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Journal articles on the topic 'Antiinfective agents'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Patrick Garidel, Jorg Andra, Jorg Howe, and Thomas Gutsmann. "Novel Antiinflammatory and Antiinfective Agents." Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152107781023647.

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Piplani, Mona, Avtar Chand Rana, and Prabodh Chander Sharma. "Prodrugs of Antiinfective Agents: A Review." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3x61s.

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Prodrugs are the pharmacologically inactive derivatives of active drugs typically intended to optimize the exposure of active drug at target site, through manipulation of its physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties. This approach has a number of advantages over conventional drug administration. Antiinfective agents are associated with number of limitations, responsible for their reduced bioavailability. Various antiinfective prodrugs have been synthesized with reduced side effects and improved pharmacological properties. The present paper illustrates different vistas of prodrug approach of antiinfective agents describing brief classification, synthetic approaches, pharmacological aspects and recent patents. It is a very productive area of research and its prologue in human therapy has given triumphant outcomes in improving the clinical and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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Thomas, L. D., and G. G. Miller. "Interactions between Antiinfective Agents and Immunosuppressants." American Journal of Transplantation 9 (December 2009): S263—S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02918.x.

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4

Khalifa, A. E. "Antiinfective Agents Affecting Cognition: A Review." Journal of Chemotherapy 19, no. 6 (December 2007): 620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/joc.2007.19.6.620.

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Chakraborty, Prasanta. "Gene Clusters from Plants to Microbes: Their Role in Specialized Metabolism and Drug Development." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 2, no. 5 (2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000149.

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Olubadewo, Joseph O., and Ann Ikponmwamba. "Profile of Prescription Medication in a Pediatric Population." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 22, no. 12 (December 1988): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808802201215.

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This retrospective study describes the prescription medication profile in an outpatient pediatric population (n = 510) retrieved from a hospital pharmacy computer file. The survey covers a three-month period. The study population included 281 male and 229 female patients divided according to age into three groups: infant (age 0–12 months); children (age 1–12 years); and adolescents (age 13–18 years). Medications prescribed were classified according to their pharmacotherapeutic properties as described in the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 87. The findings pointed out that three pharmacotherapeutic categories (the antiinfective/chemotherapeutic, central nervous system (CNS), and respiratory agents) constituted 78.1 percent of the 1402 prescribed medications. The most frequently prescribed agents in each of these categories were, respectively, amoxicillin, aminophylline, and acetaminophen. These agents represent recent advances in drug usage because they became most frequently used only within the past ten years. The age-dependent medication profile indicated that there was a higher prescription rate of antiinfectives and respiratory disorder agents in the younger age groups; in the adolescent group CNS agents were more often prescribed.

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Mardenborough, Leroy G., Xue Y. Zhu, Pincheng Fan, Melissa R. Jacob, Shabana I. Khan, Larry A. Walker, and Seth Y. Ablordeppey. "Identification of bis-quindolines as new antiinfective agents." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 12 (June 2005): 3955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.008.

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Dentali, S. J., and J. J. Hoffmann. "Potential Antiinfective Agents from Eriodictyon angustifolium and Salvia apiana." International Journal of Pharmacognosy 30, no. 3 (January 1992): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054003.

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Solé-Lleonart, Candela, Jean-Jacques Rouby, Stijn Blot, Garyfallia Poulakou, Jean Chastre, Lucy B. Palmer, Matteo Bassetti, et al. "Nebulization of Antiinfective Agents in Invasively Mechanically Ventilated Adults." Anesthesiology 126, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 890–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001570.

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Abstract Background Nebulization of antiinfective agents is a common but unstandardized practice in critically ill patients. Methods A systematic review of 1,435 studies was performed in adults receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. Two different administration strategies (adjunctive and substitute) were considered clinically relevant. Inclusion was restricted to studies using jet, ultrasonic, and vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Studies involving children, colonized-but-not-infected adults, and cystic fibrosis patients were excluded. Results Five of the 11 studies included had a small sample size (fewer than 50 patients), and only 6 were randomized. Diversity of case-mix, dosage, and devices are sources of bias. Only a few patients had severe hypoxemia. Aminoglycosides and colistin were the most common antibiotics, being safe regarding nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, but increased respiratory complications in 9% (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.18; I2 = 52%), particularly when administered to hypoxemic patients. For tracheobronchitis, a significant decrease in emergence of resistance was evidenced (risk ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.64; I2 = 0%). Similar findings were observed in pneumonia by susceptible pathogens, without improvement in mortality or ventilation duration. In pneumonia caused by resistant pathogens, higher clinical resolution (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.30 to 2.96; I2 = 0%) was evidenced. These findings were not consistently evidenced in the assessment of efficacy against pneumonia caused by susceptible pathogens. Conclusions Performance of randomized trials evaluating the impact of nebulized antibiotics with more homogeneous populations, standardized drug delivery, predetermined clinical efficacy, and safety outcomes is urgently required. Infections by resistant pathogens might potentially have higher benefit from nebulized antiinfective agents. Nebulization, without concomitant systemic administration of the drug, may reduce nephrotoxicity but may also be associated with higher risk of respiratory complications.

