Relevant bibliographies by topics / Antioxidant enzymes

Academic literature on the topic 'Antioxidant enzymes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Antioxidant enzymes"

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Zulaikhah, Siti Thomas. "The Role of Antioxidant to Prevent Free Radicals in The Body." Sains Medika 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/sainsmed.v8i1.1012.

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AbstractAntioxidants are compounds that can counteract or reduce the negative impact oxidants in the body. Antioxidants work by donating an electron to compounds that are oxidant so that the oxidant compound activity can be inhibited. Antioxidants are classified into two, namely antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme. Antioxidant enzymes as enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a non-enzyme antioxidant found in many vegetables and fruits, which include reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, E, β- carotene, flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, antosionin, catechins, and isokatekin, and lipoic acid. Low antioxidant enzymes can be used as a marker of high levels of free radicals in the body. Following review aims to provide an overview of the role of antioxidants in preventing the formation of free radicals in the body.
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Zulaikhah, Siti Thomas. "The Role of Antioxidant to Prevent Free Radicals in The Body." Sains Medika : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sainsmed.v8i1.1012.

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AbstractAntioxidants are compounds that can counteract or reduce the negative impact oxidants in the body. Antioxidants work by donating an electron to compounds that are oxidant so that the oxidant compound activity can be inhibited. Antioxidants are classified into two, namely antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme. Antioxidant enzymes as enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a non-enzyme antioxidant found in many vegetables and fruits, which include reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, E, β- carotene, flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, antosionin, catechins, and isokatekin, and lipoic acid. Low antioxidant enzymes can be used as a marker of high levels of free radicals in the body. Following review aims to provide an overview of the role of antioxidants in preventing the formation of free radicals in the body.
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Nikitina, O. A., M. A. Darenskaya, N. V. Semenova, and L. I. Kolesnikova. "Antioxidant defense system: regulation of metabolic processes, genetic determinants, methods of determination." Сибирский научный медицинский журнал 42, no. 3 (June 26, 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/ssmj20220301.

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An increase in peroxidation activity is considered as a nonspecific process characteristic of the pathogenesis of various diseases accompanied by antioxidant deficiency. As bioregulators that can increase defense, antioxidants are important links in a multi-stage system of regulation and coordination of various body functions. The structure and function of enzymes involved in the regulation of oxidative stress can be significantly affected by genetic polymorphism. To date, the role of genes encoding the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of many diseases remains unexplored, which is of great interest to researchers from various fields. The article presents a review and analysis of data from modern scientific literature on the role of antioxidant defense components in the regulation of metabolic processes, their genetic determinant, and summarizes data on modern methods for the determination of some antioxidants. When writing the review, the database of the scientific electronic library eLibrary was used, the keywords are oxidative stress, free radical oxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, antioxidant response element, research methods; filters – publication years 2012–2022, publications with full text, publications available for viewing; English-language database of medical and biological publications, created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), keywords – lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, oxidative stress, metabolism, methods.
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Oliveira, Luciana S., Maria S. M. Rufino, Carlos F. H. Moura, Fabio R. Cavalcanti, Ricardo E. Alves, and Maria R. A. Miranda. "The influence of processing and long-term storage on the antioxidant metabolism of acerola (Malpighia emarginata) purée." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 23, no. 2 (2011): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202011000200007.

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This study evaluated the effect of the processing and long-term storage on the antioxidant potential and activity of antioxidant enzymes of frozen purées from six acerola clones. Ripe acerolas from clones BRS 235, BRS 236, BRS 237, BRS 238, II47/1 and BRS 152 were harvested; the pulp was processed, packed in sealed polyethylene plastic bags and stored in a domestic freezer at -18°C for 11 months. Samples of each clone were analyzed on harvest/processing day and every 30 days after for bioactive antioxidant compounds, antioxidant enzyme activity and total antioxidant activity. Acerola purées presented a decrease of non-enzyme antioxidants and an increase of antioxidant enzymes activities, indicatives of a compensatory mechanism between enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In acerola purée, anthocyanin and polyphenols are strongly correlated to soluble solids content and vitamin C seems a major contributor to total antioxidant activity. Clone II47/1 had an outstanding performance regarding the antioxidant potential of its purée and the best storage period at -18ºC would be 150 days, for all clones studied.
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Kolesnikova, L. I., T. A. Bairova, and O. A. Pervushina. "GENES OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 68, no. 12 (December 10, 2013): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v68i12.865.

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Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis the most of diseases. Important components of protecting cells from oxidative stress are antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant enzymes are characterized by population differences in enzyme activity. The purpose of the study to summarize and discuss information on genetic polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes in the most pathology. The development plays of the role of oxidative stress.
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Nirwal, Mr Arjun, and Aamarpali Roy. "IMBALANCE OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND CANCER." GENESIS 8, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47211/tg.2021.v08i02.001.

