Journal articles: 'Anticipated Discrimination'

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Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona, Oliver Tošković, Nada Dragojević, and Marija Čolić. "Experienced and Anticipated Discrimination in Persons with Physical Disabilities in Serbia." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i2.p66-75.

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The aim of this study was to explore extensity (regarding various life domains in which it appears) and intensity of experienced and anticipated discrimination of persons with physical disabilities; (2) to investigate how experienced and anticipated discrimination relate to each other; (3) to explore relations between experienced and anticipated discrimination and certain socio demographic variables (gender, marriage, residence, family type, employment and age). The levels of experienced and anticipated stigmatization were evaluated by Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC – 12). The results showed that persons with physical disability experience discrimination in family life (63. 3%), (starting a family (65. 5%), marriage (45. 4%), role as a parent (45. 3%), in the experience of being avoided or shunned (42. 1%), in relation to professional staff (40. 3%), etc. They anticipate discrimination in making close relationships (46. 3%), in employment (30. 2%) and in education (24. 3%). Multiple regression analysis showed that experienced discrimination is a predictor of anticipated discrimination. Discrimination is more anticipated by unmarried participants, younger, participants living in extended families and by participants not living in their own apartments. It is necessary to design an anti-stigma campaign, which will lead to the reduction of experienced and anticipated discrimination. Keywords: stigma, experienced discrimination, anticipated discrimination, persons with physical disability.

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Milačić-Vidojević, Ivona, Oliver Tošković, Nada Dragojević, and Marija Čolić. "Experienced and Anticipated Discrimination in Persons with Physical Disabilities in Serbia." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v7i2.p66-75.

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The aim of this study was to explore extensity (regarding various life domains in which it appears) and intensity of experienced and anticipated discrimination of persons with physical disabilities; (2) to investigate how experienced and anticipated discrimination relate to each other; (3) to explore relations between experienced and anticipated discrimination and certain socio demographic variables (gender, marriage, residence, family type, employment and age). The levels of experienced and anticipated stigmatization were evaluated by Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC – 12). The results showed that persons with physical disability experience discrimination in family life (63. 3%), (starting a family (65. 5%), marriage (45. 4%), role as a parent (45. 3%), in the experience of being avoided or shunned (42. 1%), in relation to professional staff (40. 3%), etc. They anticipate discrimination in making close relationships (46. 3%), in employment (30. 2%) and in education (24. 3%). Multiple regression analysis showed that experienced discrimination is a predictor of anticipated discrimination. Discrimination is more anticipated by unmarried participants, younger, participants living in extended families and by participants not living in their own apartments. It is necessary to design an anti-stigma campaign, which will lead to the reduction of experienced and anticipated discrimination. Keywords: stigma, experienced discrimination, anticipated discrimination, persons with physical disability.

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Milacic-Vidojevic, Ivona, Dragana Djuric-Jocic, and Oliver Toskovic. "Experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia." Psihologija 44, no. 2 (2011): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1102117m.

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Aim of this research was to describe the nature, direction and severity of anticipated and experienced discrimination reported by people with schizophrenia. We applied interview to 50 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia in two psychiatric hospitals in Belgrade. Discrimination was measured with discrimination and stigma scale (DISC) which produce 3 subscores, positive experienced discrimination, negative experienced discrimination and anticipated discrimination. The same scale was used in cross-cultural research in 27 european countries. Results have shown that participants from Serbia do not recognize discrimination in all areas of life equally. The discrimination recognized is more frequentlly negative then positive and is associated with existentially important realms of life. Due to anticipated discrimination participants in our study prevent themselves from looking for a close relationship. Anticipated discrimination could not be predicted on the grounds of experienced, positive or negative discrimination.

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Üçok, A., E. Brohan, D. Rose, N. Sartorius, M. Leese, C. K. Yoon, A. Plooy, B. A. Ertekin, R. Milev, and G. Thornicroft. "Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 125, no. 1 (October 24, 2011): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01772.x.

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Quinn, Diane M., Michelle K. Williams, and Bradley M. Weisz. "From discrimination to internalized mental illness stigma: The mediating roles of anticipated discrimination and anticipated stigma." Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 38, no. 2 (June 2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/prj0000136.

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Lee, Margaret, and Madan M. Pillutla. "Anticipated Dissatisfaction Causes Discrimination against Attractive Candidates." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 17805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.26.

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Charness, Gary, Ramón Cobo-Reyes, Simone Meraglia, and Ángela Sánchez. "Anticipated Discrimination, Choices, and Performance: Experimental Evidence." European Economic Review 127 (August 2020): 103473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103473.

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Isaksson, A., E. Corker, J. Cotney, S. Hamilton, V. Pinfold, D. Rose, N. Rüsch, C. Henderson, G. Thornicroft, and S. Evans-Lacko. "Coping with stigma and discrimination: evidence from mental health service users in England." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 6 (May 2, 2017): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204579601700021x.

