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Academic literature on the topic 'Antifouling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Antifouling"

1

Tian, Limei, Yue Yin, Wei Bing, and E. Jin. "Antifouling Technology Trends in Marine Environmental Protection." Journal of Bionic Engineering 18, no. 2 (March 2021): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0017-z.

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AbstractMarine fouling is a worldwide problem, which is harmful to the global marine ecological environment and economic benefits. The traditional antifouling strategy usually uses toxic antifouling agents, which gradually exposes a serious environmental problem. Therefore, green, long-term, broad-spectrum and eco-friendly antifouling technologies have been the main target of engineers and researchers. In recent years, many eco-friendly antifouling technologies with broad application prospects have been developed based on the low toxicity and non-toxicity antifouling agents and materials. In this review, contemporary eco-friendly antifouling technologies and materials are summarized into bionic antifouling and non-bionic antifouling strategies (2000–2020). Non-bionic antifouling technologies mainly include protein resistant polymers, antifoulant releasing coatings, foul release coatings, conductive antifouling coatings and photodynamic antifouling technology. Bionic antifouling technologies mainly include the simulated shark skin, whale skin, dolphin skin, coral tentacles, lotus leaves and other biology structures. Brief future research directions and challenges are also discussed in the end, and we expect that this review would boost the development of marine antifouling technologies.

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Dong, Miao, Liju Liu, Dazhuang Wang, Mengting Li, Jianxin Yang, and Junhua Chen. "Synthesis and Properties of Self-Polishing Antifouling Coatings Based on BIT-Acrylate Resins." Coatings 12, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070891.

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Painting antifouling coatings is one of the most important methods to prevent marine biofouling. Acrylic resin is widely used in marine antifouling because of its excellent stickiness, water resistance, and film-forming capabilities. At present, the widely used acrylate antifouling coatings require a high concentration of cuprous oxide as antifoulant. The release and accumulation of copper ions are the main factors affecting the marine environment. In this study, BIT–allyl methacrylate (BM) and zinc acrylate (ZM) were selected as functional monomers copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) to prepare a series of BIT acrylate antifouling resins. The inhibitory effects of all resins against marine bacteria (S. aureus, V. coralliilyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus), marine algae (Chlorella, I. galbana, and C. curvisetus), and barnacle larvae were studied. Moreover, marine field tests on the BIT modified resin in coastal waters were conducted. The results demonstrate that the grafted BIT–zinc acrylate resin not only exhibits excellent antifouling properties but also a significant self-polishing performance, providing a novel strategy to design a long-term antifouling resin with stable antifoulant release.

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Zhang, Jun, Wei Ling, Zhiqiang Yang, Yan Liang, Linyan Zhang, Can Guo, Kailing Wang, Balian Zhong, Shihai Xu, and Ying Xu. "Isolation and Structure-Activity Relationship of Subergorgic Acid and Synthesis of Its Derivatives as Antifouling Agent." Marine Drugs 17, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17020101.

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In this study, as part of our continuous search for environmentally-friendly antifoulants from natural resources, subergorgic acid (SA) was identified from the gorgonian coral Subergorgia suberosa, demonstrating non-toxic, significant inhibitory effects (EC50 1.25 μg/mL, LC50 > 25 μg/mL) against the settlement of Balanus amphitrite. To further explore the bioactive functional groups of SA and synthesize more potent antifouling compounds based on the lead SA, the structure-activity relationships of SA were studied, followed by rational design and synthesis of two series of SA derivatives (one being benzyl esters of SA and another being SA derivatives containing methylene chains of various lengths). Our results indicated that (1) both the double bond and ketone carbonyl are essential elements responsible for the antifouling effect of SA, while the acid group is not absolutely necessary for maintaining the antifouling effect; (2) all benzyl esters of SA displayed good antifouling effects (EC50 ranged from 0.30 to 2.50 μg/mL) with the most potent compound being 5 (EC50 0.30 μg/mL, LC50 > 25 μg/mL), which was over four-fold more potent than SA; and (3) the introduction of a methylene chain into SA reduces the antifouling potency while the length of the methylene chain may differently influence the antifouling effect, depending on the functional group at the opposite site of the methylene chain. Not only has this study successfully revealed the bioactive functional groups of SA, contributing to the mechanism of SA against the settlement of B. amphitrite, but it has also resulted in the identification of a more potent compound 5, which might represent a non-toxic, high-efficiency antifoulant.

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Liu, De, Haobo Shu, Jiangwei Zhou, Xiuqin Bai, and Pan Cao. "Research Progress on New Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings in Marine Settings: A Review." Biomimetics 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020200.

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Any equipment submerged in the ocean will have its surface attacked by fouling organisms, which can cause serious damage. Traditional antifouling coatings contain heavy metal ions, which also have a detrimental effect on the marine ecological environment and cannot fulfill the needs of practical applications. As the awareness of environmental protection is increasing, new environmentally friendly and broad-spectrum antifouling coatings have become the current research hotspot in the field of marine antifouling. This review briefly outlines the formation process of biofouling and the fouling mechanism. Then, it describes the research progress of new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings in recent years, including fouling release antifouling coatings, photocatalytic antifouling coatings and natural antifouling agents derived from biomimetic strategies, micro/nanostructured antifouling materials and hydrogel antifouling coatings. Highlights include the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and the means of preparation of modified surfaces. This category of antifouling materials has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and environmental friendliness and is expected to be a new type of marine antifouling coating with desirable antifouling functions. Finally, the future research directions of antifouling coatings are prospected, which are intended to provide a reference for the development of efficient, broad-spectrum and green marine antifouling coatings.

