Journal articles: 'Antifouling'

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Tian, Limei, Yue Yin, Wei Bing, and E. Jin. "Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 2 (March 2021): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0017-z.

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AbstractMarine fouling is a worldwide problem, which is harmful to the global marine ecological environment and economic benefits. The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic antifouling agents, which gradually exposes a serious environmental problem. Therefore, green, long-term, broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling technologies have been the main target of engineers and researchers. In recent years, many eco-friendly antifouling technologies with broad application prospects have been developed based on the low toxicity and non-toxicity antifouling agents and materials. In this review, contemporary eco-friendly antifouling technologies and materials are summarized into bionic antifouling and non-bionic antifouling strategies (2000–2020). Non-bionic antifouling technologies mainly include protein resistant polymers, antifoulant releasing coatings, foul release coatings, conductive antifouling coatings and photodynamic antifouling technology. Bionic antifouling technologies mainly include the simulated shark skin, whale skin, dolphin skin, coral tentacles, lotus leaves and other biology structures. Brief future research directions and challenges are also discussed in the end, and we expect that this review would boost the development of marine antifouling technologies.

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Dong, Miao, Liju Liu, Dazhuang Wang, Mengting Li, Jianxin Yang, and Junhua Chen. "Synthesis and Properties of Self-Polishing Antifouling Coatings Based on BIT-Acrylate Resins." Coatings 12, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070891.

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Painting antifouling coatings is one of the most important methods to prevent marine biofouling. Acrylic resin is widely used in marine antifouling because of its excellent stickiness, water resistance, and film-forming capabilities. At present, the widely used acrylate antifouling coatings require a high concentration of cuprous oxide as antifoulant. The release and accumulation of copper ions are the main factors affecting the marine environment. In this study, BIT–allyl methacrylate (BM) and zinc acrylate (ZM) were selected as functional monomers copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) to prepare a series of BIT acrylate antifouling resins. The inhibitory effects of all resins against marine bacteria (S. aureus, V. coralliilyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus), marine algae (Chlorella, I. galbana, and C. curvisetus), and barnacle larvae were studied. Moreover, marine field tests on the BIT modified resin in coastal waters were conducted. The results demonstrate that the grafted BIT–zinc acrylate resin not only exhibits excellent antifouling properties but also a significant self-polishing performance, providing a novel strategy to design a long-term antifouling resin with stable antifoulant release.

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Zhang, Jun, Wei Ling, Zhiqiang Yang, Yan Liang, Linyan Zhang, Can Guo, Kailing Wang, Balian Zhong, Shihai Xu, and Ying Xu. "Isolation and Structure-Activity Relationship of Subergorgic Acid and Synthesis of Its Derivatives as Antifouling Agent." Marine Drugs 17, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17020101.

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In this study, as part of our continuous search for environmentally-friendly antifoulants from natural resources, subergorgic acid (SA) was identified from the gorgonian coral Subergorgia suberosa, demonstrating non-toxic, significant inhibitory effects (EC50 1.25 μg/mL, LC50 > 25 μg/mL) against the settlement of Balanus amphitrite. To further explore the bioactive functional groups of SA and synthesize more potent antifouling compounds based on the lead SA, the structure-activity relationships of SA were studied, followed by rational design and synthesis of two series of SA derivatives (one being benzyl esters of SA and another being SA derivatives containing methylene chains of various lengths). Our results indicated that (1) both the double bond and ketone carbonyl are essential elements responsible for the antifouling effect of SA, while the acid group is not absolutely necessary for maintaining the antifouling effect; (2) all benzyl esters of SA displayed good antifouling effects (EC50 ranged from 0.30 to 2.50 μg/mL) with the most potent compound being 5 (EC50 0.30 μg/mL, LC50 > 25 μg/mL), which was over four-fold more potent than SA; and (3) the introduction of a methylene chain into SA reduces the antifouling potency while the length of the methylene chain may differently influence the antifouling effect, depending on the functional group at the opposite site of the methylene chain. Not only has this study successfully revealed the bioactive functional groups of SA, contributing to the mechanism of SA against the settlement of B. amphitrite, but it has also resulted in the identification of a more potent compound 5, which might represent a non-toxic, high-efficiency antifoulant.

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Liu, De, Haobo Shu, Jiangwei Zhou, Xiuqin Bai, and Pan Cao. "Research Progress on New Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings in Marine Settings: A Review." Biomimetics 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020200.

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Any equipment submerged in the ocean will have its surface attacked by fouling organisms, which can cause serious damage. Traditional antifouling coatings contain heavy metal ions, which also have a detrimental effect on the marine ecological environment and cannot fulfill the needs of practical applications. As the awareness of environmental protection is increasing, new environmentally friendly and broad-spectrum antifouling coatings have become the current research hotspot in the field of marine antifouling. This review briefly outlines the formation process of biofouling and the fouling mechanism. Then, it describes the research progress of new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings in recent years, including fouling release antifouling coatings, photocatalytic antifouling coatings and natural antifouling agents derived from biomimetic strategies, micro/nanostructured antifouling materials and hydrogel antifouling coatings. Highlights include the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and the means of preparation of modified surfaces. This category of antifouling materials has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and environmental friendliness and is expected to be a new type of marine antifouling coating with desirable antifouling functions. Finally, the future research directions of antifouling coatings are prospected, which are intended to provide a reference for the development of efficient, broad-spectrum and green marine antifouling coatings.

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Fu, Ye, Wencai Wang, Liqun Zhang, Vladimir Vinokurov, Anna Stavitskaya, and Yuri Lvov. "Development of Marine Antifouling Epoxy Coating Enhanced with Clay Nanotubes." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244195.

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An antifouling epoxy resin doped with natural clay nanotubes that are loaded with biocide or silver allowed extended protection against the proliferation of marine microorganisms. Compared to the 2–3 months of protection with antifoulant dichlorooctylisothiazolone (DCOIT) directly admixed into epoxy resin, the DCOIT release time of the halloysite formulations was extended to 12 months by incorporating biocide-loaded nanoclay in the polymer matrix. The protective properties of the epoxy-halloysite nanocomposites showed much less adhesion and proliferation of marine bacteria Vibrio natriegens on the resin surface after a two-month exposure to seawater than the coating formulations directly doped with non-encapsulated DCOIT. The coating formulation protection efficiency was further confirmed by twelve-month shallow field tests in the South China Sea. Replacing 2 wt.% biocide in the traditional formula with DCOIT-loaded natural environmentally friendly halloysite clay drastically improved the antifouling properties of the epoxy coating, promising scalable applications in protective marine coating. The antifouling property of epoxy resin was enhanced with silver particles synthesized on halloysite nanotubes. A natural mixture of MnO particles and halloysite could also be used as a nonbiocide additive to marine coating. The short-term White Sea water test of epoxy coating with 5% of Ag-halloysite composite of MnO-halloysite natural mixture showed no visible fouling.

