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Relevant bibliographies by topics / ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE

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Academic literature on the topic 'ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE"

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Cove, Jonathan H., and E. Anne Eady. "Cutaneous antimicrobial defense." Clinics in Dermatology 16, no. 1 (January 1998): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(97)00177-6.

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Visan, Ioana. "Nociceptors in antimicrobial defense." Nature Immunology 21, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0586-8.

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Meister, Marie, Bruno Lemaitre, and Jules A. Hoffmann. "Antimicrobial peptide defense inDrosophila." BioEssays 19, no. 11 (November 1997): 1019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950191112.

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Castro, Mariana, and Wagner Fontes. "Plant Defense and Antimicrobial Peptides." Protein & Peptide Letters 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866053405832.

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Brubaker, S. W., and D. M. Monack. "Microbial metabolite triggers antimicrobial defense." Science 348, no. 6240 (June 11, 2015): 1207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac5835.

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Brown, Kelly L., and Robert EW Hancock. "Cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides." Current Opinion in Immunology 18, no. 1 (February 2006): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.004.

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Mukherjee, Sohini, and Lora V. Hooper. "Antimicrobial Defense of the Intestine." Immunity 42, no. 1 (January 2015): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.028.

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Sahl, Hans Georg. "Optimizing Antimicrobial Host Defense Peptides." Chemistry & Biology 13, no. 10 (October 2006): 1015–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.10.001.

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Kwiecien, Kamila, Aneta Zegar, James Jung, Piotr Brzoza, Mateusz Kwitniewski, Urszula Godlewska, Beata Grygier, Patrycja Kwiecinska, Agnieszka Morytko, and Joanna Cichy. "Architecture of antimicrobial skin defense." Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 49 (October 2019): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.08.001.

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Simanski, Maren, Bente Köten, Jens-Michael Schröder, Regine Gläser, and Jürgen Harder. "Antimicrobial RNases in Cutaneous Defense." Journal of Innate Immunity 4, no. 3 (2012): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335029.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE"

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Frohm, Nilsson Margareta. "The human antimicrobial peptide hCAP18 in epithelial defense /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-029-6/.

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Rose-Martel, Megan. "Innate Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Defense Associated with the Avian Eggshell." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32299.

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During the course of evolution, the avian egg has developed multiple physical and chemical barriers in order to resist microbial challenges. These barriers are essential for the successful reproduction of avian species as well as to maintain safe and nutritious food for human consumption of the table egg. The calcified eggshell is a biomineralized barrier with an integrated organic matrix containing antimicrobial proteins, a hallmark of sophisticated biological structures. Calcium carbonate is deposited onto the outer shell membranes to form the calcified mammillary, palisade and vertical crystal layers; the final layer to be deposited is the outer eggshell cuticle. In this thesis, mass spectrometry-based technology was used to investigate the proteome of the outer cuticle, the mammillary cones and the shell membranes in order to gain insight into biomineralization and antimicrobial functions of the avian eggshell. Proteomics analysis of the eggshell cuticle revealed multiple antimicrobial proteins, supporting the hypothesis that the outermost cuticle layer is the first barrier against invading pathogens. The two most abundant cuticle proteins identified are similar to Kunitz-like protease inhibitor (ovocalyxin-25) and ovocalyxin-32. Multiple antimicrobial proteins were also revealed to be associated with the shell membrane fibres. Among the most abundant proteins were lysozyme C, avian β-defensin-11, ovotransferrin, ovocalyxin-36 and gallin. The biomineralized shell is also an important physical barrier against invading pathogens. Proteomics analysis of the mammillary cones, the initiation sites for shell calcification, revealed several candidate proteins involved in calcitic biomineralization. Promising candidates include nucleobindin-2 and SPARC, two calcium binding proteins previously shown to modulate mineralization. In-depth analysis of the comprehensive proteomes generated by this study revealed the presence of histones in the shell membranes, shell and cuticle compartments. Histones are cationic antimicrobial peptides, which are key molecules of the innate immune defense system of many species. This thesis reports the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of histones extracted from avian erythrocytes against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Results suggest that the underlying antimicrobial mechanism is based on the interaction between histones and lipopolysaccharides / lipoteichoic acids, which are negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes. Histones also inhibit the growth of Gram-positive biofilms; the minimal biofilm eradication concentrations were determined for S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Sensitive proteomics analyses have provided great insight into the protein constituents of the eggshell matrix, with two primary roles in the innate immune defense of the egg: regulation of calcitic biomineralization and antimicrobial protection. Further research on these proteins and their functions can provide a new focus for selective breeding programs looking to enhance the egg’s natural defenses, or provide inspiration for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, such as the histones.

