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Academic literature on the topic 'Anticoagulants – Dissertation universitaire'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anticoagulants – Dissertation universitaire"
Pétrault, Maud. "Influence des facteurs de risque vasculaire sur l’apparition et la toxicité des microhémorragies cérébrales." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S011/document.
Full textCerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) are characterized by the rupture of small intracerebral vessels, leading to blood effusions with a diameter of less than 5 mm in Humans, and considered as asymptomatic. Despite their microscopic size and their silent nature, they are increasingly taken into account by clinicians because they can reflect a vascular fragility and the severity of underlying neurovascular diseases. Their toxicity to the brain tissue is often speculated but has never been demonstrated, raising doubt about their potential impact on the onset or on the evolution of cognitive decline. Moreover, it is difficult to know the specific effects of CMH because they are often associated with a pathology whose characteristics influence the results observed. In this context, we have developed a new method of induction of disseminated CMH in healthy mice. In addition to investigate the histological and behavioral impact of these lesions in the short and in the long term, we assessed the influence of vascular risk factors (through oral anticoagulant treatments) and metabolic disorders (through a high fat diet) on their severity. Our investigations demonstrate that the presence of disseminated CMH in a healthy context induce a progressive impairment of visual recognition memory in mice. The addition of an oral anticoagulant treatment increases the severity of the lesions but they remain silent in the short term, except for the warfarin which provokes fatal hemorrhagic transformations. Similarly, the presence of metabolic disorders has little impact on the severity of microhemorrhagic burdens. In any case, the presence of CMH does not precipitate or aggravate the long-term cognitive decline. Thus, vascular and metabolic risk factors do not appear to have a direct influence on CMH-induced toxicity in a context of non-neurodegenerative cognitive impairment
Konecki, Céline. "Facteurs de variabilité inter et intra-individuels des médicaments du système cardiovasculaire utilisés en hémostase." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMP203.
Full textInter- and intra-individual variability in drug response is a major issue in hemostasis, threatening the balance between bleeding and thrombosis. The objective of this work was to explore and characterize the variability factors influencing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cardiovascular drugs used in hemostasis. In the first part, the study of variability factors for ticagrelor in acute and chronic coronary syndromes highlighted the impact of clinical background and comedications, identifying a negative effect related to the type of coronary syndrome and the administration of morphine on the absorption and effect of ticagrelor. We also conducted a meta-analysis of alternative administration strategies for P2Y12 receptor antagonists aimed at improving their bioavailability. In the second part, the study of variability factors for heparin in interventional cardiology emphasized the impact of patients' baseline coagulation status, showing that the long-term anticoagulant used preoperatively could lead to either an increase or a decrease in the effect of heparin. In the third part, the study of variability factors for apixaban in hemodialyzed patients assessed the impact of dialysis on its elimination, revealing little influence of the timing of dialysis relative to administration on exposure parameters. Through a series of examples, we explored a variety of factors whose understanding is crucial for optimizing treatments
Bene, Johana. "Déterminants du risque hémorragique et thrombotique des anticoagulants oraux et études de bon usage." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S012/document.
Full textFor over six decades, vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) were the only class of oral anticoagulants available on the market. The arrival of Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOAs) in 2008 marked a real turning point in the oral anticoagulation. The first part of this work was interested in the characteristics of patients treated with anticoagulants and the consequences in terms of hospitalizations for ischemic or hemorrhagic events. In a cohort of patients hospitalized for stroke (cohort BIOSTROKE Lille), no particular influencer, on the onset and course (mortality, cognitive decline, and disability at 3 months) of stroke was highlighted. In parallel, a study conducted in the emergency department of the Hospital of Bethune on three years (2012, 2014, 2016) to observe oral anticoagulants prescriptions and the impact of DOAs arriving, showed a population where many characteristics appear to be associated with a more readily using DOAs or VKAs. The number of bleeding and thrombotic events with VKAs remained stable during the three study periods (in total 770 patients were included). With these reassuring data, the second part of this work has focused on prescribing practices and the appropriate use of anticoagulants, with a particular focus on DOAs, through three studies: one conducted among general practitioners of Nord and Pas de Calais departments, which showed a rather wary about DOAs but with a preference for anti-Xa. The other two studies focused on the appropriate use of DOAs, estimated from pharmacy (with the participation of pharmacy students of the Faculty of Lille) and hospital (Lille Regional Hospital Center) prescriptions. Data about DOAs prescriptions were transposable to French data, albeit with city / hospital disparities. Non-appropriate prescriptions were observed in less than one-third file, with a high proportion of under dosing situations. In conclusion, this work has allowed updating training tracks / information for health care professionals on these new anticoagulant molecules to improve information and optimal patients’ care
Jean, Baptiste Elixène. "Amélioration des propriétés antibactériennes et anticoagulantes des prothèses vasculaires en polyester par immobilisation et libération contrôlée de principes actifs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S043/document.