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Oxidants are the substances which are produced in the body normally during a healthy and normal cellular metabolism. These chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Antioxidants refer to a substance that inhibits the oxidation process. Oxygen is a molecule which is highly reactive, and creates damage to living species by producing oxygen-based compounds that are reactive. The damage that is caused to the macromolecules at a cellular level is a main reason given for origin of many, life threatening illness including cancer. To protect itself, the body produces multiple antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant enzymes refer to the proteins which are involved in the reactive oxygen species transformation which is a catalytic reaction along with their by -products into stable molecules which are non-toxic, and thereby representing a defense mechanism which is very important against the damage of cell because of the criteria oxidative stress-induced. The main Antioxidant enzymes are GPx (Glutathione Peroxidase), SOD (Superoxide Dismutase), CAT (Catalases), GST (Glutathione S- Transferase), and GR (Glutathione Reductase). An imbalance of any of these enzymes has serious repercussions. A study of cancer cells, showed an imbalance in the antioxidant enzyme level which is prevalent in almost all the types of Cancers. Low enzyme levels are commonly seen in human and animal cancer cells. It is significant to analyze and study the effects of these enzyme in case if unbalancing occur, as well as how and what type of reactions occur leading to the growth of cancer cells in the human body.
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Verma, Nibha, and Manjula Vinayak. "Semecarpus anacardium nut extract promotes the antioxidant defence system and inhibits anaerobic metabolism during development of lymphoma." Bioscience Reports 29, no. 3 (March 3, 2009): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20080035.

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Antioxidants are substances that fight against ROS (reactive oxygen species) and protect the cells from their damaging effects. Production of ROS during cellular metabolism is balanced by their removal by antioxidants. Any condition leading to increased levels of ROS results in oxidative stress, which promotes a large number of human diseases, including cancer. Therefore antioxidants may be regarded as potential anticarcinogens, as they may slow down or prevent development of cancer by reducing oxidative stress. Fruits and vegetables are rich source of antioxidants. Moreover, a number of phytochemicals present in medicinal plants are known to possess antioxidant activity. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of nuts of the medicinal plant Semecarpus anacardium in AKR mouse liver during the development of lymphoma. Antioxidant action was monitored by the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase. The effect of S. anacardium was also studied by observing the activity of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), an enzyme of anaerobic metabolism. LDH activity serves as a tumour marker. The activities of antioxidant enzymes decreased gradually as lymphoma developed in mouse. However, LDH activity increased progressively. Administration of the aqueous extract of S. anacardium to lymphoma-transplanted mouse led to an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, whereas LDH activity decreased significantly, indicating a decrease in carcinogenesis. The aqueous extract was found to be more effective than doxorubicin, a classical anticarcinogenic drug, with respect to its action on antioxidant enzymes and LDH in the liver of mice with developing lymphomas.
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Danuyanti, I. Gusti Ayu Nyoman, and Ersandhi Resnhaleksmana. "THE USE OF BLACK SOYBEAN (Glycine max L) EXTRACT AGAINST THE ACTIVITY OF LIVER ENZYMES (AST - ALT) AND ANTIOXIDANT SUPEROXIDE DISMUSTASE (SOD) OF WHITE RAT." Jurnal Kesehatan Prima 12, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v12i1.93.

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Abstract: Strenuous physical activity can increase the activity of enzymes AST (aspartate aminotransaminase) and ALT (alanine aminotransaminase) in the blood as a sign of hepatic dysfunction caused by oxidative stress as a result. Excessive free radicals that damage macromolecules in cells. The supplementation of black soybean (Glycine max L) contains anthocyanin as an antioxidant is expected to reduce the formation of free radicals thus the activity of liver enzymes and the levels of SOD enzymes as intracellular antioxidant can be maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using extracts of black soybean (Glycine max L) on the activity of liver enzymes (AST-ALT) and the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) of white rats that were given a maximum of physical activity. The research was control group post test design in vivo that used black soya extract treatment given to white rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain given maximum physical activity. The results indicated black soybean extract 40% was the most powerful retaining the activity of liver enzymes and blood levels of antioxidants SOD. The conclusion is there is an effect of black soybean extract against the activity of liver enzymes (AST-ALT) in rats given maximal activity, whereas SOD enzymes can inhibit the decline of SOD enzyme level to 37.8% but statistically there is no significant influence.Keywords: AST-ALT enzymes; antioxidants SOD; Soybean black; Physical activity maximum.
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Sree Kumar, K., Yashesh N. Vaishnav, and Joseph F. Weiss. "Radioprotection by antioxidant enzymes and enzyme mimetics." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 39, no. 1-3 (January 1988): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(88)90076-9.

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Wang, Shan, Guolin He, Meng Chen, Tao Zuo, Wenming Xu, and Xinghui Liu. "The Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Ovaries." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4371714.

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Proper physiological function of the ovaries is very important for the entire female reproductive system and overall health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products during ovarian physiological metabolism, and antioxidants are indicated as factors that can maintain the balance between ROS production and clearance. A disturbance in this balance can induce pathological consequences in oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and embryo development, which can ultimately influence pregnancy outcomes. However, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these physiological and pathological processes is lacking. This article presents up-to-date findings regarding the effects of antioxidants on the ovaries. An abundance of evidence has confirmed the various significant roles of these antioxidants in the ovaries. Some animal models are discussed in this review to demonstrate the harmful consequences that result from mutation or depletion of antioxidant genes or genes related to antioxidant synthesis. Disruption of antioxidant systems may lead to pathological consequences in women. Antioxidant supplementation is indicated as a possible strategy for treating reproductive disease and infertility by controlling oxidative stress (OS). To confirm this, further investigations are required and more antioxidant therapy in humans has to been performed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antioxidant enzymes"

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Macuchová, Simona. "Studium aktivity enzymových a nízkomolekulárních antioxidačních systémů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233305.