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Vilas-Boas, Cátia, Francisca Carvalhal, Beatriz Pereira, Sílvia Carvalho, Emília Sousa, Madalena M. M. Pinto, Maria José Calhorda, et al. "One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound." Marine Drugs 18, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18100489.

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Marine biofouling represents a global economic and ecological challenge and few eco-friendly antifouling agents are available. The aim of this work was to establish the proof of concept that a recently synthesized nature-inspired compound (gallic acid persulfate, GAP) can act as an eco-friendly and effective antifoulant when immobilized in coatings through a non-release strategy, promoting a long-lasting antifouling effect. The synthesis of GAP was optimized to provide quantitative yields. GAP water solubility was assessed, showing values higher than 1000 mg/mL. GAP was found to be stable in sterilized natural seawater with a half-life (DT50) of 7 months. GAP was immobilized into several commercial coatings, exhibiting high compatibility with different polymeric matrices. Leaching assays of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane-based marine coatings containing GAP confirmed that the chemical immobilization of GAP was successful, since releases up to fivefold lower than the conventional releasing systems of polyurethane-based marine coatings were observed. Furthermore, coatings containing immobilized GAP exhibited the most auspicious anti-settlement effect against Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae for the maximum exposure period (40 h) in laboratory trials. Overall, GAP promises to be an agent capable of improving the antifouling activity of several commercial marine coatings with desirable environmental properties.

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Tsunemasa, Noritaka. "Residual Concentration of Antifouling Biocides in Environment -Organotin Alternative Antifoulings." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 45, no. 3 (2010): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.45.358.

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Gu, Yunqing, Lingzhi Yu, Jiegang Mou, Denghao Wu, Maosen Xu, Peijian Zhou, and Yun Ren. "Research Strategies to Develop Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Coatings." Marine Drugs 18, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070371.

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There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment, accelerate the aging of equipment, affect the stability and safety of marine facilities and cause serious economic losses. Antifouling coating is an effective method to prevent marine biological fouling. Traditional organic tin and copper oxide coatings are toxic and will contaminate seawater and destroy marine ecology and have been banned or restricted. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings have become a research hotspot. Among them, the use of natural biological products with antifouling activity as antifouling agents is an important research direction. In addition, some fouling release coatings without antifoulants, biomimetic coatings, photocatalytic coatings and other novel antifouling coatings have also developed rapidly. On the basis of revealing the mechanism of marine biofouling, this paper reviews the latest research strategies to develop environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. The composition, antifouling characteristics, antifouling mechanism and effects of various coatings were analyzed emphatically. Finally, the development prospects and future development directions of marine antifouling coatings are forecasted.

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Cao, Zhimin, and Pan Cao. "Research Progress on Low-Surface-Energy Antifouling Coatings for Ship Hulls: A Review." Biomimetics 8, no. 6 (October 21, 2023): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8060502.

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The adhesion of marine-fouling organisms to ships significantly increases the hull surface resistance and expedites hull material corrosion. This review delves into the marine biofouling mechanism on marine material surfaces, analyzing the fouling organism adhesion process on hull surfaces and common desorption methods. It highlights the crucial role played by surface energy in antifouling and drag reduction on hulls. The paper primarily concentrates on low-surface-energy antifouling coatings, such as organic silicon and organic fluorine, for ship hull antifouling and drag reduction. Furthermore, it explores the antifouling mechanisms of silicon-based and fluorine-based low-surface-energy antifouling coatings, elucidating their respective advantages and limitations in real-world applications. This review also investigates the antifouling effectiveness of bionic microstructures based on the self-cleaning abilities of natural organisms. It provides a thorough analysis of antifouling and drag reduction theories and preparation methods linked to marine organism surface microstructures, while also clarifying the relationship between microstructure surface antifouling and surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, it reviews the impact of antibacterial agents, especially antibacterial peptides, on fouling organisms’ adhesion to substrate surfaces and compares the differing effects of surface structure and substances on ship surface antifouling. The paper outlines the potential applications and future directions for low-surface-energy antifouling coating technology.

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10

Sa’adah, Nor, and Alifia Rizky Novitasari. "Potensi Bakteri Simbion Endofit Mangrove Avicennia marina sebagai Antifouling." Journal of Marine Research 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v11i1.33194.

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Biofouling is micro-organism and makrofouling attached to the submerged substrate. Prevention of biofouling organism called antifouling.Tributyltin organotin was using to mixture antifouling paint. Antifouling paints containing toxic and environmentally unfriendly. Symbiotic bacteria have secondary metabolites, there are tanin, steroid, and triterpenoid. This research aimed to obtain antifouling bacteria through isolation process of bacteria obtained from the roots of mangrove Avicennia marina, and analyze the bacterial symbiont inhibitory zone of mangrove Avicennia marina as antifouling. The method was beginning with the isolation of bacteria roots of mangrove Avicennia marina, identification of symbiotic bacteria, and the antifouling activity test. Results obtained from the isolation of bacteria, there are 21 symbiotic endophytic on a sample of the inner root, and 15 epiphytic bacteria on a sample of the outer root. Endophytic bacteria inhibition zone test potential as antifouling from mangrove Avicennia marina that was from the root part that inhibitory zone size strong category for> 10 mm. Biofouling merupakan organisme mikro dan makrofouling yang menempel pada substrat terendam. Pencegahan terhadap organisme biofouling disebut antifouling. Antifouling menggunakan campuran cat Tributyltin organotin. Cat antifouling mengandung bahan beracun dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Bakteri simbion memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder, seperti tanin, steroid dan triterpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bakteri antifouling melalui proses isolasi bakteri yang diperoleh dari akar mangrove Avicennia marina dan menganalisis zona hambat bakteri simbion mangrove Avicennia marina sebagai antifouling. Metode yang digunakan diawali dengan isolasi bakteri akar mangrove Avicennia marina, identifikasi bakteri, dan uji aktivitas antifouling. Hasil yang diperoleh dari isolasi bakteri, yaitu 21 bakteri simbion endofit dan sampel akar bagian luar diperoleh 15 bakteri epifit. Uji zona hambat bakteri endofit yang berpotensi sebagai antifouling dari tumbuhan mangrove Avicennia marina yaitu memiliki ukuran zona hambat kategori kuat karena >10 mm.

