Journal articles: 'Anticoagulant rodenticides'

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De Araújo, Gabriel Rios, Maria Carolina Ricciardi Sbizera, Marcela Lucas De Lima, José Victor Pronievicz Barreto, Michele Monteiro Sudak, Manuela Venturelli Finco, Diego Fagner Michelassi de Souza, Daiene Locoman, Dienifer Kely De Oliveira Ribeiro, and Luiz Fernando Coelho Da Cunha Filho. "Avaliação da Palatabilidade e da Resistência de Diferentes Rodenticidas Disponíveis para Uso por Empresas Especializadas, em Aviários no Município de Rolândia, Paraná." UNICIÊNCIAS 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2017v21n1p2-6.

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A presença de roedores em estabelecimentos gera importantes prejuízos financeiros, além de representar risco à saúde animal e humana, fazendo-se necessário o seu controle. O trabalho teve como objetivo testar produtos rodenticidas disponíveis para o uso profissional quanto à aceitação pelos roedores e a sua resistência às ações ambientais. Foram utilizados três rodenticidas anticoagulantes de dose única; Brodifacum Bloco Parafinado (Syngenta®); Difetialona Bloco Extrusado (Bayer®); e Bromadiolone Bloco Extrusado (De Sangosse®). Os rodenticidas foram acondicionados em porta-iscas distribuídos em quatro aviários de uma granja produtora de aves de corte, no município de Rolândia, PR. Semanalmente, foi anotada a quantidade consumida e a deterioração dos rodenticidas. Os resultados obtidos nas quatro semanas mostram que na situação testada, o Brodifacum representa 68,3% do total de blocos consumidos, o Difetialona 26,7% e o Bromadiolone 5%. Em relação à resistência às ações ambientais, o Bromadiolone teve 19 blocos afetados (23,2%), o Difetialona 30 blocos (36,6%) e o Brodifacum 33 blocos (40,2%), tanto o consumo quanto a resistência entre os blocos não foram significativas estatisticamente. Os dados evidenciam que a escolha do rodenticida tem influência direta na eficiência, devendo ser um quesito valorizado no planejamento das ações de controle de roedores.Palavras-chave: Controle de Roedores. Rodenticida. Aceitação de Rodenticida.AbstractThe presence of rodents in establishments generates significant financial losses, as well as it poses a risk to animals and human’s health, making its control necessary. The study aimed to test rodenticides products available for professional use regarding the rodents’ acceptance and their resistance to environmental actions. Three single dose anticoagulant rodenticides wereused; Brodifacum Block waxed (Syngenta™); Difethialone Block Extruded (Bayer™); and Bromadiolone Block Extruded (De Sangosse™). Rodenticides were placed in bait holders distributed in four aviaries producing broilers in Rolândia city, PR. Thee amount consumed and the deterioration of rodenticides were weekly noted. The results obtained in four weeks show that in the tested situation, Brodifacum represents 68.3% of total consumed blocks, Difethialone 26,7% and Bromadiolone 5%. For resistance to environmental actions, Bromadiolone had 19 blocks affected (23.2%), Difetialona 30 blocks (36.6%) and Brodifacum 33 blocks (40.2%), both consumption and the resistance amongthe blocks were not statistically significant. The data show that the choice of rodenticide directly influences the efficiency and should be a question valued in the planning of rodent control measures.Keywords: Rodent control. Rodenticide. Rodenticides Acceptance.

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Watt, Barbara E., Alex T. Proudfoot, Sally M. Bradberry, and J. Allister Vale. "Anticoagulant Rodenticides." Toxicological Reviews 24, no. 4 (2005): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00139709-200524040-00005.

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Humphry, N. F. "Anticoagulant rodenticides." Medical Journal of Australia 150, no. 12 (June 1989): 727–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136789.x.

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Galstyan, G. M., I. L. Davydkin, A. S. Nikolaeva, N. I. Vekhova, Z. E. Pavlova, I. S. Ponomarenko, E. E. Klebanova, and V. G. Savchenko. "Outbreak of mass poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides." Russian journal of hematology and transfusiology 65, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35754/0234-5730-2020-65-2-174-189.

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Introduction. Rodenticides are pesticides used in the control of rodents. In Russia, only anticoagulant rodenticides are allowed to be used.Aim: describe a case of mass poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides.Main findings. An observation is given of poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides in 80 people due to the consumption of sunflower oil produced from seeds that have been treated with rodenticides. The victims had a pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome: all had ecchymosis, 79 % had macrohematuria, 1 had uterine bleeding, 3 had intra-abdominal hemorrhages, 16 had nosebleeds, 2 had gastrointestinal bleeding, and 2 had intracerebral hemorrhages. The international normalized ratio (INR) was not definable in 56 patients, while the remaining patients had a median INR of 3.9 (fluctuations from 1.29 to 16.2). Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was not definable in 7 patients; the remaining patients had the median APTT of 65 seconds. Three of the victims died of hemorrhagic syndrome. This article analyzes the conducted therapy. In life-threatening hemorrhagic syndrome induced by rodenticide poisoning or warfarin overdose the drugs of choice are prothrombin complex concentrates and recombinant activated clotting factor VII, but not fresh frozen plasma and vicasol. For long-term therapy, vitamin K1 should be used.Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Wilk, Joanna, Magdalena Kubicka, Paweł Dębiec, Przemysław Szydłowski, Magdalena Makarewicz, Mikołaj Porzak, and Natalia Szyłkajtis. "Toxic substances in the household - cases of poisoning, therapy, complications." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 44, no. 1 (August 18, 2023): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.44.01.007.

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There are many toxic substances used in our houses. Rodent poisons are not the most common group of substances, but cases of poisoning still occur. Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides, also called superwarfarins, are known for their greater potency, longer half-life and delayed onset of symptoms. Cases of superwarfarin poisoning can pose a diagnostic and clinical challenge due to a wide array of presentations and prolonged severe coagulopathy requiring months of high-dose oral vitamin K therapy. The most common presentation of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is mucocutaneous bleeding, with other common presentations including haematuria, gingival bleeding, epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding.We discuss a case of self-poisoning with long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides with a little presentation of sympthoms and disscus about another cases based on the found articles.