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Oxidative processes play important role in cell physiology and pathology as well. Balance of these processes is supplied by cooperating antioxidative systems; function of antioxidant defense systems depens on high levels of antioxidants in organism. Presented work is focused on developement and optimization of methods for analysis of important enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidants as well as total antioxidant capacity of selected types of biological material. Extractions and analyses of vitamin E, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and lipoxygenase in barley and malt were optimized. RP-HPLC and HPLC/ESI-MS were used for analysis of vitamin E, phenolic and carotenoid content, spectrophotometry was used for enzymes activity analysis. A new methods for catalase and lipoxygenase activities were developed and compared with direct UV methods. Superoxide dismutase activity was determined by commercial diagnostic kit. A colorimetric method was used for peroxidase activity determination. Some kinetic parameters of enzymes were provided too. Optimized methods were used in the analyses of antioxidants in plant material - in barley and malt - in sets of samples of 6 varieties cultivated in four different locations for two years. Content of individual antioxidants differed depending on the variety, but usually were not found significant differences in the levels, depending on growing location. Perhaps climatic conditions have the greatest influence on levels of low molecular weight and enzymatic antioxidants at the specific location; oxidation processes are influenced both the quantity of moisture, both by sunlight, which induces oxidative processes in cultivated plants. The activity of antioxidants in barley caryopses is rapidly increasing during the malting process; an elevated temperature and moistness first induces activation the enzyme systems including antioxidant. In caryopsis is metabolic activity increased during which we can expect an increased production of radicals; for this purpose can antioxidant systems be activated that protect cells from damage by oxidative stress. In the second part of work optimized methods were applied in two clinical trials focused on study of the influence of exogenous antioxidants intake on metabolic and antioxidant status in human organism. In the first clinical study influence of food supplement containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E on metabolism of hyperlipidaemics was evaluated. After 3-month supplemenation a lipid profile was improved and serum antioxidant levels increased. The second experiment was focused on enzyme and non-enzyme antioxidant levels in healthy subjects after temporarily intake of specific foods rich in antioxidants. After two-month intake plasma phenolic substances were slightly increased. Total antioxidant capacity and activities of enzyme antioxidants were not affected. Results of both clinical exeriments showed that supplying of antioxidants in natural form or in the form of food supplements does not markedly affect metabolism of healthy subjects, while in patients with chronic diseases antioxidant supplementation can positively influence metabolic status. Results of this work showed that optimized methods are suitable for analyses of antioxidant status parameters and also for monitoring of exogenous antioxidant intake.
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Aucoin, Richard R. "Antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes as biochemical defenses against phototoxin ingestion by insect herbivores." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7679.

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Many secondary plant compounds are capable of photoactivation resulting in the production of toxic species of oxygen. One mechanism of defense for insects feeding on phototoxic plants may be the presence of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR). The activities of these enzymes were examined in larvae of three lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis, Manduca sexta, and Anaitis plagiata. Highest levels of antioxidant enzyme activity were found in A. plagiata, a specialist feeder on Hypericum perforatum, which contains high levels of the phototoxin hypericin. Larvae of A. plagiata fed leaf discs treated with hypericin exhibited a short-term, concentration-dependent decline in enzyme activity. Longer term studies with A. plagiata fed either the phototoxic H. perforatum, or the closely related but non phototoxic H. calycinum, resulted in increased CAT and GR activity in larvae fed the phototoxic plant whereas superoxide dismutase activity was not significantly different. These results suggest that CAT and GR may be inducible defenses against phototoxins. Other insect defenses against phototoxins include specific biochemical defenses such as antioxidants. These antioxidant defenses eliminate or quench the deleterious singlet oxygen and free radicals formed by these phototoxins. We examined the role of dietary antioxidants in protecting the phototoxin-sensitive insect herbivore M. sexta. Elevated dietary levels of the lipid-soluble antioxidants beta-carotene and vitamin E resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in the mortality associated with treatment of larvae with the phototoxic thiophene $\alpha$-T. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid had no effect whereas reduced levels greatly increased the toxicity of $\alpha$-T. Tissue levels of antioxidants were shown to increase substantially in larvae fed antioxidant-supplemented diets. The results suggest that the ability to absorb and utilize plant-derived antioxidants could be an important defense against photo-activated plant secondary compounds and may have allowed some insects to exploit phototoxic plants. The effects of oxidative stress induced by $\alpha$-T at the biochemical level and the protective effect of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes were also examined. The phototoxin $\alpha$-T strongly induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in midgut tissues of the phototoxin-sensitive M. sexta in a UV-dependent manner, however this LPO was prevented when the compound was administered to larvae raised on high vitamin E diets. In the absence of UV, $\alpha$-T caused a significant increase in GPOX, GR, and non-GSH-dependent PER activity over 72 h. However in the presence of UV, $\alpha$-T strongly inhibited GPOX and GR and prevented the increase in PER. $\alpha$-T also affected cellular thiol status with approximately a 50% increase in total and GSH content in midgut tissue, although this was not UV-dependent. The effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant GSH in providing protection against phototoxins were also examined. Neither the SOD inhibitor DEDC nor the CAT inhibitor 3AT affected the acute toxicity of topically applied $\alpha$-T to M. sexta larvae. The GSH-depleting agent BSO also had no effect on acute toxicity. In contrast, GSH depletion strongly enhanced the chronic (72 h) toxicity of $\alpha$-T when the phototoxin was incorporated into diets. GSH depletion also enhanced LPO in midgut tissue of $\alpha$-T-treated larvae. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of the role antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes may have played in the successful adaptation of some insect species to phototoxin-containing plants. The interrelationships of biochemical, physiological, physical, and behavioural mechanisms of defense are considered.
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Ferdová, Jitka. "Změny aktivit enzymů v ovoci v průběhu dlouhodobého uchovávání." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216605.