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Wang, Dazhuang, Ruotong Liu, Xiaohui Liu, Guangwen Hu, Zhineng Fu, Miao Dong, Liju Liu, et al. "The Synthesis and Synergistic Effect of Heterocyclic Groups Grafted on Acrylic Polymers by Ester Groups for Marine Antifouling." Coatings 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2023): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091643.

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Using a synthetic antifoulant is an alternative technique to using a natural antifoulant for its economical and large-scale production characteristics. In this study, we synthesized allyl 3-oxzo[d]isothiazole-2(3H)-carboxylate (BIT-C) and a series of other heterocyclic compounds, including triazole, pyridine, and thiazole derivatives. These heterocyclic monomers were used to prepare a new series of acrylic polymers by grafting them onto the side chains. The weight change on the 42nd day was less than −0.091 mg/cm−2, indicating that antifoulants can be released into seawater consistently and enduringly. The antibacterial and anti-algae tests revealed that all the polymers had exceptional inhibition rates on E. coli, S. aureus, Chlorella, and Chaetoceros curvisetus, with the highest inhibition rates of 99.81%, 99.22%, 92.70%, and 95.42%, respectively. Furthermore, the oyster and barnacle density and algae coverage rate were only about 200 per square meter and 10%, compared to 1800 per square meter and 100% of a blank plate after 90 days hanging in a real marine environment, showing a promising antifouling performance. This work verifies the possibility of a method for grafting different heterocycles on a single polymer to make a series of polymers that can be useful as an environmentally friendly antifouling coating.

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Xiong, Gang, Zhanping Zhang, Chen Zhang, and Yuhong Qi. "SLAP@g-C3N4 Fluorescent Photocatalytic Composite Powders Enhance the Anti-Bacteria Adhesion Performance and Mechanism of Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173005.

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Fluorescent antifouling and photocatalytic antifouling technologies have shown potential in the field of marine antifouling. SLAP@g-C3N4/PDMS (SLAP@CN/PDMS) composite antifouling coatings were designed and prepared using g-C3N4, sky-blue long afterglow phosphor (SLAP), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The fluorescence emitted by SLAP under dark conditions was used to excite g-C3N4 for fluorescent photocatalysis and to prolong the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4. Key data were collected by testing and characterization and are presented in this work. The results showed that g-C3N4 was successfully coated on the SLAP surface and formed a heterogeneous structure. After the composite powder was added to the PDMS coating, the coating maintained low surface energy but enhanced the surface roughness of the coating. The experimental results of degraded Rhodamine B (RhB) showed that SLAP prolonged the g-C3N4 photocatalytic activity time. The anti-marine bacterial adhesion performance of the coating was investigated by bacterial adhesion experiments. The results showed that SLAP@CN could effectively improve the anti-bacterial adhesion performance of PDMS coating, in which the anti-bacterial adhesion performance of SLAP@CN-2.5/PDMS was improved by nearly 19 times. This antifouling coating introduces fluorescent antifouling, photocatalytic antifouling, and fluorescence-driven photocatalytic antifouling based on the low surface energy antifouling of silicones and achieves “all-weather” fluorescent photocatalytic antifouling.

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Hu, Jiayu, Shiyin Huang, Yinchen Wang, and Xingkang Chen. "Bio-inspired surfaces for resisting marine fouling." Applied and Computational Engineering 7, no. 1 (July 21, 2023): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230491.

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As a global problem, marine fouling has always been a challenge that mankind must face. The surface structure of many organisms in nature provides researchers with ideas on reducing or even eliminating marine fouling. Based on the different antifouling surfaces that exist in nature, researchers have thus far created six broad categories of antifouling methods that are now widely used. This paper analyzes how various widely used antifouling methods are biologically inspired and how they work. Additionally, potential antifouling methods are proposed based on other biological antifouling surfaces in nature.

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Zhao, Xiao Dong, Wei Jie Fan, and Bao Rong Hou. "A Research on Release of Copper Ions and Panels in Shallow Submergence of Antifouling Paints with Nanoadditives." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.179.

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For self-polishing coating with cuprous oxide serving as the main antifouling agent, the release rate of copper ions is one of the most important factors to evaluate its antifouling effect and validity period. In this work, experimental research was carried out involving the release rate as well as the panels in shallow submergence of antifouling paints with nanoadditives. The results indicated that the prepared coating with a slow and steady release rate in range of 20 to 25μg/(d·cm2) had a long-term and efficient antifouling performance. Synergistic effect of the photocatalysis activity of nanotitanium dioxide and the sterilization ability of cuprous oxide contributed to the antifouling effect in view of the evaluation of the antifouling panels in shallow submergence.

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Yu, Xincheng, Jin Wang, Mingzhe Kou, Zongyi Shi, and Yingshui Yu. "Research Progress and Prospect of Marine Antifouling Coatings." Studies in Social Science Research 4, no. 3 (August 9, 2023): p152. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v4n3p152.

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Marine biological pollution refers to activities such as a large number of barnacles, algae and other organisms or microorganisms gathering and damaging ships or other marine industries. Among them, the most effective way is to use degradable materials as the substrate and add antifouling agents that can destroy fouling organisms. Traditional marine antifouling coatings release toxic substances with broad spectrum, such as cuprous oxide and organotin, so as to achieve effective antifouling. However, with the adverse effects on the marine environment, it is a long way to go to study and prepare environment-friendly antifouling agents. This paper mainly introduces the traditional degradable materials PCL, PLA, etc., and also introduces the current low-toxic antifouling agent DCOIT composite materials and new natural antifouling agents, etc.

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Zhang, Jingying, Weihua Qin, Wenrui Chen, Zenghui Feng, Dongheng Wu, Lanxuan Liu, and Yang Wang. "Integration of Antifouling and Anti-Cavitation Coatings on Propellers: A Review." Coatings 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2023): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091619.

