Relevant bibliographies by topics / Antigen-antibody complexes

Academic literature on the topic 'Antigen-antibody complexes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Antigen-antibody complexes"

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Davies, D. R., E. A. Padlan, and S. Sheriff. "Antibody-Antigen Complexes." Annual Review of Biochemistry 59, no. 1 (June 1990): 439–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.002255.

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Davies, D. R., S. Sheriff, and E. A. Padlan. "Antibody-antigen complexes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, no. 22 (August 1988): 10541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38002-5.

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Manca, F., D. Fenoglio, G. Li Pira, A. Kunkl, and F. Celada. "Effect of antigen/antibody ratio on macrophage uptake, processing, and presentation to T cells of antigen complexed with polyclonal antibodies." Journal of Experimental Medicine 173, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.173.1.37.

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Activation of a galactosidase-specific murine T hybridoma clone and of a human tetanus toxoid-specific T clone by antigen-presenting cells (APC) was used to evaluate the regulatory function of antibodies complexed with the relevant antigen. Complexed antigen, in fact, is taken up with high efficiency thanks to Fc receptors borne by APC. Antibody/antigen ratio in the complexes proved to be a critical parameter in enhancing antigen presentation. Complexes in moderate antibody excess provided optimal T cell activation independently of the physical state of the complexes (precipitated by a second antibody or solubilized by complement). Complexes in extreme antibody excess, on the contrary, did not yield T cell activation although taken up by APC efficiently. The effect of antibodies at extreme excess was observed with substimulatory dose of antigen (loss of potentiation) and with optimal dose of antigen (loss of stimulation). An excess of specific polyclonal antibodies hampers proteolytic degradation of antigen in vitro, supporting the view that a similar mechanism may operate within the APC that have internalized immune complexes in extreme antibody excess. The possibility that immune complex forming in extreme antibody excess may turn off the T cell response is proposed as a regulatory mechanism.
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Dixon, Frank J. "ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES AND AUTOIMMUNITY*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 124, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb18954.x.

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Hilgartner, M. "Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Hemophilia." Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 33, S40 (April 24, 2009): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.1984.tb02582.x.

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Caulfield, M. J., and D. Shaffer. "Immunoregulation by antigen/antibody complexes. I. Specific immunosuppression induced in vivo with immune complexes formed in antibody excess." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 11 (June 1, 1987): 3680–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.11.3680.

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Abstract Specific immune complexes, prepared at different ratios of antibody to antigen, were examined for their effects on the antibody response of BALB/c mice to the cell wall polysaccharide antigen (PnC) extracted from Streptococcus pneumonia R36a. Mice immunized with complexes formed in antigen excess developed a PnC-specific antibody response that was equivalent to that in mice injected with free antigen. On the other hand, mice injected with complexes formed in antibody excess developed very little PnC-specific antibody. Furthermore, administration of immune complexes (formed in antibody excess) resulted in suppression of the response to an immunogenic dose of PnC given concurrently or 1 day after injection of immune complexes but not when the antigen was given 1 day before injection of the immune complexes. Injections of free antibody (TEPC-15) also resulted in suppression of the response to antigenic challenge; however, suppression was greatest when the antibody was injected concurrently with the antigen, suggesting that the suppression was mediated through the formation of immune complexes in vivo. The suppression appears to be specific for the antigen (PnC), since in mice injected with TEPC-15/PnC complexes (formed in antibody excess) and challenged with PnC coupled to sheep RBC, only the response to PnC was suppressed.
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WINGREN, C., and U. ‐B HANSSON. "Surface Properties of Antigen–Antibody Complexes." Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 46, no. 2 (August 1997): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-106.x.

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Decanniere, K., T. R. Transue, A. Desmyter, D. Maes, S. Muyldermans, and L. Wyns. "Degenerate interfaces in antigen-antibody complexes." Journal of Molecular Biology 313, no. 3 (October 2001): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2001.5075.

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Randall, R. E., D. Young, T. Hanke, P. Szawlowski, and C. Botting. "Purification of antibody—antigen complexes containing recombinant SIV proteins: comparison of antigen and antibody—antigen complexes for immune priming." Vaccine 12, no. 4 (January 1994): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(94)90100-7.

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Bossi, Sergio, Benedetta Ferranti, Chiara Martinelli, Paola Capasso, and Ario de Marco. "Antibody-mediated purification of co-expressed antigen–antibody complexes." Protein Expression and Purification 72, no. 1 (July 2010): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2010.01.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antigen-antibody complexes"

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Mustafa, Awder. "Circulating immune complexes in atherosclerotic vascular disease /." Stockholm : Karolinska Univ. Press, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-018-0/.

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Hanke, Tomas. "Development of solid matrix-antibody-antigen (SMAA) complexes as multivalent subunit vaccines." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13989.