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Linde, Charlotte M. A. "Defense peptides against Mycobacteria /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-480-5/.

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Wang, Xinyi. "Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Polyesters by Mimicking Host Defense Peptides." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1491508009859916.

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AMBIKA, KM. "ROLE OF LACTOSMART AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AGENT IN ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18433.

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The emergence of multi – drug resistance (MDR ) in microorganisms against antibiotics has become a global problem [1,2,3]. Various conventional drugs with promised efficacy and specificity are unable to withstand the threat of antibiotic drug resistance [4,5,6]. The rising crisis of MDR bacteria has led to the channelization of relevant research in the direction of antimicrobial molecules from natural sources as potential novel antibiotics. The spectrum of innate immune proteins and their potent fragments herald a promising approach to fight the problem of drug resistance. Among the natural antimicrobial proteins, Lactoferrin (LF) has been identified as a potent host defense system based on its wide spectrum bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities [7,8,9,10,11,12,13] . In the past , several studies have demonstrated the antibacterial and antifungal effects of LF and its derivative peptides, for instance, lactoferricin B [14,15,16,17,18,19] and lactoferrampin [20,21]. Structurally, LF consists of two iron bound lobes, N -lobe (1-333) and C -lobe (345-692) [22,23,24,25]. Amongst the two lobes , the highly cationic properties of N- lobe are responsible for membrane disruption by interacting with anionic components present on bacterial surface [26,27]. It has been established that the lipid A component of the LPS is a known drug target for antimicrobial therapeutics [ 28,29]. One of the mechanisms by which Lf acts as an antimicrobial agent is through binding to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thereby disrupting the bacterial membrane integrity and activating the chemical signaling pathway[30- 32]. This leads to the secretion of pro- inflammatory responses which down regulates the release of cytokine production [33,34]. In the past, it had been reported that LF binds to LPS with its hexameric sequence present in the 18 - loop region of the lactoferricin [35-37] . In the present study , we have performed the partial digestion of LF with trypsin which generates a potent antimicrobial molecule of the size of about 21kDa (85-281). We have proposed its name as Lactosmart due to its higher potency against pathogens when compared to native LF as a whole protein . The lactosmart has been tested for antibacterial and antifungal properties along with its inhibitory potential of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa through established assays [41]. Our primary focus was on the comparison of LPS binding properties of lactosmart with native LF using surface plasmon resonance technique . The docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) studies with LPS have also been performed to further substantiate our claims. Through our studies , we have demonstrated that LF sequesters LPS through two binding sites which are situated on the N- lobe.

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Negrón, Oscar A. "Fibrin(ogen)-pathogen Interactions Support Antimicrobial Host Defense following Staphylococcus Aureus Peritonitis Infection." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin150488059846864.

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Krynak, Katherine L. "ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ONAMPHIBIAN INNATE IMMUNE DEFENSE TRAITS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1435590530.