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The performance of an entire ship is increasingly impacted by propellers, which are the essential components of a ship’s propulsion system that have growing significance in a variety of aspects. Consequently, it has been a hot research topic and a challenge to develop high-performance antifouling and anti-cavitation coatings due to the issue of marine biofouling and cavitation faced by propellers in high-intensity service. While there is an overwhelming number of publications on antifouling and anti-cavitation coatings, a limited number of papers focus on integrated protective coatings on propellers. In this paper, we evaluated the development of antifouling and anti-cavitation coatings for ship propellers in the marine environment as well as their current status of research. These coatings include self-polishing antifouling coatings, fouling-releasing antifouling coatings, and biomimetic antifouling coatings for static seawater anti-biofouling, as well as anti-cavitation organic coatings and anti-cavitation inorganic coatings for dynamic seawater anti-cavitation. This review also focuses both on the domestic and international research progress status of integrated antifouling and anti-cavitation coatings for propellers. It also provides research directions for the future development of integrated antifouling and anti-cavitation coatings on propellers.

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Wang, Qiang, Zhuan Ni Yu, and Liang Min Yu. "Synthesis and Antifouling Capability of New Mixture Ratio Coating Containing Methoxysilane Moiety." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.1211.

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In recent years, high-efficiency and low-toxic antifouling coating are predominant in view of environmental protection and public safety. In this paper, a novel coating containing methoxysilane and acrylic resin were synthesized which have special structure to antifouling. We concluded the colonization of benthic diatoms (Nitzschia flosterium) of the novel coating, taking the antifouling coating containing AM(4.3%w\w）, HD-70 (3.4%w\w），VTMO (2.3%w\w）and Cu2O (28.5%w\w）for instance, we obtained that the colonization of Nitzschia flosterium was 4.3*104N.cm-2. A static test site was set up in Number 8-dock of Qingdao harbor, on the East Coast of China to investigate the antifouling effectiveness of the novel antifouling coating. The results of the present paper demonstrate that the novel coating enhanced the antifouling .

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Kong, Huixian, Jinhui Fu, Rentong Yu, Mingyu Wang, Jinchun Tu, Qiang Wu, Xuewei Zhang, Lina Niu, and Kexi Zhang. "Organic–Inorganic Composite Antifouling Coatings with Complementary Bioactive Effects." Coatings 14, no. 6 (June 12, 2024): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060741.

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Traditional antifouling coatings are toxic to marine life, which makes developing new environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings imperative. Antifouling coatings that are nonadhesive and antimicrobial may provide an effective approach to achieving this goal. In this study, an organic–inorganic composite coating consisting of fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) and carboxymethyl chitosan–zinc oxide (CMC–ZnO) was prepared to achieve antifouling. The coating took advantage of the complementary bioactive effects of the low surface energy of FPU and the antimicrobial properties of CMC–ZnO. The coating showed good antifouling performance, with a survival rate for Escherichia coli of 3.15% and that for Staphylococcus aureus of 3.97% and an anti-protein adsorption rate of more than 90%. This study provides a simple method for preparing antifouling coatings using nonpolluting raw materials with minimal adverse effects on marine environments.

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Wang, Shuwen, Yang Chen, Chunxing Gu, Qingyi Sai, Tianyu Lei, and John Williams. "Antifouling Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding." Coatings 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020397.

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Laser surface treatment is a very useful technology for the fabrication of functional surfaces. In this study, novel antifouling surfaces are fabricated by laser cladding of TC4 and Ni60 mixed materials in various mass ratios on the surfaces of 316L stainless steel substrates. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of the mixed powder mass ratios and laser cladding parameters on the antifouling performance of the laser clad coatings (LCCs). The antifouling mechanism of the LCCs is investigated by using the water contact angle/surface energy measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) surface observation, and phase composition analysis via XRD (X-ray diffractometer) testing. The experimental results show that the LCCs with Ni60/TC4 mass ratio of 3/7 has better antifouling performance in this study. The antifouling performance of the LCC decreases with the increase in laser scanning speed. Surface energy and surface topography have a significant effect on the antifouling performance of LCCs. In order to get the optimal antifouling performance of LCCs, the Ni60/TC4 mass ratio and laser cladding parameters should be optimized.

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Morgan, Radwa N., Amer Al Ali, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, and Khaled M. Aboshanab. "New Insights on Biological Activities, Chemical Compositions, and Classifications of Marine Actinomycetes Antifouling Agents." Microorganisms 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2023): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102444.

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Biofouling is the assemblage of undesirable biological materials and macro-organisms (barnacles, mussels, etc.) on submerged surfaces, which has unfavorable impacts on the economy and maritime environments. Recently, research efforts have focused on isolating natural, eco-friendly antifouling agents to counteract the toxicities of synthetic antifouling agents. Marine actinomycetes produce a multitude of active metabolites, some of which acquire antifouling properties. These antifouling compounds have chemical structures that fall under the terpenoids, polyketides, furanones, and alkaloids chemical groups. These compounds demonstrate eminent antimicrobial vigor associated with antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm potentialities against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. They have also constrained larval settlements and the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, suggesting a strong anti-macrofouling activity. Despite their promising in vitro and in vivo biological activities, scaled-up production of natural antifouling agents retrieved from marine actinomycetes remains inapplicable and challenging. This might be attributed to their relatively low yield, the unreliability of in vitro tests, and the need for optimization before scaled-up manufacturing. This review will focus on some of the most recent marine actinomycete-derived antifouling agents, featuring their biological activities and chemical varieties after providing a quick overview of the disadvantages of fouling and commercially available synthetic antifouling agents. It will also offer different prospects of optimizations and analysis to scale up their industrial manufacturing for potential usage as antifouling coatings and antimicrobial and therapeutic agents.

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Medeiros, Heloisa Elias, Bernardo Antonio Perez da Gama, and Gianfranco Gallerani. "Antifouling activity of seaweed extracts from Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 55, no. 4 (December 2007): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592007000400003.

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Marine biofouling historically constitutes one of the major constraints faced by mankind in its oceanic activities. The search for alternatives to TBT-based antifouling paints has led several researchers to focus efforts in the development of environmentally friendly natural compounds. This work has contributed with this search, testing the antifouling potential of crude organic extracts from four seaweed species collected at Praia Branca, Guarujá district, São Paulo, Brazil. Throughout laboratory antifouling assays in which the attachment of a common fouling organism, the brown mussel Perna perna, was employed, antifouling activity (p < 0.05) was detected in natural concentrations of the extracts of Jania rubens (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales) and Bryothamnion seaforthii (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales), while Dictyopteris delicatula (Phaeophyta, Dictyotales) and Heterosiphonia gibbesii (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales) did not exhibit fouling inhibition. From the algae that exhibited antifouling activity, J. rubens presented best performance when compared to that of B. seaforthii. Future field studies would be necessary to obtain results that can better reflect natural conditions, as well as to assess the activity spectrum of the antifouling activity presently recorded. Further bioassay-guided purification of the active extracts can lead to new alternatives to the metal-based antifouling paints currently in use.