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In the course of the work presented in this thesis, the construction of solid matrix-antibody-antigen (SMAA) complexes as vaccines was further developed. In particular, it was demonstrated that it is feasible to assemble SMAA complexes using a short oligopeptide tag (Pk) attached to the C-termini of antigens and a Pk tag- specific mAb SV5-P-k. In order to facilitate the purification of recombinant proteins for immunization purposes, a second affinity tag was attached to the antigen N-termini. Initially, the N-terminal tag was 26-kDa-large thrombin-removable glutathione S-transferase (GST), which permitted first-step purification on immobilized glutathione. However, because of problems with protein insolubility and the proteolytical removal of GST from the hybrid proteins, the GST domain was substituted by an N-terminal 12-amino acid-long tag (His) containing an array of 6 histidines. The His tag was small and thus did not require removal prior to immunization, and allowed purification of His-linked proteins on a nickel-affinity column. Moreover, it was possible to preform nickel-affinity chromatography under protein denaturing conditions, which allowed purification of insoluble or aggregated proteins. In addition, novel prokaryotic expression vectors were constructed for a single-cloning-step addition of these N- and C-terminal tags to proteins of interest. These vectors were used to individually express all non-glycosylated products encoded by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in E. coli. The SIV envelope glycoprotein gp160 with the Pk tag attached to its C-terminus was expressed in insect cells and first-step purified on a lentile lectin column. Following the first purification step on either nickel or lentile columns, all SIV proteins were purified and successfully incorporated into SMAA complexes using anti-Pk tag mAb SV5-P-k. Thus, efficient purification protocols were developed, which purified recombinant proteins via two different affinity tags attached to their N- and C-termini and isolated predominantly full-size proteins. As a stage in achieving the goal of human multivalent vaccines, the SV5-P-k mAb was humanized and is currently being expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Green, Elizabeth Allison. "The development and use of antigen-antibody-LTB (Ag-MAb-LTB) complexes as immunogens." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13984.

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In the course of this work a novel strategy has been developed for linking the adjuvant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B (LTB) to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) proteins via an antibody bridge and the systemic and mucosal immunogenicity of such SIV-MAb-LTB complexes have been investigated. A short peptide tag, termed Pk, was joined to the 3'-end of the gene coding for LTB and expression studies revealed that the gene product, LTB-Pk, could be efficiently synthesised and secreted from non-pathogenic Vibrio sp.60. Analysis of the functional properties of LTB-Pk demonstrated that LTB-Pk , like native LTB, was a heat-labile oligomer, that could bind to the glycolipid GM1-ganglioside and was immunogenic in vivo. In attempts to purify LTB-Pk for immunisation studies, both hydrophobic and ion-exchange chromatography schedules were analysed, the latter procedure being more efficient. Strategies were developed for joining LTB-Pk to one arm of an anti-Pk MAb, (MAb SV5-P- k) and Pk-linked SIV proteins to the other arm, and such SFV-MAb-LTB complexes bound to GM1 -ganglioside in vitro. Systemic immunisation studies suggested that SIV-MAb-LTB complexes, using recombinant p17 as the target antigen, promoted both humoral and cell- mediated immunity to the recombinant p17. In addition, it was later shown that conjugation of LTB-Pk to recombinant SIV proteins via an antibody bridge, resulted in a more efficent presentation of the recombinant SIV protein to the immune system, than co-administration of LTB-Pk with the recombinant SIV protein. However, intranasal administration of p17-MAb-LTB complexes did not induce immunity to recombinant p17. Subsequently it was shown that the recombinant p17 was highly susceptible to mucosal degradation, suggesting the poor mucosal immunogenicity of p17-MAb-LTB complexes may be related to the instability of recombinant p17 in the mucosal environment. Further investigations into the stability of other recombinant SIV proteins in the mucosa, revealed that recombinant p27 was more resilient to mucosal degradation. p27-MAb-LTB complexes were constructed and initial intranasal immunisation studies revealed that both systemic and cell-mediated immunity to recombinant p27, could be induced following intranasal administration. Furthermore, mucosal immunity to recombinant p27 was evident in the lungs of vaccinated mice, with anti-recombinant p27 IgG-secreting cells predominating.
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Barbar, Elisar Jamil. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Antigen-Antibody Complexes, Including Sequence Specific Assignments and Structural Analysis of Neurophysin as an Antigen Model." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1167.