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This study is focused on study of changes of enzyme and low-molecular weight antioxidants in different fruits during long-term storage. In theoretical part individual low-molecular weight antioxidants and enzymes are described. The main causes of fruit decay and some possibilities of fruit preservation and storage are summarized. As biological material some common fruits were chosen - green and red apples, peaches, plums and white grapes. The fruits were stored in laboratory, cellar, in refrigerator and in freezer. In freezing experiments some ways of fruit preparation and processing were tested and their influence on fruit antioxidant status was compared. Shortened storage experiment was applied on blueberries, cranberries, raspberries and strawberries too. In fruits some group parameters – total antioxidant status, dry mass content, ascorbate level, total flavonoids and total phenolics were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Individual flavonoids and phenolics were determined by RP-HPLC/UV-VIS and on-line LC/PDA/ESI-MS. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, polyphenol oxidase PPO and lipoxygenase LOX) were measured by spectrophotometry. The surface microscopy and cultivation of moulds from fruit surface were performed too. Influence of storage conditions on biological activities is dependent on fruit sort. Freezing is the most suitable procedure for long-term storage without significant changes of active substance content. Long-term storage in controlled temperature conditions and/or atmosphere is usable for fruits with longer storage period. In these fruits stabile levels of antioxidant enzymes are stored for relatively long time. Some of enzymes act synergistically. Enzyme activities differed according to storage phase; at the beginning mainly high SOD and LOX activities were observed. CAT and PPO are probably activated as defence systems in rippened and/or damaged fruits. Levels of total as well as individual low molecular weight antioxidants varied during storage in all sorts, generally, increased course with longer storage period can be observed.
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McElroy, Mary Catherine. "The role of antioxidant enzymes in human lung development." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293725.

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Järvinen, Kristiina. "Antioxidant enzymes and related mechanisms in malignant pleural mesothelioma." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2001. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/jarvinen2/.

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Liu, Zheng-Xian. "Antioxidant activity of Mn-salophen complex and its effects on antioxidant enzymes in Escherichia coli." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40046.

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Mn-salophen complex with superoxide-scavenging activity was prepared from manganese(III) acetate dihydrate and salophen in ethanol. Visible absorption spectrum of the red-brown solution exhibited a broad absorption band at 430 - 450 nm with two shoulders between 500 and 600 nm which were absent with either salophen or manganic acetate alone. Titration of salophen with manganese(III) was consistent with a 1:1 Mn to salophen stoichiometry of the complex based on changes in the absorbance at 500 nm or of superoxide scavenging activity. The SOD-like activity of the complex in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase/cytochrome c assay was 1450 units/mg salophen. The SOD activity of the complex was suppressed 50% in the presence of EDTA (1 mM), but was not altered in the presence of bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) or crude protein extract of E. coli QC779 sodA sodB (1 mg/ml). E. coli QC779 sodA sodB grew scantily after an 8 hour lag phase in aerobic M63 glucose minimal medium.
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Sabeh, Farideh. "Studies of the status of antioxidant enzymes and metabolites following burn injury, and the presence of antioxidant enzymes in the Aloe vera plant." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332708/.

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The effects of skin burn injury on the levels of oxidized and reduced glutthione, malondialdehyde, and on the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase were determined in liver and lung of rabbit models, 24-h post-burn.
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Bonnineau, Chloé. "Contribution of antioxidant enzymes to toxicity assessment in fluvial biofilms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/36688.

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Per tal d’avaluar l’impacte de la contaminació en els ecosistemes aquàtics, aquesta tesi es centra en una aproximació multi-biomarcador en els biofilms. En complement dels biomarcadors clàssics, es va demostrar que les activitats dels enzims antioxidants (AEA): catalasa, ascorbat peroxidasa i glutatió reductasa eren biomarcardors d'estrès oxidatiu en els biofilms. Tot i que les AEA poden veure's influenciades amb la mateixa mesura per factors naturals (edat del biofilm, llum de colonització o d'exposició) i contaminants (herbicides i farmacèutics), aquestes AEA permeten entendre millor l'efecte dels contaminants. Cal remarcar que assajos de toxicitat aguda es poden utilitzar per comparar la capacitat antioxidant entre comunitats i conèixer la seva pre-exposició a l'estrès oxidatiu. Aquesta aproximació multi-biomarcador a nivell de comunitat és especialment interessant per avaluar la toxicitat dels contaminants emergents (β-blockers) sobre espècies no-diana. Per tal de millorar-la, també es va verificar la possibilitat de mesurar l'expressió gènica en biofilms.
To evaluate the impact of contamination on aquatic ecosystem, this thesis focused on a multi-biomarker approach, including molecular biomarkers, in biofilms. To complete the traditional tool-box of biofilm biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes activities (AEA) of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were shown to be biomarkers of oxidative stress in biofilms. Though AEA can be influenced in the same extent by natural factors (biofilm age, colonization or exposure light) and toxicants (herbicides and pharmaceuticals), they provided valuable information to understand the chemicals effects. In particular, short-term toxicity tests are of interest to compare communities capacity to cope with oxidative stress and to know their exposure history to such stress. This multi-biomarker approach at community-level was found to be especially interesting to assess toxicity of emerging pollutants (β-blockers) on non-target communities. To improve this approach, the feasibility of measuring gene expression in biofilms using a functional gene array was also shown.
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Carville, David Gerald Michael. "The effect of copper status on blood antioxidant defence enzymes." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328211.