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Zhang, Heng, Jiyong Zheng, Cunguo Lin, and Shiling Yuan. "Molecular Dynamics Study on Properties of Hydration Layers above Polymer Antifouling Membranes." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103074.

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Zwitterionic polymers as crucial antifouling materials exhibit excellent antifouling performance due to their strong hydration ability. The structure–property relationship at the molecular level still remains to be elucidated. In this work, the surface hydration ability of three antifouling polymer membranes grafting on polysiloxane membranes Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (T4-SB), poly(3-(methacryloyloxy)propane-1-sulfonate) (T4-SP), and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (T4-DM) was investigated. An orderly packed, and tightly bound surface hydration layer above T4-SP and T4-SB antifouling membranes was found by means of analyzing the dipole orientation distribution, diffusion coefficient, and average residence time. To further understand the surface hydration ability of three antifouling membranes, the surface structure, density profile, roughness, and area percentage of hydrophilic surface combining electrostatic potential, RDFs, SDFs, and noncovalent interactions of three polymers’ monomers were studied. It was concluded that the broadest distribution of electrostatic potential on the surface and the nature of anionic SO3- groups led to the following antifouling order of T4-SB > T4-SP > T4-DM. We hope that this work will gain some insight for the rational design and optimization of ecofriendly antifouling materials.

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Thomason, Jeremy C., John Davenport, and Andrew Rogerson. "Antifouling performance of the embryo and eggcase of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, no. 4 (November 1994): 823–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540009007x.

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The antifouling performance of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula (L.) (Elasmobranchii: Squaliformes) eggcase-embryo combination was studied under experimental conditions, in conjunction with an analysis of fouling on wild cases. The cases were shown to develop an external heterogeneous microbial biofilm, and an internal heterogeneous microbial biofilm (when the case opens) composed primarily of cocci and bacilli. Macrofouling was limited on egg-cases (unless kept under high light intensities). Macrofouling ranged from <5% (recently laid cases) to 42% (>300 days exposure). This is a better performance than many commercial antifouling treatments. There was no evidence that the embryo was involved in the antifouling process. A priori, three hypotheses are suggested that might explain the antifouling mechanism of the dogfish eggcase-embryo combination: (1) the yolk/albumin/embryo emit antifouling chemicals; (2) a bacterial culture develops that prevents further fouling; (3) the case with/without an embryo has antifouling properties. The results presented here support the third hypothesis.

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Zhao, Wenwen, Feixiang Li, Jianxiu Chang, Yu Shang, Zhongyue Cao, Wufang Yang, and Feng Zhou. "Antifouling Performance and Sustained Release Behavior of Ethanol Extract from the Root of Stellera chamaejasme." Crystals 13, no. 5 (May 10, 2023): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050798.

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Antifouling substances play a crucial role in inhibiting fouling and adhesion due to their broad-spectrum and non-toxic advantages. Nevertheless, the excessive release of the antifouling agents shortens the service life of the antifouling coating. In this study, we investigated the antifouling performance of an ethanol extract from the root of Stellera chamaejasme (Sc) through algal adhesion experiments. The interaction between Sc and algae (Chlorella and Dunaliella tertiolecta) was further studied by using a UV spectrophotometer. Then, Sc was encapsulated with polydopamine (PDA) microcapsules to prepare Sc@SiO2@PDA microcapsules by the template method. The release behavior of Sc@SiO2@PDA under different pH conditions was investigated. The result demonstrates that the interaction between Sc and algae belongs to single static quenching, and the Sc@SiO2@PDA microcapsules exhibit good antifouling performance against Chlorella and Dunaliella tertiolecta. This work will provide guiding significance for the development of eco-friendly marine antifouling coatings.

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Liu, Zhenze, Yicong Zhang, Tianyi Wang, Wenbo Du, and Huichao Jin. "ZnS:Cu/PDMS Composite Coating for Combating Marine Biofouling." Coatings 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122083.

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Biofouling is a major concern in marine industries. The use of traditional toxic antifouling coatings is forbidden or severely restricted. This study aimed to provide a green and effective antifouling coating. The coating was prepared using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix and Cu-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu). Four samples with different ZnS:Cu contents (1, 10, 20, and 50 wt%) were prepared. Pristine PDMS (0 wt%) was used as the control. The results showed that all coatings had hydrophobic surfaces conducive to combating biofouling. In tests against B. Subtilis, the 1, 10, 20, and 50 wt% samples showed enhanced antifouling capabilities compared to the 0 wt% sample. In static and dynamic tests against Chlorella, the antifouling capability increased with increasing ZnS:Cu content and the 50 wt% sample showed the best antifouling capability. The possible antifouling mechanisms of these coatings include the release of ions (Zn2+ and Cu+), induction of deformation, and fluorescence emission. This study provides a reference for the application of Zn2+/Cu+ combinations to combat marine biofouling.

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Li, Liang, Heting Hong, Jingyi Cao, and Yange Yang. "Progress in Marine Antifouling Coatings: Current Status and Prospects." Coatings 13, no. 11 (November 3, 2023): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111893.

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The shipping industry is vital to global trade. Unfortunately, this industry is negatively impacted on a large scale by biofouling, a process whereby unwanted organisms accumulate on submerged surfaces, massively affecting traveling speed and fuel consumption. Fortunately, antifouling coatings have been developed to combat this problem. This review summarizes the process of biofouling and briefly discusses the history of antifouling coating development. Moreover, eight major antifouling coatings are reviewed, including bionic microstructure, self-polishing, fouling and desorption, zwitterionic polymer, self-assembled thin-layer, liquid-smooth surface, conductive, and photocatalytic antifouling coatings. The technical principles, innovation, and advancement of each coating are expounded, and the relevant research progress is discussed. Finally, the remaining issues and challenges in antifouling coatings are discussed, along with their prospects.