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The interaction between molecules is essential in a wide range of biological processes. A detailed knowledge of these interactions is necessary for understanding these processes. Among the systems that involve important interactions is the immune system. NMR spectroscopy has a large number of spectral parameters that were used in this work to study antibody-antigen interactions. These same parameters were also used to begin a structural analysis of a medium-sized protein, neurophysin, that has important interactions with neurohormones, and served here as a model antigen. A set of ligands differing in size and charge was designed and used to probe the binding site of anti-phosphocholine antibodies. These ligands ranged from small organic species to medium sized proteins. Amino acids, peptides and proteins were homogeneously linked to phenyl phosphocholine and analyzed by NMR techniques. Transferred nuclear Overhauser effect measurements were used to determine the conformation of bound ligands. The conformational change observed in some ligands was explained as either due to the antibody selecting one conformation that already exists, or the antibody binding inducing a conformational change. Titration data and detailed NMR analysis showed a more rigid M3C65 antibody fragment upon binding. In summary, with eight examples of ligands and four examples of antibodies studied by NMR, a spectrum of effects was seen, including a lock-and-key model and limited local induced fit. The contribution of the carrier molecule to antibody binding was in restricting the conformation of the ligand. Bigger ligands that are expected to be more immunogenic, showed less binding avidity as determined by immunological assays. Fluorinated ligands were synthesized to determine the kinetics of binding using 19F NMR spectra. Higher concentration of a fragment of the antibody M3C65 was analyzed to determine assignments of some residues in the combining site of the antibody. High resolution NMR techniques were used to assign resonances in neurophysin. The physiological role of neurophysin includes hormone storage and stabilization of oxytocin and vasopressin against proteolytic degradation within the posterior pituitary. Neurophysin is a 10 KD protein that dimerizes at high concentrations needed for NMR studies. An organic cosolvent was used to lower the dimerization constant, and hence inrease the spectral resolution. This permitted sequence-specific assignments that were then used to identify residues in the neurophysin-hormone binding site. Chemical shift differences and conformational changes were observed for the residues glutamate 47 and leucine 50. The 3₁₀ helix was further stabilized towards a more ideal helix upon hormone-analog peptide binding. Some of the residues contributing to the monomer-monomer interface were also assigned. Dimerization ill1duced chemical shift differences and conformational changes were observed for phenylalanine 35, threonine 38, and alanine 69. Tyrosine: 49 and phenylalanine 22 were affected but to a lesser extent. One characteristic of neurophysin in all studied cases was dynamic equilibrium between different folding states.
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Natale, Sara. "Utilising antigen-antibody complexes for the immunomagnetic enrichment of spermatozoa from sexual assault intimate swabs." Thesis, Natale, Sara (2021) Utilising antigen-antibody complexes for the immunomagnetic enrichment of spermatozoa from sexual assault intimate swabs. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64502/.

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Sexual assault is prevalent within today’s society with 18% of women reporting sexual assault within their lifetime (1). Physical evidence collected from a forensic examination may include an intimate swab. The standard method used for sperm isolation is differential lysis however, the high abundance of vaginal epithelial cells on vaginal sexual assault swabs complicates the protocol. This factor results in mixed DNA profiles with an overabundance of female DNA present in an autosomal STR profile. Mixed STR profiles make it difficult to interpret the male DNA profile and therefore cannot always be used in court to identify a perpetrator. An antibody-based method for spermatozoa extraction using antibody conjugated immunomagnetic beads to select for sperm could be used as a method of enrichment, producing a higher yield of recovered male DNA. To achieve this, sperm-specific antibodies are needed to selectively bind to the sperm when in an epithelial/sperm cell mixture. This study aimed to identify the capability of 3 antibodies, α-SPAM1, α-SPACA1, and α-ZPBP with a secondary antibody Goat α-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 488 through flow cytometry. Canto™ II CA flow cytometer was used for the visualisation of sperm/vaginal epithelial cell cross-reactivity with the antibodies to determine the cell sensitivity and selectivity. Optimisation of the flow cytometry protocol was undertaken for both the epithelial and sperm cells. The antibodies had >20% cross-reactivity to the sperm cells and >30% to the vaginal epithelial cells however, the epithelial cells had a higher autofluorescence than expected with >30% positive unstained epithelial cells.
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Hutchinson, Sean. "Utilising antigen-antibody complexes to capture and enrich for sperm cells fractions in a mixed substrate." Thesis, Hutchinson, Sean (2017) Utilising antigen-antibody complexes to capture and enrich for sperm cells fractions in a mixed substrate. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38406/.

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Forensic DNA analysis on sexual assault evidence requires the separation of the victim and assailants DNA. For vaginal swabs where a large number of victims cells (epithelial cells) are present compared to the small number of the male assailants cells this can be problematic. There are a variety of methods that can achieve this separation and the most commonly used at present is differential lysis or variations upon this method. These methods tend to be long and tedious with results often relying on the operators’ expertise and experience. Immunomagnetic beads have been used in various other areas of the scientific community for separation of cells from various mixtures and the use of immunomagnetic beads for separation of sperm cells form cellular mixtures can potentially be used as an improvement upon current methods of separation. Antibodies have been tested for the use of forensically applied magnetic bead separation however there has been little testing beyond proof that it works. Optimisation of the procedure and testing on more realistic samples need to be conducted.
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Schiele, Felix [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Groll, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Kiefhaber. "Structural And Biophysical Characterization of Antibody-Antigen Complexes of Therapeutic Relevance / Felix Schiele. Gutachter: Michael Groll ; Thomas Kiefhaber. Betreuer: Michael Groll." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034952064/34.

