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Academic literature on the topic 'Antioxidant defences'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Antioxidant defences"

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Eaton, Simon. "The biochemical basis of antioxidant therapy in critical illness." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65, no. 3 (August 2006): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2006501.

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During critical illness free radical production may increase as a result of, for example, sepsis or tissue trauma. In addition, because of a potential for increased losses, and the possibility of inadequate nutrition, the antioxidant defences of the body may become compromised. Thus, the delicate balance between free radicals and antioxidants may be disturbed. Various nutritional and pharmacological strategies to enhance antioxidant defences have been proposed, which aim either to maintain or enhance endogenous antioxidant stores or to provide alternative antioxidant agents. Trace elements and amino acids are particularly important, and their synergistic role in the maintenance of the body's antioxidant defence network will be discussed.
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Viña, Jose, Mari-Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, and Consuelo Borras. "Fostering antioxidant defences: up-regulation of antioxidant genes or antioxidant supplementation?" British Journal of Nutrition 98, S1 (October 2007): S36—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507839596.

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Vitamins have traditionally been considered as food components that are required in the normal diet to prevent deficiencies. However, a newer concept of the function of vitamins in nutrition has taken them beyond simply prevention of deficiency symptoms. This concept considers that many vitamins, when taken in relatively larges doses, have important functions beyond preventing deficiencies. Linus Pauling was instrumental in putting forward this concept, particularly for vitamin C. Thus, relatively high intakes of vitamins, and in particular vitamins C and E which are antioxidants, are considered to be healthy for the human population. This may be true in some special situations such as, for instance, the prevention of Alzheimer's disease progression. However, recent epidemiological evidence has not supported the claim that antioxidant vitamins increase well-being and prolong life span. In fact, vitamin supplementation may be even detrimental and reduce life span. A new concept that we would like to put forward is that nutrients up-regulate the endogenous antioxidant defences. This is particularly true in the case of phytoestrogens for example, which bind to oestrogen receptors and eventually up-regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. In this review we discuss the pros and cons of antioxidant vitamin supplementation and also the possibility that the ingestion of some nutrients may be very effective in increasing antioxidant defences by up-regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes which are normally present in the cell.
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Vanacker, H., J. Harbinson, J. Ruisch, T. L. W. Carver, and C. H. Foyer. "Antioxidant defences of the apoplast." Protoplasma 205, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279303.

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Sevcikova, M., H. Modra, A. Slaninova, and Z. Svobodova. " Metals as a cause of oxidative stress in fish: a review." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 11 (December 12, 2011): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4272-vetmed.

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This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of metals to the development of oxidative stress in fish. Metals are important inducers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, promoting formation of reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms. Redox active metals generate reactive oxygen species through redox cycling, while metals without redox potential impair antioxidant defences, especially that of thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and enzyme inactivation. Antioxidant defences include the enzyme system and low molecular weight antioxidants. Metal-binding proteins, such as ferritin, ceruloplasmin and metallothioneins, have special functions in the detoxification of toxic metals and also play a role in the metabolism and homeostasis of essential metals. Recent studies of metallothioneins as biomarkers indicate that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of metallothionein genes can be appropriate in cases with elevated levels of metals and no evidence of oxidative damage in fish tissue. Components of the antioxidant defence are used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress. These markers may be manifested differently in the field than in results found in laboratory studies. A complex approach should be taken in field studies of metal contamination of the aquatic environment.  
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Felicijan, Mateja, Metka Novak, Nada Kraševec, and Andreja Urbanek Krajnc. "Antioxidant defences of Norway spruce bark against bark beetles and its associated blue-stain fungus." Agricultura 12, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agricultura-2016-0002.