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Wang, Qiang, Liang Min Yu, Chang Cheng Li, and Xia Li. "A Novel Acrylic Resin Containing Methoxysilane Moiety and its Application in Antifouling Coating." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.659.

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As concerning the high toxicity of organotin paints, the need to develop new environment-friendly antifouling agents has been highlighted. The paper mainly focused on the synthesis of siloxane-acrylic resin and its antifouling performance. The antifouling properties of resins were carried through by the colonization of benthic diatoms (Nitzschia flosterium) and ocean plates of offshore platform. The paper also disclosed that the silicone oil (5.5%, w/w) introduced to siloxane-acrylic resin was significant positive effect for enhancing the antifouling performance in Qingdao ocean.

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Fu, Jimin, Hua Zhang, Zhenbin Guo, Dan-qing Feng, Vengatesen Thiyagarajan, and Haimin Yao. "Combat biofouling with microscopic ridge-like surface morphology: a bioinspired study." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 140 (March 2018): 20170823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0823.

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Biofouling refers to the unfavourable attachment and accumulation of marine sessile organisms (e.g. barnacles, mussels and tubeworms) on the solid surfaces immerged in ocean. The enormous economic loss caused by biofouling in combination with the severe environmental impacts induced by the current antifouling approaches entails the development of novel antifouling strategies with least environmental impact. Inspired by the superior antifouling performance of the leaves of mangrove tree Sonneratia apetala , here we propose to combat biofouling by using a surface with microscopic ridge-like morphology. Settlement tests with tubeworm larvae on polymeric replicas of S. apetala leaves confirm that the microscopic ridge-like surface morphology can effectively prevent biofouling. A contact mechanics-based model is then established to quantify the dependence of tubeworm settlement on the structural features of the microscopic ridge-like morphology, giving rise to theoretical guidelines to optimize the morphology for better antifouling performance. Under the direction of the obtained guidelines, a synthetic surface with microscopic ridge-like morphology is developed, exhibiting antifouling performance comparable to that of the S. apetala replica. Our results not only reveal the underlying mechanism accounting for the superior antifouling property of the S. apetala leaves, but also provide applicable guidance for the development of synthetic antifouling surfaces.

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Geleta, Tesfaye Abebe, Irish Valerie Maggay, Yung Chang, and Antoine Venault. "Recent Advances on the Fabrication of Antifouling Phase-Inversion Membranes by Physical Blending Modification Method." Membranes 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010058.

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Membrane technology is an essential tool for water treatment and biomedical applications. Despite their extensive use in these fields, polymeric-based membranes still face several challenges, including instability, low mechanical strength, and propensity to fouling. The latter point has attracted the attention of numerous teams worldwide developing antifouling materials for membranes and interfaces. A convenient method to prepare antifouling membranes is via physical blending (or simply blending), which is a one-step method that consists of mixing the main matrix polymer and the antifouling material prior to casting and film formation by a phase inversion process. This review focuses on the recent development (past 10 years) of antifouling membranes via this method and uses different phase-inversion processes including liquid-induced phase separation, vapor induced phase separation, and thermally induced phase separation. Antifouling materials used in these recent studies including polymers, metals, ceramics, and carbon-based and porous nanomaterials are also surveyed. Furthermore, the assessment of antifouling properties and performances are extensively summarized. Finally, we conclude this review with a list of technical and scientific challenges that still need to be overcome to improve the functional properties and widen the range of applications of antifouling membranes prepared by blending modification.

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Peres, Rafael S., Elaine Armelin, Juan A. Moreno-Martínez, Carlos Alemán, and Carlos A. Ferreira. "Transport and antifouling properties of papain-based antifouling coatings." Applied Surface Science 341 (June 2015): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.004.

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Chiang, Ho Yin, Jinping Cheng, Xuan Liu, Chunfeng Ma, and Pei-Yuan Qian. "Synthetic Analogue of Butenolide as an Antifouling Agent." Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090481.

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Butenolide derivatives have the potential to be effective and environmentally friendly antifouling agents. In the present study, a butenolide derivative was structurally modified into Boc-butenolide to increase its melting point and remove its foul smell. The structurally modified Boc-butenolide demonstrated similar antifouling capabilities to butenolide in larval settlement bioassays but with significantly lower toxicity at high concentrations. Release-rate measurements demonstrated that the antifouling compound Boc-butenolide could be released from polycaprolactone-polyurethane (PCL-PU)-based coatings to inhibit the attachment of foulers. The coating matrix was easily degraded in the marine environment. The performance of the Boc-butenolide antifouling coatings was further examined through a marine field test. The coverage of biofouler on the Boc-butenolide coatings was low after 2 months, indicating the antifouling potential of Boc-butenolide.

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Andersson Trojer, Markus, Alireza Movahedi, Hans Blanck, and Magnus Nydén. "Imidazole and Triazole Coordination Chemistry for Antifouling Coatings." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/946739.

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Fouling of marine organisms on the hulls of ships is a severe problem for the shipping industry. Many antifouling agents are based on five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, in particular imidazoles and triazoles. Moreover, imidazole and triazoles are strong ligands for Cu2+and Cu+, which are both potent antifouling agents. In this review, we summarize a decade of work within our groups concerning imidazole and triazole coordination chemistry for antifouling applications with a particular focus on the very potent antifouling agentmedetomidine. The entry starts by providing a detailed theoretical description of the azole-metal coordination chemistry. Some attention will be given to ways to functionalize polymers with azole ligands. Then, the effect of metal coordination in azole-containing polymers with respect to material properties will be discussed. Our work concerning the controlled release of antifouling agents, in particular medetomidine, using azole coordination chemistry will be reviewed. Finally, an outlook will be given describing the potential for tailoring the azole ligand chemistry in polymers with respect to Cu2+adsorption and Cu2+→Cu+reduction for antifouling coatings without added biocides.

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Wang, Siqi, Xinru Dong, Jialu Li, Jialei Liu, Yifei Ruan, and Yinqiang Xia. "Design of a Facile Antifouling Sensor Based on the Synergy between an Antibody and Phase-Transited BSA." Biosensors 13, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13121004.