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Mullett, Charles J., John C. Christenson, J. Michael Dean, and R. Scott Evans. "A Clinical Decision Support System for Pediatric Antiinfective Agents." Pediatric Research 45, no. 4, Part 2 of 2 (April 1999): 169A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199904020-01004.

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Sivakumar, P. M., S. Prabhu Seenivasan, Vanaja Kumar, and Mukesh Doble. "ChemInform Abstract: Novel 1,3,5-Triphenyl-2-pyrazolines as Antiinfective Agents." ChemInform 41, no. 43 (September 30, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201043118.

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Pihlstrom, Bruce L. "Overview of Periodontal Clinical Trials Utilizing AntiInfective or Host Modulating Agents." Annals of Periodontology 2, no. 1 (March 1997): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/annals.1997.2.1.153.

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13

Brandenburg, Klaus. "Lack of new antiinfective agents: Passing into the pre-antibiotic age?" World Journal of Biological Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.71.

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Husain, F. M., and I. Ahmad. "Quorum sensing inhibitors from natural products as potential novel antiinfective agents." Drugs of the Future 38, no. 10 (2013): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2013.038.10.2025393.

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Evans, R. Scott, Stanley L. Pestotnik, David C. Classen, Terry P. Clemmer, Lindell K. Weaver, James F. Orme, James F. Lloyd, and John P. Burke. "A Computer-Assisted Management Program for Antibiotics and Other Antiinfective Agents." New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 4 (January 22, 1998): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199801223380406.

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Mahapatra, Debarshi Kar, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Vivek Asati. "ChemInform Abstract: Chalcone Scaffolds as Antiinfective Agents: Structural and Molecular Target Perspectives." ChemInform 46, no. 41 (September 24, 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201541256.

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Ansari, Faranak. "Utilization review of systemic antiinfective agents in a teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2001): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280100350.

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Press, Robert A. "The Use of Fluoroquinolones as Antiinfective Transition-Therapy Agents in Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Pharmacotherapy 21, no. 7 Part 2 (July 2001): 100S—104S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.21.10.100s.34534.

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Babiak, Lesia M., and Michael J. Rybak. "Hematological Effects Associated with Beta-Lactam Use." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 20, no. 11 (November 1986): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808602001101.

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Beta-lactam antibiotics have continued to be the mainstay of antiinfective treatment. Newer agents, such as the third-generation cephalosporins or ureidopenicillins, have the advantage of a broader antimicrobial spectrum and improved pharmacokinetics. The beta-lactams are often promoted as alternatives to more toxic antibiotic regimens. However, several of the beta-lactams have been shown to produce hematological effects, some of which can be life threatening. The primary hematological effects appear to be inhibition of normal platelet function and the coagulation cascade, which is reflected by changes in bleeding times and increases in prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, respectively. Although not all patients will develop bleeding problems associated with these agents, close monitoring of patients with risk factors for bleeding and dosage adjustments may help to avert these drug-induced hematological problems.

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Eliseeva, Ekaterina V., Ilya Sulejmanovich Azyzov, and N. A. Zubareva. "Review of the international consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins." Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21, no. 4 (2019): 282–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2019.4.282-309.

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Polymyxins are often the only agents that remain in vitro active against extensively resistant bacterial pathogens. However, the use of polymyxins is compromised by the number of unresolved issues, including the technical aspects of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters, optimal dosing regimens, and combined use with other antibiotics. All of the aspects of polymyxin use are discussed in detail in recently published «International consensus guidelines for the optimal use of the polymyxins», that was endorsed by the following professional societies: American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Antiinfective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP).

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Zhu, Xue Y., Leroy G. Mardenborough, Shouming Li, Abdul Khan, Wang Zhang, Pincheng Fan, Melissa Jacob, Shabana Khan, Larry Walker, and Seth Y. Ablordeppey. "Synthesis and evaluation of isosteres of N-methyl indolo[3,2-b]-quinoline (cryptolepine) as new antiinfective agents." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 15, no. 2 (January 2007): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.062.

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22

Frank, K. E., P. V. Devasthale, E. J. Gentry, V. T. Ravikumar, A. Keschavarz-Shokri, L. A. Mitscher, A. Nilius, L. L. Shen, R. Shawar, and W. R. Baker. "A simple, inexpensive apparatus for performance of preparative scale solution phase multiple parallel synthesis of drug analogs. II. Biological evaluation of a retrospective library of quinolone antiinfective agents." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 1, no. 2 (June 1998): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138620730102220119152303.

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A series of pure fluoroquinolone antiinfective agents was prepared by multiple parallel synthesis using a simple new apparatus. These compounds were evaluated biologically against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms and against a BCG strain transfected with luciferase in a fluorescence-based antitubercular assay. Activity against relatively fast growing, acid-fast Mycobacterium smegmatis was determined in part by agar-dilution streak assays. Data obtained against Escherichia coli-derived DNA gyrase does not correlate well with whole cell assays against E. coli. These compounds were assayed by a convenient glass-fiber filter binding method modified for high throughput screening. In these analogs, the results with a N-1 cyclopropyl substituent were often inferior to those obtained with a N-1 2',4'-difluorophenyl substituent. None of the new compounds prepared was superior in its antimycobacterial potency to ciprofloxacin or temafloxacin.