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Sprenger, Kenneth John. "Circulating immune complexes in acute rheumatic carditis." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27055.

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The group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus is known to be the aetiologic agent in acute rheumatic fever, but the exact pathogenesis remains obscure. A review of the histopathology of the Aschoff body suggests that the cardiac pathology is a granulomatous hypersensitivity reaction. However the streptococcus has not been found in the lesions, and the agent responsible for the granuloma has not yet been identified. Circulating immune complexes have previously been measured in some children with acute rheumatic fever. The normal or raised complement components measured by some workers in acute rheumatic fever suggests that the immune complexes may not be complement fixing. Considering that the usual assays for measuring immune complexes depend on complement fixation, the failure of the immune complexes to fix complement might produce false negative results. A physical, non-complement fixing assay (polyethylene glycol precipitation - PEG), was therefore used to measure circulating immune complexes. Results were expressed as total IgG precipitated (g/L), or as a percentage of serum IgG. Immune complexes were also measured by two complement dependent assays, a Clq binding assay (ClqBA), and conglutinin binding assay (CBA). Complexes were assayed in 15 children with acute rheumatic carditis (ARC), 11 with non-active, chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD), 13 with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), and 15 normal children and adults (NORMAL). Total haemolytic complement, complement components as well as the complement breakdown product C3d, were measured.
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Carvalho, Camila Aparecida de. "Estudo da presença e influência de antígenos parasitários na sorologia da Leishmaniose visceral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/99/99131/tde-21022014-112702/.

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A Leishmaniose visceral é uma doença parasitária crônica em homens e cães, causada por protozoários da espécie L. (Leishmania) chagasi. O diagnóstico parasitológico é confirmado pelo achado do agente em aspirados de medula óssea, linfonodo, baço e fígado, enquanto que a sorologia IgG especifica é usada em geral para estudos epidemiológicos, apesar dos altos níveis séricos de anticorpos IgG anti-Leishmania. Existem relatos anedóticos de resultados sorológicos negativos em doença ativa, atribuído à formação de imunocomplexos. Dado que imunocomplexos podem ser dissociados por tratamento ácido, nós buscamos a padronização de um teste simples de dissociação ácida dos imunocomplexos de amostras de soro, por tratamento ácido e neutralização em poços adsorvidos com antígenos de Leishmania, seguida de ELISA (ELISA dissociativo). A confirmação da presença de antígenos foi realizada pela detecção após adsorção ácida por DOT-ELISA, usando soro de coelho hiperimune anti-Leishmania. Amostras de hamsteres infectados experimentalmente com L. (L.) chagasi mostraram a presença e interferência de imunocomplexos na sorologia principalmente nas fases iniciais da infecção, por ELISA dissociativo e DOT-ELISA. Em amostras maiores de áreas endêmicas, o ELISA dissociativo aumentou a soropositividade em 10% em amostras de cães negativas e 3,5% de amostras humanas negativas, com confirmação por DOT-ELISA. Os resultados mostram que este teste poderia ser usado no diagnóstico da LV, como abordagem alternativa para a identificação sorológica de casos assintomáticos e para indicação de métodos parasitológicos invasivos confirmatórios.
Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, is a chronic parasitic disease of humans and dogs. Confirmation of the protozoal agent in bone marrow, lymph node or spleen aspirate is diagnostic, while specific-IgG serology is used mainly for epidemiology despite the general presence of high levels of serum immunoglobulins. Anecdotal reports of false-negative serology in active disease cases are known and are ascribed to the formation of immune complexes. Because dissociation of immune complexes can be accomplished by acid treatment, we devised a simple, routine enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the dissociation of immune complexes in serum samples using acid treatment and neutralization in wells adsorbed with Leishmania antigen (dELISA). Confirmatory acid DOT-ELISA was also developed for antigen detection by anti-Leishmania rabbit antiserum. In experimental L. (L.) chagasi hamster models, immune complexes interfered with ELISA mostly in the early stages of infection, according to both dELISA and antigen DOT-ELISA results. In larger samples from endemic areas, dELISA increased seropositivity by 10% in negative dog samples (7/70) and 3.5% in negative human samples (3/85), showing that dELISA could be used in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Moreover, dELISA could be used as an alternative approach to screening asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis patients, instead of invasive confirmatory testing.
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Mahmoud, Tamer I. "The significance of heavy chain CDR3 diversity in the antibody response to polysaccharides." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/mahmoud.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Antigen-antibody complexes"

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Padlan, Eduardo. Antibody-antigen complexes. Austin: R.G. Landes, 1994.