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Khanal, Akhileshwar. "Characterization of two antioxidant enzymes paraoxonase-1, and peroxiredoxin-6 /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 216 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1891601491&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Books on the topic "Antioxidant enzymes"

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Gupta, Dharmendra K., José M. Palma, and Francisco J. Corpas, eds. Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0.

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Chen, Chang-Hwei. Xenobiotic Metabolic Enzymes: Bioactivation and Antioxidant Defense. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41679-9.

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Hamed Abdel Latef, Arafat Abdel. Organic Solutes, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Enzymes Under Abiotic Stressors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003022879.

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Carville, David Gerald Michael. The effect of copper status on blood antioxidant defence enzymes. [s.l: The Author], 1988.

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Carville, David Gerald Michael. The effect of copper status on blood antioxidants defence enzymes. [s.l: The Author], 1988.

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Kang yang hua jiao su zhi mu SOD. Taibei Shi: Yuan qi zhai chu ban she you xian gong si, 2016.

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Ėmanuėlʹ, N. M. Khimicheskai︠a︡ i biologicheskai︠a︡ kinetika: Izbrannye trudy. Moskva: Nauka, 2005.

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B, Burlakova E., Varfolomeev Sergeĭ Dmitrievich, and Ėmanuėlʹ N. M. 1915-, eds. Chemical and biological kinetics: New horizons : in commemoration of professor N.M. Emanuel's 90th anniversary, edited by E.B. Burlakova, S.D. Varfolomeev ; translated by E. Yu Kharitonova. Leiden: VSP, 2005.

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Lester, Packer, ed. Oxidants and antioxidants. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.

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E, Cooper Chris, Wilson M. T, and Darley-Usmar V. M, eds. Free radicals: Enzymology, signalling and disease. London: Portland, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antioxidant enzymes"

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Sáez, Guillermo T., and Nuria Están-Capell. "Antioxidant Enzymes." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_7210-1.

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Böning, Dieter, Michael I. Lindinger, Damian M. Bailey, Istvan Berczi, Kameljit Kalsi, José González-Alonso, David J. Dyck, et al. "Antioxidant Enzymes." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_2099.

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Sáez, Guillermo T., and Nuria Están-Capell. "Antioxidant Enzymes." In Encyclopedia of Cancer, 288–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_7210.

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del Río, Luis A., Francisco J. Corpas, Eduardo López-Huertas, and José M. Palma. "Plant Superoxide Dismutases: Function Under Abiotic Stress Conditions." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_1.

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Uarrota, Virgílio Gavicho, Deivid Luis Vieira Stefen, Lucieli Santini Leolato, Diego Medeiros Gindri, and Daniele Nerling. "Revisiting Carotenoids and Their Role in Plant Stress Responses: From Biosynthesis to Plant Signaling Mechanisms During Stress." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 207–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_10.

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Štolfa Čamagajevac, Ivna, Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer, and Dubravka Špoljarić Maronić. "Abiotic Stress Response in Plants: The Relevance of Tocopherols." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 233–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_11.

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Baskar, Venkidasamy, Rajendran Venkatesh, and Sathishkumar Ramalingam. "Flavonoids (Antioxidants Systems) in Higher Plants and Their Response to Stresses." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 253–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_12.

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Veljović Jovanović, Sonja, Biljana Kukavica, Marija Vidović, Filis Morina, and Ljiljana Menckhoff. "Class III Peroxidases: Functions, Localization and Redox Regulation of Isoenzymes." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 269–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_13.

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Leung, David W. M. "Studies of Catalase in Plants Under Abiotic Stress." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 27–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_2.

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Maruta, Takanori, and Takahiro Ishikawa. "Ascorbate Peroxidase Functions in Higher Plants: The Control of the Balance Between Oxidative Damage and Signaling." In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, 41–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75088-0_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antioxidant enzymes"

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Fomenko, M. P., A. M. Menzheritsky, and G. V. Karantysh. "INFLUENCE OF PINEALON ON EXPRESSION OF GENES OF PRO- AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND FREE RADICAL PROCESSES IN RATS IN THE MODEL OF SUGAR DIABETES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.232-234.