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Martins, Marcelo Rodrigues, Valéria Santos Bezerra, Flávia Neri Meira de Oliveira, Alice Ramos Oliveira Silva, and Elisangela da Costa Lima. "Drug and others products shortage in Brazilian health services in the scenario imposed by COVID-19." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 5 (April 6, 2022): e26711527928. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.27928.

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Objective: We aimed at investigating and describing the drug and material resources in health shortage in the Brazilian services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the format of an online survey with closed questions. Information was sought about the institutional and care profile, pharmaceutical service organization, non-compliance in the stock, or lack of drugs and other health products between April and October 2020. We performed descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistical analyses, such as Fisher's t-test, chi-square test, and the Multiple Correspondence and Hierarchical Cluster analyses. A p-value below 0.05 and a 95% significance level were considered. Results: 228 Brazilian institutions, most located in the capital cities, with specific beds for COVID-19 and public administration, were included in the study. Grouping by similarity separated the study sample into five heterogeneous clusters. Eighty-four percent of the services indicated a drugs shortage, especially neuromuscular blocking agents (64.9%), hypnotics and sedatives (52.9%), vasoactive drugs (37.3%), and antiinfective agents (30%). Conclusion: In all the clusters, there were reports of a shortage of items considered essential in the management of critically-ill patients, corroborating the perception that this was a significant challenge for pharmaceutical assistance in various Brazilian services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Subhaswaraj, Pattnaik, Asad Syed, and Busi Siddhardha. "Novel Nanotherapeutics as Next-generation Anti-infective Agents: Current Trends and Future Prospectives." Current Drug Discovery Technologies 17, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570163816666190715120708.

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With the ever-increasing population and improvement in the healthcare system in the 21st century, the incidence of chronic microbial infections and associated health disorders has also increased at a striking pace. The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to form biofilm matrix aggravates the situation due to antibiotic resistance phenomenon resulting in resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy which has become a public health concern. The canonical Quorum Sensing (QS) signaling system hierarchically regulates the expression of an array of virulence phenotypes and controls the development of biofilm dynamics. It is imperative to develop an alternative, yet effective and non-conventional therapeutic approach, popularly known as “anti-infective therapy” which seems to be interesting. In this regard, targeting microbial QS associated virulence and biofilm development proves to be a quite astonishing approach in counteracting the paucity of traditional antibiotics. A number of synthetic and natural compounds are exploited for their efficacy in combating QS associated microbial infections but the bioavailability and biocompatibility limit their widespread applications. In this context, the nanotechnological intervention offers a new paradigm for widespread biomedical applications starting from targeted drug delivery to diagnostics for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly to fight against microbial infections and antibiotics resistance in biofilms. A wide range of nanomaterials ranging from metallic nanoparticles to polymeric nanoparticles and recent advances in the development of carbon-based nanomaterials such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO) also immensely exhibited intrinsic antiinfective properties when targeted towards microbial infections and associated MDR phenomenon. In addition, the use of nano-based platforms as carriers emphatically increases the efficacy of targeted and sitespecific delivery of potential drug candidates for preventing microbial infections.

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Edmiston, Charles E. "Vancomycin Resistance: When Failure Becomes an Opportunity for Leadership." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 6 (June 1996): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809603000619.

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Objective To discuss the emergence of the enterococci as significant nosocomial pathogens and reports of glycopeptide resistance as demonstrating the failure of healthcare professionals to limit the clinical impact of these organisms. Background The enterococci have long occupied a peculiar position in medical and surgical patients. A component of the normal gastrointestinal tract, these organisms exhibit little overt pathogenicity in healthy hosts, but are frequently recovered in patients with severe debilitative or immunosuppresive disorders. While the enterococci have always demonstrated intrinsic resistance to a broad range of antiinfective agents, recent findings of moderate to high-level glycopeptide resistance potentially threaten the limited therapeutic options for methicillin-resistant gram-positive cocci. Findings The emergence and dissemination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci are signs of much greater problems, which include incomplete success of formulary controls, unreliable detection and identification of resistant microorganisms within the hospital environment, and poor fundamental infection control practices by all healthcare professionals. Conclusions The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Recommendations for the Prevention and Spread of Vancomycin Resistance are an important step in resolving these issues through the elements of collegiality and shared leadership.

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Perisic, Zivko, Natasa Perisic, Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon, Dusan Vesovic, Ana Mitrovic-Jovanovic, and Momir Mikov. "The influence of probiotics on the cervical malignancy diagnostics quality." Vojnosanitetski pregled 68, no. 11 (2011): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp100809001p.