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W. Witmer, G., and P. W. Burke. "Influence of vitamin K-rich plant foods on anticoagulant baiting efficacy in wild House Mice, wild Norway Rats, and wild Black Rats." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 2 (2009): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090087.

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Rodents introduced to islands have caused the extinction of many species of animals. Anticoagulant rodenticides are relied on to eradicate rodents from these islands, but if the rodents are eating plant materials that contain high amounts of vitamin K (the antidote to anticoagulants) anticoagulant rodenticides may not be effective. In a laboratory trial, individually caged Norway Rats Rattus norvegicus, Black Rats R. rattus and House Mice Mus musculus were fed fresh plant material high in vitamin K (Collards [0.62 mg vitamin K per 100 g] and Brussels Sprouts [0.19 mg vitamin K per 100 g]) for a period of 7 days. When presented later with anticoagulant rodenticides (0.0025% brodifacoum pellets or 0.005% diphacinone pellets) along with the diet of plant material, 94% of the rodents died. We conclude from this study that the presence of green feed rich in vitamin K does not reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant rodenticides. However, we add a word of caution on one of the findings of our study. While we think the low efficacy (75%) we found in the case of brodifacoum and Black Rats was probably an artifact of small sample size in that treatment group, the result warrants further investigation.

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Chaudhary, Vipin, and R. S. Tripathi. "Incidence of Rodent Pests in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and their Management." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v5i1.502.

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Infestation pattern and extent of damage by rodent pests and their management in cumin crop using secondgeneration anticoagulant rodenticides were studied at farmers' fields in Jodhpur district. Monthly trapping throughout the crop season revealed presence of four species, viz., Tatera indica (45.16%), Meriones hurrianae (29.03%), Gerbillus gleadowi and, an arboreal species, Funambulus pennanti (25.81%). Damage to cumin crop was almost on par at the vegetative growth stage and flowering stage, recording 11.00 and 13.50% reduction in plant stand, respectively. Efficacy of two anticoagulant rodenticides viz., difethiaone (0.0025%) and bromadiolone (0.005%) was evaluated by two census methods simultaneously, viz., live burrow count (LBC) and census baiting (CB). Two treatments of either of the anticoagulants, one at vegetative growth and another at flowering stage, resulted in >80% reduction in pest rodent population. Cost:benefit ratio obtained with bromadiolone (0.005%) baiting was 1:10.8. Thus, poison baiting with anticoagulant rodenticides may be practiced twice at (i) vegetative growth and (ii) flowering stage, for effective rodent management in cumin.

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Fisher, Campbell, Howald, and Warburton. "Anticoagulant Rodenticides, Islands and Animal Welfare Accountancy." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110919.

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Anticoagulant rodenticides are used to manage rodents in domestic, municipal, agricultural, and conservation settings. In mammals and birds, anticoagulant poisoning causes extensive hemorrhagic disruption, with the primary cause of death being severe internal bleeding occurring over days. The combined severity and duration of these effects represent poor welfare outcomes for poisoned animals. Noting a lack of formal estimates of numbers of rodents and nontarget animals killed by anticoagulant poisoning, the ready availability and worldwide use of anticoagulants suggest that very large numbers of animals are affected globally. Scrutiny of this rodent control method from scientific, public, and regulatory perspectives is being driven largely by mounting evidence of environmental transfer of residual anticoagulants resulting in harmful exposure in wild or domestic animals, but there is also nascent concern for the welfare of targeted rodents. Rodent control incurs a cumulative ledger of animal welfare costs over time as target populations reduced by poisoning eventually recover to an extent requiring another reduction. This ‘rolling toll’ presents a critical contrast to the animal welfare accountancy ledger for eradication scenarios, where rodent populations can be completely removed by methods including anticoagulant use and then kept from coming back (e.g., on islands). Successful eradications remove any future need to control rodents and to incur the associated animal welfare costs.

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Liggett, Alan D., Larry J. Thompson, Ken S. Frazier, Eloise L. Styer, and Lowell T. Sangster. "Thymic Hematoma in Juvenile Dogs Associated with Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, no. 5 (September 2002): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400511.

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Ten cases of thymic hematoma in young dogs (9–24 weeks of age) were reviewed. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis was confirmed in 5 cases. Histologically, hemorrhage caused variable expansion of thymic lobules and interlobular septa. The medulla appeared to be the primary site of hemorrhage. In areas of severe hemorrhage, normal lobular architecture was lost and lymphocytes were admixed in the hemorrhagic exudate. Vasculitis, necrosis of capillaries, and degeneration of the capsule were observed in infarcted areas. In 2 cases, angiofibroplasia indicated a longer interval between onset of thymic hemorrhage and death. The lesions are similar to those in 5 cases of idiopathic thymic hemorrhage. Appropriate samples were not available for anticoagulant rodenticide analysis in 3 of these 5 idiopathic cases. Lesions in confirmed cases of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis also are compatible with published descriptions of idiopathic and spontaneous thymic hemorrhage, but are inconsistent with normal thymic involution. Analysis for anticoagulant rodenticides is indicated in cases of thymic hematoma when an obvious cause is not detected at necropsy.

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Vale, Allister, and Sally Bradberry. "Warfarin and anticoagulant rodenticides." Medicine 40, no. 3 (March 2012): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.12.002.

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Bradberry, Sally, and Allister Vale. "Warfarin and anticoagulant rodenticides." Medicine 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.12.012.

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Damin-Pernik, Marlène, Bernadette Espana, Sebastien Lefebvre, Isabelle Fourel, Hervé Caruel, Etienne Benoit, and Virginie Lattard. "Management of Rodent Populations by Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Toward Third-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 45, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.073791.