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Abstract Bark beetles and their fungal associates are integral parts of forest ecosystems, the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus Linnaeus, 1758) and the associated pathogenic blue stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica (SIEM.) C. MOREAU, are the most devastating pests regarding Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. KARST.]. Bark beetles commonly inhabit weakened and felled trees as well as vital trees. They cause physiological disorders in trees by destroying a phloem and cambium or interrupt the transpiration -ow in the xylem. Conifers have a wide range of effective defence mechanisms that are based on the inner bark anatomy and physiological state of the tree. The basic function of bark defences is to protect the nutrient-and energy-rich phloem, the vital meristematic region of the vascular cambium, and the transpiration -ow in the sapwood. The main area of defence mechanisms is secondary phloem, which is physically and chemically protected by polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells, sclerenchyma, calcium oxalate crystals and resin ducts. Conifer trunk pest resistance includes constitutive, inducible defences and acquired resistance. Both constitutive and inducible defences may deter beetle invasion, impede fungal growth and close entrance wounds. During a successful attack, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) becomes effective and represents a third defence strategy. It gradually develops throughout the plant and provides a systemic change within the whole tree’s metabolism, which is maintained over a longer period of time. The broad range of defence mechanisms that contribute to the activation and utilisation of SAR, includes antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, which are generally linked to the actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The presented review discusses the current knowledge on the antioxidant defence strategies of spruce inner bark against the bark beetle (Ips typographus) and associated blue stain fungus (Ceratocystis polonica).
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Chainy, Gagan Bihari Nityananda, Biswaranjan Paital, and Jagneswar Dandapat. "An Overview of Seasonal Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence Parameters in Some Invertebrate and Vertebrate Species." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6126570.

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Antioxidant defence system, a highly conserved biochemical mechanism, protects organisms from harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of metabolism. Both invertebrates and vertebrates are unable to modify environmental physical factors such as photoperiod, temperature, salinity, humidity, oxygen content, and food availability as per their requirement. Therefore, they have evolved mechanisms to modulate their metabolic pathways to cope their physiology with changing environmental challenges for survival. Antioxidant defences are one of such biochemical mechanisms. At low concentration, ROS regulates several physiological processes, whereas at higher concentration they are toxic to organisms because they impair cellular functions by oxidizing biomolecules. Seasonal changes in antioxidant defences make species able to maintain their correct ROS titre to take various physiological functions such as hibernation, aestivation, migration, and reproduction against changing environmental physical parameters. In this paper, we have compiled information available in the literature on seasonal variation in antioxidant defence system in various species of invertebrates and vertebrates. The primary objective was to understand the relationship between varied biological phenomena seen in different animal species and conserved antioxidant defence system with respect to seasons.
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Kusumaningrum, Amalia Ratna. "Antioxidant supplementation during in vitro maturation." Journal of Midwifery 4, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jom.4.2.1-7.2019.

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During in vitro maturation (IVM), oocytes are exposed to different situations from in vivo which may cause oxidative stress. Supplementation of antioxidants to the culture media is effective in as antioxidant defences against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant is safe, it has some side effects. This is reviewed in this paper. Studies reported, supplementation antioxidant with different dose showed different effects. Double-edged effects of exogenous antioxidants on cellular responses during in vitro maturation depending potentially on their concentrations. Physiologic doses leading to beneficial effects whereas high doses may result in harmful effects.
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Surai, Kochish, Fisinin, and Kidd. "Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update." Antioxidants 8, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070235.

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Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.
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Lenaz, G., C. Bovina, G. Formiggini, and G. Parenti Castelli. "Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defences." Acta Biochimica Polonica 46, no. 1 (March 31, 1999): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1999_4179.

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Mitochondria are strongly involved in production of reactive oxygen species, considered today as the main pathogenic agent of many diseases. A vicious circle of oxidative stress and damage to cellular structures can lead to either cell death by apoptosis or to a cellular energetic decline and ageing. The early involvement of mitochondria in apoptosis includes expression of pro-apoptotic factors, release of cytochrome c from the inter-membrane space and opening of the permeability transition pore: cytochrome c release appears to precede pore opening. The mitochondrial theory of ageing considers somatic mutations (deletions) of mitochondrial DNA induced by oxygen radicals as the primary cause of energy decline; experimentally, Complex I appears to be mostly affected. We have developed the Pasteur effect (enhancement of lactate production by mitochondrial inhibition) as a bio-marker of mitochondrial bioenergetics in human platelets, and found it to be decreased in aged individuals. Cells counteract oxidative stress by antioxidants; among lipophilic antioxidants coenzyme Q is the only one of endogenous biosynthesis; exogenous coenzyme Q, however, may protect cells from oxidative stress in vivo.
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Lenaz, Giorgio, Marika Cavazzoni, Maria Luisa Genova, Marilena D'Aurelio, Milena Merlo Pich, Francesco Pallotti, Gabriella Formiggini, Mario Marchetti, Giovanna Parenti Castelli, and Carla Bovina. "Oxidative stress, antioxidant defences and aging." BioFactors 8, no. 3-4 (1998): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520080305.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antioxidant defences"

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Rickett, Guy Masami Wilson. "Perinatal development of pulmonary antioxidant defences." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316750.