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Background/Aim. Probiotics help to provide an optimum balance in the intestines. Probiotics species competitive block toxic substances and growth of unwanted bacteria and yeast species while they compete for the space and food. Lactogyn? is the first oral probiotics on Serbian market dedicated to maintaining a normal vaginal flora. Lactogyn? contains two well studied probiotics strains - Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14. Both of them are considered as probiotic agents with therapeutic properties increase the population of beneficial lactobacillus organisms within the vagina. The aim of this study was to exam an influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on results of cervical smear cytological testing including detection of atypical cells, detection of false positive and false negative findings as well as on vaginal microflora content in patients with vaginal infection signs and symptoms. Methods. Totally 250 women with signs of vaginal infection were selected to participate in the study. The study group comprised 125 patients taking studied probiotic strains along with specific anti-infective therapy. The control group comprised, also, 125 patients taking anti-infective agents, only. Probiotic preparation (Lactogyn ? capsules) was administered orally (one capsule daily) during 4 weeks. Before and six weeks after beginning of the therapy a cervical smear cytological test (the Papanicolaou test), as well as microbiological examination of the vaginal smear were performed. Results. Number of cases of inflammation and atypical squamous cells of undeterminated significance (ASCUS) in the study group were significantly higher before administration of the probiotic preparation. The number of lactobacilli was significantly higher, and the number of pathogenic microorganisms lower in the group treated with this preparation. Conclusion. The application of probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 concomitantly with specific antiinfective agents provides more reliable cytological diagnostics, reduces the number of false positive and false negative findings on cervical malignancy and normalizes vaginal microflora in higher percentage of patients with vaginal infections comapred with therapy including anti-infective agents only.

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Al-Tajir, Ghada K., and William N. Kelly. "Epidemiology, Comparative Methods of Detection, and Preventability of Adverse Drug Events." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 7-8 (July 2005): 1169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e559.

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BACKGROUND Adverse drug events (ADEs) continue to be of concern to all health professionals. Even serious ADEs are underreported in all patient-care environments. OBJECTIVE To discover the incidence and the best detection methods and preventability for ADEs at Al Qassimi Hospital, a 360-bed facility in the United Arab Emirates. METHODS During the first and fourth quarters of 2003, data collection for ADEs was limited to spontaneous reporting. During the second and third quarters, active monitoring for ADEs took place in the adult, pediatric medical, and intensive care wards. ADEs were assessed for causality using the Naranjo algorithm and for severity and preventability. The incidence of ADEs was calculated and the detection methods were compared. RESULTS The incidence of ADEs detected through surveillance was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for ADEs reported spontaneously for both inpatients (3.592 vs 0.068/100 patient days) and outpatients (0.299 vs 0.022/100 patient visits). Most ADEs were judged to be of mild to moderate severity. About 56% of ADEs were judged definite or probable and, of these, 13.8% were consistently judged preventable. The most prevalent drugs implicated were central nervous system (23.6%), antiinfective (17.1%), and cardiovascular (16.5%) agents. The best ADE detection method was using physicians' notes. CONCLUSIONS Active surveillance for ADEs, with the aid of ADE trigger alerts, yields a significantly higher number of reports than spontaneous reporting. Such surveillance is useful in identifying areas where improvements in the safe use of drugs can be made.

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Frank, K. E., M. Jung, and L. A. Mitscher. "A simple, inexpensive apparatus for performance of preparative scale solution phase multiple parallel synthesis of drug analogs. I. Preparation of a retrospective library of quinolone antiinfective agents." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 1, no. 2 (June 1998): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138620730102220119151351.

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A simple inexpensive apparatus is described consisting of conveniently commercially available components which is suitable for the solution phase multiple parallel synthesis of 24-72 analogs of drug-like molecules. The use of the apparatus is illustrated by preparation of a retrospective library of over 100 analogs of antimicrobial fluoroquinolones prepared in 0% to quantitative yields. Each analog was prepared in up to 150 mg quantity and each was analyzed by NMR and mass spectrometric techniques to verify its purity and identity.

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Petrikaite, Vilma, Eduardas Tarasevišius, and Alvydas Pavilonis. "New ethacridine derivatives as the potential antifungal and antibacterial preparations." Medicina 43, no. 8 (August 11, 2007): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina43080084.

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Until the 20th century fungal infections were rather easy cured, and the need of new antifungal drugs was low. However, low choice of antifungal preparations, their toxicity, limited spectrum of action, and ability to produce resistant strains show the need of new effective medicines for systemic fungal diseases in nowadays. Our goal of research was to synthesize new antimicrobial compounds containing three or more pharmacophores in one molecule. The initial 5-substituted-2-methylmercaptothiazolidin-4-ones were subjected to S-demethylation to yield 2- amino-substituted thiazolidinones. Ethacridine, nitrofuran aldehydes and nitrobenzene aldehyde as pharmacophoric amino or aldehyde group having compounds have been used. Antimicrobial (antifungal) activity of the new compounds was screened in vitro in these bacterial cultures: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 33499 and fungal cultures: Candida albicans ATCC 60l93, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr ATCC 86l4, Candida tropicalis ATCC 8302, Candida parapsilosis. Results showed that the new compounds were significantly more effective as antimicrobial agents than initial preparation ethacridine. Ethacridine derivatives were not only effective against numerous gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, but the spectrum of action has been discovered against fungi. Minimal fungistatic concentration varies in the range l0.0–750 µg/mL and antibacterial concentration is in the range 62.5–l000 µg/mL. Compound 2a having nitrofuryl substituent in the fifth position of tiazolidine cycle was the most active of synthesized ethacridine compounds. The obtained results gave the opportunity to separate the perspective group of potential antiinfective compounds.