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DuVall, Michael D., Michael J. Murphy, Allen C. Ray, and John C. Reagor. "Case Studies on Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicities in Nontarget Species." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100118.

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Specimens from 10 cases of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs and cats were submitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory during 1986 and 1987. The clinical signs most frequently observed were lethargy, dyspnea, and ventral hematomas; common necropsy findings included hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, and pulmonary hemorrhage. In the instances when histopathological examination of the tissue was done, it supported a diagnosis of coagulopathy. The presence of anticoagulants in serum or liver was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, or a combination of the two. Five cases of brodifacoum poisoning, 2 of bromadiolone, and 3 of diphacinone toxicity were verified. Concentrations of these rodenticides ranged from approximately 0.001 to 12 ppm.

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Williams, Emily J., Sheena C. Cotter, and Carl D. Soulsbury. "Consumption of Rodenticide Baits by Invertebrates as a Potential Route into the Diet of Insectivores." Animals 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2023): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13243873.

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Non-target species are commonly exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides worldwide, which may pose a key threat to declining species. However, the main pathway of exposure is usually unknown, potentially hindering conservation efforts. This study aimed to examine whether baits mixed with the biomarker rhodamine B can be used to track invertebrate consumption of rodenticides in a field environment, using this to observe whether invertebrate prey are a potential vector for anticoagulant rodenticides in the diet of insectivores such as the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Rhodamine B baits were found to create an observable response. Uptake was negligible in captured insects; however, 20.7% of slugs and 18.4% of snails captured showed uptake of bait. Maximum temperature, distance from bait, proximity to buildings, and the addition of copper tape to bait boxes all influenced the rate of bait uptake in molluscs. Based on these data, it seems likely that molluscs could be a source of rodenticide poisoning in insectivores. This research demonstrates which prey may pose exposure risks to insectivores and likely environmental factors, knowledge of which can guide effective mitigation measures. We suggest that further investigation into using mollusc repellents around bait boxes should be considered.

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Hernandez-Moreno, D., I. de la Casa-Resino, A. Lopez-Beceiro, LE Fidalgo, F. Soler, and M. Perez-Lopez. "Secondary poisoning of non-target animals in an Ornithological Zoo in Galicia (NW Spain) with anticoagulant rodenticides: a case report." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 10 (November 21, 2013): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7087-vetmed.

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The use of anticoagulants has increased in recent times as a method for controlling rodent populations. However, this increased use also provokes accidental and intentional ingestion for both animals and humans, triggering poisoning of non-target organisms. In the present report, a clinical case of secondary-poisoning of birds with anticoagulant rodenticides, which took place after a general rodenticide treatment in an Ornithological Zoological Park, is described. Three birds died as a result and samples were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital in Lugo (Galicia, NW Spain). After necropsy, samples of the birds, together with molluscs and faeces, were submitted to the Toxicology Unit of Caceres (Extremadura, W Spain) in order to detect possible chemicals. Results from HPLC analyses revealed the presence of the rodenticides difenacoum and brodifacoum. The present report shows that the risk of secondary exposure resulting from the scavenging of molluscs is likely to be significant. The potential routes of uptake by invertebrates include the consumption of rodent faeces, rodent carcases, the ingestion of soil-bound residues, and the direct consumption of poison baits.

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Yakovlev, A. A. "Guidelines for the Control of Resistance of the Common Vole (<i>Microtus arvalis</i> Pall) to Anticoagulant Rodenticides." Агрохимия, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002188123010118.

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Anticoagulant rodenticides occupy a leading position in the practice of regulating the number of harmful rodents. The study of resistance to anticoagulants has been developed to a greater extent in relation to rodent commensals. In the conditions of field application of rodenticides in plant protection, the problem of resistance has features that are reflected in the methodology of studying this problem. The recommendations are intended to assess the resistance of the common vole (Microtus arvalis Pall), one of the most important plant pests in the Russian Federation. The results of the study will help to identify resistance and make timely changes to the regulations for the use of rodenticides or reasonably change plant protection products.

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MacNicoll, Alan D. "Anticoagulant rodenticides — tolerance and resistance." Phytoparasitica 21, no. 3 (September 1993): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980940.

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Jokic, Goran, Marina Vuksa, Suzana Djedovic, Tanja Scepovic, Vesna Jacevic, and Bojan Stojnic. "Sodium selenite as a new rodenticide." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 29, no. 3 (2014): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1403169j.

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Rodents are the most destructive group of small mammalian pests considering the overall damage that they cause by feeding and other activities, or as vectors of many disease agents. In practice, chemical rodenticides have been the most widespread and most effective method of control of commensal (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) and most harmful field rodent pests (Apodemus sylvaticus, A. agrarius and Microtus arvalis). After anticoagulant and vitamin D3 rodenticides, which were introduced worldwide in the 1980s, no other chemical compound has had a comparable role as a rodenticide in practice. In the past decade, commercial baits containing 0.1% sodium selenite have also been registered in Serbia in various formulations both for controlling rodents indoors and in the field. Data on sodium selenite as a rodenticide have been scarce. The present paper surveys research data reported so far, analyzing and drawing conclusions regarding the validity and feasibility of sodium selenite as a method of rodent control with reference to the available ecotoxicological data.

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Zawadzki, Marcin, Paweł Szpot, and Marta Siczek. "Anticoagulant Rodenticides Poisonings in Humans and Animals – Short Review." Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine 1, no. 9 (June 15, 2019): 1256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.012.

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Freixo, Ana, Luís Lopes, Manuela Carvalho, and Fernando Araújo. "Intoxicação por Supervarfarina." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 3 (June 5, 2015): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5738.