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Grundy, Jean Elizabeth Carleton University Dissertation Chemistry. "Antioxidant defences during estivation in the spadefoot toad Scaphiopus couchi." Ottawa, 1996.

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Nelson, Michelle Amy, and n/a. "Protein Bound 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine as a Signal for Enhanced Antioxidant Defences." University of Canberra. n/a, 2008. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081209.125208.

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Protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (PB-DOPA), a long-lived, redox-active product of protein oxidation, is capable of functioning as both a pro- and anti-oxidant. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated a toxic, non-toxic or even beneficial effect of free DOPA, however little investigation has examined the physiological activity of PB-DOPA. Furthermore, as free DOPA is currently the major treatment available for Parkinson?s disease, most studies have focused on the effect of DOPA within neurological cells or tissues, although the presence of PB-DOPA in other locations, for example within atherosclerotic plaques, suggests that broader research is needed to fully understand the physiological effects of both free and PB-DOPA. The hypothesis presented in this thesis is that under physiological conditions, when little redox active transition metal is available, PB-DOPA can function as a redox signalling molecule, triggering an enhancement of cellular antioxidant defences, with a potentially specific role in the regulation of defences targeted against protein oxidation. Physiological levels of PB-DOPA are very low, however the level on individual proteins can change to a proportionally large degree during oxidative stress, an appropriate property for a signalling molecule. In addition, remarkably elevated levels occur in some pathologies, including atherosclerosis. As an initial and commonly formed product of protein oxidation, PB-DOPA is well placed for a signalling role, promoting a significant up-regulation of antioxidant defences in the early stages of oxidative stress, before extensive damage has occurred. As an initiator of antioxidant defences, PB-DOPA would be potentially useful as a therapeutic for the treatment of diseases involving oxidative stress or the accumulation of oxidative damage. The main objective of this thesis was, therefore, to examine the effect of PB-DOPA on the cellular antioxidant defence system using monocytic and macrophage-like cells, key cells involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The incorporation of free DOPA into protein during protein synthesis, a process previously shown to occur both in vitro and in vivo, was used to generate PB-DOPA. Neither free nor PB-DOPA were found to be toxic to monocytic or macrophage-like cells in culture, but rather were both capable of protecting these cells from oxidative stress. Free DOPA was shown to be capable of directly scavenging radicals, a process that was thought to be in part responsible for the protection induced during oxidative stress. The presence of free and PB-DOPA up-regulated the activity of catalase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, two enzymatic antioxidants, however the activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of oxidised and reduced glutathione were not affected. Whilst it was thought that PB-DOPA would have a specific effect on the activity of antioxidant defences targeted against protein oxidation, proteolysis and bulk chaperone activity were not affected by a combination of free and PB-DOPA. Oxidatively-induced protein aggregation, however, was inhibited by the presence of free and PB-DOPA, suggesting that a more specific chaperone regulation may be taking place. The regulation of gene and protein expression was thought to be one possible mechanism by which PB-DOPA could function as a signalling molecule. To test this hypothesis, the effect of free and PB-DOPA on transcription factor activation and protein expression were investigated. Free and PB-DOPA did not induce the expression or activation of Nrf2, AP-1 or NFJB, three transcription factors thought to be involved in the expressional regulation of genes involved in the antioxidant defence system. However, the expression of a number of proteins, including antioxidants, chaperones and proteins involved in cell cycle progression, were regulated in monocytic and macrophage-like cells following the administration of free DOPA under conditions that resulted in either a high or low level of PB-DOPA generation. The regulated proteins differed between the two conditions, suggesting that the level of PB-DOPA may be a key factor in determining the specific defences targeted. The results presented in this thesis support the hypothesis that PB-DOPA can function as a signalling molecule, triggering an enhancement of cellular antioxidant defences, with a specific role in the regulation of the chaperone system, a key defence targeted against protein oxidation. This thesis may provide the basis for the potential use of free or PB-DOPA as a therapeutic for diseases known to involve oxidative stress or oxidative damage, however more research will be required to determine if the effects demonstrated in this thesis are also capable of occurring in vivo.
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Nelson, Michelle Amy. "Protein bound 3,4 dihydroxyphenyalanine as a signal for enhanced antioxidant defences /." full text via ADT, 2008. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20081209.125208/index.html.