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The article presents an analysis of the effect of pinealon on free radical processes and the level of expression of the SOD1, GPX4 and GSR genes in the rat hippocampus in a model of streptozotocininduced diabetes (type I diabetes mellitus). It has been established that when modeling diabetes in the hippocampus, intensification of radically radical processes is observed: the level of prooxidants increases, the level of antioxidants decreases, as well as the level of expression of antioxidant genes. With the introduction of pinealone in dosages of 50 or 100 ng/kg in the model of diabetes mellitus, the pro-antioxidant balance shifts towards a decrease in the production of free radicals and an increase in antioxidant protection. Pinealon at a dosage of 100 ng/kg is more effective.
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J. AJEENA, Saba, Zainab A. JABARAH, and Suhayla khalied MOHAMMED. "EVALUATION THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ALEO VERA LEAVES EXTRACTS." In VII. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSOF PURE,APPLIEDANDTECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress7-8.

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Certain chemical compounds, such as biologically active molecules, can be produced and found in high concentrations in plants. Aloe vera plant consists mainly of more than 90% water and many chemical compounds, such as polysaccharides, due to its ability to adapt to desert conditions and environments. More than 200 nutritional substances were found to be exist in aloe vera, including vitamins, enzymes, minerals, polysaccharides, lignin, antioxidants and amino acids. flavonoids and phenols, among the important compounds, play an important and vital role as antioxidants by their function as free radicals’ scavengers. The current research is aiming to investigate the value of total polyphenols , flavonoids and antioxidant activities of magnetized water, non-magnetized water and alcoholic extracts of fresh Aloe Vera leaves .The study showed that the extracts of ethanol and magnetized water are much better than non-magnetized water.
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Podlipná, Radka, Eliška Syslová, Markéta Hanulíková, Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková, Barbora Szotáková, and Lenka Skálová. "Effect of Anthelmintics on Antioxidant Enzymes in Arabidopsis Thaliana." In The 3rd World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icepr17.142.

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Huang, Wanyong, Menghua Xiao, Shizong Zhen, and Cheng Lu. "Effects of Waterlogging Stress on Antioxidant Enzymes in Rice Plants." In 2020 7th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisce50968.2020.00119.

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Erdman, Vera Viktorovna, Timur Ruslanovich Nasibullin, Ilsiar Avkhatovna Tuktarova, Yanina Rimovna Timasheva, Ksenia Vladimirovna Danilko, Alisa Zaurovna Matua, and Tatiana Viktorovna Viktorova. "POLYMORPHISM OF ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE GENES AND LIFESPAN." In International conference New technologies in medicine, biology, pharmacology and ecology (NT +M&Ec ' 2020). Institute of information technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-0-7.07.

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In the ethnic group of Russians, residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan, age-dependent changes in the alleles and genotypes frequencies in SOD1, SOD2, PON1, PON2, NQO1, GPX1 genes SNVs were found. Enzymes, encoded by these genes, are involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species of the first and second stages, as well as toxic compounds of endogenous and exogenous nature.
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Tsiunchyck, O. S., T. I. Khomich, and D. V. Preobrazhensky. "Effects of Low-intensity Laser Irradiation on Animal Antioxidant System." In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2001.4433_65.

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The effects of laser irradiation on human and animal organisms have been intensively studied, but the mechanism of this effect is not well understood and discussed on the level of hypothesis. The effect of low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) depends both on its physical parameters (wavelength, power density, time etc.) and on optical properites of irradiated tissues. The biological response on LILI started from the resonance absorption of irradiation by specific acceptors-enzymes, pigments and other biochemical structures containing in most cases chromophores. At the same time, distribution of absorbed energy between oscillated-excited states of atomic groups of macromolecules with following energy migration takes place too. Such effects induced changes in intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and transitions of cell membrane confirmations with following changes of membrane enzyme activity (adenilate cyclase, ATPase) and ion permeability of membranes [1-3].
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Yang, Ziming, Li Zhang, Yueyuan Chen, and Dianpeng Li. "Effects of L-Arabinose on Drug Metabolizing and Antioxidant Enzymes in Rat." In 2016 6th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering (ICADME 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-16.2016.17.

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Tugbaeva, A. S., D. S. Plotnikov, A. A. Ermoshin, and I. S. Kiseleva. "Antioxidant enzymes and cell wall formation in tobacco plants under salt stress." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMOTIVE INNOVATION GREEN ENERGY VEHICLE: AIGEV 2018. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5087330.

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Husayn, Duea Mahdi, and Muthik A. Guda. "Response of some wild plants in antioxidant enzymes by zinc oxide nanoparticles." In CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING: CMSAE-2021. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0148199.

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Sharma, Nidhi, Ashok Kumar, and Arun Chougle. "Abstract B86: Antioxidant enzymes status in carcinoma cervix patients before and after radiotherapy." In Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008. American Association for Cancer Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-08-b86.

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Reports on the topic "Antioxidant enzymes"

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Watkins, Chris B., Susan Lurie, Amnon Lers, and Patricia L. Conklin. Involvement of Antioxidant Enzymes and Genes in the Resistance Mechanism to Postharvest Superficial Scald Development. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586539.bard.