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The superwarfarin-type anticoagulant rodenticides are used throughout the world and distinguish themselves from warfarin for its high potency and long acting anticoagulant activity. Easy access to these products enables the accidental or deliberate human poisoning. A case of voluntary rodenticide poisoning (RATIBRON®) by a woman who ingested an estimated 27.5 mg of bromadiolone total quantity for two weeks, with minor bleeding episodes, whose reversal of the anticoagulant effect with the correction of the abnormal values of the clotting tests took about one month to reverse is reported here. The correction of the haemostasis defects takes usually a long time<br />and there are no treatment guidelines, but a gradually vitamin K dosage reduction, as out patients, along with the monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio levels, allows a safe evaluation of the therapeutic response.

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Soleng, Arnulf, Kristin Skarsfjord Edgar, Anita von Krogh, and Kristin Opdal Seljetun. "Suspected rodenticide exposures in humans and domestic animals: Data from inquiries to the Norwegian Poison Information Centre, 2005–2020." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): e0278642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278642.

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Rodent control is necessary to prevent damage and spread of disease, and the most common pesticides used for urban and rural rodent control are anticoagulant rodenticides. The aim of this present study was to present data on suspected exposure to rodenticides in humans and domestic animals in Norway based on inquiries to the Norwegian Poison Information Centre in the 16-year period from 2005 through 2020. A total of 4235 inquiries regarding suspected exposures to rodenticides were registered in the study period. Of these, 1486 inquiries involved humans and 2749 animals. Second generation anticoagulants were involved in 68% of human exposures and 79% of animal exposures. Dogs were the most frequent species involved in the animal exposures with 93% of the inquiries, while cats were second most frequent involved. Around 50% of the human inquiries concerned children at the age of 0–4 years. Only 2% of the cases were in the age group 10–19 years, while adults comprised 35% of the inquiries. Acute poisonings accounted for almost 100% of the inquiries among both humans and animals. The exposure was accidental in 99% of the animal exposures and in 85% of the human exposures. In humans, only 14 inquiries were regarding occupational related accidents. Misdeed or self-inflicted injury accounted for 15% of the human inquiries and were the cause of 79% of the severe poisonings. Severe poisoning was only assessed in 1% of the cases involving children under 5 years. In contrast, 17% of the inquiries concerning adults (≥20 years) were assessed as severe. Subsequently, to prevent human and animal rodenticide exposure, we urge the use of non-chemical methods such as sanitation, rodent proofing (a form of construction which will impede or prevent rodents access to or from a given space or building) and mechanical traps. Restricting the use of rodenticides to professional pest controllers (or other persons with authorisation), reinforcing high quality education of these persons, and securing compliance of the best codes of practice could be advocated to reduce accidental exposure to rodenticides in humans and animals.

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Dorman, David C. "Anticoagulant, Cholecalciferol, and Bromethalin-Based Rodenticides." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 20, no. 2 (March 1990): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50028-5.

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Othman, N., Ck Chan, and Fl Lau. "The Epidemiology of Household Rodenticides Poisoning in Hong Kong and its Risk Factors for Developing Coagulopathy." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 6 (November 2014): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490791402100601.

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Objective To (1) describe the epidemiology of household rodenticides poisoning in Hong Kong, (2) evaluate the proportion of patients who have develop coagulopathy after rodenticide poisoning, (3) identify the risk factors for developing coagulopathy in rodenticide poisoning. Design Case series study. Setting Sixteen accident and emergency departments in Hong Kong. Patients Patients with household rodenticide ingestion who presented to accident and emergency departments during the period from July 2008 to February 2012. Results 110 patients were reported to have rodenticide exposure during the study period. Eighty-seven patients were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 40.1 and the male-to-female ratio was 1.29:1 (49:38). Most patients (91%) took the rodenticide intentionally. Sixty-nine patients (79%) exposed to anticoagulants type of rodenticide based on history or laboratory findings. The ingredient of the rodenticide ingested in 18 patients (21%) was untraceable. The only clinically significant presentation reported after rodenticide exposure was coagulopathy. Thirty-one patients (36%) developed coagulopathy with an international normalised ratio greater or equal to 1.3. Clinical significant bleeding was only observed in one patient. Presence of coagulopathy in rodenticide poisoning was significantly associated with older patient, intentional ingestion, ingestion of warfarin, ingestion of more than one pack and presence of co-ingestion. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only two factors were independent predictor of coagulopathy: Ingestion of warfarin rodenticide (p=0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 18.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.44-96.42), and ingestion of more than one pack of rodenticide (p=0.02, OR=10.01, 95% CI=1.43-69.87). Conclusions Clinically significant household rodenticide poisoning in Hong Kong is solely related to ingestion of anticoagulant type of rodenticide. Patients who have ingested warfarin rodenticide and higher ingestion dose are more likely in developing coagulopathy. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2014;21:339-345)

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Heggem-Perry, Brittany, Maureen McMichael, Mauria O'Brien, and Clara Moran. "Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy for Bromethalin Toxicity in a Dog." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 52, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6396.

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ABSTRACT Bromethalin is a central nervous system toxin currently incorporated into several different rodenticides. In 2008, the EPA requested that manufacturers phase out second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. In response, manufacturers began to increase production of bromethalin-based rodenticides. It is likely that pet exposure to bromethalin will increase in the future. Bromethalin has no known antidote and tends to deposit in fat. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) are being used with increasing frequency in both human and veterinary medicine to treat numerous acute systemic toxicities. A 4 yr old spayed female Pit bull terrier was presented following witnessed ingestion of bromethalin rodenticide by the owners. Decontamination was unsuccessful and ILE was started. Serum was frozen at −80°C before and 1 hr after completion of ILE. In rats, the half-life of desmethylbromethalin, the toxic metabolite, has been reported at 5.6 days and 6 days, and it is likely to be similar in dogs. The only intervention between the pre-lipid serum sample and the post-lipid serum sample was the administration of ILE, and the serum desmethylbromethalin levels were reduced by 75% (from 4 ppb to 1 ppb) during this time. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing treatment of bromethalin ingestion with ILE.

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Rowe, F. P., A. Bradfield, and T. Swinney. "Pen and field trials of flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 2 (October 1985): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062938.