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Cunden, Lisa Stephanie. "A molecular investigation of the antimicrobial functions of the human S100 host-defense proteins." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121779.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
The human host is continually exposed to potentially harmful organisms and the innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial invasion. One strategy employed by the human innate immune system includes the release of antimicrobial host-defense proteins (HDPs). The goal of this thesis is to understand the antimicrobial functions of four host-defense proteins of the S100 family of proteins: calprotectin (CP), S100A12, S100A7, and S100A15. In the first half of this thesis, we elucidate the Zn(lI)-binding and antimicrobial properties of S100A12 and S100A7 through the use of solution and microbiology studies. We evaluate the affinity of S100A12 for Zn(ll), the scope of its antimicrobial activity, and put forward a model whereby S100A12 uses Ca(ll) ions to tune its Zn(Il)-chelating properties and antimicrobial activity. Our work with S1 00A7 demonstrates that the protein may exist in more than one redox state under physiological conditions, and that unlike CP and S100A12, the antimicrobial properties of S100A7 are not directly modulated by Ca(ll) ions. We report a model whereby the local redox environment of S100A7 tunes its Zn(ll)-sequestration capacity through intramolecular disulfide-bond redox chemistry, and that Ca(II) ions exert an indirect modulatory effect on the Zn(Il)-binding properties of this protein. In the second half of this thesis, we examine the bactericidal properties of the four S100 proteins. Our results agree with prior work on the bactericidal properties of S100A7. Furthermore, we show that CP and S100A15, but not S100A12, possess bactericidal activity at pH 5, and that CP is a broad-spectrum Gram-negative bactericidal factor that functions through a mechanism of membrane permeabilization. Taken together, our studies provide new insights into the multifunctionality of the antimicrobial S100 HDPs.
by Lisa Stephanie Cunden.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry

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Vadapalli, Vatsala. "Role of N-Acylethanolamines in Plant Defense Responses: Modulation by Pathogens and Commercial Antimicrobial Stressors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30521/.

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N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are a class of lipids recently recognized as signaling molecules which are controlled, in part, by their degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). On the basis of previous studies indicating increased NAE levels in a tobacco cell suspension-xylanase elicitor exposure system and the availability of FAAH mutants, overexpressor and knockout (OE and KO) genotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana, further roles of NAEs in A. thaliana plant defense was investigated. The commonly occurring urban antimicrobial contaminant triclosan (TCS) has been shown to suppress lipid signaling associated with plant defense responses. Thus, a second objective of this study was to determine if TCS exposure specifically interferes with NAE levels. No changes in steady state NAE profiles in A. thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and A. thaliana-flagellin (bacterial peptide, flg22) challenge systems were seen despite evidence that defense responses were activated in these systems. There was a significant drop in enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR) enzyme activity, which catalyzes the last step in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway in plants, on exposure of the seedlings to TCS at 10 ppm for 24 h and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to flg22 in long term exposure of 0.1 ppm and short term exposure of 5 ppm. However, these responses were not accompanied by significant changes in steady state NAE profiles.

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Burkart, David. "UNDERSTANDING CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS RESISTANCE BY INVESTIGATING THE CUTANEOUS DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF MARSUPIAL FROGS." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1835.

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Anurans are declining worldwide because of the spread of Batachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis. However, some frogs are resistant to this disease, and understanding why may be critical to saving those that are susceptible. In Peru, Gastrotheca excubitor is resistant to chytridiomycosis while Gastrotheca nebulanastes is susceptible. Two anuran skin defenses, symbiotic bacteria and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have demonstrated the ability to inhibit Bd in vitro when isolated from certain frogs. We tested if these defenses can explain the difference in susceptibility between the two Gastrotheca species. The cutaneous bacteria and AMPs of both species were collected, tested for their abilities to inhibit the growth of Bd, and analyzed for their compositions. Results indicate that 34%of the strains of skin bacteria from G. excubitor were able to inhibit the growth of Bd whereas only 10% isolated from G. nebulanastes were effective. Gastrotheca excubitor also has stronger anti-Bd skin bacteria. Neither frog species has peptide mixtures capable of completely inhibiting Bd, and overall species did not differ in the anti-Bd abilities of their peptides. These results suggest that the chytridiomycosis resistance experienced by G. excubitor may be attributed to its skin bacteria.

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Books on the topic "ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE"

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Petrlova, Jitka, ed. Antimicrobial Peptides Aka Host Defense Peptides – from Basic Research to Therapy. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-5820-2.

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Hulett, Mark, Charles Lee Bevins, and Thanh Kha Phan, eds. Advances in The Immunology of Host Defense Peptide: Mechanisms and Applications of Antimicrobial Functions and Beyond. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-667-6.