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Nonspecific adsorption has always been a critical challenge for sensor detection; thus, an efficient and facile approach for fabricating antifouling sensors is highly desirable. Here, we developed an antifouling coating on sensor surfaces, conveniently made with a simple drip of phase-transited BSA (PTB) followed by a modification with a peanut allergen antibody, which unexpectedly provides synergistic antifouling properties in sensors. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the surface evenness. Optimizations in terms of PTB modification time and concentrations were performed using surface plasmon resonance by measuring protein resistance capabilities. Compared to bare Au surfaces, the PTB-modified surfaces exhibited low adsorption against BSA (<10 ng/cm2) and good resistance against lysozyme (Lyz). After immobilizing antibodies, the antifouling performance of the sensor coatings had an obvious enhancement, with almost no BSA adsorption and low lysozyme adsorption. The target recognition was also analyzed to verify the good sensing performance of the antifouling sensor. This understanding of antibody synergy provides suggestions for the development of antifouling sensors.

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Zheng, Ji Yong, Cun Guo Lin, Lan Lan Di, Dong Xia Duan, Hui Ding, Li Wang, Jin Wei Zhang, Yan Lei Peng, and Juan Zhou. "Natural Antifouling Materials from Marine Plants Ulva pertusa." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1079.

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Marine biofouling on the surface of ship hull causes the hydrodynamic drag, fuel increase, and higher costs. In this case antifouling paint is often used to protect the submerged surface from marine organisms. In traditional antifouling paints, toxic biocides have been banned due to their severe environmental pollution. To develop novel environmental benign antifouling agents has been our pursuit, and among them, active substances from marine organism for antifouling application are our research focus. In the paper, a natural material in halobios was isolated from a kind of algae Ulva pertusa, which is the most common green alga. The antifouling activities of their extracts were screened by bioassays with two kinds of fouling organisms, diatom and mussel. The crude extract of ethyl acetate was found to be most active against diatom. Silica gel column chromatography (SGCC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to further isolate the extract of ethyl acetate. In the SGCC extraction, four elution bands were collected, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against diatom were determined. Among the four bands, the lowest MIC is 0.7 mg/mL, related to the band YC-EA. The YC-EA band was separated into four parts, and the second part (EE2) showed an inhibitive effect on the settlement of diatom and mussel. The natural product of EE2 can be characterized by a coupled liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results demonstrated that there are antifouling active substances among extracts of Ulva pertusa. Compounds would be a potentially natural antifouling material, resulting in higher standards of environmental safety with outstanding antifouling performance.

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Chen, Jipeng, Xiaoxiao Zheng, Rongkun Jian, Weibin Bai, Guocai Zheng, Zhipeng Xie, Qi Lin, Fengcai Lin, and Yanlian Xu. "In Situ Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles/Urushiol-Based Polybenzoxazine Composite Coatings with Enhanced Antimicrobial and Antifouling Performances." Polymers 16, no. 8 (April 21, 2024): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081167.

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Marine anti-fouling coatings represent an efficient approach to prevent and control the marine biofouling. However, a significant amount of antifouling agent is added to improve the static antifouling performance of the coatings, which leads to an issue whereby static antifouling performance conflicts with eco-friendly traits. Herein, this work reports an in situ reduction synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within polymers to produce composite coatings, aiming to solve the aforementioned issue. Firstly, urushiol-based benzoxazine monomers were synthesized by the Mannich reaction, using an eco-friendly natural product urushiol and n-octylamine and paraformaldehyde as the reactants. Additionally, AgNPs were obtained through the employment of free radicals formed by phenolic hydroxyl groups in the urushiol-based benzoxazine monomers, achieved by the in situ reduction of silver nitrate in benzoxazine. Then, the urushiol-based benzoxazine/AgNPs composite coatings were prepared by the thermosetting method. AgNPs exhibit broad-spectrum and highly efficient antimicrobial properties, with a low risk to human health and a minimal environmental impact. The composite coating containing a small amount of AgNPs (≤1 wt%) exhibits effective inhibition against various types of bacteria and marine microalgae in static immersion, thereby displaying outstanding antifouling properties. This organic polymer and inorganic nanoparticle composite marine antifouling coating, with its simple preparation method and eco-friendliness, presents an effective solution to the conflict between static antifouling effectiveness and environmental sustainability in marine antifouling coatings.

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Chen, Rongrong, Yakun Li, Minglong Yan, Xun Sun, Huajing Han, Jie Li, Jun Wang, Lianhe Liu, and Kazunobu Takahashi. "Synthesis of hybrid zinc/silyl acrylate copolymers and their surface properties in the microfouling stage." RSC Advances 6, no. 17 (2016): 13858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24270c.

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Dobretsov, Sergey, Hanaa Al-Shibli, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura, and Abdullah M. Al-Sadi. "The Presence of Marine Filamentous Fungi on a Copper-Based Antifouling Paint." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 8277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188277.

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Marine biofouling is undesirable growth on submerged substances, which causes a major problem for maritime industries. Antifouling paints containing toxic compounds such as copper are used to prevent marine biofouling. However, bacteria and diatoms are usually found in biofilms developed on such paints. In this study, plastic panels painted with a copper-based self-polishing antifouling paint were exposed to biofouling for 6 months in the Marina Bandar Rowdha, Sea of Oman. Clean panels were used as a control substratum. Marine filamentous fungi from protected and unprotected substrate were isolated on a potato dextrose agar. Pure isolates were identified using sequences of the ITS region of rDNA. Six fungal isolates (Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, A. tubingensis, Cladosporium halotolerans, and C. omanense) were obtained from the antifouling paint. Four isolates (Aspergillus pseudodeflectus, C. omanense, and Parengyodontium album) were isolated from clean panels and nylon ropes. This is the first evidence of the presence of marine fungi on antifouling paints. In comparison with isolates from the unprotected substrate, fungi from the antifouling paint were highly resistant to copper, which suggests that filamentous fungi can grow on marine antifouling paints.

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Fany Caduthuz. "In situ study on the settlement of biofoulers employing wooden test panels." Journal of Inventions in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/jibps.v1i1.1421.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the antifouling properties of different timbers, and thus to identify the wood which shows the most antifouling activity. The chemical component present in that wood which is responsible for its antifouling property can be extracted and used in the manufacture of natural antifouling paints, thus saving the marine environment from the effects of heavy metal antifouling paints. Wood species used in this study were, 1) Tectona grandis 2) Prosopis juliflora 3) Strychnos nux-vomica 4) Lagerstroemia microcarpa 5) Mangifera indica 6) Artocarpus hirsutus 7) Milicia excelsa 8) Swietenia mahagoni 9) Anigre 10) Terminalia arjuna 11) Artocarpus heterophyllus 12) Albizia lebbeck 13) Acacia mangium. Four sets of panels were exposed for a period of 1 month and 20 days. The identification of fouling organisms obtained from wooden panels revealed the presence of 5 species belonging to Barnacles, Tubeworms, Bivalves, Bryozoans, and Hydroids. The study showed promising results, out of the thirteen species of wood used in the study, it was found that Albizia lebbeck and Lagerstroemia microcarpa showed the most biofouling resistance. The chemical extracts from these wood can be used in the preparation of environmental friendly antifouling coatings.

