Journal articles on the topic 'Antibiotici veterinari'
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1
Scarborough, Ri, Laura Hardefeldt, Glenn Browning, and Kirsten Bailey. "Pet Owners and Antibiotics: Knowledge, Opinions, Expectations, and Communication Preferences." Antibiotics 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111326.
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Despite the important role of antimicrobial use in companion animals in the global challenge presented by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), very few studies have quantified pet owner factors that can contribute to suboptimal veterinary antimicrobial use. We conducted an online survey of pet owners, asking about their experiences with veterinarians, their opinions on antibiotic use and knowledge of antibiotics, and their communication preferences regarding judicious prescribing. Just over half (54%) of the 558 pet owners had received antibiotics for their pet at their last non-routine veterinary consultation and most owners were happy (83%) with the antibiotic prescribing decision of their veterinarian. A quarter (25%) indicated that they had been surprised, disappointed or frustrated when a veterinarian had not given their pet antibiotics; 15% had explicitly requested them. Owners placed a higher priority on their pet receiving the most effective treatment than on treatment being cheap or convenient. Most respondents recognized the limitations of antibiotic therapy and the risks associated with antibiotic use, but 50% believed the risks were confined to the treated animal; only a minority was aware of inter-species transfer of bacteria. Pet owners indicated that they would find judicious prescribing messages focused on the direct risks of antibiotics to their pet more compelling than those about public health. Our findings suggest that veterinary communications about responsible antibiotic use should focus on pet owners’ priorities and address or bypass their gaps in understanding regarding antibiotic resistance.
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Sobierajski, Tomasz, Beata Mazińska, Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska, Marcin Śmiałek, and Waleria Hryniewicz. "Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Resistance from the Perspective of Polish Veterinary Students: An Inter-University Study." Antibiotics 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010115.
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The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is a global problem that affects the use of antibiotics by humans and animal husbandry. One of the primary reasons for the growing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the over-prescription of antibiotics by doctors in human medicine and the overuse of antibiotics in industrial animal farming. Adequate education of veterinary medical students on the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry may reduce antibiotic resistance. For this reason, a survey was conducted among students at four primary research and didactic centers teaching veterinary medicine in Poland. The survey aimed to find out the knowledge and attitude of students towards the use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. The survey was conducted in May/June 2021. Four hundred and sixty-seven students participated in the study. The study positively verified that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance knowledge increase with successive years of veterinary studies/education. For most students (82.2%), antibiotic resistance is a significant problem, but only 58.7% believe it is global, and one in three respondents heard about the One Health approach.
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Marta-Costa, Ana, Carla Miranda, Vanessa Silva, Adriana Silva, Ângela Martins, José Eduardo Pereira, Luis Maltez, et al. "Survey of the Knowledge and Use of Antibiotics among Medical and Veterinary Health Professionals and Students in Portugal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052753.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an urgent and complex problem worldwide, exacerbated by the frequently inappropriate use of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to survey the levels of knowledge and awareness about antibiotic use and stewardship, among human and veterinary health professionals or students in Portugal, and the associations between antibiotic knowledge factors and socio-professional groups. In cross-sectional survey design, a total of 449 online structured questionnaires were completed in 2018–2019. The statistical analysis was performed dividing the respondents into four groups, A (undergraduate students), B (PhD students and researchers), C (lecturers), and D (technicians and other occupation). Among all respondents, 17% (n = 75) revealed some gap in knowledge about antibiotic resistance and the antibiotics that should be administered for different infection types (bacterial, viral, or fungal). Of the 159 pet owners among the respondents, only half had administered antibiotics to their animal and 64% (n = 102) knew that veterinary prescription is mandatory when administering antibiotics to animals. All groups statistically agreed that the AMR is a major public health problem and the antibiotics should be administrated for bacterial infections and used until the whole pack has been finished (p = 0.00). As expected, only groups B and C demonstrated a higher level of knowledge to recognize the antibiotic name and their active ingredient than undergraduate students (p = 0.00). About the antibiotic use on pets, only group B was statistically significant to no used antibiotics on their pets (p = 0.00). However, groups A, C, and D were statistically significant for the knowledge about the mandatory veterinarian prescription and groups C and D were significantly statistics for fully aware of the transmission of bacteria between animals and humans. In conclusion, in matters related to AMR, the behavior, education, and training of the general public and health professionals, including those who prescribe antibiotics for humans and animals, need to be improved.