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SUMMARYLaboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the candidate rodenticide flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of wild mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered flupropadine at either 0·10%, 0·15%, 0·18% or 0·20% in pinhead oatmeal bait. Overall mortalities in replicated 21-day treatments were 66/71 (93·0%), 71/79 (89·9%), 72/70 (94·7%) and 69/75 (92·0%) respectively.In 17 field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings, flupropadine was used at 0·10%, 0·15% and 0·18% in oatmeal bait. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, was 88·6%, 96·2% and 96·6% respectively.Flupropadine was found to be as near effective against mice as calciferol/warfarin and the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. In further comparison with the anticoagulants, treatment with flupropadine bait achieved markedly quicker control.

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Greaves, John H. "Managing resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides: An appraisal." Pesticide Science 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780430113.

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Kovalenko, Polina S., and Svetlana E. Shereshkova. "COMPARATIVE VETERINARY AND SANITARY EVALUATION OF VARIOUS PREPARATIVE FORMS OF RODENTICIDE BAITS USED IN LIVESTOCK FACILITIES." Problems of veterinary sanitation, hygiene and ecology 2, no. 42 (2022): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202202010.

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The article presents a comparative veterinary and sanitary assessment of various preparative forms of rodenticidal baits for the control of synanthropic (mouse-like) rodents. The rodenticidal activity of deratization agents in the form of loose grain bait, paper bags, mineral and gelatin capsules were studied in laboratory conditions. New knowledge about the bait consumption by grey rats depending on their shape has been obtained. The variety of forms of rodenticides makes it possible to select the formulations of baits taking into account production features, natural and climatic characteristics and the availability of food resources at livestock facilities, as well as increase the attractiveness of the bait, prevent pollution of environmental objects with anticoagulant poisons and exclude possible poisoning of non-target animal species.

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Blazic, Tanja, Goran Jokic, and Suzana Djedovic. "Screening and prevention of anticoagulant resistance development in house mice: A review." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 35, no. 2 (2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif2002069b.

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Unrestricted use of anticoagulants has resulted in rodents developing resistance to them. This has caused a series of problems regarding reduction in rodent populations, which has further implicated great economic losses and a serious threat to the health of people and domestic animals. The popular global trend currently is to control rodent populations by applying the least possible amounts of chemicals, which on the other hand implies that several coactive alternative measures need to be applied in an effort to reduce rodent numbers to an acceptable economic level. On the other hand, knowledge of the genetic structure of rodent populations has become an important set of information desirable to have before setting off to apply rodenticides in practice, so as to prevent ineffective use of rodenticides and prevent further spreading of resistant rodent populations. The latest trend of using combinations of low-dose anticoagulant baits requires further research as their effects on susceptible populations are known but their impact on resistant animals is still not clear.

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Vyas, Nimish B., Craig S. Hulse, Carol U. Meteyer, and Clifford P. Rice. "Evidence of Songbird Intoxication From Rozol® Application at a Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Colony." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/052012-jfwm-042.

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Abstract Concerns about avian poisonings from anticoagulant rodenticides have traditionally focused on secondary poisoning of raptors exposed by feeding on contaminated mammalian prey. However, ground foraging songbirds can be directly poisoned from operational applications of the anticoagulant rodenticide Rozol® (0.005% chlorophacinone, active ingredient) applied as a grain bait, at black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus colonies. A dead western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta recovered from the study prairie dog colony displayed hemorrhaging in brain and pectoral muscle tissue, and it contained chlorophacinone residue concentrations of 0.59 and 0.49 µg/g (wet weight) in the liver and intestinal contents, respectively. Chlorophacinone residues from two Rozol-colored songbird droppings found at the study colony were 0.09 and 0.46 µg/g (wet weight). The timing of the meadowlark mortality and the occurrence of discolored droppings show that songbird exposure and poisoning can occur weeks after a Rozol application.

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Marquez, Aurélie, Tristan Ulivieri, Etienne Benoit, Angeli Kodjo, and Virginie Lattard. "House Mice as a Real Sanitary Threat of Human and Animal Leptospirosis: Proposal for Integrated Management." BioMed Research International 2019 (June 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3794876.

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Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonosis and ranges in severity from benign to sometimes fatal. In cattle, infection may be responsible for abortion and infertility cases causing economic losses. Humans may be contaminated through direct contact with urine of infected animals or indirectly though interaction with urine-contaminated environment. Many wildlife species living close to cattle, especially commensal rodents may play a role in the transmission of leptospires. Because little is known on the epidemiology of nonmaintenance Leptospira serovars, appropriate management is still limited. On a French farm where human and cattle leptospirosis were detected, the transmission cycle was explored to propose appropriate mitigation measures. For that, commensal rodents present on the farm were trapped and their leptospires carriage was studied by molecular methods. Trapped mice were shown to carry two pathogenic Leptospira species (L. interrogans and L. kirschneri). Since these 2 serogroups were simultaneously detected in the trapped mice and in the cows of this farm, we suspected an initial Leptospira transmission from mice to cows requiring an effective management of mice on this farm. Because resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides due to Vkorc1 mutations has been largely described in rodents and first-generation anticoagulant rodenticides seemed to be inefficient in controlling mice on this farm, susceptibility of these mice to anticoagulants has been characterized by Vkorc1 sequencing. 50% of the trapped mice carried mutations in the Vkorc1 gene leading to severe resistance to first-generation anticoagulants. The management of such mice that are a real sanitary threat can be achieved only by using the most toxic second-generation anticoagulants or nonanticoagulant solutions.

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Best, Ian Nicholas, Pei-Jen Lee Shaner, Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei, and Chi-Chien Kuo. "Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Control Practices of Rodents in an Agricultural Area of Taiwan." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051169.