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Aims.Mental health stigma and discrimination are significant problems. Common coping orientations include: concealing mental health problems, challenging others and educating others. We describe the use of common stigma coping orientations and explain variations within a sample of English mental health service users.Methods.Cross-sectional survey data were collected as part of the Viewpoint survey of mental health service users’ experiences of discrimination (n = 3005). Linear regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with the three stigma coping orientations.Results.The most common coping orientation was to conceal mental health problems (73%), which was strongly associated with anticipated discrimination. Only 51% ever challenged others because of discriminating behaviour, this being related to experienced discrimination, but also to higher confidence to tackle stigma.Conclusions.Although stigma coping orientations vary by context, individuals often choose to conceal problems, which is associated with greater anticipated and experienced discrimination and less confidence to challenge stigma. The direction of this association requires further investigation.

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Oexle, N., T. Waldmann, T. Staiger, Z. Xu, and N. Rüsch. "Mental illness stigma and suicidality: the role of public and individual stigma." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 2 (December 6, 2016): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000949.

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Aims.Suicide rates are increased among unemployed individuals and mental illness stigma can contribute to both unemployment and suicidality. Persons with mental illness perceive negative attitudes among the general public and experience discrimination in their everyday life (=public stigma components) potentially leading to self-stigma and anticipated discrimination (=individual stigma components). Previous research found evidence for an association between aspects of mental illness stigma and suicidality, but has not yet clarified the underlying pathways explaining how different stigma components interact and contribute to suicidal ideation.Method.Public and individual stigma components and their association with suicidal ideation were examined among 227 unemployed persons with mental illness. A path model linking public stigma components (experienced discrimination, perceived stigma) with suicidal ideation, mediated by individual stigma components (anticipated discrimination, self-stigma), was examined using structural equation modelling within Mplus.Results.Our sample was equally split in terms of gender, on average 43 years old and about half reported no suicidal ideation during the past 30 days. In bivariate analyses all stigma components were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. In the path model and controlling for symptoms, the association between experienced discrimination and suicidal ideation was fully mediated by anticipated discrimination and self-stigma. Perceived stigma's contribution to suicidal ideation was fully mediated by anticipated discrimination, but not by self-stigma.Conclusions.In general, programmes addressing multiple stigma components seem to be most effective in improving suicide prevention. Besides interventions targeting negative attitudes and discriminating behaviours of the general public, programmes to support persons with mental illness in coping with perceived and experienced stigma could improve suicide prevention. Future studies should test the short- and long-term effects of such interventions on suicidality and further investigate the role of stigma coping (e.g. secrecy) and emotional consequences (e.g. hopelessness and loneliness) for the association between stigma components and suicidality.

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Anna Mähönen, Tuuli, and Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti. "Anticipated and Perceived Intergroup Relations as Predictors of Immigrants’ Identification Patterns." European Psychologist 17, no. 2 (January 2012): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000114.

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The present study among Ingrian-Finnish remigrants (N = 153) from Russia to Finland examined the effects of anticipated discrimination in the pre-migration stage on the way intergroup relations are perceived and multiple cultural identities are formed in the post-migration stage. First, the results indicated that anticipated discrimination in the pre-migration stage affected perceived discrimination, permeability of group boundaries, and group status legitimacy in the post-migration stage. Second, anticipated discrimination in the pre-migration stage was not directly associated with any of the identities in the post-migration stage, but it was indirectly associated with national identification, via perceived discrimination and permeability of group boundaries. Perceived discrimination and impermeability of group boundaries in the post-migration stage were associated with lower levels of remigrants’ national (Finnish) identification in the new homeland. Third, the perceived legitimacy of Ingrian-Finns’ low status was associated with increased Russian minority identification. The findings extend previous research on the effects of anticipated intergroup contact on actual intergroup encounters on the one hand, and on the effects of perceived discrimination, status legitimacy, and permeability of group boundaries on national and ethnic identification among immigrants, on the other.

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Lasalvia, Antonio, Tine Van Bortel, Chiara Bonetto, Geetha Jayaram, Jaap van Weeghel, Silvia Zoppei, Lee Knifton, et al. "Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: The ASPEN/INDIGO international study." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 6 (December 2015): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.156992.

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BackgroundNo study has so far explored differences in discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder (MDD) across countries and cultures.AimsTo (a) compare reported discrimination across different countries, and (b) explore the relative weight of individual and contextual factors in explaining levels of reported discrimination in people with MDD.MethodCross-sectional multisite international survey (34 countries worldwide) of 1082 people with MDD. Experienced and anticipated discrimination were assessed by the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). Countries were classified according to their rating on the Human Development Index (HDI). Multilevel negative binomial and Poisson models were used.ResultsPeople living in ‘very high HDI’ countries reported higher discrimination than those in ‘medium/low HDI’ countries. Variation in reported discrimination across countries was only partially explained by individual-level variables. The contribution of country-level variables was significant for anticipated discrimination only.ConclusionsContextual factors play an important role in anticipated discrimination. Country-specific interventions should be implemented to prevent discrimination towards people with MDD.

