expected in 2009.
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Aruoma, O. I., M. J. Laughton, and B. Halliwell. "Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine: could they act as antioxidants in vivo?" Biochemical Journal 264, no. 3 (December 15, 1989): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2640863.
Full textAbstract:
Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine have been proposed to act as antioxidants in vivo. Our studies show that all three compounds are good scavengers of the hydroxyl radical (.OH) but that none of them can react with superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorous acid at biologically significant rates. None of them can bind iron ions in ways that interfere with ‘site-specific’ iron-dependent radical damage to the sugar deoxyribose, nor can they restrict the availability of Cu2+ to phenanthroline. Homocarnosine has no effect on iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation; carnosine and anserine have weak inhibitory effects when used at high concentrations in some (but not all) assay systems. However, the ability of these compounds to interfere with a commonly used version of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test may have led to an overestimate of their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in some previous studies. By contrast, histidine stimulated iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that, because of the high concentrations present in vivo, carnosine and anserine could conceivably act as physiological antioxidants by scavenging .OH, but that they do not have a broad spectrum of antioxidant activity, and their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation is not well established. It may be that they have a function other than antioxidant protection (e.g. buffering), but that they are safer to accumulate than histidine, which has a marked pro-oxidant action upon iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation. The inability of homocarnosine to react with HOCl, interfere with the TBA test or affect lipid peroxidation systems in the same way as carnosine is surprising in view of the apparent structural similarity between these two molecules.
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Raafat, Bassem M., Walaa F. Alsanie, Abdulellah Al Thobaity, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Basem H. Elesawy, and Haytham Dahlawi. "A Combined Protective Dose of Angelica archangelica and Ginkgo biloba Restores Normal Functional Hemoglobin Derivative Levels in Rabbits after Oxidative Stress Induced by Gallium-68." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 4804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114804.
Full textAbstract:
Oxidative stress is a physiological imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to detoxify these products. Oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation is one of the late biological effects of radiation. The aim of this study was to assess the protective role of Angelica archangelica and Ginkgo biloba extracts, which are commonly used as antioxidants in counteracting effects related to functional and non-functional hemoglobin derivative concentrations, as well as the rate of hemoglobin autoxidation before exposing rabbits to ionizing radiation. The experimental design included four groups of rabbits: a control group that did not receive gallium or antioxidants; Group 1, which received 68Ga isotope as a source of ionizing radiation with no prior treatment; Groups 2 and 3, which received A. archangelica and G. biloba root powder water extracts, respectively, for seven days prior to irradiation; and Group 4, which received a combined dose of both antioxidants, A. archangelica and G. biloba, prior to irradiation, with the same dose, time, and duration as used in Groups 2 and 3. The results demonstrate that both antioxidants had the ability to counteract oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation, as well as to reduce the hemoglobin autoxidation rate. A synergistic effect was revealed when using a combined dose of both antioxidants at the same concentrations, times, and durations. A lower rate of free radical formation was also recorded, reflected by a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity. The data here presented support the radioprotective role of both investigated antioxidants.
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Samoilova, Yu G., M. V. Matveeva, I. A. Petrov, E. V. Mitselya, D. A. Kudlay, and Zh F. Gaifulina. "Oxidative stress and fertility. Nature, diagnosis, and treatment." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, no. 4 (2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-131-139.
Full textAbstract:
Several pathological and physiological processes in the body are accompanied by oxidative stress. At present, the data from many research studies on markers of the oxidant-antioxidant system status are known. In turn, the incidence of infertility in married couples is progressively increasing. Methods to overcome infertility are improved every year, and the reduction of oxidative stress levels is a promising new direction in this regard. The results of many studies indicate the influence of oxidantantioxidant imbalance on the results of assisted reproductive technologies, as well as their connection with various forms of infertility. Data from recent studies on the effect of oxidative stress on infertility in women are presented. Key words: infertility, oxidative stress, antioxidants, follicular fluid, assisted reproductive technologies, free radicals
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Nocella, Cristina, Vittoria Cammisotto, Fabio Pigozzi, Paolo Borrione, Chiara Fossati, Alessandra D’Amico, Roberto Cangemi, et al. "Impairment between Oxidant and Antioxidant Systems: Short- and Long-term Implications for Athletes’ Health." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061353.