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Li, Lin, Bin Yan, Ling Zhang, Yu Tian, and Hongbo Zeng. "Mussel-inspired antifouling coatings bearing polymer loops." Chemical Communications 51, no. 87 (2015): 15780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc06852e.

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Xue, Jingjing, Li Wang, Yong Fan, Jianing Xu, Jie Zhao, Limei Tian, and Wenbo Du. "Mechanically Enhanced Self-Stratified Acrylic/Silicone Antifouling Coatings." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020232.

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Great attention has been paid to silicone-based fouling-release coatings (FRCs) in the realm of maritime antifouling due to their highly efficient and eco-friendly properties, but many challenges remain for developing a silicone-based FRC that improves its adhesion performance without reducing the antifouling property. Herein, a non-toxic silicone-based FRC has been developed by integrating acrylic resin (AR) with a silicon resin (PDMS) to spontaneously form a self-stratified AR/PDMS coating. The AR/PDMS antifouling coating still has the same fouling-release performance but improved adhesion strength (from 0.4 to 2.0 MPa) in comparison with pristine PDMS. Moreover, the antifouling coating has proven to be extremely stable in different environments (such as pH, heating, and ultraviolet exposure). The study provides a facile and convenient self-stratified strategy to develop antifouling coatings, contributing to environmentally friendly coatings in marine applications.

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Ma, Chunfeng, Weipeng Zhang, Guangzhao Zhang, and Pei-Yuan Qian. "Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings Based on Biodegradable Polymer and Natural Antifoulant." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 7 (June 19, 2017): 6304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01385.

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Xie, Qingyi, Jiansen Pan, Chunfeng Ma, and Guangzhao Zhang. "Dynamic surface antifouling: mechanism and systems." Soft Matter 15, no. 6 (2019): 1087–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01853g.

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Xie, Junhao, Shuai Qi, Qianping Ran, and Lei Dong. "The Preparation of a Novel Hyperbranched Antifouling Material and Application in the Protection of Marine Concrete." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 8402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238402.

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Marine fouling on concrete has become one of the severest problems that damage the surface and even cause internal corrosion of marine concrete. Dissimilarly to the previous abuse of toxic antifoulants, developing hydrophobic waterborne antifouling materials could be regarded as one of the most environment-friendly and potential directions to protect marine concrete. However, the insufficient hydrophobicity, antifouling, and mechanical properties limit their application. Herein, we reported a series of hybrid coatings combining hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) decorated waterborne fluoro silicone polyurethane (H) and HPG-grafted graphene oxide (G-HPG) that improve the hydrophobicity, antifouling, and mechanical properties. The hybrid materials were modified by the hyperbranched polyglycerol synthesized based on the anionic-ring-opening reaction between glycerol and ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. Remarkably, the hydrophobicity (115.19°) and antifouling properties (BSA absorption of 2.33 μg/cm2 and P. tricornutum attachment of 1.289 × 104 CFU/cm2) of the materials could be developed by the modification of HPG with higher generation numbers and backbone molecular weights. Moreover, the mechanical properties negligibly decreased (tensile strength decreased from 11.29 MPa to 10.49 MPa, same pencil hardness and adhesion grade as H of 2H and grade 2). The results revealed that the HPG of higher generation numbers and backbone molecular weights could benefit materials with enhanced antifouling properties and hydrophobicity. The method of hyperbranched modification can be regarded as potentially effective in developing the durability and antifouling properties of marine antifouling materials.

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Liu, Mengyue, Shaonan Li, Hao Wang, Rijia Jiang, and Xing Zhou. "Research progress of environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 26 (2021): 3702–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00512j.

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Feng, Danqing, Caihuan Ke, Changyi Lu, and Shaojing Li. "Antifouling activity of marine sessile organisms from China against barnacle settlement." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 5 (February 1, 2011): 1073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410002195.

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The antifouling activity of a series of hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts from 11 species of marine sessile organisms collected from the south-east coast of China was investigated. Settlement inhibition of cyprid larvae of the barnacleBalanus albicostatuswas used to evaluate their antifouling efficacy. Screening of the 44 extracts showed antifouling activity in 90.9% of the hexane extracts followed by 90.9% of the ethyl acetate, 72.7% of the ethanol and 36.4% of the aqueous extracts. The hexane extracts ofTubularia mesembryanthemum, Notarcus leachii cirrosusandStyela canopus, the ethyl acetate extracts ofBugula neritinaandN. leachii cirrosus,and the ethanol extracts of B. neritinaandAnthopleura sp.were the most active in inhibiting the settlement ofB. albicostatus, with EC50values all below 50 μg/ml. At least one of the four extracts of each tested species exhibited antifouling activity, suggesting that all 11 marine sessile organisms contained antifouling substances and they may have evolved chemical defences against biofouling on their surfaces.

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Meng, Fan-Ning, Meng-Qian Zhang, Kai Ding, Ting Zhang, and Yong-Kuan Gong. "Cell membrane mimetic PVDF microfiltration membrane with enhanced antifouling and separation performance for oil/water mixtures." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 7 (2018): 3231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10135j.

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Del Grosso, Chelsey A., Chuan Leng, Kexin Zhang, Hsiang-Chieh Hung, Shaoyi Jiang, Zhan Chen, and Jonathan J. Wilker. "Surface hydration for antifouling and bio-adhesion." Chemical Science 11, no. 38 (2020): 10367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03690k.

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Suriani, M. J., S. Ramlan, and W. B. Wan Nik. "Antifouling Properties of Zinc Nitrate in Seawater." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 7, no. 5 (October 2016): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2016.7.5.596.

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Nuzzo, Ralph G. "Stable antifouling surfaces." Nature Materials 2, no. 4 (April 2003): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat872.

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Fusetani, Nobuhiro. "Biofouling and antifouling." Natural Product Reports 21, no. 1 (2004): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b302231p.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Antifouling'

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