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New aspects of complement structure and function. Austin, TX: R.G. Landes, 1994.

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James, McCluskey, ed. Antigen processing and recognition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991.

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1938-, Volanakis John E., and Frank Michael M, eds. The human complement system in health and disease. New York: M. Dekker, 1998.

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Padlan, Eduardo A. Antigen-Antibody Complexes. Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.

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A, Salinas Fernando, and Hanna M. G. 1936-, eds. Immune complexes and human cancer. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.

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Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology:Immune Complexes and Human Cancer (Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology, Vol 15). Springer, 1985.

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Dörner, Thomas, and Peter E. Lipsky. Cellular side of acquired immunity (B cells). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0050.

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B cells have gained interest in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) beyond being the precursors of antibody-producing plasma cells since they are also a broader component of the adaptive immune system. They are capable of functioning as antigen-presenting cells for T-cell activation and can produce an array of cytokines. Disturbances of peripheral B-cell homeostasis together with the formation of ectopic lymphoid neogenesis within the inflamed synovium appears to be a characteristic of patients with RA. Enhanced generation of memory B cells and autoreactive plasma cells producing IgM-RF and ACPA-IgG antibodies together with formation of immune complexes contribute to the maintenance of RA, whereas treatment with B-cell-directed anti-CD20 therapy provides clinical benefit.
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Henry, Metzger, ed. Fc receptors and the action of antibodies. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology, 1990.

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(Editor), Dan H. Schulze, ed. Evolution and Vertebrate Immunity: The Antigen-Receptor and Mhc Gene Families (University of Texas Medical Branch Series in Biomedical Science). University of Texas Press, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antigen-antibody complexes"

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Scott, L. Ridgway, and Ariel Fernández. "Antibody–Antigen Complexes." In A Mathematical Approach to Protein Biophysics, 199–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66032-5_13.

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Kapingidza, A. Brenda, Krzysztof Kowal, and Maksymilian Chruszcz. "Antigen–Antibody Complexes." In Subcellular Biochemistry, 465–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_19.

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Virella, Gabriel, and George C. Tsokos. "Pathogenic role of antigen-antibody complexes." In Medical Immunology, 321–34. 7th edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429278990-23.

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Dhungana, Suraj, Jason G. Williams, Michael B. Fessler, and Kenneth B. Tomer. "Epitope Mapping by Proteolysis of Antigen–Antibody Complexes." In Epitope Mapping Protocols, 87–101. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-450-6_7.

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Wilson, Ian A., Robyn L. Stanfield, James M. Rini, Jairo H. Arevalo, Ursula Schulze-Gahmen, Daved H. Fremont, and Enrico A. Stura. "Structural Aspects of Antibodies and Antibody-Antigen Complexes." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 13–39. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470514108.ch3.

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Epa, V. C., and P. M. Colman. "Shape and Electrostatic Complementarity at Viral Antigen-Antibody Complexes." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 45–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05783-4_3.

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Salinas, Fernando A., Kian H. Wee, and Hulbert K. Silver. "Clinical Relevance of Immune Complexes, Associated Antigen, and Antibody in Cancer." In Immune Complexes and Human Cancer, 55–109. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4931-0_2.

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Atmanene, Cédric, Elsa Wagner-Rousset, Nathalie Corvaïa, Alain Van Dorsselaer, Alain Beck, and Sarah Sanglier-Cianférani. "Noncovalent Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of Antibody/Antigen Complexes." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 243–68. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-327-5_16.

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Rosen, Osnat, and Jacob Anglister. "Epitope Mapping of Antibody–Antigen Complexes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." In Epitope Mapping Protocols, 37–57. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-450-6_3.

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Drake, Andrew W., David G. Myszka, and Scott L. Klakamp. "Characterizing High Affinity Antigen/Antibody Complexes by Kinetic and Equilibrium Based Methods." In Current Trends in Monoclonal Antibody Development and Manufacturing, 179–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76643-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antigen-antibody complexes"

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Kano, Koji, Hiromi Yatsuda, and Jun Kondoh. "Evaluation of detectable depth on SH-SAW biosensor using antibody, antigen, and secondary antibody complexes." In 2019 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2019.8925760.

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Zhao, Liang, and Jinyan Li. "Sequence-based B-cell epitope prediction by using associations in antibody-antigen structural complexes." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshop, BIBMW. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibmw.2009.5332121.

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Surovtsev, Ivan V., Ivan A. Razumov, and Alexander N. Shvalov. "Kinetic study of formation of antigen-antibody complexes on the cell surface with the scanning flow cytometer." In BiOS '99 International Biomedical Optics Symposium, edited by Daniel L. Farkas, Robert C. Leif, and Bruce J. Tromberg. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.349201.