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Mubarak, Bashayer Rashed A. "Control of anti-apoptotic and antioxidant pathways in neural cells." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8057.

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Oxidative stress is a feature of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases as well as a contributing factor in acute disorders including stroke. Fork head class of transcription factors (Foxos) play a key role in promoting oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in neurons through the upregulation of a number of pro-apoptotic genes. Here I demonstrate that synaptic NMDA receptor activity not only promotes Foxos nuclear exclusion but also suppresses the expression of Foxo1 in a PI3K-dependent fashion. I also found that Foxo1 is in fact, a Foxo target gene and that it is subject to a feed-forward inhibition by synaptic activity, which is thought to result in longerterm suppression of Foxo downstream gene expression than previously thought. The nuclear factor (erythroid 2-related) factor 2 (Nrf2) is another transcription factor involved in oxidative stress and the key regulator of many genes, whose products form important intrinsic antioxidant systems. In the CNS, artificial activation of Nrf2 in astrocytes has been shown to protect nearby neurons from oxidative insults. However, the extent to which Nrf2 in astrocytes could respond to endogenous signals such as mild oxidative stress is less clear. The data presented herein, demonstrate for the first time that endogenous Nrf2 could be activated by mild oxidative stress and that this activation is restricted to astrocytes. Contrary to the established dogma, I found that mild oxidative stress induces the astrocytic Nrf2 pathway in a manner distinct from the classical Keap1 antagonism employed by prototypical Nrf2 inducers. The mechanism was found to involve direct regulation of Nrf2's transactivation properties. Overall these results advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanism(s) associated with the control of endogenous antioxidant defences by physiological signals.
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Aucoin, Richard R. "Antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes as biochemical defenses against phototoxin ingestion by insect herbivores." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7679.

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Many secondary plant compounds are capable of photoactivation resulting in the production of toxic species of oxygen. One mechanism of defense for insects feeding on phototoxic plants may be the presence of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR). The activities of these enzymes were examined in larvae of three lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis, Manduca sexta, and Anaitis plagiata. Highest levels of antioxidant enzyme activity were found in A. plagiata, a specialist feeder on Hypericum perforatum, which contains high levels of the phototoxin hypericin. Larvae of A. plagiata fed leaf discs treated with hypericin exhibited a short-term, concentration-dependent decline in enzyme activity. Longer term studies with A. plagiata fed either the phototoxic H. perforatum, or the closely related but non phototoxic H. calycinum, resulted in increased CAT and GR activity in larvae fed the phototoxic plant whereas superoxide dismutase activity was not significantly different. These results suggest that CAT and GR may be inducible defenses against phototoxins. Other insect defenses against phototoxins include specific biochemical defenses such as antioxidants. These antioxidant defenses eliminate or quench the deleterious singlet oxygen and free radicals formed by these phototoxins. We examined the role of dietary antioxidants in protecting the phototoxin-sensitive insect herbivore M. sexta. Elevated dietary levels of the lipid-soluble antioxidants beta-carotene and vitamin E resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in the mortality associated with treatment of larvae with the phototoxic thiophene $\alpha$-T. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid had no effect whereas reduced levels greatly increased the toxicity of $\alpha$-T. Tissue levels of antioxidants were shown to increase substantially in larvae fed antioxidant-supplemented diets. The results suggest that the ability to absorb and utilize plant-derived antioxidants could be an important defense against photo-activated plant secondary compounds and may have allowed some insects to exploit phototoxic plants. The effects of oxidative stress induced by $\alpha$-T at the biochemical level and the protective effect of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes were also examined. The phototoxin $\alpha$-T strongly induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in midgut tissues of the phototoxin-sensitive M. sexta in a UV-dependent manner, however this LPO was prevented when the compound was administered to larvae raised on high vitamin E diets. In the absence of UV, $\alpha$-T caused a significant increase in GPOX, GR, and non-GSH-dependent PER activity over 72 h. However in the presence of UV, $\alpha$-T strongly inhibited GPOX and GR and prevented the increase in PER. $\alpha$-T also affected cellular thiol status with approximately a 50% increase in total and GSH content in midgut tissue, although this was not UV-dependent. The effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant GSH in providing protection against phototoxins were also examined. Neither the SOD inhibitor DEDC nor the CAT inhibitor 3AT affected the acute toxicity of topically applied $\alpha$-T to M. sexta larvae. The GSH-depleting agent BSO also had no effect on acute toxicity. In contrast, GSH depletion strongly enhanced the chronic (72 h) toxicity of $\alpha$-T when the phototoxin was incorporated into diets. GSH depletion also enhanced LPO in midgut tissue of $\alpha$-T-treated larvae. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of the role antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes may have played in the successful adaptation of some insect species to phototoxin-containing plants. The interrelationships of biochemical, physiological, physical, and behavioural mechanisms of defense are considered.
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Cardona, Emilie. "Influence de l'environnement trophique de l'élevage en biofloc sur les performances physiologiques de la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris : Étude de paramètres de la nutrition, de l'immunité et de la reproduction." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NCAL0001/document.