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Rodents threaten agricultural industries and food security on a global scale. Rodent management practices routinely involve the use of chemical products, mainly anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). An understanding of farmer rodent control behaviors is crucial in order to implement management changes to more environmentally friendly practices. In this study, we surveyed farmers in an agricultural area of northwestern Taiwan on their knowledge, attitudes, and control practices for rodent pests. From our survey sample of 126 farmers, rodents were perceived to be the most problematic for vegetable crops, followed by rice, and then fruit. Farmers in the oldest age group and those that perceived rodents to cause extensive damage to their crops were found to have the most negative attitudes toward the pests. One-third of the farmers in our survey stated they currently use rodenticides, with crop type, perceived problems caused by rodents, and attitudes toward rodents found to be important explanatory variables. Our results indicate that the use of rodenticides is reactive; farmers are more likely to apply the chemical products if they perceive rodents to cause damage. Additionally, cost–benefit assessments are likely important in governing rodent control behaviors; farmers may be more inclined to use control products that are subsidized by the government, which include ARs, when they observe damage to their crops inflicted by rodents. We also describe how ecologically based rodent management (EBRM) practices could be feasible and sustainable alternatives to rodenticide use.

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32

Palazoglu, Mine G., Elizabeth R. Tor, Dirk M. Holstege, and Francis D. Galey. "Multiresidue Analysis of Nine Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Serum." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, no. 10 (October 1998): 4260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9803886.

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Elliott, John E., Sofi Hindmarch, Courtney A. Albert, Jason Emery, Pierre Mineau, and France Maisonneuve. "Exposure pathways of anticoagulant rodenticides to nontarget wildlife." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186, no. 2 (September 19, 2013): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3422-x.

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Pelz, Hans-Joachim. "Spread of resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Germany." International Journal of Pest Management 53, no. 4 (October 2007): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870701245223.

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35

Blus, Lawrence J., Charles J. Henny, and Robert A. Grove. "EFFECTS OF PELLETIZED ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES ON CALIFORNIA QUAIL." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 21, no. 4 (October 1985): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-21.4.391.

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Vuksa, M., G. Jokic, S. Djedovic, P. Vuksa, and B. Stojnic. "The justification for application and development trends of non-conventional rodenticides in protection of alfalfa from rodents." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 4 (2012): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1204659v.

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This paper presents the harmful rodents in alfalfa in Serbia in the first decade of this century. We also review the products registered and assessed the efficiency of conventional (acute) rodenticides, anticoagulant and rodenticides based on environmentally friendly active ingredients. In addition to anticoagulants of second generation, whose mechanism of action is based on a synthesis of the factors preventing blood coagulation, in the latest of the eighties, and in early of nineties introduced products based on vitamin D3-cholecalciferol. Their mechanism of action is based on the mobilization of calcium from bone and tissue and calcification of blood vessels, kidney, liver, heart muscle leading to delays in the work of these bodies. The last decade of the last century have been recorded and products based on trace element selenium (Se), the mechanism of action is based on the replacement of thiol functional enzymes SS groups. Also presents the possibility of application of ecological cellulose product in the field. In the world, so far, cellulose based rodenticides are only registered in municipal buildings. Its mechanism of action is based on interference with the absorption of water leading to dehydration in rodents. Rodents do not develop resistance to products based on vitamin D3 and selenium, a cellulose product is favourable toxicological and eco-toxicological point.

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Yiğit, Nuri, Mustafa T. Duman, Derya Çetintürk, Fulya Saygılı-Yiğit, Ercüment Çolak, and Reyhan Çolak. "Vkorc1 gene polymorphisms confer resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide in Turkish rats." PeerJ 11 (May 2, 2023): e15055. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15055.

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Mutations in Exon 1, 2 and 3 of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene are known to lead to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. In order to investigate their putative resistance in rodenticides, we studied the genetic profile of the Vkorc1 gene in Turkish black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). In this context, previously recorded Ala21Thr mutation (R. rattus) in Exon 1 region, Ile90Leu mutation (R. rattus, R. norvegicus) in Exon 2 region and Leu120Gln mutation (R. norvegicus) in Exon 3 region were identified as “missense mutations” causing amino acid changes. Ala21Thr mutation was first detected in one specimen of Turkish black rat despite the uncertainty of its relevance to resistance. Ile90Leu mutation accepted as neutral variant was detected in most of black rat specimens. Leu120Gln mutation related to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance was found in only one brown rat specimen. Furthermore, Ser74Asn, Gln77Pro (black rat) and Ser79Pro (brown rat) mutations that cause amino acid changes in the Exon 2 region but unclear whether they cause resistance were identified. In addition, “silent mutations” which do not cause amino acid changes were also defined; these mutations were Arg12Arg mutation in Exon 1 region, His68His, Ser81Ser, Ile82Ile and Leu94Leu mutations in Exon 2 region and Ile107Ile, Thr137Thr, Ala143Ala and Gln152Gln mutations in Exon 3 region. These silent mutations were found in both species except for Ser81Ser which was determined in only brown rats.

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Weitzel, JN, JA Sadowski, BC Furie, R. Moroose, H. Kim, ME Mount, MJ Murphy, and B. Furie. "Surreptitious ingestion of a long-acting vitamin K antagonist/rodenticide, brodifacoum: clinical and metabolic studies of three cases." Blood 76, no. 12 (December 15, 1990): 2555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.12.2555.2555.

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Abstract The vitamin K metabolism of three patients with factitious purpura due to brodifacoum ingestion was studied. These patients, who presented with bleeding disorders due to deficiency of the vitamin K-dependent blood clotting proteins, were refractory to vitamin K1 at standard doses and required fresh frozen plasma to control bleeding until large doses of vitamin K1 were used. Metabolic studies demonstrated a blockade in vitamin K utilization, consistent with the presence of a vitamin K antagonist, but the patients denied use of anticoagulants. Warfarin assays were negative. We show that the factitious purpura in each patient was due to the surreptitious ingestion of brodifacoum, a potent second generation long-acting vitamin K antagonist used as a rodenticide. The coagulopathies responded to long-term therapy with large doses of vitamin K1. The serum elimination half-time for brodifacoum ranged from 16 to 36 days in these patients. The anticoagulant effect is of long duration, requiring chronic vitamin K treatment. With increasing availability of new rodenticides, factitious purpura due to surreptitious ingestion of these potent vitamin K antagonists is emerging as a new problem, previously associated with warfarin, with important implications for diagnosis and treatment.