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Department of Defense. 21st Century Complete Guide to the DOD Global Emerging Infections System Defense Department Surveillance and Response System (GEIS), Antimicrobial Resistance, ... Destruction WMD, First Responder CD-ROM). Progressive Management, 2004.

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Rotstein, Ori D. Perforated viscus in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0185.

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Visceral perforation presents with either localized or diffuse abdominal pain and tenderness depending on the ability of the peritoneal host defence mechanisms to contain the spread of gastrointestinal content from the site of perforation. The most common causes of perforation are appendicitis, diverticulitis, and peptic ulcer disease. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and signs, supported by appropriate imaging. CT scanning is an accurate method of diagnosing perforation and can provide information about the underlying pathological process. The principles of treatment include adequate physiological support, appropriate antimicrobial therapy and intervention to control the source of infection and prevent its recurrence.

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Grabe, Magnus, and Björn Wullt. Urinary tract infection. Edited by Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0004.

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Infections of the urinary tract are among the most frequent infections encountered in the community and hospital environments. They range from harmless self-curing cystitis to severe pyelonephritis with life-threatening sepsis. Urinary tract infections are often recurrent. Host defence is crucial to control the infection but can also be deleterious in terms of scar formation. Early diagnosis, determination of severity, evaluation of possible risk factors, and assumption of possible pathogen are essential aspects to initiate efficient treatment. Urine culture with antibiotic sensitivity testing is the most important tool to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and direct treatment. Patients with urological disease are particularly susceptible to urinary tract infections, and healthcare-associated urinary infections are observed in approximately 10% of hospitalized urological patients. In view of the worsening resistance pattern of common urinary pathogens against available antimicrobial agents, it is important to comply with recommended treatment regimens.

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Voll, Reinhard E., and Barbara M. Bröker. Innate vs acquired immunity. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0048.

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The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens' life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen's fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.

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Book chapters on the topic "ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE"

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Brogden, Kim Alan, Amber M. Bates, and Carol L. Fischer. "Antimicrobial Peptides in Host Defense: Functions Beyond Antimicrobial Activity." In Antimicrobial Peptides, 129–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24199-9_9.

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van t Hof, Wim, Enno C. I. Veerman, Arie V. Nieuw Amerongen, and Antoon J. M. Ligtenberg. "Antimicrobial Defense Systems in Saliva." In Monographs in Oral Science, 40–51. Basel: S. KARGER AG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000358783.

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de Zamaroczy, Miklos, and Mathieu Chauleau. "Colicin Killing: Foiled Cell Defense and Hijacked Cell Functions." In Prokaryotic Antimicrobial Peptides, 255–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7692-5_14.

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Goyal, Ravinder K., and Autar K. Mattoo. "Plant Antimicrobial Peptides." In Host Defense Peptides and Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents, 111–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32949-9_5.

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van Hoek, Monique L. "Diversity in Host Defense Antimicrobial Peptides." In Host Defense Peptides and Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents, 3–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32949-9_1.

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Meister, M., C. Hetru, and J. A. Hoffmann. "The Antimicrobial Host Defense of Drosophila." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 17–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_2.

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Madera, Laurence, Shuhua Ma, and Robert E. W. Hancock. "Host Defense (Antimicrobial) Peptides and Proteins." In The Immune Response to Infection, 57–67. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816872.ch4.

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Gorr, Sven-Ulrik. "Antimicrobial Peptides in Periodontal Innate Defense." In Frontiers of Oral Biology, 84–98. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000329673.

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James, Catherine P., and Mona Bajaj-Elliott. "Antimicrobial Peptides and Preterm Birth." In Host Defense Peptides and Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents, 293–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32949-9_11.

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Afacan, Nicole J., Laure M. Janot, and Robert E. W. Hancock. "Host Defense Peptides: Immune Modulation and Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo." In Antimicrobial Peptides and Innate Immunity, 321–58. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0541-4_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE"

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Rolff, Jens. "Antimicrobial defense and persistent infection in insects revisited." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.91943.