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Le biofloc est un système d’élevage intensif avec un faible renouvellement d’eau ; ainsi se développe une population diversifiée de micro-organismes (micro-algues, zooplanctons et bactéries) associée à de la matière organique qui forme les floculats. Ces derniers jouent le double rôle de filtre biologique et de complément alimentaire. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ce système d’élevage et ses interactions avec la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris. Dans cet objectif général s’inscrit deux objectifs plus spécifiques : (i) mesurer les gains zootechniques apportés par l’élevage en biofloc (ii) étudier les interactions trophiques entre le milieu d’élevage et la crevette en lien avec les performances zootechniques. Nos résultats montrent des gains relatifs de l’élevage en biofloc aux niveaux de la survie, de la croissance, des performances de reproduction des femelles et de la qualité de leur progéniture. Ces meilleures performances s’expliquent par la contribution de la productivité naturelle, estimée entre 37 et 40%, dans l’alimentation de la crevette. Ce complément d’aliment, outre d’être toujours disponible dans le milieu d’élevage, apporte de l’énergie, des nutriments et des molécules bioactives. L’aliment naturel représente une source nutritive de lipides, particulièrement riche en phospholipides et en acides gras polyinsaturés, qui sont essentiels pour la reproduction et le développement des larves en phase de lécitotrophie ; ces lipides sont accumulés dans la glande digestive et les œufs des femelles élevées en biofloc. L’aliment naturel est également une source de glutathion, puissante molécule antioxydante, qui contribue au renforcement du système des défenses anti-radicalaires de la crevette et protège les lipides insaturés de la peroxydation, une cause du stress oxydant. Les bactéries sont prépondérantes dans la productivité naturelle d’un élevage en biofloc et contribuent donc à l’alimentation de la crevette. Aussi, dans le dernier volet de cette thèse, nous avons caractérisé la diversité taxonomique et l’abondance des bactéries du milieu d’élevage et montré son influence sur le microbiote intestinal des crevettes. De façon générale, nous observons une meilleure santé des animaux élevés en biofloc qui se traduit par une régulation positive des gènes impliqués dans l’immunité et les défenses anti-radicalaires après un stress au peroxyde d’hydrogène. Ainsi, les effets positifs de l’élevage en biofloc sur les survies, les croissances et la reproduction ont pour origine le complément d’aliment apporté par la productivité naturelle
Biofloc is an intensive rearing system with zero or minimal water exchange where a diverse population of microorganisms (microalgae, zooplankton and bacteria) develops in association with organic matter to form the floc particles. These particles play the double role of biological filter and dietary supplement. This dissertation aims to better understand the process of this rearing system and its interactions with the Litopenaeus stylirostris shrimp. Two specific objectives were integrated within the framework of this general objective: (i) to measure the production gain from biofloc rearing and (ii) to study the interaction between biofloc environment and shrimp and to assess its role on production performances of shrimps. Thus, our results show production gains of shrimp reared in biofloc in terms of survival, growth, reproductive performances and quality of larvae. This better performance can be explained by the contribution of natural productivity, estimated between 37 and 40%, in shrimp food. This food supplement, constantly available in the environment, provides energy, nutrients and bioactive molecules. The natural productivity represents a source of lipids, in particular of phospholipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were essential for the reproduction and development of larvae during the lecitotrophic stage; these lipids were accumulated in digestive gland and eggs from females reared in biofloc. The natural food is also a glutathione source, a powerful antioxidant molecule, which contributes to strengthen antioxidant defense system of shrimps and protects lipids against peroxidation, a cause of oxidative stress. Bacteria were dominant in natural productivity of biofloc environment and contribute to shrimp food. Thus, in the last part of this dissertation, we characterized the taxonomic diversity and abundance of bacteria in biofloc environment and showed their influence on shrimp intestinal microbiota. Generally, we observed a better health of biofloc resulting in up-regulation of the studied genes involved in immunity and anti-radical defenses after oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide. The positive effects of biofloc rearing on survival, growth and reproduction originate from food complement provided by natural productivity
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Dallaqua, Bruna [UNESP]. "Intervenção com Azadirachta indica (Neem) na prenhez de ratas diabéticas: repercussões materno-fetais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99186.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma síndrome de etiologia múltipla caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica. Esta hiperglicemia induz o aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes. Devido às complicações causadas pelo diabete, muitos indivíduos optam por terapias alternativas à base de plantas medicinais para amenizar seus efeitos. Sendo assim, nesta revisão de literatura, foram analisados e descritos diversos trabalhos experimentais com a utilização de animais diabéticos para comprovar os efeitos antioxidantes de algumas dessas plantas e verificar se os títulos e resumos disponibilizados nos artigos são compatíveis aos objetivos de nossa busca
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia induces increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased antioxidant defenses. Due to complications caused by diabetes, many people choose for alternative therapies and herbal medicine to alleviate its effects. Thus, in this literature review, several experimental studies with the use of diabetic animals were analyzed to demonstrate the antioxidant effects of some plants and to verify if the titles and abstracts provided in the articles are compatible to the aims of our search
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Bond, Jennifer M. "Investigations on antioxidant defence proteins and peptides." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278723.