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McGonagle, Alyssa, Adam Roebuck, Hannah Diebel, Justin Aqwa, Zachary Fragoso, and Sarah Stoddart. "Anticipated work discrimination scale: a chronic illness application." Journal of Managerial Psychology 31, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-01-2014-0009.

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Purpose – The authors sought initial validity evidence for a measure of anticipated discrimination in the workplace using three samples of working adults with various chronic illnesses. The purpose of this paper is to propose a single factor structure, correlations with stigma dimensions, discriminant validity from similar scales, and incremental validity in predicting work-related outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Adults working at least 20 hours per week with various chronic illnesses (Sample 1 n=332, Sample 2 n=193, Sample 3 n=230) voluntarily completed an online survey. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Findings – Results supported the proposed single-factor structure, along with proposed correlations with strain, and job attitudes (job satisfaction, affective commitment, and both procedural justice). Discriminant validity was observed between anticipated discrimination and procedural justice perceptions and perceived impact on performance. The scale demonstrated incremental validity in predicting strain beyond the relevant controls in all three samples, although it only demonstrated incremental validity in predicting job satisfaction in Samples 1 and 3 and affective commitment in Sample 1. Research limitations/implications – Study limitations include the use of single-source, cross-sectional data, omission of a non-stigmatized sample, and a deductive approach to item generation. Future research should attempt to validate the scale on other stigmatized worker populations. Practical implications – Organizations may use this scale to monitor employees’ perceptions of anticipated discrimination and researchers may use it as a measure of a workplace stressor. Originality/value – The vast majority of existing stigma and discrimination scales do not specifically address the workplace context. This study contributes to the literature by providing psychometric information for a workplace anticipated discrimination scale using samples from an under-represented worker population.

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Ng, Eddy S. W., Linda Schweitzer, and Sean T. Lyons. "Anticipated Discrimination and a Career Choice in Nonprofit." Review of Public Personnel Administration 32, no. 4 (August 2012): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x12453055.

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Hunger, Jeffrey M., Dorian R. Dodd, and April R. Smith. "Weight discrimination, anticipated weight stigma, and disordered eating." Eating Behaviors 37 (April 2020): 101383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101383.

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Gordon, Amie M., Aric A. Prather, Tessa Dover, Kathy Espino-Pérez, Payton Small, and Brenda Major. "Anticipated and Experienced Ethnic/Racial Discrimination and Sleep: A Longitudinal Study." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 1724–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220928859.

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The transition to college is a stressful experience. For members of underrepresented minority groups, the usual stresses are frequently accompanied by ethnicity-based stressors, including discrimination. This longitudinal study extends prior work on discrimination by examining the prospective associations between anticipated and experienced ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep, a ubiquitous and basic biological need critical for optimal functioning. In a sample of 274 low-income/first-generation Latinx students, results from a cross-lagged panel model revealed that both the anticipation and experience of discrimination at the beginning of college uniquely predicted worsening sleep quality over the second half of freshmen year, controlling for relevant covariates. There was also some evidence for bidirectionality, with poor sleepers experiencing more discrimination. These findings add to the literature linking discrimination and sleep, both of which play large roles in mental, physical, social, and academic outcomes.

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Vidojević, Ivona Milačić, Dragana Ðurić Jočić, and Oliver Tošković. "Comparative study of experienced and anticipated stigma in Serbia and the world." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58, no. 4 (June 15, 2011): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764011399000.

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Aim: The presented study is part of the International Study of Discrimination and Stigma Outcomes (INDIGO) conducted in 28 countries. The aim of this study was to compare the degree of experienced and anticipated stigma of patients with schizophrenia in Serbia with world results. Method: The Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC) was applied in individual interviews. The sample comprised 732 subjects of the main study and 50 subjects from Serbia. Results: The amount of negative experienced discrimination in Serbia is the same as in other participating countries. The Serbian sample shows more negative discrimination in intimate relationships, personal safety and general harm due to the diagnosis, but more positive discrimination within the family, privileges during treatment of somatic illnesses, and benefits enjoyed in social and retirement insurance. The Serbian sample shows less anticipated discrimination in looking for a close relationship and in stopping self from applying for work. The results show that socio-demographic variables could not predict negative experienced and anticipated discrimination, while those same variables enable the prediction of 34% of positive discrimination. Conclusion: Compared to other investigated countries, stigmatization processes for persons with schizophrenia do not differ considerably in Serbia, which justifies the implementation of unique anti-stigma programmes and joint upgrading of legal regulations.

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Maggiolo, Davide, Chiara Buizza, Michela Vittorielli, Mariangela Lanfredi, Giuseppe Rossi, Alessandro Ricci, Alessia Cicolini, and Antonio Lasalvia. "Patterns of experienced and anticipated discrimination in patients with Schizophrenia. Italian results from the INDIGO international multisite project." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 2010): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00000658.