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Zhang, Yunsong, Yucheng Wang, Clinton K. Murray, Michael R. Hamblin, Ying Gu, and Tianhong Dai. "Antimicrobial blue light therapy forCandida albicansburn infection in mice." In SPIE Defense + Security, edited by Thomas George, Achyut K. Dutta, and M. Saif Islam. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2178232.

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Voth, S. B., S. Piechocki, M. S. Gwin, C. M. Francis, and T. Stevens. "Pulmonary Endothelium Generates Antimicrobial Prions as an Innate Defense Mechanism." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1984.

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Taitt, Chris Rowe, Tomasz Leski, David Stenger, Gary J. Vora, Brent House, Matilda Nicklasson, Guillermo Pimentel, et al. "Antimicrobial resistance determinant microarray for analysis of multi-drug resistant isolates." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.924569.

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JAWAD, Israa, Adian Abd Alrazak DAKL, and Hussein Jabar JASIM. "CHARACTERIZATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SOURCES TYPES AND USES OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, REVIEW." In VII. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSOF PURE,APPLIEDANDTECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress7-13.

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This review aimed to identify the general characteristics of , mechanism of action, types and uses of antimicrobial peptides in animals, antimicrobial peptides were lass of small peptides that widely exist naturally, they varied greatly in structure, composition are found in the animal's species, and were standard structural features, twenty to sixty residue long, cationic and amphipathic peptides, have a positive charge that interacted with negatively charged molecules on the bacterial cell surfaces, a have an expansive field of inhibitory effects and were made as the first line of protection by both multicellular organisms. An essential component of the innate immune method of various organisms can have broad movement to instantly destroy bacteria, parasites, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and even cancer cells, Several antimicrobial peptides were expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the animals where they can modulate innate immune responses and the intestinal microbial, act some protective microbial species and modulate an immune response. Its interactions with innate immunity and the intestinal microbial reveal attractive drug targets, act as a new therapeutic approach against gastrointestinal infections, damage, and inflammations, and modulate obesity and metabolic diseases. In addition, its acts as a biomarker of gastrointestinal diseases. They have been useful parts of the host's defense systems for a long time. Because microbes become resistant to antimicrobial peptides more slowly than to traditional antibiotics, they could be used as alternative treatments in the future. Several thousand antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, creatures, and even humans. Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides are small proteins found in plant and animal species. They are the first defense against infections caused by microorganisms. and work against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative. They are related together to innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

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Mikhailova, A. G., Т. V. Rakitina, О. V. Shamova, М. V. Оvchinnikova, and V. А. Gorlenko. "OLIGOPEPTIDSAE B AS A TOOL OF PATHOGEN MICROORGANISMS DEFENSE AGAINST ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES." In MODERN PROBLEMS IN SYSTEMIC REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. NPG Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24108/5-2019-confnf-56.

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Early, June, Adriana Le Van, Nelson Dozier, Sandra Waggoner, Eric Garges, and Ann Jerse. "P039 A central reference laboratory for antimicrobial resistantneisseria gonorrhoeaein the us department of defense." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.246.

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Cerps, Samuel, Hamid Akbarshahi, Sangeetha Ramu, Mandy Menzel, Cecilia Andersson, Morten Hvidtfeldt, Asger Sverrild, Celeste Porsbjerg, and Lena Uller. "Viral induced epithelial antimicrobial defense in human asthma may depend on HDM exposure as well as HDM atopy." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2041.

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Kamareddine, Layla, Hoda Najjar, Abeer Mohbeddin, Nawar Haj Ahmed, and Paula Watnick. "Between Immunity, Metabolism, and Development: A story of a Fly Gut!" In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0141.

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In addition to its role in initiating immune response in the body, the innate immune system seems to also play a critical role in maintaining homeostatic balance in the gut epithelium. Our recent studies in the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly model suggest that different innate immune pathways contribute to this homeostatic balance through activating the transcription of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. We provide evidence that several metabolic parameters are altered in immune deficient flies. We also highlight a role of the gut flora, particularly through its short chain fatty acid, in contributing to this metabolic balance. Interestingly, our data suggest that impaired immunity and metabolic alteration, in turn, exhibit an effect on host development. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that innate immune pathways not only provide the first line of defense against infection but also contribute to host metabolism and development.