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Bilyi, Olexander I., Yevgen M. Kiselyov, and Volodymyr P. Novikov. "Creation of aggregate latex complexes with protein adsorbed on their surface for the study of antigen-antibody reactions with light-scattering method." In BiOS 2000 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Warren S. Grundfest, and David A. Benaron. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.384926.

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Nordfang, O., M. Ezban, and J. B. Knudsen. "IMMUNOASSAY FOR FACTOR VIII-HEAVY CHAIN. AN INDICATOR FOR IMMUNE COMPLEXES DURING HIGH DOSE FVIII INHIBITOR TREATMENT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644718.

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Specificity studies have shown that most hemophilia A inhibitor antibodies are directed towards the light chain of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Thus, conventional immunoassays for FVIII-antigen (FVIII:Ag) presumably have reactivity for FVIII-Light Chain (FVIII-LC) . Our sandwich FVIII :Ag assay has been shewn to be specific for only FVIII-LC. We have now developed a specific immunoassay for FVIII-Heavy Chain (FVIII-HC) . This has made it possible to investigate the FVIII-HC content in hemophilia A plasma, and to study the expression of FVIII-HC in culture medium frcm transfected cell lines.By adding purified FVIII-LC and FVIII-HC in coagulation inhibition assay, plasma frcm one of seven hemophilia A inhibitor patients was found to be reactive with both FVIII-LC and FVIII-HC. IgG frcm this plasma was used for a FVIII-HC specific inhibition radioimmunoassay. The polyspecific antibodies were coated to microplates with removable wells. The coated wells were incubated with test sample and with purified 125I-FVIII-HC. When normal human plasma pool contains 1 U/ml of FVIII-HC, the sensitivity of the assay was 0.004 U/ml.For normal plasma and plasma frcm non inhibitor hemophilia A patients, FVIII-HC measurements correlated with FVIII:C and FVIII-LC measurements. However, after FVIII injection hemophilia A inhibitor patients in high dose FVIII treatment showed a much higher FVIII-HC content (1-5 U/ml) than FVIII-LC and FVIII:C (< 0.05 U/ml). These patients have previously been shown to have antibodies towards FVIII-LC. Therefore the antigen measurements indicate that inhibitor patients in high dose FVIII treatment have FVIII/anti-FVIII-LC immune complexes. These circulating immune complexes may be the mediator of an antibody dependent immune tolerance, during the high dose FVIII treatment.
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Koppert, P. W., E. Hoegee-de Nobel, and W. Nieuwenhuizen. "A NEW QUANTITATIVE ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY FOR FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS (FbDP) IN PLASMA, BASED ON MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643128.

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We have developed a sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the quantitation of fibrin degradation products (FbDP) in plasma with a time-to-result of only 45 minutes. The assay is based on the combination of the specificities of two monoclonal antibodies (FDP-14 and DD-13), developed in our institute. FDP-14, the catching antibody, binds both fibrinogen degradation products (FbgDP) and FbDP. It has its epitope in the E-domain of the fibrinogen molecule on the BB-chain between amino acids 54-118 (Blood 68, 437, 1986). Antibody DD-13 was raised using D-dimer as antigen and was used as a tagging antibody, conjugated with horse-radish peroxidase.A strong positive reaction is obtained with a whole blood clot lysate (lysis induced by tissue-type plasminogen activator) which is used as a standard.The EIA does not detect FbgDP i.e. purified fragments X, Y, D:E complexes or FbgDP in plasma treated in vitro with streptokinase. This indicates that the assay is specific for fibrin degradation products.We have successfully applied this assay to the plasma of patients with a variety of diseases. In combination with the assays previously developed by us for FbgDP (Thromb. Haemostas. 1987, in press) and for the total amount (TDP) of FbgDP + FbDP in plasma (J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1987, in press), we are now able to study the composition of TDP in terms of FbgDP and FbDP in patients.
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Santoso, S., V. Kiefel, and C. Mueller-Eckhardt. "REDISTRIBUTION OF PLATELET GLYCOPROTEINS INDUCED BY ALLO- AND AUTOANTIBODIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644880.