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Thornley, Andrew Charles. "Antioxidant defence and autoxidative damage in neoplastic disease." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1987. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848118/.

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The principal factors governing antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation in vitro have been determined for neoplastic and normal tissues, from mice, bearing Lewis lung carcinomas. These parameters were measured at varying intervals after the intramuscular transplantation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in C57BL6 mice. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), superoxide dismutase (EC. 1.15.1.1), gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase (EC 6.3.2.2), and catalase (EC. 1.11.1.6) were similar in tumour tissue to those of lung, the tissue of origin. Glutathione reductase (EC. 1.6.4.2) and glutathione-S-transferase (EC. 2.5.1.18) activities were considerably greater than those of lung. Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2) activity was about 25% of the corresponding value in murine lung. Lewis lung carcinoma tissue contained considerable quantities of lipid peroxide (as determined by the thiobarbituric acid test). The in vitro lipid peroxidation of tumour microsomes was less than that of pulmonary tissue. Tissue from the tumour "core" had significantly greater reduced glutathione concentration, lower mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities, and lower lipoperoxide concentration than the periphery. Glutathione peroxidase, gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase and superoxide dismutase activities from Lewis lung carcinoma cells in monolayer culture (18% O[2] concentration) were greater than those of solid tumour. Histological sections of lung and liver from Lewis lung carcinoma- bearing mice were found to have many pathological changes. The livers of tumour-bearing mice had raised glutathione and DNA concentrations, and increased glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities; hepatic catalase and mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased. Hepatic microsomes from carcinoma-bearing mice had increased thiobarbituric acid-reactivity and were more susceptible to iron/ascorbate lipid peroxidation. Storage, as a suspension in a glycerol-containing phosphate buffer at -80°C, conferred resistance to in vitro lipid peroxidation to liver microsomes from healthy animals, but not to those from tumour-bearing mice. Disturbances in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice could generally only be determined at 9 or more days after tumour cell implantation, when the tumour was just palpable. The livers of genetically obese C57BL6 mice had some similar biochemical characteristics to those of tumour-bearing hosts. Kidney and erythrocytes of Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice, and tissues of mice, bearing B16 melanomas, also displayed perturbations of antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation. The significance of the above observations is discussed. Further experiments are suggested to improve the understanding of the role of autoxidation and antioxidant defence in neoplastic disease.
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Books on the topic "Antioxidant defences"