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BRODZKI, PIOTR. "Uterine inflammatory conditions in cows: Types and etiopathogenesis." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 2 (2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6360.

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Uterine inflammatory conditions with associated fertility disorders are still a serious problem in dairy cow breeding, causing significant economic losses for breeders. Losses result from the costs of uterine infection treatment, fertility disorders, low pregnancy rates, reduced production of milk and the culling of the best cows in the herd due to infertility. According to literature data, uterine inflammatory conditions in cows are closely connected with the postpartum period, and reproductive system infections that occur at this time may persist beyond the postpartum period and cause reduced fertility in cows. Pathogenic microbiota are an underlying cause of the development and persistence of uterine inflammatory conditions. The microorganisms with an affinity for the endometrium that are most frequently isolated from the uterus of cows with metritis and endometritis are Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella melaninogenicus. No infectious agents may be detected in some inflammatory conditions that are related to the disregulation of intracellular prostaglandin synthesis in uterine endometrial cells. This condition, which is due to infection, may persist for differing periods of time after the elimination of pathogens and may impair the fertility of cows. It is currently believed that the persistence of inflammatory conditions of the uterus depends on the level of anti-infective immunological mechanisms, which not only eliminate pathogens and damaged tissue, but also protect the endometrium thanks to their regulatory properties. Not all defence mechanisms in the uterus have been discovered. Phagocytosis is the first and most important mechanism of defence against pathogens in the uterus of cows, involving specialized phagocytic cells, mainly neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, which belong to the innate immune mechanisms, as well as migrate from blood at the inflammation site as a specific response. Immune system cells and endometrial epithelial cells, which until recently have been believed to be only a passive barrier to microorganisms, are actively involved in the recognition and initiation of the antiinfective immune response. According to many authors, disorders of the local mechanisms of uterine immunity are a basic cause of metritis and endometritis in dairy cows.

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Ponomarev, V. O., V. N. Kazaikin, S. V. Dezhurov, S. M. Rozanova, M. V. Kyrf, and V. L. Timofeev. "Perspectives of Ag(10%):InP/ZnS MPA nanoparticles application in the treatment of yeast keratomycosis." Fyodorov journal of ophthalmic surgery, no. 4 (December 19, 2022): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2022-4-66-73.

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Relevance. Resistant fungal keratitis (keratomycosis) is a big current problem in ophthalmology. The limited arsenal of drugs and the low efficiency of surgical treatment often leads to extremely low anatomical and functional results. One of the alternative approaches to the management of fungal keratitis can be the use of nanoparticles, in monotherapy, or as a catalyst for a more effective effect of a native drug. Quantum dots (QDs) act as nanoparticles. Under the action of light in the visible region of the spectrum, QDs are capable of participating in redox reactions and the simulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by changing the electronic interactions with the surrounding atoms. Purpose. Synthesis of QDs potentially active against fungal microflora, study of the ability of this type of QDs and analogues to produce ROS and analysis of their fungicidal activity against yeast microflora in vitro. Material and methods. The study determined the effectiveness of the QDs solution in suppressing the growth of colonies of resistant species of fungi of the genus Candida spp (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. Parapsilosis) in vitro. QDs Ag(10%):InP/ZnS MPA were used in the form of a native solution (10%) and at a dilution of 1:100 (0.1%). Results. It was possible to reveal the complete suppression of the visible growth of Candida spp. in the area treated with QDs, regardless of concentration. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone (GIZ) in all cases exceeded 24 mm, which corresponded to a high degree of sensitivity. Conclusion. The synthesized Ag(10%):InP/ZnS MPA QDs showed high antiinfective activity against the resistant yeast microbiota Candida spp. in laboratory conditions, playing one of the primary roles in the course of keratomycosis. It is necessary to consider QDs Ag(10%):InP/ZnS MPA as one of the alternative/additional agents for the treatment of resistant ophthalmomycosis, in particular keratomycosis, after limited clinical trials in various variations. Key words: fungal keratitis, yeast fungi, quantum dots, nanoparticles.

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Khaziev, Rail, Nikita Shtyrlin, Roman Pavelyev, Raushan Nigmatullin, Raylya Gabbasova, Denis Grishaev, Anna Shtro, et al. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Adamantyl Substituted Pyridoxine Derivatives." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 16, no. 12 (November 8, 2019): 1360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180816666190911150705.