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Fu, Ye, Wencai Wang, Liqun Zhang, Vladimir Vinokurov, Anna Stavitskaya, and Yuri Lvov. "Development of Marine Antifouling Epoxy Coating Enhanced with Clay Nanotubes." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244195.

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An antifouling epoxy resin doped with natural clay nanotubes that are loaded with biocide or silver allowed extended protection against the proliferation of marine microorganisms. Compared to the 2–3 months of protection with antifoulant dichlorooctylisothiazolone (DCOIT) directly admixed into epoxy resin, the DCOIT release time of the halloysite formulations was extended to 12 months by incorporating biocide-loaded nanoclay in the polymer matrix. The protective properties of the epoxy-halloysite nanocomposites showed much less adhesion and proliferation of marine bacteria Vibrio natriegens on the resin surface after a two-month exposure to seawater than the coating formulations directly doped with non-encapsulated DCOIT. The coating formulation protection efficiency was further confirmed by twelve-month shallow field tests in the South China Sea. Replacing 2 wt.% biocide in the traditional formula with DCOIT-loaded natural environmentally friendly halloysite clay drastically improved the antifouling properties of the epoxy coating, promising scalable applications in protective marine coating. The antifouling property of epoxy resin was enhanced with silver particles synthesized on halloysite nanotubes. A natural mixture of MnO particles and halloysite could also be used as a nonbiocide additive to marine coating. The short-term White Sea water test of epoxy coating with 5% of Ag-halloysite composite of MnO-halloysite natural mixture showed no visible fouling.

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Vilas-Boas, Cátia, Francisca Carvalhal, Beatriz Pereira, Sílvia Carvalho, Emília Sousa, Madalena M. M. Pinto, Maria José Calhorda, et al. "One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound." Marine Drugs 18, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18100489.

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Marine biofouling represents a global economic and ecological challenge and few eco-friendly antifouling agents are available. The aim of this work was to establish the proof of concept that a recently synthesized nature-inspired compound (gallic acid persulfate, GAP) can act as an eco-friendly and effective antifoulant when immobilized in coatings through a non-release strategy, promoting a long-lasting antifouling effect. The synthesis of GAP was optimized to provide quantitative yields. GAP water solubility was assessed, showing values higher than 1000 mg/mL. GAP was found to be stable in sterilized natural seawater with a half-life (DT50) of 7 months. GAP was immobilized into several commercial coatings, exhibiting high compatibility with different polymeric matrices. Leaching assays of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane-based marine coatings containing GAP confirmed that the chemical immobilization of GAP was successful, since releases up to fivefold lower than the conventional releasing systems of polyurethane-based marine coatings were observed. Furthermore, coatings containing immobilized GAP exhibited the most auspicious anti-settlement effect against Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae for the maximum exposure period (40 h) in laboratory trials. Overall, GAP promises to be an agent capable of improving the antifouling activity of several commercial marine coatings with desirable environmental properties.

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Tsunemasa, Noritaka. "Residual Concentration of Antifouling Biocides in Environment -Organotin Alternative Antifoulings." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 45, no. 3 (2010): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.45.358.

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Gu, Yunqing, Lingzhi Yu, Jiegang Mou, Denghao Wu, Maosen Xu, Peijian Zhou, and Yun Ren. "Research Strategies to Develop Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Coatings." Marine Drugs 18, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070371.

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There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment, accelerate the aging of equipment, affect the stability and safety of marine facilities and cause serious economic losses. Antifouling coating is an effective method to prevent marine biological fouling. Traditional organic tin and copper oxide coatings are toxic and will contaminate seawater and destroy marine ecology and have been banned or restricted. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings have become a research hotspot. Among them, the use of natural biological products with antifouling activity as antifouling agents is an important research direction. In addition, some fouling release coatings without antifoulants, biomimetic coatings, photocatalytic coatings and other novel antifouling coatings have also developed rapidly. On the basis of revealing the mechanism of marine biofouling, this paper reviews the latest research strategies to develop environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings. The composition, antifouling characteristics, antifouling mechanism and effects of various coatings were analyzed emphatically. Finally, the development prospects and future development directions of marine antifouling coatings are forecasted.

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Cao, Zhimin, and Pan Cao. "Research Progress on Low-Surface-Energy Antifouling Coatings for Ship Hulls: A Review." Biomimetics 8, no. 6 (October 21, 2023): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8060502.

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The adhesion of marine-fouling organisms to ships significantly increases the hull surface resistance and expedites hull material corrosion. This review delves into the marine biofouling mechanism on marine material surfaces, analyzing the fouling organism adhesion process on hull surfaces and common desorption methods. It highlights the crucial role played by surface energy in antifouling and drag reduction on hulls. The paper primarily concentrates on low-surface-energy antifouling coatings, such as organic silicon and organic fluorine, for ship hull antifouling and drag reduction. Furthermore, it explores the antifouling mechanisms of silicon-based and fluorine-based low-surface-energy antifouling coatings, elucidating their respective advantages and limitations in real-world applications. This review also investigates the antifouling effectiveness of bionic microstructures based on the self-cleaning abilities of natural organisms. It provides a thorough analysis of antifouling and drag reduction theories and preparation methods linked to marine organism surface microstructures, while also clarifying the relationship between microstructure surface antifouling and surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, it reviews the impact of antibacterial agents, especially antibacterial peptides, on fouling organisms’ adhesion to substrate surfaces and compares the differing effects of surface structure and substances on ship surface antifouling. The paper outlines the potential applications and future directions for low-surface-energy antifouling coating technology.