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Ahmad, Sami, ed. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in Biology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9689-9.

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Chen, Chang-Hwei. Xenobiotic Metabolic Enzymes: Bioactivation and Antioxidant Defense. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41679-9.

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Carville, David Gerald Michael. The effect of copper status on blood antioxidant defence enzymes. [s.l: The Author], 1988.

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Carville, David Gerald Michael. The effect of copper status on blood antioxidants defence enzymes. [s.l: The Author], 1988.

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Aldini, Giancarlo, Kyung-Jin Yeum, Etsuo Niki, and Robert M. Russell, eds. Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage: Principles and Practical Applications. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780813814438.

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Biomarkers for antioxidant defense and oxidative damage: Principles and practical applications. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Lipoic acid, the metabolic antioxidant: The unique nutrient that recharges energy levels and the body's defenses. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Publishing, 1995.

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Chow, Ching Kuang. Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Chow, Ching Kuang. Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Chow, Ching Kuang. Cellular Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antioxidant defences"

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Bracci, R., C. Buonocore, S. Berni, G. De Nisi, and D. Gioia. "Development of antioxidant defences in preterm infants." In The Surfactant System of the Lung, 168–74. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12553-1_27.

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Sampathkumar, Gowthami, Malika Khakimova, Tevy Chan, and Dao Nguyen. "The Stringent Response and Antioxidant Defences inPseudomonas Aeruginosa." In Stress and Environmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Adaptation in Bacteria, 500–506. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119004813.ch46.

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Rashidi, Armin, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, and Daryl P. Shanley. "On the Surprising Weakness of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Antioxidant Defences: An Evolutionary Perspective." In Evolutionary Biology, 109–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00952-5_6.

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Yamashita, N., T. Kuzuya, and M. Hori. "Antioxidant Defences in Myocardial Adaptation: Role of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Delayed Preconditioning." In Delayed Preconditioning and Adaptive Cardioprotection, 155–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5312-6_8.

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Miyamoto, Sayuri, Hirofumi Arai, and Junji Terao. "Enzymatic Antioxidant Defenses." In Biomarkers for Antioxidant Defense and Oxidative Damage: Principles and Practical Applications, 21–33. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780813814438.ch2.

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Hernández, Iker, Jana Cela, Leonor Alegre, and Sergi Munné-Bosch. "Antioxidant Defenses Against Drought Stress." In Plant Responses to Drought Stress, 231–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32653-0_9.

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Morales, Amalia E., Amalia Pérez-Jiménez, Miriam Furné, and Helga Guderley. "Starvation, Energetics, and Antioxidant Defenses." In Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, 281–94. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444345988.ch20.

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Sies, Helmut. "Strategies of antioxidant defense." In EJB Reviews 1993, 101–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78757-7_9.

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Morton, Ronald L., and Carl W. White. "Pulmonary Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms." In Lung Development, 395–424. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7537-8_15.

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Petrovic, Vojislav M., Zorica S. Saicic, Mihajlo Spasic, Ratko Radojicic, and Biljana Buzadzic. "Hormones and Antioxidant Defense." In Anticarcinogenesis and Radiation Protection 2, 405–13. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3850-9_57.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antioxidant defences"

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Zhang, Jianjun, Xuemei Zhang, Ishwori Dhakal, Myron Gross, Nicholas Lang, Fred Kadlubar, and Kristin Anderson. "Abstract 1861: Polymorphisms in antioxidant defense and DNA repair genes, dietary intake of antioxidants, and risk of pancreatic cancer." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-1861.