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It is now well established that two of the major membrane glycoproteins (GP) of human platelets, GP lb and Ilb/IIIa, are functionally prominent for adhesion, aggregation and carry the binding sites for allknown types of human platelet specific antibodies (ab). Although a number of in vitro effects of ab on platelet function have been described, the role of the GP specificity of the various ab with regard to membrane mobility and redistribution phenomena is asyet unknown.In this work, we studied the effect on platelet membrane redistribution of allo- ab, auto-aband a quinidine-dependent ab directed against various epitopes on GP lb, lib and Ilia using immunofluorescence and a quantitative radioimmunoassay. The platelet GP's carrying the corresponding epitopes were determined using immunoblot technique or radioimmuno-precipitation. When unfixed platelets were incubated with alio- or auto-ab against epitopes on GP liborGP IlIa cap formation and internalization of antigenantibody complexes were visualized by fluorescence. In contrast, no changes of antigen distribution were seen with auto-ab or quinidine- dependent ab directed against GP lb. To quantitate antigen-antibody complexes internalization a specially designed radioimmunoassay was employed. If unfixed platelets weretreated with allo- or auto-ab against GP lib or GP Ilia precipitous reduction of external radioactivity was found, whereas the total radioactivity remainedessentially unchanged. This indicated that a portionof approximately 50-70% of GP lib or GP Ilia had been removed from the platelet surface and had been internalized. Internalization could not be induced with auto-ab or quinidine dependent ab against GP lb.We conclude that membrane redistribution of human platelets can be induced by various human ab with specificity for GP lib and/or Ilia and is a function of the target GP rather than the source of therespective abSupported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Mu 277/9-6)
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Edwards, J. S., G. Kembal-Cook, and W. T. Barrowcliffe. "IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTOR VIII (FVIII) IN PLASMA AND HEAT-TREATED CONCENTRATES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643969.

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Using the method of Weinstein et al. (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA# 78, 5137-41, 1981) the FVIII polypeptide distribution in wet and dry heated concentrates, a monoclonal-purified concentrate and fresh plasma was examined. Samples were incubated for 2 hours at 37°C (in the presence of polyethyleneglycol 4000 to aid complex formation) with 125I-Fab' fragments prepared from a polyclonal human anti-FVIII :C antibody. The complexes were elec-trophoresed in a 3-9% polyacrylamide gradient gel, in the presence of SDS, under non-reducing conditions and visualised by autoradiography.Fresh plasma slowed a range of peptide bands of apparent M.Wt. 80-280 kD, wicn a major band at 280 kD. FVIII concentrates showed a similar range of bands and, for one manufacturer's product (product E), an additional strong band of 40-50 kD. The proportion of total EVIII antigen in the 280 kD band was estimated by densitometry to be 20-40% in concentrates, can-pared with 65% in fresh plasma. Severe haemophilic plasma had no bands, confirming the specificity of the technique. FVIII antigen in 'wet' heated concentrates was shown to be more degraded (increase in low molecular weight forms) than in dry heated concentrates.Fresh plasma incubated at 37°C for 24 hours shewed increased amounts of FVIII antigen in a low molecular weight form (90 kD).Treatment of concentrates and plasma with thrombin resulted in a change of the peptide band pattern, which was dependent upon thrombin concentration and incubation time. Loss of the 280 kD band and intensification of a 90 kD band was observed, which correlated with an increase in FVIII :C by one-stage assay. Further proteolysis resulted in a band of inactive material of 40-50 kD, with identical mobility to the band seen in product E. FVIII :C activity in product E was higher by one-stage than by two-stage assay, and these results suggest more extensive thrombin degradation in this product.The results show that the molecular form of FVIII in concentrates is dependent upon storage of plasma, the methodof concentrate preparation and the type of heat treatment.
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Yang, Liqun, Daniel McStay, Alan J. Rogers, and Peter J. Quinn. "Phosphorescence depolarization measurement of an antigen-antibody complex." In OE/LASE'93: Optics, Electro-Optics, & Laser Applications in Science& Engineering, edited by Joseph R. Lakowicz and Richard B. Thompson. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.144734.

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Takamatsu, Yuichiro. "Binding Free Energy Calculation and Structural Analysis for Antigen-Antibody Complex." In FLOW DYNAMICS: The Second International Conference on Flow Dynamics. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2204566.

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Reports on the topic "Antigen-antibody complexes"

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Faissol, D. M. Creating Feature Representations of Antibody-Antigen Complexes for Fast Binding Prediction with Machine Learning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1572603.

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Barbar, Elisar. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Antigen-Antibody Complexes, Including Sequence Specific Assignments and Structural Analysis of Neurophysin as an Antigen Model. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1166.

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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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McElwain, Terry, Eugene Pipano, Guy Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephen Hines, and Douglas Jasmer. Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis: Immunization with Recombinant DNA Derived Apical Complex Antigens of Babesia bovis. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612835.bard.