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Sa’adah, Nor, and Alifia Rizky Novitasari. "Potensi Bakteri Simbion Endofit Mangrove Avicennia marina sebagai Antifouling." Journal of Marine Research 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v11i1.33194.

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Biofouling is micro-organism and makrofouling attached to the submerged substrate. Prevention of biofouling organism called antifouling.Tributyltin organotin was using to mixture antifouling paint. Antifouling paints containing toxic and environmentally unfriendly. Symbiotic bacteria have secondary metabolites, there are tanin, steroid, and triterpenoid. This research aimed to obtain antifouling bacteria through isolation process of bacteria obtained from the roots of mangrove Avicennia marina, and analyze the bacterial symbiont inhibitory zone of mangrove Avicennia marina as antifouling. The method was beginning with the isolation of bacteria roots of mangrove Avicennia marina, identification of symbiotic bacteria, and the antifouling activity test. Results obtained from the isolation of bacteria, there are 21 symbiotic endophytic on a sample of the inner root, and 15 epiphytic bacteria on a sample of the outer root. Endophytic bacteria inhibition zone test potential as antifouling from mangrove Avicennia marina that was from the root part that inhibitory zone size strong category for> 10 mm. Biofouling merupakan organisme mikro dan makrofouling yang menempel pada substrat terendam. Pencegahan terhadap organisme biofouling disebut antifouling. Antifouling menggunakan campuran cat Tributyltin organotin. Cat antifouling mengandung bahan beracun dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Bakteri simbion memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder, seperti tanin, steroid dan triterpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bakteri antifouling melalui proses isolasi bakteri yang diperoleh dari akar mangrove Avicennia marina dan menganalisis zona hambat bakteri simbion mangrove Avicennia marina sebagai antifouling. Metode yang digunakan diawali dengan isolasi bakteri akar mangrove Avicennia marina, identifikasi bakteri, dan uji aktivitas antifouling. Hasil yang diperoleh dari isolasi bakteri, yaitu 21 bakteri simbion endofit dan sampel akar bagian luar diperoleh 15 bakteri epifit. Uji zona hambat bakteri endofit yang berpotensi sebagai antifouling dari tumbuhan mangrove Avicennia marina yaitu memiliki ukuran zona hambat kategori kuat karena >10 mm.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antifouling"

1

Howell, Dickson. "Dynamic testing of antifouling coatings." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437978.

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zam, Abu Mazrul Nizam Abu. "Development of antifouling properties for nalofiltration membranes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537648.

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Lasne, Anne-Cécile Gisèle. "Conception de revêtement antifouling supramoléculaires respectant l'environnement." Lorient, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LORIS236.

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Les polyanhydrides sont des polymères biodégradables largement utilisés principalement dans le milieu biomédical. La biocompatibilité des produits de dégradation ainsi que leur érosion de surface en font de bons candidats pour la formulation de peintures antifouling. Mais, leur faible solubilité et leur haute température de fusion limite les applications dans le domaine environnemental. Une nouvelle stratégie de formulation à partir d’oligomères a donc été mise au point. Cette étude a consisté en la conception et la caractérisation de films à partir d’oligomères de polyanhydrides. La cohésion des films est maintenue à partir de liaisons faibles. De plus, une influence de la polarité et de la volatilité du solvant de formulation sur la nature et la force des liaisons faibles a été constatée. La mise en évidence de ces interactions a été réalisées à partir de techniques complémentaires telles que la viscosimetrie capillaire, la spectroscopie infra-rouge, la microscopie à lumière polarisée ainsi que la diffraction de rayons X. L’effet de ces interactions, ainsi que l’influence de facteurs environnementaux (pH, salinité), sur la dégradation et l’érosion des films, à également été étudié. Leur comportement a été analysé en immersion à l’aide de la coulométrie Karl Fisher, chromatographie liquide haute performance, microscopie électronique à balayage, microscopie confocale à balayage laser. Bien qu’un effet des liaisons sur la cinétique d’érosion ait été constaté, les polyanhydrides sont trop erodables pour être utilisé comme liant des peintures antifouling
Polyanhydrides are well-known biodegradable polymers. Their surface-eroding properties in aqueous media make them desirable for the controlled release of bioactive molecules as drugs and functional tissue substitutes. Their main advantages are the adjustability of degradation and release rates, the zero order kinetics of release and biocompatibility. However, their low solubility in common organic solvents and their high melting points limit their potential applications, especially in environmental fields. This is the reason why new strategies of formulation need to be considered to enlarge the use of polyanhydrides and overcome their main disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of anhydride oligomers as film-forming matrices. The use of oligomers cleared up many difficulties of synthesis (which is long, extended and tedious), stability and solubilization. Covalent bonds were replaced by weak interactions to preserve cohesion between molecules and obtain film properties. Coating characterization was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization to obtain chemical structures of the products. The formation of weak interactions, which confer cohesion between chains, allowed film properties to be observed. The impact of the solvent polarity on the specific organization was investigated by a combination of focused methods: capillary viscosimetry, IR spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Oligomer coating being designed to using in marine environment, hydration and erosion studies was performed. Water uptake was carried out from Karl Fischer Coulometry with different water condition (pH and salinity). Hydration was also studied from CLSM and SEM to evidence the erosion zone. Finally degradation was carried out from weight loss, HPLC with the monomer release and from SEM with the observation of coating surface. Although an effect of interaction was observed on erosion kinetic, polyanhydrides are so erodible to antifouling paint application

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Chen, Peiru. "Surface functionalized TPU for antifouling catheter application." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525170686769959.