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39

Weitzel, JN, JA Sadowski, BC Furie, R. Moroose, H. Kim, ME Mount, MJ Murphy, and B. Furie. "Surreptitious ingestion of a long-acting vitamin K antagonist/rodenticide, brodifacoum: clinical and metabolic studies of three cases." Blood 76, no. 12 (December 15, 1990): 2555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.12.2555.bloodjournal76122555.

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The vitamin K metabolism of three patients with factitious purpura due to brodifacoum ingestion was studied. These patients, who presented with bleeding disorders due to deficiency of the vitamin K-dependent blood clotting proteins, were refractory to vitamin K1 at standard doses and required fresh frozen plasma to control bleeding until large doses of vitamin K1 were used. Metabolic studies demonstrated a blockade in vitamin K utilization, consistent with the presence of a vitamin K antagonist, but the patients denied use of anticoagulants. Warfarin assays were negative. We show that the factitious purpura in each patient was due to the surreptitious ingestion of brodifacoum, a potent second generation long-acting vitamin K antagonist used as a rodenticide. The coagulopathies responded to long-term therapy with large doses of vitamin K1. The serum elimination half-time for brodifacoum ranged from 16 to 36 days in these patients. The anticoagulant effect is of long duration, requiring chronic vitamin K treatment. With increasing availability of new rodenticides, factitious purpura due to surreptitious ingestion of these potent vitamin K antagonists is emerging as a new problem, previously associated with warfarin, with important implications for diagnosis and treatment.

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40

Kohn, Michael H., Hans-Joachim Pelz, and Robert K. Wayne. "Locus-Specific Genetic Differentiation at Rw Among Warfarin-Resistant Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Populations." Genetics 164, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 1055–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.3.1055.

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Abstract Populations may diverge at fitness-related genes as a result of adaptation to local conditions. The ability to detect this divergence by marker-based genomic scans depends on the relative magnitudes of selection, recombination, and migration. We survey rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations to assess the effect that local selection with anticoagulant rodenticides has had on microsatellite marker variation and differentiation at the warfarin resistance gene (Rw) relative to the effect on the genomic background. Initially, using a small sample of 16 rats, we demonstrate tight linkage of microsatellite D1Rat219 to Rw by association mapping of genotypes expressing an anticoagulant-rodenticide-insensitive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR). Then, using allele frequencies at D1Rat219, we show that predicted and observed resistance levels in 27 populations correspond, suggesting intense and recent selection for resistance. A contrast of FST values between D1Rat219 and the genomic background revealed that rodenticide selection has overwhelmed drift-mediated population structure only at Rw. A case-controlled design distinguished these locus-specific effects of selection at Rw from background levels of differentiation more effectively than a population-controlled approach. Our results support the notion that an analysis of locus-specific population genetic structure may assist the discovery and mapping of novel candidate loci that are the object of selection or may provide supporting evidence for previously identified loci.

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Herring, Garth, Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Rachel Wolstenholme, Alacia Welch, Chris West, and Barnett A. Rattner. "Collateral damage: Anticoagulant rodenticides pose threats to California condors." Environmental Pollution 311 (October 2022): 119925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119925.

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42

Regnery, Julia, Pia Parrhysius, Robert S. Schulz, Christel Möhlenkamp, Georgia Buchmeier, Georg Reifferscheid, and Marvin Brinke. "Wastewater-borne exposure of limnic fish to anticoagulant rodenticides." Water Research 167 (December 2019): 115090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115090.

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43

Svendsen, Susanne, Henrik Kolstad, and Erik Steesby. "Bleeding problems associated with occupational exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 75, no. 7 (January 1, 2002): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-002-0339-z.

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44

Prescott, Colin V., Alan P. Buckle, Iftikhar Hussain, and Stefan Endepols. "A standardised BCR resistance test for all anticoagulant rodenticides." International Journal of Pest Management 53, no. 4 (October 2007): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870701245249.

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45

Stone, Ward B., Joseph C. Okoniewski, and James R. Stedelin. "POISONING OF WILDLIFE WITH ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES IN NEW YORK." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.187.

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Chen, Feng, Meijing Wang, Jian Guan, Jiufu Zhang, Jing Zhao, and Renhe Zhao. "Synthesis and biological activity of several novel anticoagulant rodenticides." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.171.

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47

He, Qian-kun, Yuan-hua Wu, Xiao-ying Lu, and Ming-wei Liu. "Rodenticide poisoning leading to cerebral hemorrhage: A case report." Medicine 103, no. 7 (February 16, 2024): e36971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000036971.

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Rationale: Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are a substantial fraction of murine types. AR poisoning causes bleeding from the skin, mucous membranes, and multiple organs. However, reports of AR-induced cerebral hemorrhage are scarce. Patient concerns: A 40-year-old male presented with dizziness, headache, and limb weakness for 5 days and with coagulopathy. Two days prior to the onset of these symptoms, the patient was exposed to dead mice. Diagnoses: Rodenticide intoxication-induced cerebral hemorrhage. Interventions: Vitamin K1 infusion, administration of dehydrating agents to reduce intracranial pressure, and correction of acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. Outcomes: After 9 days of treatment, the patient’s symptoms were relieved, and reexamination revealed that coagulation parameters returned to normal levels. The patient was eventually discharged for observation with oral vitamin K1. Conclusions: Rodenticide poisoning can lead to intracerebral hemorrhage, and treatment with vitamin K1 infusion is effective. Lesson: Rodenticide poisoning-induced cerebral hemorrhage is rarely reported. Because its symptoms are nonspecific, it is easy to miss the diagnosis or misdiagnose. When patients present with direct and indirect symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and limb weakness, rodenticide poisoning should be considered. Coagulation function and head computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examination should be performed at the earliest to confirm the diagnosis and provide timely treatment.