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Background: Adamantane derivatives possess multiple pharmacological activities such as antiviral, anticancer, antimycobacterial, antidiabetic, antiparkinsonian and others. The interest of medicinal chemists in adamantane compounds is due to their unique spatial structure, high lipophilicity, and carbon cage rigidity. As a result, these molecules can easily penetrate biological lipid membranes and often have unique target-specific activity profile. Another pharmacophore studied in this work is pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Pyridoxine plays highly important roles in living cells as a key cofactor of many enzymes. On the other hand, its molecular scaffold is a valuable structural platform which has led to the development of several launched drugs (Pyritinol, Pirisudanol, Cycletanine, Mangafodipir) and a wide number of preclinical and clinical drug candidates. Objective: The objective of this study is a synthesis of pyridoxine-adamantane and pyridoxinecyclooctane dipharmacophore molecules. The underlying idea was to assess the antibacterial and antiviral potential of such dipharmacophores, based on multiple examples of promising antiinfective agents which have in their structures adamantane and pyridoxine moieties. Another specific reason was to explore the ability of pyridoxine pharmacophore to suppress the potential of microbial pathogens to develop resistance to drug molecules. Methods: In this study, a series of pyridoxine-adamantane and pyridoxine-cyclooctane dipharmacophore molecules were synthesized based on reactions of three different cycloalkyl amines with the corresponding electrophilic derivatives of pyridoxine aldehydes, chlorides and acetates. All synthesized compounds have been tested for their in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain and H3N2 (A/Aichi/2/68) influenza virus. Results: Series of pyridoxine-adamantane and pyridoxine-cyclooctane dipharmacophore molecules were synthesized based on reactions of three different cycloalkylamines with the corresponding electrophilic derivatives of pyridoxine aldehydes, chlorides and acetates. Reaction of cycloalkylamines with pyridoxine derivatives, in which meta-hydroxyl and ortho-hydroxymethyl groups are protected by acetyl groups, represents a useful alternative to reductive amination of aldehydes and nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides. According to a tentative mechanism, it proceeds via paraand ortho-pyridinone methides which readily react with nucleophiles. None of the synthesized dipharmacophore compounds showed activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. At the same time, three compounds demonstrated some antiviral activity against H3N2 (A/Aichi/2/68) influenza virus (EC50 52-88 µg/mL) that was comparable to the activity of Amantadine, though lower than the activity of Rimantadine. The results of this work can be useful in the design of physiologically active derivatives of pyridoxine and adamantane. Conclusion: The results of this work can be useful in the design of physiologically active derivatives of pyridoxine and adamantane.

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Faderl, Stefan, Alessandra Ferrajoli, William Wierda, Farhad Ravandi, Susan O’Brien, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Deborah A. Thomas, Mary L. Browning, and Michael J. Keating. "Continuous Infusion/Subcutaneous Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) Plus Rituximab Is Active for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2963.2963.

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Abstract Despite impressive single-agent activity of monoclonal antibodies (moabs) in lymphoproliferative disorders, activity can be enhanced by combination with other active agents. We have previously shown that alemtuzumab can be combined safely with rituximab and that the combination is active in pts with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (Blood101: 3413, 2003). As the optimal dose, schedule and route of administration have not been established, and in the light of data on soluble CD52 levels in the serum of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and their association with prognosis, we are now investigating a continuous i.v. infusion (c.i.v.) followed by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of alemtuzumab plus rituximab in pts with relapsed/refractory CLL with co-expression of CD52 and CD20. Rituximab is given at 375 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 followed by 500 mg/m2 on days 8, 15, and 22. Alemtuzumab is administered at 15mg by c.i.v. daily for 6 days (days 2–7) followed by 30 mg s.c. twice weekly on days 3 and 5 of weeks 2 to 4. Up to 12 weeks of therapy can be given. Should pts continue beyond 4 weeks, no further c.i.v. of alemtuzumab is administered. All pts were premedicated with acetaminophen and an antihistamine, and received antiinfective prophylaxis with TMP/SMX and valacyclovir (or equivalent). CMV antigenemia and/or PCR testing was done prior to and at the completion of each course of therapy. Twenty-eight pts have been enrolled (26 CLL, 1 CLL/SLL, 1 MZL). Twenty pts are evaluable for response. Median age: 57 yrs (range 39–78), median number of prior therapies: 3 (1–5), median b2M 3.5 mg/dL (2.1–13.6). Ten pts (50%) had Rai stage ≥ 3. Six pts. (30%) were refractory to both fludarabine and alkylators. All evaluable pts received prior rituximab, but only 2 (10%) have been exposed to alemtuzumab. No pts received the combination of alemtuzumab plus rituximab before. Based on NCI-Working Group criteria for response, 6 pts (30%) achieved CR, 1 (5%) PRn, and 4 (20%) PR for an overall response rate of 55%. All responders achieved their maximum response after 4 weeks of therapy (one course) only. Response by site: liver/spleen 6 of 6 pts (100%), peripheral blood 13/15 (86%), marrow 14/20 (70%), and lymph nodes 8/15 (53%). No unexpected adverse events (AEs) occurred. Most non-hematologic AEs were infusion-related and ≤ grade 2 by NCI toxicity criteria: fevers (93%), chills (75%), fatigue (55%), skin rashes or injection site reactions (35%), nausea (25%), myalgias (20%), and diarrhea (10%). Although AEs occurred more frequently during c.i.v. alemtuzumab than during the s.c. injections, c.i.v. of alemtuzumab has been well tolerated compared to bolus infusions. No dose escalation was given prior to the start of the c.i.v. Infections occurred in 10 pts (50%) including CMV reactivation in 6 (21%). In summary, out data indicate a promising response rate in a poor prognosis group of pts after only 4 weeks of therapy. The combination is well tolerated. Side effects are predictable and manageable.

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Cammarota, Simona, Anna Citarella, Enrica Menditto, and Simona De Portu. "Evaluation of antimicrobial consumption in Campania Region, Italy." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2008): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v9i1.217.