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Yee, Swee Li Maxine. "Silver-based nanocomposite materials for marine antifouling applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/45513/.

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Biofouling of marine surfaces is an age-old problem that affects natural and man-made surfaces exposed to the aquatic environment. The tenacious attachment of seaweed and invertebrates to man-made surfaces, notably on ship hulls, has incurred undesirable economic losses. The initial stage of the biofouling process has been attributed to the attachment of marine bacteria and their subsequent formation of biofilm which attract the settlement of larger sessile organisms including barnacles and seaweed. Silver nanostructured materials have a well-documented history as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria due to their ability to penetrate cell walls and interfere with crucial cellular processes. However, there is a surprising lack of information on their activity against marine biofilm bacteria that have critical roles in the initiation of marine fouling processes. This PhD project explores the antifouling properties of novel silver nanocomposite materials as potent antifouling agents against targeted organisms present in marine environments. The study consists of the syntheses of novel silver nanocomposite materials using various templates/matrices such as ion-exchange polymeric microspheres, zeolites, TiO2 nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. These materials were characterized through various instrumentation techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), accelerated surface area porosimetry (ASAP), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate their physical properties. Their antifouling effects were evaluated on Halomonas pacifica, a model marine microfouling bacterium, through an established static biofilm assay. In addition, the biological effects of these silver nanocomposites were also studied on marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Isochrysis sp. Silver-polymer nanocomposite (Ag-PNC) microspheres were formed through a rapid chemical synthesis procedure at room temperature via the reduction of silver nitrate by sodium borohydride. The introduction of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) enhanced the thermal stability of the Dowex microspheres by shifting the glass transition temperature to above 300°C and the material decomposition occurred above 460°C. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of metallic Ag, while UV-vis absorption studies showed the characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for AgNPs ranging from 406 – 422 nm maximum absorption wavelengths. SEM imaging revealed the uniform distribution of AgNPs with diameters between 20 – 60 nm on the surface of the microbeads. The Ag-PNC materials, diluted to a concentration of 1 mg/mL in marine broth, showed a potent inhibitory effect on H. pacifica biofilm formation, with up to 76% decrease of biofilm when contrasted with the polymeric microspheres without Ag. Ag-PNCs also caused significant growth inhibition of D. tertiolecta and Isochrysis sp. Silver-zeolite nanocomposite clusters (AgZ) were formed through a low temperature chemical reduction method using the environmentally friendly trisodium citrate. The stable and porous inner structure of ZSM-5 zeolites performed a dual role as a stable size-control template and a reservoir of antimicrobial nanosilver. SEM revealed the globular and cluster-like morphology of the AgZ composites, with a homogenous distribution of silver particles on the surface of the clusters. EDX results displayed an increasing Ag loading with higher concentrations of Ag precursor, up to 10 wt% Ag. The UV-visible absorption displayed the characteristic SPR absorption maximum ranging from 408 – 500 nm. The AgZ clusters with metallic silver loading of up to 10 wt% Ag, diluted to a concentration of 1 mg/mL, reduced H. pacifica biofilm attachment of up to 81% compared to pure zeolite alone. XRD analysis clearly indicated the presence of metallic Ag while the ZSM-5 zeolite crystalline framework remained largely intact after the Ag crystal growth process. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed a reduction in surface area of up to 44% with the incorporation of AgNPs into the zeolite, indicating the formation and growth of Ag within the internal pores and channels of the zeolite. Although the introduction and crystal growth of silver nanoparticles within the porous structure of the zeolite caused a change from a mesoporous to a largely macroporous structure, the integrity of the zeolite template was preserved. Silver-titania nanotube (Ag/TNT) composite material was prepared through a novel 2-step hydrothermal synthesis method. Titania nanotubes were chosen as a support material for the AgNPs as its greater specific surface area on the inner and outer surfaces of its tubular structure lead to enhanced properties. The morphology, particle size, chemical content, crystal structure, optical properties and surface area were systematically characterized. Determination of biofilm inhibitory properties revealed that Ag/TNT (concentration of 0.1 mg/mL) with the lowest silver content (0.95 wt% Ag) decorated with AgNPs of approximately 3 nm reduced biofilm formation of H. pacifica by 98% compared to pure titania nanotubes and bulk silver alone. Growth inhibition of D. tertiolecta and Isochrysis sp. were also observed. Interestingly, the antifouling properties were improved with a size decrease of AgNPs. The work shows that titania nanotubes are a stable and effective support for the anchoring and growth of AgNPs. The addition of very low amounts of Ag enhanced the antifouling property of pure TiO2 to produce an extremely potent antifouling effect on the targeted organisms. Graphene-Ag (GAg) nanocomposites were prepared from a novel and mild hydrothermal synthesis method which bypasses the formation of graphene oxide. The GAg nanocomposite combines the antimicrobial property of silver nanoparticles and the unique structure of graphene as a support material, with potent marine antifouling properties. The results show that GAg nanocomposites displayed significant biofilm inhibition property on H. pacifica and antiproliferative effects on D. tertiolecta and Isochrysis sp. As low as 1.3 wt% of Ag loading on a GAg sample, diluted to a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, inhibited biofilm formation from H. pacifica. The GAg sample with 4.9 wt% Ag loading was associated with a biofilm inhibition of 99.6%. The marine antifouling properties of GAg nanocomposites were a synergy of the biocidal AgNPs anchored on the flexible graphene sheets, thereby providing maximum active contact surface areas to the target organisms. The GAg material was characterized with SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the GAg material exhibited the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. The AgNPs were estimated to be between 72-86 nm, observed supported on micron-scaled graphene flakes. These results strongly suggest that the 4 types of silver-based nanocomposite materials are promising marine antifouling agents. The addition of very low amounts of Ag enhanced the antifouling property of the support structure, and the nanocomposites were shown to be more effective on the targeted organisms compared to the matrix material or bulk silver alone. In addition, the precursor materials used in the syntheses are affordable and easily available, whilst the synthetic methods and conditions are facile, environmentally friendly, and capable of producing high yields.