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Baldwin, Roger A., Theresa A. Becchetti, Ryan Meinerz, and Niamh Quinn. "Potential impact of diphacinone application strategies on secondary exposure risk in a common rodent pest: implications for management of California ground squirrels." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 33 (April 21, 2021): 45891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13977-5.

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AbstractAnticoagulant rodenticides are a common tool used to manage rodents in agricultural systems, but they have received increased scrutiny given concerns about secondary exposure in non-target wildlife. Rodenticide application strategy is one factor that influences exposure risk. To understand the impact of application strategy, we tested residues of a first-generation anticoagulant (diphacinone) in liver tissue of radiotransmittered California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) following spot treatments, broadcast applications, and bait station applications in rangelands in central California during summer and autumn 2018–2019. We also documented the amount of bait applied, the mean time from bait application until death, and the proportion of ground squirrels that died belowground. We documented the greatest amount of bait applied via bait stations and the least by broadcast applications. We did not document a difference in diphacinone residues across any application strategy, although survivors had an order of magnitude lower concentration of diphacinone than mortalities, potentially lowering secondary exposure risk. We did not observe any difference among bait delivery methods in time from bait application to death, nor did we identify any impact of seasonality on any of the factors we tested. The vast majority of mortalities occurred belowground (82–91%), likely reducing secondary exposure. Secondary exposure could be further reduced by daily carcass searches. Results from this study better define risk associated with first-generation anticoagulant rodenticide applications, ultimately assisting in development of management programs that minimize non-target exposure.

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Kazantsev, R., and I. Yatsenko. "Forensic veterinary diagnosis of dog’s fatal poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticide – bromadiolone." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 1(173) (June 24, 2022): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2022-173-1-120-136.

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One of the objects of the forensic veterinary examination is the animal’s corpses, the death of which occurred suddenly, or from violent actions, including cruel treatment. A variation of the manifestation of cruelty to animals is their deliberate poisoning. Among the wide variety of toxic substances, pesticides, including rodenticides, occupy a significant place. The aim of the study was to develop an algorithm for forensic veterinary diagnostics and evaluation of dog corpses in case of their sudden death from poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticide – bromadiolone. The objects of the study were the seven dog’s corpses, on which a forensic veterinary examination was carried out for the period from 2010 to 2021 with a clinical diagnosis of acute poisoning with lethal fleeting consequences from poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticide – bromadiolone, established during life. The article shows that the general algorithm for the forensic veterinary examination of the corpse of an animal whose death occurred from poisoning includes the following steps: establishing a list of objects provided for research and information about their condition, conditions for conducting forensic veterinary research, applied methods of studies, their registration numbers (if any); study of the case and the animal’s death anamnesis circumstances; study of veterinary documents and individual case materials related to the examination or provided to the expert additionally at his request; forensic veterinary examination of an animal corpse; study of registration data; external examination of the corpse of an animal; internal examination of an animal corpse; additional studies of the corpse: chemical-toxicological, histological (cytological), microbiological, etc.; forensic veterinary diagnosis; synthesizing research; formulation of conclusions (results); formulation an expert opinion. The forensic veterinary diagnosis, established on the basis of the results of a forensic veterinary examination of the corpses of the dogs under examination, is formulated according to the established rubric structure: the main nosologicalunit and its fatal complication(internal bleeding – hematoperitoneum, hemothorax, bilateral pulmonary edema); accompanying nosological units (acute hemorrhagic gastroenterocolitis, acute hemorrhagic endocarditis, general anemia, congestive venous hyperemia of the kidneys, liver and spleen); background nosological units (undifferentiated hepatopathy and nephropathy, chronic pancreatitis, polyarthritis). The positions of the formulated forensic veterinary diagnosis indicate that they are generally characteristic of acute poisoning. The cytogram data analyzed in the article coincide with the data obtained during the forensic veterinary autopsy of animal corpses, indicating that the poison, from which the death of the dogs under examination occurred, belongs to the group of hemolytic toxins. A chemical-toxicological investigation of the contents of the stomach of the corpses of the dogs under expert identified the poisonous substance of the second generation of rodenticides – bromadiolone at a concentration of 10 mg/kg. A complex of investigations has proved that there is a direct necessary causal relationship between the dog’s death and the nature of the poisoning. Key words: forensic veterinary examination, animals, intoxication, poisonous substances, autopsy, chemical and toxicological research, algorithm.

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Sell, Bartosz, Tomasz Śniegocki, Marta Giergiel, and Andrzej Posyniak. "White-Tailed Eagles’ (Haliaeetus albicilla) Exposure to Anticoagulant Rodenticides and Causes of Poisoning in Poland (2018–2020)." Toxics 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020063.

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The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is strictly protected in Poland due to its threat of extinction. This study’s main goal was to assess their exposure to indirect poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides (AR). This study presents the investigation results of 40 white-tailed eagles’ suspected poisoning cases in the years 2018–2020 in Poland. In all tested liver samples, using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method, at least one of the AR (bromadiolone, brodifacoum, difenacoum, flocoumafen) was detected and confirmed. The other tested AR compounds (chlorophacinone, coumachlor, coumatetralyl, difethialone, diphacinone, warfarin) were not detected. The mean concentration of the sum of rodenticides was 174.4 µg/kg (from 2.5 to 1225.0 µg/kg). In 20 cases, the sum concentration was above 100 µg/kg and in 10 cases it was above 200 µg/kg. Interpretation of cases of AR poisonings should take into account their concentration in the liver, anatomopathological lesions, circumstances of death/finding of the animal, and elimination of other possible causes of poisoning. Based on this study, AR was the direct cause of death in 10% of incidents. Extensive use of rodenticides generates a high risk of poisonings of white-tailed eagles in Poland.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anticoagulant rodenticides'

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