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Introduction: the antibiotic usage in Italy is above the European average. From several years the Campania was the first Italian region in terms of antimicrobial consumption. Aim: to evaluate antibiotic utilisation in primary health care in Campania, a region of approximately 5.7 million inhabitants in the south of Italy. Method: we collected, from an electronic database, all prescription drugs reimbursed in 2005. The cohort was defined as the population of subjects receiving at least one prescription of any antimicrobial agent for systemic use, classified according to their therapeutic role using Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Drugs cost and consumption were quantified using National Health Service (NHS) prospective and Defined Daily Dose system (DDD) respectively. All costs were expressed in Euro 2005. Results: antiinfectives agents (ATC J) was the second class of drugs in terms of cost, representing 16.1% of the regional drug expenditure. Their consumption were 33 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day. Stratifying by age antibiotic use was highest in children and elderly subjects. Penicillins, macrolides and cephalosporins were the most prescribed antibiotic classes in all age groups. Discussion: despite guidelines introduced to limit the prescription of parenteral antibiotics to the patients who are most likely to benefit from it, they were mostly prescribed. This represented a serious problem for the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

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"SESSION B: CHEMOTHERAPY OF ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 29, s1 (October 2006): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00760.x.

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Astuti, Puji, Gemini Alam, Sylvia Pratiwi, Triana Hertiani, and Subagus Wahyuono. "Skrining Senyawa Antiinfeksi dari Spons yang Dikoleksi dari Bunaken, Manado." Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati, November 6, 2019, 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/biota.v8i2.2883.

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The emergence of drug resistant and multidrug-resistant microbes as well as the lack of any current chemotherapy augmented the necessity to search for new and better anti-infective drug.. This study was aim to screen potential antiinfective extracts of sponges collected from Bunaken, Manado and to report on their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Testing for antiinfective agents was conducted using dilution method. Nutrient Agar was used as the testing media and nutrient broth for the inoculation of microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were used as the testing bacteria and Candida albicans as the testing fungi. Chloramphenicol was used as positive control for anti bacterial activity and Ketokonazol for antifungi. The two acetone extracts tested (MD-01aceton and MD-02aceton), all of them showed inhibition activities. Following partition with chloroform and methanol, all chloroform extracts inhibited the growth of both bacteria and fungi. These extracts then are considered to be potential candidates for further isolation and characterization as antiinfective agents.

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"A Computer-Assisted Management Program for Antiinfective Agents." New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 24 (June 11, 1998): 1775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199806113382416.

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Schillaci, Domenico. "Staphylococcal Biofilms:Challenges in the Discovery of Novel Antiinfective Agents." Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology 03, no. 04 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.100000e4.

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McLaughlin, Kevin, James Schurr, and Craig A. Stevens. "Management of Drug Interactions between Anti-infectives and Common Anesthetics." DeckerMed Anesthesiology, November 4, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/anes.18229.

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Interactions between various medications can lead to changes in the expected response of one or more of those medications. Drug interactions can be pharmacokinetic (altered absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the medication) or pharmacodynamic (alterations based on similarities or differences in the mechanisms of medications with respect to their effect on the body). Although drug interactions exist in many specialties in medicine, this chapter focuses on those that affect the responses of common anesthetic agents or drugs given with those agents. While anesthesiologists monitor objective measures and titrate many medications to the desired effect, understanding and anticipating drug interactions can help reduce unexpected effects of medications. This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables and 36 references Key words: anesthetic agents, antiinfective agents, drug interactions, mechanism, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics

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"“Elutriating therapeutic prospective of natural pharmacological agents of Renatus Nova”." NeuroQuantology, September 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48047/nq.2022.20.10.nq55603.

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Poly-herbal formulations have shaken some most fruitful trees, herb –herb combinations are being used worldwide for various diseases and illness which are life threatening. Several, researchers, scholars and medicinal practitioners believe synergistic involvements of herbs and trees targets therapeutics of various diseases in innumerable ways. This review paper discusses twelve very essential ingredients used in agglomerated formulation named “Renatus Nova”. Past yearsof Researches have been explored and scrutinised for herbs targeting antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti mitotic, antiinfective, antiangiogenic, anticarcinogenic activities. The ingredients vizGarciniamangostana, Eleutherococcussenticosus, Boerhaviadiffusa, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium myrtillus, Withaniasomnifera, Moringa oleifera, Asparagus racemosus, Gingko biloba, Tribulus terrestris, and Rubia cordifolia.are detailed in the present review proclaiming their life saving properties. Medicinal herbs are active in effecting disease treatments by the presence of their unique phytoconstituents in suitable amounts, any formulation of drug requires thorough study on phytoconstituents this review will act as platform for understanding role of analytes in drug synthesised.

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Sharma, Moni, Vinita Chaturvedi, Y. K. Manju, Shalini Bhatnagar, Kumkum Srivastava, S. K. Puri, and Prem M. S. Chauhan. "ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Quinolinyl Chalcones and Quinolinyl Pyrimidines as a New Class of Antiinfective Agents." ChemInform 40, no. 34 (August 25, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200934160.