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Akhtar, Moeen. "Characterization of industrial foulants and designing antifouling surfaces." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301965.

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Industries (food, beverage, petrochemical, etc.) normally use various gravitational separation echniques in their processes. Such separation processes often suffer from the deposition of undesirable material on the active surfaces of the process equipment, e.g. a high-speed separator or decanter, causing a slew of problems with the process or product quality. To restore operational efficiencies, additional cleaning steps using both water and chemicals are required, making the process more expensive and less environmentally friendly. Other than operating time and concentration of the process fluid there are several factors such as surface nature, surface roughness, type of material, surface charge, etc which influence the fouling deposition of surfaces. Fouling on the surfaces can grow following different mechanisms. The goal of this research work is to learn more about the nature of foulant interactions with stainless steel surfaces and eventually design some antifouling methodology. It is too difficult to study foulingfor all kinds of solutions and industries, so we tried to investigate the organic deposition in dairy and brewery industries by using lab-scale synthesized milk and beer solutions, For quantitative and statistical examination of these characteristics, several experimental approaches (FTIR, percent weight change, surface roughness, surface energy) were used. It was confirmed that fouling grows on the surfaces in a non-linear fashion irrespective of the time and concentration of the solution. The fouling of surfaces can be improved by producing more hydrophilic surfaces or by reducing surface roughness. Steric hindrance, electrostatic charge, and water barrier or hydration layer theories can be used to modify the surface nature and hence the fouling deposition. For antifouling purposes, PMMA (organic) and tungsten oxide (inorganic) coatings were employed. The PMMA was deposited using a dip-coating technique using (6%,10%, and 12%) PMMA solution, and the tungsten oxide coating was carried out by using a standard two electrode electrochemical system under different voltage (3.5V and 4.5V) and time (5min, 10 min, and 20 min) conditions. The coatings were characterized by using different techniques and their antifouling effects were studied in model milk and model beer solutions
Vid industriella processer (livsmedel, petrokemisk etc.) används ofta olika tekniker för separation med hjälp av gravitation. Sådana separationsprocesser drabbas ofta av oönskade beläggningar och påväxt på processutrustningens aktiva ytor så som t.ex. i en separator eller en dekanter, vilket orsakar problem med processen eller produktkvaliteten. För att återställa driftseffektivitet krävs särskilda rengöringssteg med både vatten och kemikalier vilket gör processen dyrare och mindre miljövänlig. Förutom drifttid och processvätskans sammansättning finns det flera faktorer såsom ytbeskaffenhet, ytjämnhet, materialtyp, ytladdning m.m. som påverkar mängden oönskade beläggningar på ytor. Föroreningarna på ytor kan tillväxa med olika mekanismer. Målet med detta forskningsarbete är att studera interaktionen mellan olika former av påväxt och ytan på rostfritt stål och senare utforma metoder för att förhindra bildandet av sådana oönskade beläggningar. Det är en stor utmaning att studera olika typer av påväxt för alla typer av flöden och industrier. I studien undersöktes organisk påväxt inom mejeri- och bryggeriindustrin genom att använda syntetiserade mjölk- och ölprodukter i laboratorieskala, för kvantitativa och statistiska undersökningar av dessa egenskaper. Flera olika experimentella metoder användes (FTIR, viktförändring, ytjämnhet, ytenergi). Det bekräftades att tillväxten på ytorna var olinjärt oavsett tid och lösningens koncentration. Bildandet och tillväxt av oönskade beläggningar kan minskas med hjälp av mera hydrofila ytor eller genom att minska ytans ojämnhet. Steriska hinder, elektrostatisk laddning och vattenbarriär eller hydratiseringsskal kan användas för att modifiera ytan och därmed fördröja bildandet av oönskade beläggningar. För att förhindra påväxt belades ytan med PMMA (organisk) och volframoxid (oorganisk). PMMA deponerades genom en doppbeläggningsteknik med användning av (6%, 10% och 12%) PMMA-lösning och volframoxidbeläggningen utfördes med ett elektrokemiskt tvåelektrodssystem med olika spänningar (3,5V och 4,5V) och tider (5min, 10min och 20min). Ytbeläggningarna karakteriserades genom att använda olika tekniker och deras förmåga att förhindra snabb påväxt studerades i modellösningar av mjölk och öl.