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The objective of this research project was to evaluate the involvement of antioxidant enzymes and genes in the resistance mechanism to postharvest superficial scald development using two primary systems: 1. Resistant and susceptible progenies of an apple cross between a scald resistant crab apple, ‘White Angel’ and a scald susceptible cultivar, ‘Rome Beauty’; 2. Heat-treatment of ‘Granny Smith’, which is known to reduce scald development in this cultivar. In 2002 we asked for, and received (October 14), permission to revise our initial objectives. The US side decided to expand their results to include further work using commercial cultivars. Also, both sides wanted to include an emphasis on the interaction between these antioxidant enzymes and the á-farnesene pathway, with the cooperation of a third party, Dr. Bruce Whitaker, USDA-ARS, Beltsville. Background: Superficial scald is a physiological storage disorder that causes damage to the skin of apple and pear fruit. It is currently controlled by use of an antioxidant, diphenylamine (DPA), applied postharvest by drenching or dips, but concern exists about such chemical usage especially as it also involves application of fungicides. As a result, there has been increased emphasis on understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in disorder development. Our approach was to focus on the oxidative processes that occur during scald development, and specifically on using the two model systems described above to determine if the levels of specific antioxidants and/or antioxidant enzyme activities correlated with the presence/absence of scald. It was hoped that information about the role of antioxidant-defense mechanisms would lead to identification of candidate genes for future transgenic manipulation. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Collectively, our results highlight the complexity of superficial scald developmental processes. Studies involving comparisons of antioxidant enzyme activities in different crab apple selection, commercial cultivars, and in response to postharvest heat and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments, show no simple direct relationships with antioxidant contents and susceptibility of fruit to scald development. However, a correlative relationship was found between POX activity or isoenzyme number and scald resistance in most of the studies. This relationship, if confirmed, could be exploited in breeding for scald resistance. In addition, our investigations with key genes in the á-farnesenebiosynthetic pathway, together with antioxidant processes, are being followed up by analysis of exposed and shaded sides of fruit of cultivars that show different degrees of scald control by 1-MCP. These data may further reveal productive areas for future research that will lead to long term control of the disorder. However, given the complexity of scald development, the greatest research need is the production of transgenic fruit with down-regulated genes involved in á- farnesene biosynthesis in order to test the currently popular hypothesis for scald development.
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Borgonovi, Sara Margherita, Stefania Iametti, and Mattia Di Nunzio. Docosahexaenoic acid as master regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.6.0017.

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Review question / Objective: Evaluate the potential effect of DHA in regulating cellular antioxidant enzymes and hypothesizes possible molecular scenarios between DHA and Nrf2 in regulating cellular antioxidant defenses. Eligibility criteria: Chosen studies were published between 1998 and 2021 without restriction regarding pe-riod or publication status. Exclusion criteria were: (i) titles irrelevant to the research topic; (ii) abstract inappropriate or not related to the research topic; (iii) studies that used n-3 PUFAs rich oils which not allowed to discriminate the effect of DHA from other n-3 PUFAs; (iv) studies that co-administrated DHA with other compounds; (v) studies that used DHA oxidation products to better reflect normal nutritional conditions (vi) studies or data with inadequate statistical analysis or inappropriate control. Reviews, letters, ab-stracts, and articles without a complete text in the English language were also excluded.
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Zilinskas, Barbara A., Doron Holland, Yuval Eshdat, and Gozal Ben-Hayyim. Production of Stress Tolerant Plants by Overproduction of Enzymatic Oxyradical Scavengers. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568751.bard.

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Most of the objectives that were outlined in the original proposal have been met with two exceptions. Briefly, our goals were to: (1) constract transgenic tobacco plants which overproduce one or more of the enzymatic oxyradical scavengers and associated ancillary enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and monodehydrascorbate reductase; (2) evaluate the tolerance of these transgenic plants to oxidative stress; and (3) extend these studies to an agronomically important crop such as citrus. As can be seen i the following pages, our objectives (1) and (2) have been achieved, although transgenic lines overexpressing phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) were not obtained and our evidence to date suggests that constitutive overexpressing of the enzyme is probably lethal. Howeever, transgenic tobacco expressing the antisense construct for PHGPX were obtained. Tobacco plants overexpressing ascorbate peroxidase and those sensesuppressing monodehydroascorbate reductase are more tolerant to oxidative stress, as mediated by the redox-cycling agent paraquant; in contrast, plants expressing the PHGPX-antisense construct are more sensitive to paraquat. Additional research is warranted on each of the six types of transgenic lines which we generated with regard to their tolerance to saline stress. Until recently, attempts to transform citrus were not very successful, and thus additional attention is currently being directed at objective (3). We are optimistic that use of the plant transformation vector, pBIN, will lead to stable transgenic citrus, as preliminary experiments demonstrate stable expression of the GUS reporter gene. Other important contributions resulting from this BARD project include the biochemical characterization of the first plant phospholipid glutathione peroxidase and the biochemical and molecular analysis of another key antioxidant enzyme, monodehydroascorbate reductase. Overall this BARD-supported project was quite successful, and the biological resource of numerous transgenic lines which have altered levels of antioxidant enzymes should be valuable for years to come.
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Darenskaya, M. A., A. A. Semendyaev, D. A. Stupin, L. A. Grebenkina, I. N. Danusevich, L. I. Kolesnikova, and S. I. Kolesnikov. ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN REGIONAL AREA BLEEDING WITH VARICOSE EXPANSION OF THE VALVES OF THE SMALL PELVIS IN WOMEN. EXPERIMENTAL BULLETIN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. - 2020, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2413-1008-2020-12088.

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Balabanova, Vessela, Yulian Voynikov, Gökhan Zengin, Reneta Gevrenova, and Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova. A View on Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Senecio hercynicus Herbal Drugs. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.12.06.