Full textAbstract:
The role of oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and antioxidants, has been described in several patho-physiological conditions, including cardiovascular, neurological diseases and cancer, thus impacting on individuals’ lifelong health. Diet, environmental pollution, and physical activity can play a significant role in the oxidative balance of an organism. Even if physical training has proved to be able to counteract the negative effects caused by free radicals and to provide many health benefits, it is also known that intensive physical activity induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and free radical-mediated muscle damage. Indeed, variations in type, intensity, and duration of exercise training can activate different patterns of oxidant–antioxidant balance leading to different responses in terms of molecular and cellular damage. The aim of the present review is to discuss (1) the role of oxidative status in athletes in relation to exercise training practice, (2) the implications for muscle damage, (3) the long-term effect for neurodegenerative disease manifestations, (4) the role of antioxidant supplementations in preventing oxidative damages.
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Soda, Kuniyasu. "Overview of Polyamines as Nutrients for Human Healthy Long Life and Effect of Increased Polyamine Intake on DNA Methylation." Cells 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010164.
Full textAbstract:
Polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are synthesized in every living cell and are therefore contained in foods, especially in those that are thought to contribute to health and longevity. They have many physiological activities similar to those of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances such as polyphenols. These include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, cell and gene protection, and autophagy activation. We have first reported that increased polyamine intake (spermidine much more so than spermine) over a long period increased blood spermine levels and inhibited aging-associated pathologies and pro-inflammatory status in humans and mice and extended life span of mice. However, it is unlikely that the life-extending effect of polyamines is exerted by the same bioactivity as polyphenols because most studies using polyphenols and antioxidants have failed to demonstrate their life-extending effects. Recent investigations revealed that aging-associated pathologies and lifespan are closely associated with DNA methylation, a regulatory mechanism of gene expression. There is a close relationship between polyamine metabolism and DNA methylation. We have shown that the changes in polyamine metabolism affect the concentrations of substances and enzyme activities involved in DNA methylation. I consider that the increased capability of regulation of DNA methylation by spermine is a key of healthy long life of humans.
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Różanowska, Małgorzata B., Barbara Czuba-Pełech, and Bartosz Różanowski. "Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina?" Antioxidants 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061132.
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Vitamins C and E and zeaxanthin are components of a supplement tested in a large clinical trial—Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)—and it has been demonstrated that they can inhibit the progression of age-related macular degeneration. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal combinations of these antioxidants to prevent the phototoxicity mediated by vitamin A aldehyde (ATR), which can accumulate in photoreceptor outer segments (POS) upon exposure to light. We used cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells ARPE-19 and liposomes containing unsaturated lipids and ATR as a model of POS. Cells and/or liposomes were enriched with lipophilic antioxidants, whereas ascorbate was added just before the exposure to light. Supplementing the cells and/or liposomes with single lipophilic antioxidants had only a minor effect on phototoxicity, but the protection substantially increased in the presence of both ways of supplementation. Combinations of zeaxanthin with α-tocopherol in liposomes and cells provided substantial protection, enhancing cell viability from ~26% in the absence of antioxidants to ~63% in the presence of 4 µM zeaxanthin and 80 µM α-tocopherol, and this protective effect was further increased to ~69% in the presence of 0.5 mM ascorbate. The protective effect of ascorbate disappeared at a concentration of 1 mM, whereas 2 mM of ascorbate exacerbated the phototoxicity. Zeaxanthin or α-tocopherol partly ameliorated the cytotoxic effects. Altogether, our results suggest that the optimal combination includes upper levels of zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol achievable by diet and/or supplementations, whereas ascorbate needs to be at a four-fold smaller concentration than that in the vitreous. The physiological relevance of the results is discussed.