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7

Campbell, Stewart James. "A study of triorganotin biocides in antifouling coatings." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1990. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19421/.

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The technique of tin-119m Mossbauer and NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical and structural changes undergone by a series of triorganotin biocides when dispersed in an antifouling paint and a polyurethane system. In the antifouling paint, based on the Hypalon polymer, tri-n-butyltin chloride, tri-n-butyltin acetate and to-(triphenyltin) oxide are essentially unmodified. Bis-(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, in contrast, was entirely converted into two new species, one of which was identified as tri-n-butyltin chloride. The second component was thought to be a sulphonate ester. However, synthesis of such compounds and subsequent spectroscopic analysis did not support this theory. Triphenyltin acetate experienced some dephenylation when incorporated into the paint, with a diphenyltin species detected by Mossbauer spectroscopy and GC analysis. Triphenyltin chloride suffered more extensive dephenylation, the dried paint containing the mono- and diphenyltin species. The organotin release-rate of eight Hypalon paint samples has been determined using a flow system and analysis of the effluent by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. All eight samples were shown to have release-rates significantly less than that required for an effective antifouling coating. Incorporation of triorganotin biocides into the polyurethane resulted in physical changes to the polymer and in certain cases, chemical transformations in the organotin. to-(tri-n-butyltin) oxide is entirely converted into new species in the polyurethane. From work carried out on model systems, the likely products are N-stannylcarbamate derivatives, which are thought to be catalysts in polyurethane formation. It is also suggested that the extensive and undesirable foaming observed in such polyurethanes, is due to the formation of isocyanate oligomers which act as branch points for polymer cross-linking. Tri-n-butyltin chloride, to-(triphenyltin) oxide and triphenyltin chloride all catalyze the polyurethane reaction, the latter increasing the setting time rather than reducing it. Mossbauer and infrared evidence from model studies suggests that dative bonding between triorganotins and isocyanates is occuring, via the oxygen of the isocyanate group. It is these complexes which are proposed to be the catalytic species. The relative merits of the triorganotins are discussed with respect to their potential as effective antifouling agents in the polyurethane system.

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Beltran, Osuna Angela Aurora. "Evaluation of Antifouling Materials Based on Silica Gels." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1323359814.

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Bohn, Clayton Claverie. "Dynamic antifouling structures and actuators using EAP composites." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006640.

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Bailey, Stephen. "The fate of organotin biocides in marine antifouling elastomers." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1987. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19301/.

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The technique of tin-119m Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical and structural changes undergone by a series of triorganotin biocides when dispersed in neoprene-based marine antifouling elastomers. Chemical speciation using tin-119 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography, indicate that the majority of the tri-n-butyltin (TBT) biocides are converted to TBT-chloride, TBT-stearate and di-n-butyltin distearate during the polymer processing and curing conditions. Similar studies of triphenyltin (TPT)-containing elastomers demonstrate the extensive chemical degradation suffered by these compounds upon incorporation into the elastomer matrix. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses of a marine-exposed elastomer, originally containing bis(TBT)oxide (TBTO), revealed the presence of monobutyl- and dibutyltin compounds as degradation products. A "backscatter"Mossbauer technique showed that the ultimate degradation product, distributed in the near surface regions of the sample, was stannic oxide. The possible binding of organotin biocides with components of the coating formulation was investigated by variable temperature Mossbauer measurements on TBT-chloride systems. At temperatures below 60K, the organotin was shown to exist as a polymeric compound in which the tin atom is penta-coordinate. Application of the Debye model of solids yielded a value of the recoilless fraction at 80K, f(80K), of 0.30 and the vibrational freedom of the tin atom was isotropic. This associated structure was observed to break down upon dispersion into uncured neoprene. The Mossbauer parameters and f(80K) = 0.17 were consistent with the presence of discrete, teracoordinate molecules. In the authentic coating matrix, the Mossbauer parameters indicated a tetracoordinate geometry for the biocide. However, the large f(80K) = 0.34 is more typical of the pentacoordinate structure exhibited by pure TBT-chloride. The presence of TBT and TPT additives on the curing behaviour of the basic coating formulation was investigated and it was found that TBTO effectively delayed the onset of curing in this system. This effect was attributed to interfering reactions between the organotin and the accelerated zinc oxide cure system, and to the existence of a competing crosslinking reaction directly involving TBTO. The TPT biocides were seen to promote the onset of curing and this was attributed to the formation of tin-based Lewis acid catalysts during the chemical breakdown of the original biocide.

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Books on the topic "Antifouling"

1

Fusetani, Nobuhiro, and Anthony S. Clare, eds. Antifouling Compounds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b95795.

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1943-, Fusetani Nobuhiro, and Clare Anthony S, eds. Antifouling compounds. Berlin: Springer, 2006.

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Zhou, Feng, ed. Antifouling Surfaces and Materials. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45204-2.

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Arai, Takaomi, Hiroya Harino, Madoka Ohji, and William John Langston, eds. Ecotoxicology of Antifouling Biocides. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-85709-9.

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Washington (State). Pesticide Management Division. and Washington State Library. Electronic State Publications., eds. Aquatic antifouling fact sheet. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Agriculture, Pesticide Management Division, 2001.