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SUMMARYAims— To describe patterns of experienced andanticipated discrimination in a sample of schizophrenic patients recruited in Italy in the context of the International Study of Discrimination and Stigma Outcomes (INDIGO).Methods— Cross-sectional survey on a sample of 50 people with clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia recruited in the Italian INDIGO sites of Verona and Brescia. The 41-item interview-based Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-10), which assesses how experienced and anticipated discrimination affects the life of people with schizophrenia, was used.Results— The most frequently occurring areas of experienced discrimination were discrimination by family members (44%), making and keeping friends (33%), keeping (36%) and finding a job (34%), getting or keeping a driving licence (32%). Anticipated discrimination was common in applying for work, training or education (58%), lookingfor close relationships (50%) and doing something important (48%); 68% felt the need to conceal their diagnosis. Positive experiences were rare, and getting welfare benefits/disability pensions was the only area where participants reported being treated with advantage (34%) more commonly than with disadvantage (8%). Overall, experienced discrimination reported by Italian patients was in the intermediate position of the score range of all INDIGO sites, whereas anticipated discrimination was lower than that reported in the other countries.Conclusions— Interventions to reduce discrimination against people with schizophrenia may need to address both actual and anticipated discrimination. Targeted therapeutic strategies aiming to improve self-esteem of people with schizophrenia may be usefulto facilitate their social participation and full inclusion in the community.Declaration of Interest: The authors declare they have not competing interests.

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Krill Williston, Sarah, Jennifer H. Martinez, and Tahirah Abdullah. "Mental health stigma among people of color: An examination of the impact of racial discrimination." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 65, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764019858651.

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Objective: The primary goal of this study was to examine the relations between racial discrimination experiences and different dimensions of mental health stigma among a diverse sample of people of color. Method: Participants were recruited through blast emails at a large public university and completed an online survey ( N = 205). Four linear regressions were completed predicting from recent racial discrimination experiences to (1) negative beliefs about mental health problems, (2) treatments, (3) treatment seeking and (4) anticipated stigma. Results: Results indicated that recent racial discrimination experiences contributed unique variance in anticipated stigma from loved ones, as well as negative beliefs about mental health problems. Conclusion and Implications for Practice: Racial discrimination contributes to increased anticipated stigma and negative beliefs about mental health problems. Addressing the impact of racial discrimination as it influences these dimensions of mental health stigma is important to promote recovery among people of color.

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López-Micó, C., B. Reneses, L. Gallego, G. Maria Sagrario, R. Fernandez, Á. Huidobro, L. Reyes, and P. Gómez. "Perceived and anticipating stigma in schizophrenia in relationship with depressive symptoms and functionality degree." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.655.

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IntroductionPerceived and anticipated stigma is relevant issues in patients with schizophrenia. Stigma has negative consequences both in quality of life and in the course of illness.ObjectivesTo analyze the degree of perceived and anticipated stigma and discrimination in patients with schizophrenia and their relationship with clinical and socio-demographic variables.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 100 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, 18 or more years old, clinically stabilized, without axis I DSM-IV comorbidity. Patients received treatment in the outpatient services of a catchment area in Madrid. Perceived and anticipated discrimination was evaluated trough the DISC-12 (Discrimination and Stigma scale). Other study variables were: socio-demographic characteristics, symptoms of depression (Calgary Scale) and functionality degree measured by Global Assessment of Function (GAF).ResultsThe presence of symptoms of depression evaluated by the Calgary Scale and low degree of functionality measured by GAF are associated with greater feelings of discrimination and stigma, especially in the sub-scales of experienced and anticipated discrimination of the DISC 12. Anticipated stigma is higher in men than in women while the rest sub scales of the DISC-12 do not correlate with gender or other sociodemographic variables.ConclusionsPreventive strategies to avoid the stigma in schizophrenia should consider some characteristics associated with disease, especially the degree of functionality and presence of depressive symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Ngige, Lucy W., and Phoebe D. Ndayala. "Effects of Anticipated Stigma and Discrimination on Self-Disclosure of HIV Seropositive Status among People Living with HIV and AIDS in Kenya." East African Journal of Health and Science 2, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajhs.2.1.211.

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The purpose of the study was to establish whether anticipated stigma and discrimination from intimate partners and social support networks such as family, friends, neighbours, community, religious affiliates and workmates predicted the likelihood of self-disclosure of HIV seropositive status by People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in Kenya. A survey was conducted among a random sample of 232 adult Persons Living with HIV and AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya. Data was collected using interviews and focus group discussions. The results revealed that 50.5% had disclosed their HIV seropositive status, while 49.5% had not. The results of regression analysis revealed that anticipated stigma and discrimination by intimate partners and social support networks were statistically significant negative predictors of self-disclosure of HIV seropositive status among PLWHA as evidenced by the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR < 1.000). The negative predictors included anticipated intimate partner violence (AOR= 0.635; p = 0.016), abandonment by the family (AOR= 0.410; p = 0.002), isolation by friends (AOR=0.136; p=0.001), exclusion from social functions (AOR= 0.365; p = 0.002), exclusion from access to community amenities (AOR= 0.416; p = 0.032), exclusion by the religious group (AOR= 0.446; p = 0.032), and dismissal from the workplace (AOR= 0.266; p = 0.002). However, the anticipated desertion by intimate partners (AOR= 0.539; p = 0.086) and the anticipated segregation by the community (AOR= 0.0.538; p = 0.076) were not statistically significant predictors. These findings established that the study participants who anticipated negative consequences from their intimate partners and social support networks were not likely to disclose their HIV seropositive status. These findings further established that there was an inverse relationship between anticipated stigma and discrimination and self-disclosure of HIV seropositive status among PLWHA. This implies that anticipated stigma and discrimination promoted the non-disclosure of HIV seropositive status instead of fostering disclosure. The study concluded that anticipated stigma and discrimination against PLWHA act as risk factors for non-disclosure of HIV seropositive status thereby putting intimate partners and significant others at risk of HIV infection.

