Books: 'Antimicrobial infections'

1

H, Nightingale C., Ambrose Paul G, and File Thomas, eds. Community-acquired respiratory infections: Antimicrobial management. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003.

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2

Schiffelers, Raymond. LIPOSOMAL TARGETING OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. Rotterdam: R.M. Schiffelers Rotterdam, 2000.

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3

Escherichia coli on U.S. swine sites: Antimicrobial drug susceptibility. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2009.

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4

Salmonella on U.S. swine sites: Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2009.

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5

Moriarty, T. Fintan. Biomaterials Associated Infection: Immunological Aspects and Antimicrobial Strategies. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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6

Thadepalli, Haragopal. Antimicrobial therapy in abdominal surgery: Precepts and practices. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991.

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7

Didier, Raoult, ed. Antimicrobial agents and intracellular pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993.

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8

North American Veterinary Conference (1995 Orlando, Fla.). Managing microbes: A systems approach to antimicrobial usage : proceedings of a symposium, Monday, January 16, 1995 at the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida. [Exton, Pa.]: Smithkline Beecham Animal Health, 1994.

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9

Mainous III, Arch G., and Claire Pomeroy. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592590365.

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10

Mainous, Arch G., and Claire Pomeroy, eds. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-036-0.

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11

Mainous III, Arch G., and Claire Pomeroy, eds. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-239-1.

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12

Emergence of the superbug: Antimicrobial resistance in the United States : hearing of the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, on examining the public health impacts of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections in the United States, focusing on current antimicrobials and continued development of new solutions for the future protection against infectious diseases, June 24, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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13

1935-, Greenwood David, ed. Antimicrobial chemotherapy. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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14

Shulman, Stanford T. Handbook of pediatric infectious disease and antimicrobial therapy. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1993.

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15

M, Hughes James, Scheld W. Michael, and Craig William A. 1939-, eds. Emerging infections. Washington D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 2001.

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16

Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Antimicrobial Therapy for Central Nervous System Infections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0011.

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Broad-spectrum antibiotics—those that are bactericidal and able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier—must be administered to any patient with a suspected infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Antimicrobials should be selected with consideration of spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and need to be administered in a timely fashion. This chapter discusses antibiotics that provide good penetration of the central nervous system, and appropriate doses for these infections are outlined. Antiviral therapy for CNS infections is limited but complex. Antimicrobial therapy for fungal meningitis is well defined but rarely indicated. Understanding the spectrum of antimicrobials and dosing is essential knowledge in caring for patients in the neurosciences intensive care unit with CNS infections.

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17

Scheld, W. Michael. Emerging Infections, Volume 5. ASM Press, 2001.

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18

Bradley, John S., Elizabeth D. Barnett, and Joseph B. Cantey, eds. 2017 Nelson’s Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy, 23rd Ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610020756.

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New 23rd Edition! This bestselling and widely used resource on pediatric antimicrobial therapy provides instant access to reliable, up-to-the-minute recommendations for treatment of all infectious diseases in children. For each disease, the authors provide a commentary to help health care providers select the best of all antimicrobial choices. Drug descriptions cover all antimicrobial agents available today and include complete information about dosing regimens. In response to growing concerns about overuse of antibiotics, the program includes guidelines on when not to prescribe antimicrobials. Practical, evidence-based recommendations from the experts in antimicrobial therapy Developed by distinguished editorial board Designed for those who take care of children and are faced with decisions every day At-a-glance tables of bacterial and fungal pathogen susceptibilities to commonly used antimicrobials Includes treatment of parasitic infections and tropical medicine Updated assessments regarding the strength of the recommendation and the level of evidence for treatment recommendations for major infections Anti-infective drug listing, complete with formulations and dosages Antibiotic therapy for obese children Antimicrobial prophylaxis/prevention of symptomatic infection Maximal adult dosages and higher dosages of some antimicrobials commonly used in children

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19

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: infections. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735823.003.0019.

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This chapter outlines information relevant to pharmacists and other healthcare professionals related to microbiology and infectious diseases. Basic microbiology is covered including modes of action of antibacterials and the selection and use of antimicrobials. Key aspects of antimicrobial stewardship (including resistance, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and writing guidelines) and of infection control are covered. The chapter includes an extensive review of the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and a discussion of key principles in the treatment of tuberculosis.

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20

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0020.

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Basic microbiology 412Modes of action of antibacterials 416Selection and use of antimicrobials 418Antimicrobial prophylaxis 428Optimizing antimicrobial use 430Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines 432Antimicrobial resistance 436Infection control 440Micro-organisms are classified in many ways. The most important classifications are as follows. ...