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Finlay, John Ashton. Alkyl amines as antifouling biocides. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Organotin Antifouling Paint Control Act of 1987: Report (to accompany H.R. 2210) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Organotin Antifouling Paint Control Act of 1987: Report (to accompany S. 1788). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Great Britain. Central Directorate on Environmental Pollution., ed. Organotin in antifouling paints: Environmental considerations. London: H.M.S.O., 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Tributyltin in the marine environment: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session ... September 30, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antifouling"

1

Sell, David. "Antifouling Techniques." In Advances in Underwater Technology, Ocean Science and Offshore Engineering, 29–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4203-5_5.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Antifouling Composition." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 42–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_696.

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de Nys, R., M. Givskov, N. Kumar, S. Kjelleberg, and P. D. Steinberg. "Furanones." In Antifouling Compounds, 55–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30016-3_2.

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DahlstrÖm, M., and H. Elwing. "Adrenoceptor and Other Pharmacoactive Compounds as Putative Antifoulants." In Antifouling Compounds, 171–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30016-3_7.

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Jiang, Zhongyi, Jinming Peng, Xueting Zhao, Yanlei Su, and Hong Wu. "Antifouling Membrane Surface." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 83–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1279.

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Saxena, Varun, Martyn G. L. Merrilees, and King Hang Aaron Lau. "Antifouling Peptoid Biointerfaces." In Biointerface Engineering: Prospects in Medical Diagnostics and Drug Delivery, 55–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4790-4_3.

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Jiang, Zhongyi, Jinming Peng, Xueting Zhao, Yanlei Su, and Hong Wu. "Antifouling Membrane Surface." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1279-6.

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Benetti, Edmondo M., and Nicholas D. Spencer. "Are Lubricious Polymer Brushes Antifouling? Are Antifouling Polymer Brushes Lubricious?" In Polymer and Biopolymer Brushes, 421–31. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119455042.ch15.

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Blunden, Stephen J., and Robin Hill. "Organotin-Based Antifouling Systems." In Surface Coatings—1, 17–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3441-2_2.

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Gu, Yunjiao, and Shuxue Zhou. "Novel Marine Antifouling Coatings." In Functional Polymer Coatings, 296–337. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118883051.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antifouling"

1

Liu, Yi, Xiaoqi Shao, Jing Huang, and Hua Li. "Flame Sprayed Environmentally Friendly High Density Polyethylene (PE) and Capsaicin Composite Coatings for Marine Antifouling Applications." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0732.

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Abstract Marine biofouling has emerged as worldwide serious problems for artificial marine infrastructures. Among the measures taken so far to solve such problems, construction of an antifouling layer has been proven to be effective in offering long-term antifouling performances. Antifouling based on the use of biocides is the most important method in modern maritime industries. While tributyltin (TBT)-based self-polishing coatings are being replaced by other biocide-releasing coatings, the environmental toxicity of these compounds is also under scrutiny. Therefore, there is a significant interest in developing non-toxic technologies. Green biocides can also be extracted from many types of organisms including terrestrial plants, sea creatures and bacteria. In this study, flame sprayed polyethylene (PE)-capsaicin composite coatings were developed for marine antifouling applications. Capsaicin powder were fixed by polymer-based substrate and distributed evenly. Antifouling test indicated excellent antibacterial properties of PE-capsaicin composite coatings against adhesion of marine Bacillus sp. bacteria. Prohibited formation of biofilm on the surfaces of the thermal sprayed composite coatings gives clear insight into their potential applications as antifouling layers in the marine environment.

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Seabrook, S. G. "Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Additive." In Advanced Marine Materials & Coatings. RINA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.amm.2006.4.

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Joshi, Madhu, S. C. Misra, U. S. Ramesh, and A. Mukherjee. "Natural Biocides in Antifouling Paints." In ICSOT India: Technical Innovation in Shipbuilding. RINA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.icsotin.2013.13.

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Wen, Jianxin, Ziheng Song, Xiuyong Chen, and Hua Li. "Fabrication of Porous Aluminum Coating by Cored Wire Arc Spray for Anchoring Antifouling Hydrogel Layer." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0454.

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Abstract Biofouling has been persisting as a worldwide problem due to the difficulties in finding efficient environment-friendly antifouling coatings for long-term applications. Developing novel coatings with desired antifouling properties has been one of the research goals for surface coating community. Recently hydrogel coating was proposed to serve as antifouling layer, for it offers the advantages of the ease of incorporating green biocides, and resisting attachment of microorganisms by its soft surface. Yet poor adhesion of the hydrogel on steel surfaces is a big concern. In this study, porous matrix aluminum coatings were fabricated by cored wire arc spray, and the sizes of the pores in the aluminum (Al) coatings were controlled by altering the size of the cored powder of sodium chloride. Silicone hydrogel was further deposited on the porous coating. The hydrogel penetrated into the open pores of the porous Al coatings, and the porous Al structure significantly enhanced the adhesion of the hydrogel. In addition, hydrogel coating exhibited very encouraging antifouling properties.

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5

Anderson, C., and R. Dalley. "Use of Organotins in Antifouling Paints." In OCEANS '86. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1986.1160344.

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6

Champ, M., and W. Pugh. "Tributyltin Antifouling Paints: Introduction and Overview." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160644.