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Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis continues to be a significant deterrent to global livestock production. Current control methods have both biological and technical drawbacks that have stimulated research on improved methods of vaccination. This BARD project has focused on characterization of candidate Babesia bovis vaccine antigens located in the apical complex, a unique group of subcellular organelles - including rhoptries, micronemes, and spherical bodies - involved in the invation of erythrocytes. Spherical bodies and rhoptries were partially purified and their contents characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Existing and newly developed monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens in the spherical body, rhoptry, merozoite membrane, and infected erythrocyte membrane. In an initial immunization study using biologically cloned strains, it was demonstrated that strain-common epitopes are important for inducing immune protection against heterologous challenge. Rhoptry-associated antigen 1 (RAP-1) had been demonstrated previously to induce partial immune protection, fulfilled criteria of broad interstrain B and T cell epitope conservation, and thus was further characterized. The RAP-1 gene family consists of at least two gene copies, is homologous to the RAP-1 gene family in B. bigemina, and contains significant sequence similarity to other erythroparasitic protozoan candidate vaccine antigens, including the apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. A new RAP-1 monoclonal antibody was developed that inhibits merozoite growth in vitro, demonstrating the presence of a RAP-1 neutralization sensitive domain. Based on these observations, cattle were immunized with Mo7 (Mexico) strain recombinant RAP-1 representing one of the two gene copies. All cattle responded with variable levels of serum antibodies inhibitory to heterologous Israel strain merozoite growth in vitro, and RAP-1 specific T lymphocytes that proliferated when stimulated with either homologous or heterologous native parasite antigen. Minimal protection from clinical disease was present after virulent Israel (heterologous) strain B. bovis challenge. In total, the results support the continued development of RAP-1 as a vaccine antigen, but indicate that additional information about the native structure and function of both RAP-1 gene copies, including the relationship of conserved and polymorphic sequences to B and T cell lepitopes relevant for protection, is necessary for optimization of RAP-1 as a vaccine component.
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McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.
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Baszler, Timothy, Igor Savitsky, Christopher Davies, Lauren Staska, and Varda Shkap. Identification of bovine Neospora caninum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for development of peptide-based vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695592.bard.

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The goal of the one-year feasibility study was to identify specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes to Neosporacaninum in the natural bovine host in order to make progress toward developing an effective peptide-based vaccine against bovine neosporosis. We tested the hypothesis that: N. caninum SRS2 peptides contain immunogenicCTLepitope clusters cross-presented by multiple bovine MHC-I and MHC-IIhaplotypes. The specific objectives were: (1) Map bovine CTLepitopes of N. caninum NcSRS-2 and identify consensus MHC-I and class-II binding motifs; and (2) Determine if subunit immunization with peptides containing N. caninum-specificCTLepitopes cross-reactive to multiple bovine MHChaplotypes induces a CTL response in cattle with disparate MHChaplotypes. Neosporosis is a major cause of infectious abortion and congenital disease in cattle, persisting in cattle herds via vertical transmission.5 N. caninum abortions are reported in Israel; a serological survey of 52 Israeli dairy herds with reported abortions indicated a 31% infection rate in cows and 16% infection rate in aborted fetuses.9,14 Broad economic loss due to bovine neosporosis is estimated at $35,000,000 per year in California, USA, and $100,000,000 (Australian) per year in Australia and New Zealand.13 Per herd losses in a Canadian herd of 50 cattle are estimated more conservatively at $2,305 (Canadian) annually.4 Up to date practical measures to reduce losses from neosporosis in cattle have not been achieved. There is no chemotherapy available and, although progress has been made toward understanding immunity to Neospora infections, no efficacious vaccine is available to limit outbreaks or prevent abortions. Vaccine development to prevent N. caninum abortion and congenital infection remains a high research priority. To this end, our research group has over the past decade: 1) Identified the importance of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, particularly IFN-γ responses, as necessary for immune protection to congenital neosporosis in mice,1,2,10,11 and 2) Identified MHC class II restricted CD4+ CTL in Neosporainfected Holstein cattle,16 and 3) Identified NcSRS2 as a highly conserved surface protein associated with immunity to Neospora infections in mice and cattle.7,8,15 In this BARD-funded 12 month feasibility study, we continued our study of Neospora immunity in cattle and successfully completed T-lymphocyte epitope mapping of NcSRS2 surface protein with peptides and bovine immune cells,15 fulfilling objective 1. We also documented the importance of immune responses NcSRS2 by showing that immunization with native NcSRS2 reduces congenital Neospora transmission in mice,7 and that antibodies to NcSRS2 specifically inhibition invasion of placental trophoblasts.8 Most importantly we showed that T-lymphocyte responses similar to parasite infection, namely induction of activated IFN-γ secreting Tlymphocytes, could be induced by subunit immunization with NcSRS2 peptides containing the Neospora-specificCTLepitopes (Baszler et al, In preparation) fulfilling objective 2. Both DNA and peptide-based subunit approaches were tested. Only lipopeptide-based NcSRS2 subunits, modified with N-terminal linked palmitic acid to enhance Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR2-TLR1), stimulated robust antigen-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and serum antibody production across different MHC-IIhaplotypes. The discovery of MHC-II cross-reactive T-cellinducing parasite peptides capable of inducing a potentially protective immune response following subunit immunization in cattle is of significant practical importance to vaccine development to bovine neosporosis. In addition, our findings are more widely applicable in future investigations of protective T-cell, subunit-based immunity against other infectious diseases in outbred cattle populations.
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