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Kurland, Nancy B. "The Impact of Legal Age Discrimination on Women in Professional Occupations." Business Ethics Quarterly 11, no. 2 (April 2001): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857752.

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Abstract:This paper describes how anticipated age discrimination in the form of disparate treatment induces behavior that in effect constitutes gender discrimination. Potential employers often exhibit a common pattern of behavior that acts to discriminate against older workers entering a specific workplace. Women, at a decision-making point early in their lives, are aware of this pattern of discrimination. They perceive that it is important for them to establish their careers before they have a family because it will be more difficult for them to enter the work force at a later age and excel at their careers. This anticipated age discrimination disparately impacts women, resulting in gender discrimination.

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Fisk, Susan R., and Jon Overton. "Who Wants to Lead? Anticipated Gender Discrimination Reduces Women’s Leadership Ambitions." Social Psychology Quarterly 82, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519863424.

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We examine whether anticipated gender discrimination—specifically, gendered sanctions for leadership failure—decreases women’s leadership ambitions. We find that laypeople expect that women leaders will be punished more harshly for failure than otherwise similar men. We also compare the leadership ambitions of women and men under conditions of benign and costly failure and find that leadership roles with costly failure—which implicitly have the potential for gendered sanctions for failure—disproportionally depress women’s leadership ambitions relative to men’s. Anticipated sanctions for failure mediate this effect, providing evidence that anticipated gender discrimination reduces women’s leadership ambitions. These results illuminate microlevel foundations of the stalled revolution by demonstrating how gendered beliefs about leadership are recreated, legitimized, and contribute to the dearth of women leaders. These findings also suggest that organizational responses to failure may produce gender differences in leadership ambitions and risk-taking behavior.

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Reneses, B., L. Gallego, C. López-Micó, A. Fernández del Moral, R. Rodríguez, I. Argudo, C. Carrascosa, and S. Ochoa. "Perceived and anticipated stigma in patients with schizophrenia according with the length of illness." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.654.

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IntroductionPerceived and anticipated stigma are relevant issues in patients with schizophrenia. Stigma has negative consequences both in quality of life and in the course of illness.ObjectivesTo analyze differences in perceived and anticipated discrimination in two groups of patients with schizophrenia: one with a recent diagnosis of illness and another with a long course of disease.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 100 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, 18 or more years old, clinically stabilized, without axis I DSM-IV comorbidity. Patients received treatment in the outpatient services of a catchment area in Madrid. Perceived and anticipated discrimination was evaluated trough the DISC-12 (Discrimination and Stigma scale). Other study variables were: socio-demographic status, length of disease, symptoms of depression (Calgary Scale) and functionality degree measured by Global Assessment of Function (GAF). Two sub-groups of patients were compared: one with a length of illness below 5 years and a second one with a length of illness over 5 years.ResultsPatients with a length of illness longer than 5 years showed elevated degree of perceived and anticipated discrimination compared with patients with less than 5 years of illness course. In the same way, patients with a recent diagnosis of illness showed increased scores in the measure of face the stigma.ConclusionsPreventive strategies to avoid the stigma in schizophrenia should consider some differences in patients in relationship with the length of evolution of illness in order to be more accurate. Early intervention programs about stigma are necessary.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Schauman, Oliver, Andrew K. MacLeod, Graham Thornicroft, and Sarah Clement. "Mental illness related discrimination: The role of self-devaluation and anticipated discrimination for decreased well-being." Stigma and Health 4, no. 1 (February 2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sah0000117.

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Sibitz, I., R. Lakeman, M. Parkinson, J. Walsh, P. Mc Gowan, M. Redmond, C. Stevenson, and L. Mac Gabhann. "The impact of hospitalisation on discrimination experiences." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72287-8.