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Radenovic, Jakov, Kim Flugt Sørensen, Anders Blom, and Dorthe Hillerup. "Fusion of Biocide and Hydrogel-based Technologies Impact on Biofouling Prevention." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2014-p19.

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Environmental protection concerns continue to drive the coatings industry to seek innovative and efficient solutions to problems that arise from biofouling on ship-hulls. Fouling Release coatings have historically been biocide-free due to a very limited effect of the biocides. This paper describes the introduction of biocides with hydrogel into Fouling Release technology. By fusing hydrogel-based Fouling Release technology with less than 5%w of the biocides used in conventional antifouling coatings, an antifouling performance exceeding that of conventional antifouling coatings, as well as state of the art Fouling Release coatings has been achieved. It is shown that the biocide release rate from the new technology does not depend on speed for velocities ranging between 0.2 and 20 knots (0.37 –37 km/h). However, at increasing temperatures, the biocide release rate increases, thereby matching the increase in fouling pressure. Taking together, the very long-term antifouling performance of the biocide-activated hydrogel, the fuel-efficiency of the binder system, the efficient utilization of biocides even at high speeds and low temperature, it is concluded the technology described here is both the most efficient and environmentally friendly Fouling Control coating available.

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Motozawa, Masaaki, Toshihisa Ito, Ayumu Matsumoto, Hirotomo Ando, Toshihiko Ashida, Tetsuya Senda, and Yasuo Kawaguchi. "Turbulent Drag Reduction by Polymer Containing Paint: Simultaneous Measurement of Skin Friction and Release Rate." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23197.

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Performance test for polymer containing trial antifouling paint was carried out experimentally. This trial paint is made by adding a polymer (PEO) to commercial antifouling paint for ship hull. Our developing paint has a function of leaching out the polymer and eventually reduces the skin frictional drag by the effect of dissolved polymer when the ship cruises. As the performance test, we examined the release rate of the polymer from the trial paint and measured the skin frictional drag at the same time. In addition, the velocity distribution near the painted wall was measured by Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). As a result, in the first stage, the large drag reduction was obtained with releasing polymer. The Reynolds shear stress near the painted wall largely decreases comparing with the commercial antifouling paint in the water flow. However, after several hours, this drag reducing effect was hardly lost.

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He, Wenzheng, Changdong Zhou, Yang Lin, Yuxin Tian, Liying Liu, Qifu Zhang, Xiongying Ye, and Tianhong Cui. "Antifouling for Electrochemically Biosensing in Body Fluids." In 2023 IEEE 36th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mems49605.2023.10052511.

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Liu, Y., X. Suo, Z. Wang, Y. Gong, X. Wang, and H. Li. "Liquid Flame Spray Construction of Polyimide-Copper Layers for Marine Antifouling Applications." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p0969.

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Abstract Polyimide-copper layers consisting of individual capsule-like splats were one-step fabricated by solution precursor flame spray through controlling the reaction between dianhydride and diamine dissolved in copper nanoparticles containing dimethylformamide solvent. The polyimide splat exhibited hollow structure with an inner pore of 10-15 µm and a tiny hole of 1-5 µm on its top surface. Transversal cut by focused ion beam milling of the individual splats and scanning electron microscopy characterization further revealed unique dispersion of the copper nanoparticles inside the polyimide shell. After 1000 h exposure to the testing synthetic seawater, continuous release of copper from the coatings containing up to 30wt.%Cu kept remarkable. Antifouling performances of the constructed layers were assessed by examining colonization behaviors of typical bacteria Bacillus sp. and marine algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Chlorella on their surfaces. Distribution of the inorganic nanoparticles endows the polyimide coatings with special capsule structure and exciting hydrophobicity and antifouling performances. The liquid flame spray route and the encapsulated structure of the polyimide-Cu coatings would open a new window for designing and constructing environment-friendly marine antifouling layers for long-term applications.

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Reports on the topic "Antifouling"

1

Haslbeck, Elizabeth G. Microencapsulation of Biocides for Reduced Copper, Long-life Antifouling Coatings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada603499.

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Ober, Christopher K. Non-Leaching, Benign Antifouling Multilayer Polymer Coatings for Marine Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547015.

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Hanninen, Oskari. NORDIC ANTIFOULING PROJECT A follow-up of the MAMPEC workshop from 2017. Nordic Council of Ministers, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2019-908.

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McCarthy, Gregory J., Thomas E. Ready, Dean C. Webster, Seok-Bong Choi, and Philip Boudjouk. Advanced Marine Coatings for Naval Vessels - Phase 1. Antifouling and Fouling Release Coatings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417348.

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Kain, Robert M. Seawater Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels Coated with Silane and Antifouling Paint Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406277.

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Gormley, G. J. Industrial Market Research Report: Feasibility of commercialization of the advanced antifouling coating of Copperlok, Inc. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6730616.

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Gormley, G. J. Industrial Market Research Report: Feasibility of commercialization of the advanced antifouling coating of Copperlok, Inc. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10131299.

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Moore, Jeff, Hassan Aref, Ron Adrian, Deborah Leckband, and David J. Beebe. Engineering Solutions for Robust and Efficient Microfluidic Biomolecular Systems: Mixing, Fabrication, Diagnostics, Modeling, Antifouling and Functional Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada411413.

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Tian, Wei. Synthesis of polyurethane coatings modified by OH-PDMS and their properties of anti-cavitation, antifouling and anticorrosion. Peeref, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2306p2540098.

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Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.

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This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.

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