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Erdman, Vera Viktorovna, Timur Ruslanovich Nasibullin, Ilsiar Avkhatovna Tuktarova, Yanina Rimovna Timasheva, Ksenia Vladimirovna Danilko, Alisa Zaurovna Matua, and Tatiana Viktorovna Viktorova. "POLYMORPHISM OF ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE GENES AND LIFESPAN." In International conference New technologies in medicine, biology, pharmacology and ecology (NT +M&Ec ' 2020). Institute of information technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-0-7.07.

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In the ethnic group of Russians, residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan, age-dependent changes in the alleles and genotypes frequencies in SOD1, SOD2, PON1, PON2, NQO1, GPX1 genes SNVs were found. Enzymes, encoded by these genes, are involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species of the first and second stages, as well as toxic compounds of endogenous and exogenous nature.
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Moccia, Stefania, Idolo Tedesco, Carmela Spagnuolo, Maria Russo, Carmen Cervellera, and Gian Luigi Russo. "A new role of red wine in modulating erythrocytes antioxidant defense." In The 1st International E-Conference on Antioxidants in Health and Disease. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cahd2020-08635.

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BROCK, G. R., J. B. MATTHEWS, C. R. HARDING, and I. L. C. CHAPPLE. "PERIPHERAL AND LOCAL ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND HEALTH BY ENHANCED CHEMILUMINESCENCE." In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence - Progress and Current Applications - 12th International Symposium on Bioluminescence (BL) and Chemiluminescence (CL). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776624_0052.

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"Way to longevity: role of antioxidant defense gene polymorphisms in successful adaptation." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-391.

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Bin, Dr Wu, and Mr Ping Wu. "Effects of 30d Simulated Weightlessness on Antioxidant Defense System in Rat Liver." In 57th International Astronautical Congress. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-06-a1.4.04.

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Reznikova, D. "Antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in sideritis taurica's extract-treated diabetic rats." In Late Breaking Abstracts: – Diabetes Kongress 2017 – 52. Jahrestagung der DDG. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603550.

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Murray, S. C., C. P. Cook, X. Fan, A. Roth, D. M. Guidot, and B. S. Staitieh. "Rat Alveolar Macrophage MMP-9 Is Increased by HIV and Decreased by Activation of Antioxidant Defenses." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a3993.

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Rai, Durg V., and Harcharan Singh Ranu. "Ovariectomy and its Antioxidative Effect on Bone." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40581.

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Ovarian hormone deficiency increases the generation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative damage to cells. Cells have a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from the toxicity of ROS. There is increasing evidence of the role of free radicals in bone resorption and bone loss. Ovariectomised female wistar rats had been used as the animal model for the study of osteoporosis. Even though, there are studies portraying the role of free radicals in bone loss, the defense mechanism adapted by bone in ovariectomised animals remains obscure. So, the impact of ovariectomy on the bone antioxidant system in rats was investigated. Twenty female wistar rats were taken and divided into two groups: ovariectomised and control. It had been found that a significant (p<0.001) decrease in the activity of various enzymes like CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) (p<0.001), GST (glutathione-s-transferase). However, an increase in the malondialdehyde levels was found to be 30% in the ovariectomised rats as compared to the controls. Thus the study elucidates the oxidative stress in bone under ovariectomy.
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Larkin, Emma K., Pingsheng Wu, Tebeb Gebretsadik, L. Jackson Roberts, Myron Gross, and Tina Hartert. "Antioxidant Defense And Adult-Onset Incident Asthma: The Shanghai Womens Asthma And Allergy Study." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a3744.

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Reports on the topic "Antioxidant defences"

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Deters, Erin, Rebecca Stokes, Olivia N. Genther-Schroeder, and Stephanie L. Hansen. Effects of Original XPC on Newly Weaned Beef Steer Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-544.

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Kirova, Elisaveta. Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition Source on Antioxidant Defense System of Soybean Plants Subjected to Salt Stress. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.02.09.

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