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21

Mullane, Kathleen M. Alimentary Antimicrobial Apocalypse. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0004.

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These case studies illustrate infections encountered in hospitals among patients with compromised immune systems. As a result of immunocompromise, the patients are vulnerable to common and uncommon infections. These cases are carefully chosen to reflect the most frequently encountered infections in the patient population, with an emphasis on illustrations and lucid presentations to explain state-of-the-art approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Common and uncommon presentations of infections are presented while the rare ones are not emphasized. The cases are written and edited by clinicians and experts in the field. Each of these cases highlights the immune dysfunction that uniquely predisposed the patient to the specific infection, and the cases deal with infections in the cancer patient, infections in the solid organ transplant recipient, infections in the stem cell recipient, infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, and infections in patients with immunocompromise that is caused by miscellaneous conditions.

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22

Patel, Sanjay, and Julia Bielicki. Antimicrobial stewardship in paediatrics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0014.

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The general principles of antimicrobial stewardship can be applied to the paediatric population, but children have unique challenges that must be addressed when considering a paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programme, including the aetiology of paediatric infections, the non-specific nature of these infections, the difficulty in obtaining microbiology specimens, and paucity of data on antimicrobial dose and duration. Different antimicrobial stewardship strategies tailored to neonates and children are required in primary care and secondary/tertiary care settings. While children with complex infections are generally managed in hospital settings where prescribing can be closely monitored by antimicrobial stewardship teams, the majority of paediatric antimicrobial prescribing occurs in primary care. Promoting and monitoring the judicious use of antimicrobials in this setting is especially challenging.

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23

(Editor), John L. Pace, Mark Rupp (Editor), and Roger G. Finch (Editor), eds. Biofilms, Infection, and Antimicrobial Therapy. CRC, 2005.

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24

Mylonakis, Eleftherios, Cheston B. Cunha, Louis Rice, Kerry LaPlante, and Haley Morrill. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Principles and Practice. CABI, 2016.

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25

Laundy, Matthew, Mark Gilchrist, and Laura Whitney, eds. Antimicrobial Stewardship. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.001.0001.

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The problem of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and untreatable infections is of global concern. The concept of antimicrobial stewardship has been developing over the last 10 years. The aim of antimicrobial stewardship is to control antimicrobial use in order to reduce the development of resistance, avoid the side effects associated with antimicrobial use, and optimize clinical outcomes. This book provides a very practical approach to antimicrobial stewardship. It’s very much a ‘how to’ guide supported by a review of the available evidence. Section 1 sets the scene and covers the problem of antimicrobial resistance; the problems in the antimicrobial supply line and initiatives to improve the situation; the principles and goals of antimicrobial stewardship; the psychological, social, cultural, and organizational factors in antimicrobial use and prescribing; and how to establish an antimicrobial stewardship programme. Section 2 reviews the components of antimicrobial stewardship: audit and feedback; antimicrobial policies and formularies; antimicrobial restriction; intravenous to oral switch; measuring antimicrobial consumption; measuring and feeding back stewardship; and the use of information technology in antimicrobial stewardship. Section 3 explores special areas in antimicrobial stewardship: antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; intensive care units; paediatrics; surgical prophylaxis; near-patient testing and infection biomarkers; antimicrobial stewardship in the community and long-term care facilities; and finally antimicrobial stewardship in resource-poor communities.

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26

1947-, Koren Gideon, Prober Charles G. 1949-, and Gold Ronald, eds. Antimicrobial therapy in infants and children. New York: Dekker, 1988.

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27

Quinolone antimicrobial agents. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 1993.

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28

Wilson, A. P. R., and Preet Panesar. Antimicrobial drugs in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0053.

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The pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials are altered in critically-ill patients, particularly in the presence of renal or hepatic failure. Maintaining a choice or diversity of antibiotics is important due to the emergence of resistance. Antibiotic use should also be kept to the minimum and local protocols need to be established. For community-acquired infection, co-amoxiclav or a parenteral cephalosporin can be used, while for hospital-acquired infection, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, or ceftazidime are recommended. For suspected vascular catheter infection or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, teicoplanin or vancomycin should be used, with meropenem or imipenem reserved for second line treatment. Prophylactic antibiotics should not be continued once a surgical patient has returned from the theatre. Patients with febrile neutropenia receive piptazobactam, meropenem, ceftazidime or ciprofloxacin and a glycopeptide. Antifungals, usually caspofungin or liposomal amphotericin, are used if fungal infection is suspected, especially after failed antibacterial treatment. Cephalosporin use has declined as they have been linked with emergence of MRSA and Clostridium difficile. However, this reflects overuse and they still have a place as part of a diverse choice of antibiotics. Vancomycin and teicoplanin use has increased greatly in order to treat MRSA and line infections, but resistance remains unusual. Carbapenem use has increased rapidly with the emergence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria.