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BackgroundThe aim of the study was to assess the experiences of discrimination as reported by people with mental health problems and to explore the impact of hospitalisation.Methods306 people with mental health problems provided sociodemographic data and data on discrimination using the discrimination and stigma scale version 12 (DISC-12) with the domains negative experienced discrimination, anticipated discrimination, overcoming stigma and discrimination, and positive experienced discrimination. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the impact of hospitalisation on discrimination, controlled for age, gender, education, employment, diagnosis and having been prescribed medication.ResultsHospitalisation had a major impact on negative discrimination: People were more likely to be treated unfairly in making or keeping friends, in marriage or divorce, by people in their neighbourhood, in social life, by mental health staff and in terms of privacy, if they had been hospitalised. They were also more likely to be avoided or shunned by people who knew about the mental health problem. People with a history of hospitalisation also reported more anticipated discrimination: They had stopped themselves more often from having a close personal relationship and concealed their mental health problem from others more often than those without a history of hospitalisation. However, people who had been hospitalised also experienced more positive discrimination in terms of being treated more positively in getting welfare benefits or disability pensions and in housing.ConclusionFindings suggest that treatment in hospital contributed to a higher extent to experienced discrimination than treatment in the community.

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Herda, Daniel. "Reactive Ethnicity and Anticipated Discrimination among American Muslims in Southeastern Michigan." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 38, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2018.1524136.

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Larwood, Laurie, and Urs E. Gattiker. "Rational Bias and Interorganizational Power in the Employment of Management Consultants." Group & Organization Studies 10, no. 1 (March 1985): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105960118501000101.

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A review of the organizational discrimination literature indicates that a potentially important source of discrimination, referred to here as "rational bias, " has received little attention. Defined as discrimination originating in the service of economic self-interest, rational bias is specifically tested in the management-client relation ship. As anticipated, the results show a preference for male management consultants in some types of activities. The findings are interpreted as providing support for the new model of discrimi nation in organizations.

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Hansson, Lars, Sigrid Stjernswärd, and Bengt Svensson. "Perceived and anticipated discrimination in people with mental illness—An interview study." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 68, no. 2 (March 13, 2013): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2013.775339.

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Herda, Daniel, and Bill McCarthy. "No experience required: Violent crime and anticipated, vicarious, and experienced racial discrimination." Social Science Research 70 (February 2018): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.11.008.

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Masuch, Theresa Vera, Myriam Bea, Barbara Alm, Peter Deibler, and Esther Sobanski. "Internalized stigma, anticipated discrimination and perceived public stigma in adults with ADHD." ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 11, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12402-018-0274-9.

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Milačić Vidojević, Ivona, Nada Dragojević, and Oliver Tošković. "Experienced and anticipated discrimination among people with major depressive disorder in Serbia." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 61, no. 7 (January 22, 2015): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764014568325.

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McGonagle, Alyssa K., and Lydia E. Hamblin. "Proactive Responding to Anticipated Discrimination Based on Chronic Illness: Double-Edged Sword?" Journal of Business and Psychology 29, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9324-7.

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Scheim, Ayden I., and Greta R. Bauer. "The Intersectional Discrimination Index: Development and validation of measures of self-reported enacted and anticipated discrimination for intercategorical analysis." Social Science & Medicine 226 (April 2019): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.016.

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Thornicroft, Calum, Allan Wyllie, Graham Thornicroft, and Nisha Mehta. "Impact of the “Like Minds, Like Mine” anti-stigma and discrimination campaign in New Zealand on anticipated and experienced discrimination." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 4 (November 19, 2013): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867413512687.

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Iyogun, Akin A., Douglas A. Buchanan, and Michael S. Freund. "Analyte discrimination with chemically diverse sensor array based on electrocopolymerized pyrrole and vinyl derivatives." RSC Advances 6, no. 39 (2016): 32549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03613a.

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The development of chemically diverse arrays of sensing elements has gained the attention of researchers due to their anticipated capacity to mimic the function of olfactory receptors in the mammalian olfactory system.

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Dickson, Lexus, Samuel Bunting, Alexis Nanna, Megan Taylor, Mindi Spencer, and Liam Hein. "Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Adults’ Experiences With Discrimination and Impacts on Expectations for Long-Term Care: Results of a Survey in the Southern United States." Journal of Applied Gerontology 41, no. 3 (October 11, 2021): 650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07334648211048189.

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The number of older adults in the United States is projected to increase in coming years, including the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ+) older adults requiring long-term care (LTC) services. We conducted an online survey of older LGBTQ+ adults living in the Southern United States between January and March of 2018 to inquire about their anticipation of discrimination in and willingness to utilize LTC services. We found that 78.6% of respondents ( N = 789) anticipated discrimination in LTC. Previous experiences with discrimination, higher educational attainment, and queer/questioning sexual orientation were associated with greater expectation of discrimination. Higher anticipation of discrimination was also associated with a greater preference for utilizing LTC services offered by LGBTQ+ providers or for LGBTQ+ older adults. These findings suggest that LTC staff and researchers may be uniquely positioned to craft outreach and policies to protect LGBTQ+ LTC residents.

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DeLapp, R. C. T., and M. T. Williams. "Preparing for Racial Discrimination and Moving beyond Reactive Coping: a Systematic Review." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666190211114709.