Full textSynthetic vascular prosthesis likewise vascular endoprosthesis are prone to several complications after implantation into the human body. Infections, thromboses and late occlusions are the most challenging and the most common, leading to serious clinical consequences that are sometimes lethal. Management of those complications is still fraught with tremendous difficulties justifying the economic burden and the continuous efforts in research development for improving vascular prosthetic materials. This research investment is, however, yet to yield any great clinical advance. Previous studies conducted in our research laboratory have led to the development of polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. This was achieved in order to increase the loading and eluting capacities of these vascular prostheses towards several antibiotics. In the current works, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for effective controlled release of three antibiotics from those prosthetic platforms. We have also evaluated their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models of vascular infections. This was carried-out against nine different bacteria strains that are among the most common in human vascular infections. Moreover, we have assessed in vivo their safety, their healing properties, their systemic toxicity and their biocompatibility in the prospect of clinical application.The above-mentioned drug delivery system has been proved to be effective in releasing in situ the selected antibacterial agents over a seven-day desorption period in human plasma. Optimal batch concentration and time for prosthetic immersion into the antibiotic solutions were well compatible with current surgical practice standards. A bactericidal activity evidenced by significant reduction of bacterial adhesion, growth and proliferation was revealed when compared to appropriate controls in the various tested vascular infection models. We have also studied antibacterial molecules alone or in combination. In this latter setting, no antagonistic effects were depicted. This provides a unique opportunity to customize local antibiotic treatment delivered in situ from vascular device fabrics and to adapt it to the evolving ecology of both monomicrobial and polymicrobial vascular prosthetic infection. The polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were proved in vivo safe and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, healing properties and tissue integration without any signs of systemic toxicity. [...]
Ferret, Laurie. "Anticoagulants oraux, réutilisation de données hospitalières informatisées dans une démarche de soutien à la qualité des soins." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S016/document.
Full textIntroduction :Oral anticoagulants raise major issues in terms of bleeding risk and appropriate use. The computerization of medical records offers the ability to access large databases that can be explored automatically. The objective of this work is to show how routinely collected data can be reused to study issues related to anticoagulants in a supportive approach to quality of care.MethodsThis work was carried out on the electronic data (97,355 records) of a community hospital. For each inpatient stay we have diagnostic, biological, drug and administrative data, and the discharge letters. This work is organized around three axes:Axis I. The objective is to evaluate the accuracy of the detection of factors that may increase the anticoagulant effect of vitamin K antagonists (VKA), using rules developed in the PSIP european project (grant agreement N° 216130). A case review on one year enabled the calculation of the positive predictive value and sensitivity of the rules. Axis II. We conducted a cohort study on data from 2007 to 2012 to determine the major elements involved in raising the risk of bleeding related to VKA in clinical reality. Cases were the stays with an elevation of the INR beyond 5, the controls did not have.Axis III. We made data reuse serve a study of the quality of the prescriptions. On the one hand we assessed treatment of the thromboembolic risk recommendations in atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly, on the other hand we investigated the prescription of direct oral anticoagulants.Results : Axis I : The positive predictive value of the rules intended to detect the factors favoring the elevation of INR in case of treatment with VKA is 22.4%, the sensitivity is 84.6%. The main contributive rules are the ones intended to detect an infectious syndrome and amiodarone.Axis II : The major factor increasing the INR with VKA treatment highlighted by the cohort study are infectious syndrome, cancer, hepatic insufficiency and hypoprotidemia. The recommendations compliance rate in atrial fibrillation in the elderly is 47.8%. Only 45% of patients receive oral anticoagulants, 22.9% do not receive antithrombotic treatment at all and 32.1% received platelet aggregation inhibitors. Direct oral anticoagulants are prescribed at inadequate dosages in 15 to 31.4% of patients, respectively for dabigatran and rivaroxaban. These errors are mainly underdosages in the elderly with atrial fibrillation (82.6%).Discussion : The computerization of medical records has led to the creation of large medical databases, which can be used for various purposes as we show in this work. In the first work axis we have shown that rule-based decision support systems detect the contributing factors for VKA overdose with a good sensitivity but a low positive predictive value. The second line shows that we could use the data for exploratory purposes to identify factors associated with increased INR in patients receiving VKA in “real life practice”. The third line shows that the rule-based systems can also be used to identify inappropriate prescribing for the purpose of improving the quality of care. In the field of anticoagulation this work opens up innovative perspectives for improving the quality of care
Pasquini, Marta. "Hémorragies cérébrales non traumatiques et traitements antithrombotiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S064/document.