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29

Mabey, David, Hasan E. Baydoun, and Jamil D. Bayram. Prosthetic Joint Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0048.

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Prosthetic joint infection (PJI), a complication of joint replacement surgery, presents with fever, joint pain, erythema, effusion, and joint loosening. Many advances have decreased the risk of infection, such as the use of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis and intraoperative laminar airflow. Joint fluid analysis should be pursued by the orthopedic surgeons; primary and acute care providers should consult the definitive care team and refer these patients for admission. Organisms causing prosthetic joint infections often grow in biofilms, which make them difficult to treat. Surgical treatment options include one or two-stage prosthesis exchange, debridement with retention of the prosthesis, resection arthroplasty, arthrodesis, or amputation. Antibiotic therapy should be guided by intraoperative cultures and selected in consultation with the infectious disease service.

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30

Mandell. Principles and Practice of Infections Diseases: Antimicrobial Therapy 1996/97. W.B. Saunders Company, 1996.

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31

(Editor), David C. Hooper, and Ethan Rubinstein (Editor), eds. Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents. 3rd ed. ASM Press, 2003.

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32

Rubinstein, Ethan, and David C. Hooper. Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2014.

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33

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0084.

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• Catheter cultures should be performed only if a catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is suspected. Do NOT obtain routine or surveillance blood cultures through catheters.• Always draw peripheral and blood cultures through the catheter lumen before starting empiric antimicrobial therapy.A definite diagnosis of CRBSI requires one of the following: ...

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34

Eluri, Swathi. Catheter-Associated Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0020.

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Catheter-associated infections, which often present as sepsis, include primary bloodstream infections that occur in the presence of intravascular catheters. They are not related to an infection at another site and are defined as a primary bloodstream infection with documented colonization of the device and microbiologically proven, device-related bloodstream infection. Multiple hospitals have started to implement standardized quality control interventions to minimize catheter-related bloodstream infections. Ultrasound-guided line placement results in a decrease in mechanical complication and the number of attempts, which in turn reduces the risk of infection. Preparing the skin with 0.5% chlorhexidine or alcohol containing chlorhexidine solutions has been shown to reduce line-related infections. Antimicrobial lock solutions should be used in patients with recurrent catheter-associated infections and high-risk groups, such as those on total parenteral nutrition, dialysis, or oncologic patients. The preservation of skin integrity surrounding the device decreases the risk of infection.

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35

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Central Nervous System Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0089.

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•Clinical: The diagnosis of meningitis is suggested by the constellation of headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Some patients may also experience changes in mental status.•Radiology: Computed tomograms or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain may be indicated for immunocompromised patients and patients with papilledema or focal neurologic deficits. However, neuroimaging should not delay initiation of antimicrobial therapy....

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36

Lyster, Haifa. Antimicrobial stewardship in the immunocompromised patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0011.

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Immunocompromised patients are at a high risk of infection with resistant organisms due to their increased exposure to hospital environments, including the intensive care unit, their frequent need for invasive procedures, and increased antimicrobial use. To limit this growing trend, and due to the paucity of development of new antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms of action, the judicious use of the agents currently available should be encouraged. A broad spectrum of possible infections combined with the diagnostic uncertainty, clinical condition, and the specialist teams’ perceptions make antimicrobial stewardship very difficult. However, evidence presented in this chapter illustrates how stewardship in the immunocompromised host may be achieved.

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37

Soulsby, Lord. Antimicrobial resistance: animal use of antibiotics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0005.