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Racial discrimination is a commonly experienced stressor among African American that occurs in various forms. The stressful qualities of racial discrimination are highlighted by how such events are often cognitively appraised and the negative mental health outcomes associated with such racial stressors. Traditionally, existing conceptual models of racial discrimination have characterized the reactive experiences of African Americans, particularly identifying how African American typically respond cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally. Moving forward, it is vital that the conceptual models of racial discrimination extend beyond the reactive experience and further identify nuances in the anticipatory and preparatory processes associated with racial discrimination. As such, the current review draws upon a model of proactive coping (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997) to begin conceptualizes how African American may cope with anticipated discriminatory experiences and propose future research directions for generating conceptual models that more comprehensively capture experiences of racial stress among African Americans.

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Chan, Kevin Ka Shing, and Winnie Tsz Wa Fung. "Differential Impact of Experienced and Anticipated Discrimination on Sleep and Health Among Sexual Minorities." Archives of Sexual Behavior 50, no. 7 (October 2021): 3053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01981-2.

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Lindström, Martin. "Social capital, anticipated ethnic discrimination and self-reported psychological health: A population-based study." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.023.

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Üçok, Alp, Gülşah Karadayı, Birgül Emiroğlu, and Norman Sartorius. "Anticipated discrimination is related to symptom severity, functionality and quality of life in schizophrenia." Psychiatry Research 209, no. 3 (October 2013): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.022.

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Wang, Chen, and Mei. "Flexible Tactile Sensor Array for Slippage and Grooved Surface Recognition in Sliding Movement." Micromachines 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10090579.

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Flexible tactile sensor with contact force sensing and surface texture recognition abilities is crucial for robotic dexterous grasping and manipulation in daily usage. Different from force sensing, surface texture discrimination is more challenging in the development of tactile sensors because of limited discriminative information. This paper presents a novel method using the finite element modeling (FEM) and phase delay algorithm to investigate the flexible tactile sensor array for slippage and grooved surfaces discrimination when sliding over an object. For FEM modeling, a 3 × 3 tactile sensor array with a multi-layer structure is utilized. For sensor array sliding over a plate surface, the initial slippage occurrence can be identified by sudden changes in normal forces based on wavelet transform analysis. For the sensor array sliding over pre-defined grooved surfaces, an algorithm based on phase delay between different sensing units is established and then utilized to discriminate between periodic roughness and the inclined angle of the grooved surfaces. Results show that the proposed tactile sensor array and surface texture recognition method is anticipated to be useful in applications involving human-robotic interactions.

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Lee, Sou, and Bryan F. Bubolz. "The Gang Member Stands Out: Stigma as a Residual Consequence of Gang Involvement." Criminal Justice Review 45, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016819867385.

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The topic of stigma and discrimination has been explored among various criminal justice populations; however, few studies have examined the stigma associated with being a former gang member. This study explores the stigmatic experiences among a sample of 30 self-identified former gang members to highlight the ongoing discrimination they experience in the time following involvement. Using grounded theory, results indicate that two thirds of study participants either anticipated or directly experienced stigma on behalf of the police or general public in the time since gang exit. These experiences were believed to impede future avenues of success and social integration. In addition to highlighting the frequency of anticipated and experienced stigma, we describe the sources of stigma that indicate former gang involvement. The sources of stigma include aspects of voluntary self-presentation such as tattoos and style of dress as well as official sources of gang intelligence that is most closely associated with gang databases. We conclude by discussing potential avenues for addressing reintegration and adjustment strategies among former gang members.

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Ortega, Julián. "Perceptions of Anticipated Stigma in Gay and Lesbian Workers in Health Services (Argentina)." Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): e42308. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/c.a..v17i1.42308.

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This article analyses situations of discrimination, violence and inequality against gay and lesbian workers due to their sexual orientation, gender and / or gender expression in healthcare institutions located in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. Some of the qualitative findings of a larger study are developed, which had a mixed approach and a cross-sectional, non-experimental design, in order to describe variants of anticipated stigma and perceptions of sexual orientation as potential obstacle at work. The persistence of stigma toward gay and lesbian workers, despite the greater legal and social recognition these groups have gained over the past decades, is a theoretical assumption of the study. While favourable changes are recognized, it is concluded that anticipated stigma persists among this group of workers.

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Quinn, Diane M., Gabriel Camacho, Bradley Pan-Weisz, and Michelle K. Williams. "Visible and concealable stigmatized identities and mental health: Experiences of racial discrimination and anticipated stigma." Stigma and Health 5, no. 4 (November 2020): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sah0000210.

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Thornicroft, Graham, Elaine Brohan, Diana Rose, Norman Sartorius, and Morven Leese. "Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey." Lancet 373, no. 9661 (January 2009): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61817-6.

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Fernández-Reino, Mariña. "Immigrant optimism or anticipated discrimination? Explaining the first educational transition of ethnic minorities in England." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 46 (December 2016): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2016.08.007.

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Webber, M., E. Corker, S. Hamilton, C. Weeks, V. Pinfold, D. Rose, G. Thornicroft, and C. Henderson. "Discrimination against people with severe mental illness and their access to social capital: findings from the Viewpoint survey." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 23, no. 2 (May 20, 2013): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796013000243.