Full textThe proportion of patients who are taking antithrombotic drugs at the time they suffer a spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is increasing over time, and this is a major issue in public health because of the poor prognosis of patients. Also, the decision to restart or not antithrombotic drugs in survivors is still a clinical dilemma. _x000D_The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of antithrombotic drugs on ICH prognosis. The term ICH regroups (i) spontaneous ICH and (ii) cerebral microbleeds (CMBs).As a first step, we compared baseline characteristics of 545 consecutive patients with ICH included in the PITCH cohort (Lille, France), receiving or not Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs) at the time of ICH, stratifying the analysis according to the ICH location (lobar vs non lobar). VKAs-ICH accounted for 83 patients (15%). The use of VKAs did not influence ICH location, but influenced ICH volume: in non lobar ICH, VKAs use was associated with larger ICH volumes (25 ml versus 12 ml, p=0.002). In lobar ICH, no difference was observed (26ml versus 30ml; p=0.507). The different impact of VKAs on ICH volumes according to location suggests a different susceptibility of the underlying vasculopathies to VKAs.As a second step, we aimed to evaluate the impact of antithrombotic drugs on the incidence of CMBs in 168 ICH survivors from the PITCH cohort who underwent 1.5T Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ICH onset and during follow-up, stratifying the analysis according to the index ICH location. At the time of ICH, 89 (53%) patients had CMBs at ICH onset, and 80 (48%) showed new CMBs during follow-up. Predictors of incident CMBs were the presence on the first MRI of: at least 1 CMB (aOR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-4.3), old macro-hemorrhage (aOR 6.8; 95%CI 2.8-16.7), and CMBs in mixed location (aOR 3.7; 95%CI 1.7-8.3). In non lobar ICH, incident CMBs were associated with incident lacunes (aOR: 2.9; 95%CI 1.0-7.8) and with the use of antiplatelet agents (aOR 2.9; 95%CI 1.1-7.3). In lobar ICH, incident CMBs were associated with incident macro-hemorrhage (aOR 9.8; 95%CI 1.1-88.8). These results suggest that the impact of antithrombotic drugs differs according to the index ICH location, and therefore according to the underlying vasculpathy.The third step consisted in comparing the characteristics and proportions of patients taking antithrombotic drugs at ICH discharge in five European cohorts (Lille, France, n=542; Utrecht, The Netherlands, n=389; Amsterdam, The Netherlands, n=403; multicenter UK cohort, n=667; Lothian, Scotland, n=137). We then identified characteristics associated with restarting. Antithrombotic drugs were restarted in 96 (20%) of the 469 survivors who had an indication for antithrombotic drugs (secondary prevention or atrial fibrillation), but in different proportions according to the cohort of origin (Lille 18%, Utrecht 45%, Amsterdam 30%, CROMIS-2 ICH 11%, Lothian 15%; p<0.001). We did not find other consistent associations with restarting antithrombotic drugs. The variation in clinical practice in restarting antithrombotic drugs after ICH supports the need for randomized controlled trials.In the fourth step, we aim to analyse the risk of ICH recurrences or ischemic events in the same population of patients (ICH survivors who suffered from ICH while on antithrombotic drugs because of secondary prevention or atrial fibrillation) according to the antithrombotic drug status during follow-up. We included 274 patients from 4 European cohorts, with a median follow-up of 2.5 years. Statistical analysis is ongoing