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The evolution of resistance to microbes is one of the most significant problems in modern medicine, posing serious threats to human and animal health. The early work on the use of antibiotics to bacterial infections gave much hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. However, as their use, indeed over use, progressed, resistance (both mono-resistance and multi-resistance), which was often transferable between different strains and species of bacteria, emerged. In addition, the situation is increasingly complex, as various mechanisms of resistance, including a wide range of β -lactamases, are now complicating the issue. The use of antibiotics in animals, especially those used for growth promotion, has come in for serious criticism, especially those where their use should be reserved for difficult human infections. To lend control, certain antibiotic growth promoters have been banned from use in the EU and the UK.It is now a decade since the UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (1998) highlighted concerns about antimicrobial resistance and the dangers to human health of resistant organisms derived from animals fed antibiotics for growth promotion or the treatment of infectious diseases. The concern expressed in the House of Lords report was similar to that in other major reports on the subject, for example from the World Health Organization, the Wellcome Foundation, the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food and the Swann Report (1969) in which it was recommended that antibiotics used in human medicine should not be used as growth promoters in animals. At the press conference to launch the Lord’s Report it was emphasized that unless serious attention was given to dealing with resistance ‘we may find ourselves returning to a pre-antibiotic era’. The evolution of resistance is one of the significant problems in modern medicine, a much changed situation when the early work on antibiotics gave hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. Optimism was so strong that the Surgeon General of the USA, William H Stewart, in 1969 advised the US Congress that ‘it is time to close the book on infectious diseases and to declare that work against the pestilence is over’. This comment was not only mistaken but it was also damaging to human health undertakings and also reduced funding for research on infectious diseases.Despite the widespread support for and dependence on antibiotics, resistance was increasingly reported worldwide and to recognize the global problem a group of medical workers established in 1981, at Tufts University, the Alliance for the Prudent use of Antibiotics (APUA). This now has affiliated chapters on over 60 countries, many in the developing world. APUA claims to be the ‘world’s leading organization conducting antimicrobial resistance research, education, capacity building and advocacy at the global and grass roots levels’.

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38

Protocol for Enhanced Isolate-Level Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in the Americas. Primary Phase: Bloodstream Infections. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122686.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance plays an important role in the early detection of resistant strains of public health importance and prompt response to outbreaks in hospitals and the community. Surveillance findings are needed to inform medical practice, antibiotic stewardship, and policy and interventions to combat AMR. Appropriate use of antimicrobials, informed by surveillance, improves patients’ treatment outcomes and reduces the emergence and spread of AMR. This protocol describes the steps and procedures to establish/enhance AMR surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides technical guidance to integrate patient, laboratory, and epidemiological data to monitor AMR emergence, trends, and effects in the population. It also provides the necessary elements to move from aggregated data to isolate-level data surveillance starting with blood isolates. It facilitates uniform data collection processes, methods, and tools to ensure data comparability within the Region of the Americas. Finally, it builds on over a decade of experience of the regional AMR surveillance network—ReLAVRA by its Spanish acronym—and its procedures are aligned with the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) methodology, enabling countries to participate in the global GLASS AMR surveillance.

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39

Rahimi, Rod. Atypical Pulmonary Infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0027.

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Legionellosis or Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and can cause rapidly progressive respiratory failure and septic shock. Respiratory symptoms generally predominate; nonspecific symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgias, anorexia, and headache. There are no characteristic presenting clinical or radiological features, and the severity of illness can range from mild to severe. Although erythromycin was initially used to treat LD, trials have demonstrated that the newer macrolides and the respiratory fluoroquinolones are the antimicrobial agents of choice. Given the potential for outbreaks of LD, documented cases should be reported to the local or state health department. Along with LD, Legionella may cause Pontiac Fever, an influenza-like illness without pneumonia, which is self-limiting and does not require treatment.

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40

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: Consolidated Guidance. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122365.

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Prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment are essential for the control and elimination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a public health problem. Currently, in Latin America and the Caribbean, treatment for gonorrhea infection is largely empiric and based on clinical diagnosis. In the Americas, the high burden of new N. gonorrhoeae infections (estimated at 11 million new cases a year), the complexity of the disease epidemiology, and in many countries the limited resources, make it difficult to fully understand the burden of disease and the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae. PAHO has developed this document to facilitate the navigation of available guidance and recommendations for N. gonorrhoeae AMR surveillance by public health and health care professionals, at the national and subnational levels, involved in designing, implementing, and/or strengthening AMR surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae and overall surveillance of sexually transmitted infections. This document aims to consolidate guidance on AMR surveillance for N. gonorrhoeae from documents published by WHO and PAHO, and strives to assemble relevant information in a summarized manner to help countries in strengthening and/or developing AMR surveillance systems for N. gonorrhoeae.

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41

Ball, Jonathan. Antimicrobial stewardship in the intensive care setting. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0012.

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Intensive care units (ICUs) care for patients with life-threatening infections and thus harbour reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, as a direct consequence of their critical illness/injury, ICU patients commonly have a significant degree of acutely acquired, innate, and adaptive immune system dysfunction. Critically ill patients therefore present unique challenges for antibiotic stewardship. Antibiotic stewardship in ICUs should address both the timely delivery of effective empiric therapy and the minimization of the use of broad-spectrum agents. Solutions to these challenges are usually adaptations of general principles rather than novel interventions. In ICUs, as elsewhere, antibiotic stewardship should be viewed as a key component of the overall infection control strategy.