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Aims.Discrimination against people with severe mental illness is an international problem. It is associated with reduced social contact and hinders recovery. This paper aims to evaluate if experienced or anticipated discrimination is associated with social capital, a known correlate of mental health.Methods.Data from the annual viewpoint cross-sectional survey of people with severe mental illness (n = 1016) were analysed. Exploratory univariate analysis was used to identify correlates of social capital in the sample, which were then evaluated in linear regression models. Additional hypotheses were tested using t tests.Results.Experienced discrimination made a modest contribution to the explained variance of social capital. Experienced discrimination from friends and immediate family was associated with reduced access to social capital from these groups, but this was not found for wider family, neighbours or mental health staff. Experience of discrimination in finding or keeping a job was also associated with reduced access to social capital.Conclusions.Further longitudinal research is needed to determine how resources within people's networks can help to build resilience, which reduces the harmful effect of discrimination on mental health.

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Campo-Arias, Adalberto, Edwin Herazo, and Guillermo Augusto Ceballos-Ospino. "Stigma-discrimination complex associated with major depressive disorder." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 67, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v67n4.72529.

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Dear Editor:Throughout history, the stigma-discrimination complex (SDC) has been associated with serious mental disorders such as those on the spectrum of schizophrenia, where symptoms, side effects and impaired social functioning are difficult to conceal. (1) For its part, SDC related to major depressive disorder (MDD) is a growing phenomenon even though its clinical characteristics are easy to hide or are less evident in the social sphere (2,3); in these cases, said association may have more negative effects on people’s lives than the disorder itself. (4,5) Consequently, the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS) was designed to quantify the relationship between SDC and MDD (SDC-MDD). This is a Likert scale consisting of two subscales with nine items each. The first addresses the issue of attitude towards people who meet criteria for MDD, i.e. perceived stigma, and the second, the anticipated attitude for MDD, i.e. personal stigma or self-stigma. (6)

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Scheim, Ayden I., Greta R. Bauer, João L. Bastos, and Tonia Poteat. "Advancing Intersectional Discrimination Measures for Health Disparities Research: Protocol for a Bilingual Mixed Methods Measurement Study." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e30987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30987.

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Background Guided by intersectionality frameworks, researchers have documented health disparities at the intersection of multiple axes of social status and position, particularly race and ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. To advance from identifying to intervening in such intersectional health disparities, studies that examine the underlying mechanisms are required. Although much research demonstrates the negative health impacts of perceived discrimination along single axes, quantitative approaches to assessing the role of discrimination in generating intersectional health disparities remain in their infancy. Members of our team recently introduced the Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI) to address this gap. The InDI comprises three measures of enacted (day-to-day and major) and anticipated discrimination. These attribution-free measures ask about experiences of mistreatment because of who you are. These measures show promise for intersectional health disparities research but require further validation across intersectional groups and languages. In addition, the proposal to remove attributions is controversial, and no direct comparison has ever been conducted. Objective This study aims to cognitively and psychometrically evaluate the InDI in English and Spanish and determine whether attributions should be included. Methods The study will draw on a preliminary validation data set and three original sequentially collected sources of data: qualitative cognitive interviews in English and Spanish with a sample purposively recruited across intersecting social status and position (gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and nativity); a Spanish quantitative survey (n=500; 250/500, 50% sexual and gender minorities); and an English quantitative survey (n=3000), with quota sampling by race and ethnicity (Black, Latino/a/x, and White), sexual or gender minority status, and gender. Results The study was funded by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities in May 2021, and data collection began in July 2021. Conclusions The key deliverables of the study will be bilingual measures of anticipated, day-to-day, and major discrimination validated for multiple health disparity populations using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/30987

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Yan, Mengzhao, Yuri Jang, and Kathleen Wilber. "MENTAL HEALTH IMPACT OF DISCRIMINATION: THE PROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DIVERSE GROUPS OF OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1326.

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Abstract Discrimination occurs in complex social contexts leading to various levels and types of outcomes. Although the negative health impact of discrimination is well-documented, there is a need to investigate patterns among discrimination, social factors, and health outcomes in diverse racial/ethnic groups of older adults to inform interventions. For example, social capital, such as social cohesion, social ties, and safety, is anticipated to be directly associated with mental health and also to modify the impact of discrimination. In the present study, we examined (1) racial/ethnic differences in perceived discrimination, social capital, and depressive symptoms and (2) the direct effect of perceived discrimination and social capital, as well as their interactions, on depressive symptoms among different racial/ethnic groups. Data were drawn from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) Round 3 (2,988 non-Hispanic Whites, 719 non-Hispanic Blacks, and 499 Hispanics; 68 mean age). Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks had a significantly higher level of perceived discrimination, lower social capital, and more depressive symptoms. Findings from multivariate linear regression models demonstrated that, in all racial/ethnic groups, frequent experiences of discrimination and low levels of social capital were associated with increased symptoms of depression. A significant interaction between discrimination and social cohesion was observed in non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. In both groups, the negative impact of discrimination was lower among those with higher levels of social cohesion. Our findings support efforts such as improving well-being for older adults by promoting age-friendly communities to build greater social cohesion.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anticipated Discrimination'

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