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Demirbas, Sefer, and Alpay Balkan. The Effect of H2O2 Pre-treatment on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Triticale under Salt Stress. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.08.17.

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Gontar, I. P., O. I. Emelyanova, O. A. Rusanova, L. N. Shilova, and Y. A. Trubenko. POSSIBLE DESTRUCTIVE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ANTIBODIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA. Планета, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/978-5-907109-24-7-2018-xxxv-74-81.

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Shahak, Yosepha, and Donald R. Ort. Physiological Bases for Impaired Photosynthetic Performance of Chilling-Sensitive Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575278.bard.

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Chilling-sensitivity is an important agricultural problem in both the U.S. and Israel. Most research attention has focused so far on herbaceous crop plants, even though the problem is also acute in the fruit tree industry. Under BARD funding we made substantial progress in identifying the mechanisms involved in the disruption of photosynthesis following a chill in mango. Our investigation with fruit trees has been substantially accelerated by drawing on our knowledge and experience with herbaceous crops. The four original research objectives, focused or discovering the underlying mechanisms of chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in fruit trees, and the main achievements are listed below. [1] Separating stomatal from non-stomatal components of chilling on photosynthesis in fruit trees. We found evidence that the dark chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in mango was E combination of both stomatal and mesophyll components. [2] Differentiating photo damage from light-induced photo protection of photosystem II (PSII). Dark chilling exacerbate high light photoinhibition, as a result of primary inhibition in the carbor reduction cycle. Nevertheless, in Israeli orchards we observed chronic photoinhibition of PSII photochemistry in the winter. This photo damage was reversible over a few days if sunlight was attenuated with filters or night temperature rose. Practical implications of this finding deserve further investment. Additional achievement was the development of a new biophysical tool to study macro-structural changes of LHCII particles in intact, attached leaves. [3] Determine the role of oxidative stress in the dark-chilling-induced inhibition, with emphasis on oxygen radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and redox-controlled carbon-cycle enzymes. We found an increase in lipid peroxidation following a dark chill, and partial protective effects or an antioxidant. However, the photoinhibition observed in mango orchards in Israel during the winter did not appear to be a general oxidative stress. [4] Investigate whether chilling interferes with the diurnal and circadian rhythm of gene expression of key photosynthetic proteins as has been shown for chilling-sensitive crop plants. The results indicated that most of the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis was due to reduced lea: internal CO2 concentrations during the subjective night, as a result of rhythmic stomatal closure Chilling-induced interference with circadian timing in mango, does not play the central role in chilling inhibition of photosynthesis that has previously been demonstrated in certain chilling sensitive herbaceous plants. Practical implications of the research achievements are feasible, but require few more years of research.
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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.

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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.
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Pell, Eva J., Sarah M. Assmann, Amnon Schwartz, and Hava Steinberger. Ozone Altered Stomatal/Guard Cell Function: Whole Plant and Single Cell Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573082.bard.

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Original objectives (revisions from original proposal are highlighted) 1. Elucidate the direct effects O3 and H2O2 on guard cell function, utilizing assays of stomatal response in isolated epidermal peels and whole cell gas exchange. 2. Determine the mechanistic basis of O3 and H2O2 effects on the plasma membrane through application of the electrophysiological technique of patch clamping to isolated guard cells. 3. Determine the relative sensitivity of Israeli cultivars of economically important crops to O3 and determine whether differential leaf conductance responses to O3 can explain relative sensitivity to the air pollutant: transfer of technological expertise to Israel. Background to the topic For a long time O3 has been known to reduce gas exchange in plants; it has however been unclear if O3 can affect the stomatal complex directly. Ion channels are essential in stomatal regulation, but O3 has never before been shown to affect these directly. Major conclusions, solution, achievements 1. Ozone inhibits light-induced stomatal opening in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in V. faba plants this leads to reduced assimilation without a direct effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. Stomatal opening is more sensitive to O3 than stomatal closure. 2. Ozone causes inhibition of inward K+ channels (involved in stomatal opening) while no detectable effect is observed o the outward K+ channels (stomatal closure). 3. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits stomatal opening and induces stomatal closure in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba. 4. Hydrogen peroxide enhances stomatal closure by increasing K+ efflux from guard cells via outward rectifying K+ channels. 5. Based on epidermal peel experiments we have indirectly shown that Ca2+ may play a role in the guard cell response to O3. However, direct measurement of the guard cell [Ca2+]cyt did not show a response to O3. 6. Three Israeli cultivars of zucchini, Clarita, Yarden and Bareqet, were shown to be relatively sensitive to O3 (0.12 ml1-1 ). 7. Two environmentally important Israeli pine species are adversely affected by O3, even at 0.050 ml1-1 , a level frequently exceeded under local tropospheric conditions. P. brutia may be better equipped than P. halepensis to tolerate O3 stress. 8. Ozone directly affects pigment biosynthesis in pine seedlings, as well as the metabolism of O5 precursors, thus affecting the allocation of resources among various metabolic pathways. 9. Ozone induces activity of antioxidant enzymes, and of ascorbate content i the mesophyll and epidermis cells of Commelina communis L. Implications, both scientific and agricultural We have improved the understanding of how O3 and H2O2 do affect guard cell and stomatal function. We have shown that economical important Israeli species like zucchini and pine are relatively sensitive to O3.
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