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42

Antimicrobial resistance: A crisis in health care. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.

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43

The Surgeon's Guide to Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (Hodder Arnold Publication). A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2000.

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44

Mortensen, Joel E., Henry S. Fraimow, Gary B. Calandra, and Donald L. Jungkind. Antimicrobial Resistance: A Crisis in Health Care. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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45

ZELEWSKA, PATRYCJA. DRUG USE EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PRACTICES IN PATIENTS WITH COMPLICATED INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO: 2005, 2005.

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46

Cunha, Cheston B., ed. Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.001.0001.

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This book is a full-color, illustrated clinical atlas that provides practical overviews of clinical infectious disease topics for internists and infectious disease clinicians. Now in its third edition, Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease covers both syndromes and microorganisms through their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Besides organ-system or pathogen-related infections, this volume reviews the susceptible host (with individual chapters on the diabetic, the elderly, the injection drug user, and the neonate), infections related to travel, nosocomial infection, and bioterrorism. In addition, it includes antimicrobial stewardship and clinical responses to COVID-19. Compact and easy to use, Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease remains the single most comprehensive reference volume for daily clinical infectious disease problems.

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47

Damani, Nizam. Manual of Infection Prevention and Control. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198815938.001.0001.

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The Manual of Infection Prevention and Control provides practical guidance on all aspects of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). It outlines the basic concepts of infection prevention and control (IPC), modes of transmission, surveillance, control of outbreaks, epidemiology, and biostatistics. The book provides up-to-date advice on the triage and isolation of patients and on new and emerging infectious diseases, and with the use of illustrations, it provides a step-by-step approach on how to perform hand hygiene and how to don and take off personal protective equipment correctly. In addition, this section also outlines how to minimize cross-infection by healthcare building design and prevent the transmission of various infectious diseases from infected patients after death. The disinfection and sterilization section reviews how to risk assess, disinfect and/or sterilize medical items and equipment, antimicrobial activities, and the use of various chemical disinfectants and antiseptics, and how to decontaminate endoscopes. The section on the prevention of HAIs reviews and updates IPC guidance on the prevention of the most common HAIs, i.e. surgical site infections, infections associated with intravascular and urinary catheters, and hospital- and ventilator-acquired pneumonias. In view of the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance to the various pathogens, the book examines and provides practical advice on how to implement an antibiotic stewardship programme and prevent cross-infection against various multi-drug resistant pathogens. Amongst other pathogens, the book also reviews IPC precautions against various haemorrhagic and bloodborne viral infections. The section on support services discusses the protection of healthcare workers, kitchen, environmental cleaning, catering, laundry services, and clinical waste disposal services.

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48

Singhi, Pratibha, and Arushi G. Saini. Amoebic Infections of the Central Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0165.

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Free-living amoebae are ubiquitous and can cause severe infections of the nervous system. The pathogenesis involves neuronal damage due to the activation of inflammatory cascade induced by the pathogenic amoebae, including both acute fulminant and chronic granulomatous inflammation. The diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion; eliciting history of contact with water or soil habitats of free-living amoebae is important. The chapter provides an overview of the different types of nervous system infections caused by the four genera of free-living amoebae, including their pathogenesis, rapid diagnostic tools, clinical features, and treatment strategies. Management includes timely, appropriate, and adequate antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.

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49

Douma, Marsha, and Itzhak Brook. Antimicrobial Therapy Guide for the Dentist. Handbooks in Health Care Co., 2004.

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50

Doyle, Jeffrey D., and John C. Marshall. Intra-abdominal sepsis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0187.

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Intra-abdominal infection encompasses a broad group of infections arising both within the peritoneal cavity and the retroperitoneum. The probable bacteriology reflects patterns of normal and pathological colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobic bacteria are found in the distal small bowel and colon. The abdomen is the second most common site of infection leading to sepsis in critically-ill patients. Intra-abdominal infections can be complex to manage and require excellent collaboration between intensivists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists, surgeons, and sometimes gastroenterologists and infectious disease specialists. Prompt diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial coverage and timely source control are the cornerstones of successful management. The spectrum of pathologic conditions responsible for intra-abdominal infection is broad, although some common biological features facilitate an understanding of their diagnosis and management.

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Books on the topic 'Antimicrobial infections'

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