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Rode, Milind, R. C. Cupta, B. K. Karale, and S. S. Rindhe. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Some Substituted Chromones as an Antiinfective and Antioxidant Agents." ChemInform 40, no. 15 (April 14, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200915138.

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"Nebulization of Antiinfective Agents in Invasively Mechanically Ventilated Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Erratum." Anesthesiology 127, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001755.

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Kirchhoff, Lisa, Maike Olsowski, Katrin Zilmans, Silke Dittmer, Gerhard Haase, Ludwig Sedlacek, Eike Steinmann, Jan Buer, Peter-Michael Rath, and Joerg Steinmann. "Biofilm formation of the black yeast-like fungus Exophiala dermatitidis and its susceptibility to antiinfective agents." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep42886.

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Kuecuekguezel, S. Gueniz, Ilkay Kuecuekguezel, Esra Tatar, Sevim Rollas, Fikrettin Sahin, Medine Guelluece, Erik De Clercq, and Levent Kabasakal. "Synthesis of Some Novel Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Diflunisal Hydrazide as Potential Antiinfective and Antiinflammatory Agents." ChemInform 38, no. 45 (November 6, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200745036.

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Koehn, Frank E. "ChemInform Abstract: New Strategies and Methods in the Discovery of Natural Product Antiinfective Agents: The Mannopeptimycins." ChemInform 39, no. 31 (July 29, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200831263.

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Damodiran, M., D. Muralidharan, and Paramasivan T. Perumal. "ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bis(indolyl)methane Derivatized 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Bistriazoles as Antiinfective Agents." ChemInform 40, no. 46 (November 17, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200946139.

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Kumar, Gada Yerukala Srawan, Dr Reddy Phani Kumar, Desireddy Rama Brahma Reddy, Yathirajam Dedeepya, and Naligala Divya. "A Prospective Observational Study on Anti-infective Agents in Adults in A Hospital." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 68, no. 2 (June 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v68i02.005.

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The main aim of the pharmacist is to provide the right drug in the right quality at the right time to patient. The monitoring studies of such prescription pattern can nourish the relevant use and exploit or misuse of the drug which is monitored. The main goal of the present study is to ease the rational use of drugs and make awareness of the irrational use of the drug which is more prevalent to the drug resistance, economic burden to the patient and failure of the treatment. The present prospective observational study was going on the usage of anti-infective agents in the adults based on the prescription of the physician to the patients. Prescriptions were obtained from various clinical departments was done over the period of 6 months from October 2020 to March 2021 to assess the appropriate use of anti-infective agents in adults. Total 1610 prescriptions data of anti-infective agents were analysed of average range of medication includes antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic, antiparasitic, antimicrobials. A total of 1610 prescriptions from out patient and in patient department of the hospital were analysed in this study and out of those patients, male patients were 714 (44.34%) and female patients were 896 (55.65%). The most common age group which was prescribed more antiinfective agents was 51-60 years. Among them the antibacterial were about 65.03%, antiviral 1.59%, antifungal 7.04%, anthelmintic 7.09%, antiparasitic 0.89%, antimicrobial 0.51%, antimalarial 0.93%, antitubercular 0.51%, Antibacterial+Antiprotozoal 16.45%. Now a days usage of anti-infective agents was high to improve the rational use of drugs and to avoid the irrational usage of antibiotics in increasing the side effects and resistance towards the drug and total cost of treatment as well.

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Pinto, Douglas, Gabriela de Souza, Paulo Pitasse-Santos, Afonso Velez, Debora Decote-Ricardo, Debora dos Santos, Leonardo Freire-de-Lima, Célio Freire-de-Lima, and Marco de Lima. "O POTENCIAL DA XANTONA NATURAL α-MANGOSTINA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE NOVOS AGENTES ANTI-INFECCIOSOS: UMA REVISÃO." Química Nova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170954.

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THE POTENTIAL OF NATURAL XANTHONE α-MANGOSTIN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS: A REVIEW. The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Linn.) is a tropical fruit cultivated in the tropical forests of Southeast Asian countries. It is recognized as the queen of fruits due to its unique color, aroma, and flavor. It has been used for centuries in Southeastern Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Many functional molecules with high medicinal value are obtained from the pericarp of mangosteen fruit, whose major constituent is xanthone α-mangostin. Several studies have been carried out over the last decades to further investigate and understand the pharmacological properties associated with the plant and its main chemical constituents, belonging to the class of xanthones. In addition, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to mangosteen have been published, indicating its importance and its potential application in medicinal chemistry. Prenylated xanthones, which include α-mangostin, are secondary metabolites particularly common in plants belonging to the Clusiaceae family. These substances have been intensively investigated for their potential as biologically active agents. This article describes a critical analysis of published data related to the properties of α-mangostin, aiming to provide a more detailed view of its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

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Newman, David J., and D. Phil. "Natural Products and Drug Discovery." National Science Review, September 29, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac206.

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Abstract This review covers the recent history of a series of very important natural products and their derivatives that are currently in use or under evaluation in the areas of antiinfectives, important cancer treatments including antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), followed by a discussion of type 2 diabetes drugs (T2DM) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The current structures of the agents are shown though in the case of some peptides used in T2DM the standard single letter abbreviation for an amino acid is used.

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