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Ganapathy, Ramanan, and Ahmet Aykaç. "Depolymerisation of High Molecular Weight Chitosan and Its Impact on Purity and Deacetylation." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.048.

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Chitosan (poly[β-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose]) is a non-toxic and biocompatible cationic polysaccharide produced by partial deacetylation of chitin isolated from naturally occurring crustacean shells. Its low solubility limits its application, improving the solubility by reducing the molecular weight, increases its wide application in food, agriculture, pharmaceutical and other technical applications. Low molecular weight chitosan, acts as a potent biotic elicitor, induce plant defense responses, activating different pathways that increase the crop resistance to diseases. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan inversely proportional to its molecular weight. Chitosan degradation has many techniques, ultrasound, electron beam plasma, solution plasma, cavitation, mechanical, microwave, photo irradiated and chemical. Chemical depolymerization can be affected utilizing alkalis (NaOH, KOH), sodium nitrite, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide etc. In our study we used chemical method to reduce molecular weight of chitosan, utilizing sodium nitrite at various concentrations. During depolymerization its impact on purity of chitosan was studied. Depolymerized chitosan molecular weights were ascertained by intrinsic viscosity method, its purity was measured by UV-Vis method.

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Reports on the topic "ANTIMICROBIAL DEFENSE"

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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.

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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Martin Goldway, Wojciech Janisiewicz, and Charles Wilson. Enhancement of Postharvest Biocontrol Activity of the Yeast Candida oleophila by Overexpression of Lytic Enzymes. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586481.bard.

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Enhancing the activity of biocontrol agents could be the most important factor in their success in controlling fruit disease and their ultimate acceptance in commercial disease management. Direct manipulation of a biocontrol agent resulting in enhancement of diseases control could be achieved by using recent advances in molecular biology techniques. The objectives of this project were to isolate genes from yeast species that were used as postharvest biocontrol agents against postharvest diseases and to determine their role in biocontrol efficacy. The emphasis was to be placed on the yeast, Candida oleophila, which was jointly discovered and developed in our laboratories, and commercialized as the product, Aspire. The general plan was to develop a transformation system for C . oleophila and either knockout or overexpress particular genes of interest. Additionally, biochemical characterization of the lytic peptides was conducted in the wild-type and transgenic isolates. In addition to developing a better understanding of the mode of action of the yeast biocontrol agents, it was also our intent to demonstrate the feasibility of enhancing biocontrol activity via genetic enhancement of yeast with genes known to code for proteins with antimicrobial activity. Major achievements are: 1) Characterization of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by the yeast biocontrol agent Candida oleophila; 2) Development of a transformation system for Candida oleophila; 3) Cloning and analysis of C.oleophila glucanase gene; 4) Overexpression of and knockout of C. oleophila glucanase gene and evaluating its role in the biocontrol activity of C. oleophila; 5) Characterization of defensin gene and its expression in the yeast Pichiapastoris; 6) Cloning and Analysis of Chitinase and Adhesin Genes; 7) Characterization of the rnase secreted by C . oleophila and its inhibitory activity against P. digitatum. This project has resulted in information that enhanced our understanding of the mode of action of the yeast C . oleophila. This was important step towards enhancing the biocontrol activity of the yeast. Fungal cell wall enzymes produced by the yeast antagonist were characterized. Different substrates were identified to enhance there production in vitro. Exo-b-1, 3 glucanase, chitinase and protease production was stimulated by the presence of cell-wall fragments of Penicillium digitatum in the growing medium, in addition to glucose. A transformation system developed was used to study the role of lytic enzymes in the biocontrol activity of the yeast antagonist and was essential for genetic manipulation of C . oleqphila. After cloning and characterization of the exo-glucanase gene from the yeast, the transformation system was efficiently used to study the role of the enzyme in the biocontrol activity by over-expressing or knocking out the activity of the enzyme. At the last phase of the research (still ongoing) the transformation system is being used to study the role of chitinase gene in the mode of action. Knockout and over expression experiments are underway.

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