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K. Landfried, Lauren, Ellen K. Barnidge, Patrick Pithua, Roger D. Lewis, Jonathan A. Jacoby, Christopher C. King, and Carole R. Baskin. "Antibiotic Use on Goat Farms: An Investigation of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Missouri Goat Farmers." Animals 8, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8110198.
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Use of low dose, prophylactic antibiotics contributes to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. In one study, goat meat in Missouri was found to have a higher percentage of antibiotic residues at slaughter than the national average, so we attempted to identify factors related to goat production that may contribute to this issue. Using the knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) model, we interviewed 11 Missouri goat farmers about factors affecting antibiotic use. Most of the farmers did not have specific protocols for managing illnesses and only relied on veterinarians for major health issues. Many felt veterinarians lacked knowledge about goat medicine so instead relied on other farmers’ or their own experiences for treatment modalities. While most agreed that antibiotic resistance was a concern, only 4 of the 11 indicated that they only used antibiotics when prescribed by the veterinarian. Veterinarians should be relied on and valued for their medical expertise, but they are not always being utilized in this manner. Therefore, veterinary education should emphasize goat health management to a greater extent than it currently does, and soft skills to build collaborative relationships with farmers should be taught to promote preventative health measures and more judicious use of antibiotics.
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Serge Egide Paulin, Mensah, Sessou Philippe, Nata Christie, Adjahoutonon Koomlan Yélindo Kadjinou Brice, Lahamy Olivier, and Farougou Souaïbou. "Mode d’utilisation des antibiotiques dans les élevages de bovin laitier sédentaires au nord-ouest du Bénin." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 42.2 (November 29, 2019): 7198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v42-2.2.
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Une enquête transversale a été faite pour évaluer l’utilisation des antibiotiques dans les élevages de production de lait de vache des communes de Natitingou, Kérou, Pehunco, Kouandé et Djougou au nord-ouest du Bénin. Sur 452 éleveurs enquêtés, 347 (76,7%) utilisaient des antibiotiques sans assistance vétérinaire pour le traitement des affections respiratoires (19,0%), les entérites néo natales (19,0%), les dermatoses (18,0%), les plaies (17,0%), les mammites (17,0%) ou d’autres maladies (10,0%). Les tétracyclines (100,0%), les pénicillines (100,0%), les sulfamides (47,1%) et les macrolides (16,8%) étaient les familles d’antibiotiques les plus utilisées. 35,6% des éleveurs achetait les antibiotiques au marché contre 84,4% chez un vétérinaire et 35,1% les achetait sans le conseil d’un vétérinaire. Plus de 50% des éleveurs ne consulte pas un vétérinaire pour l’administration des antibiotiques ou n’adapte jamais la posologie selon le poids des bovins traités. Enfin, 83,6% des éleveurs faisaient traire les vaches sous traitement antibiotiques tout comme les vaches sans traitement. Les services vétérinaires du Bénin devraient mieux contrôler de l’utilisation des antibiotiques en production de lait de vache et sensibiliser les éleveurs sur le risque représenté par la présence de résidus d’antibiotiques dans le lait de vache consommé. ABSTRACT A cross sectional survey was conducted to assess the use of antibiotic in dairy farms in the municipalities of Natitingou, Kérou, Pehunco, Kouandé and Djougou in northwestern Benin. Three hundred and Forty seven 347 (76.7%) of the 452 surveyed farmers used antibiotics without veterinary assistance against neonatal enteritis (19.0%), dermatitis (18.0%), wounds (17.0%), mastitis (17.0%) or others diseases (10.0%). Tetracyclines (100.0%), penicillins (100.0%), sulfonamides (47.1%) and macrolides (16.8 %) and were the most used families of antibiotics. 35.6% of breeders bought antibiotics at the market against 84.4% at a veterinarian and 35.1% bought them without the advice of a veterinarian. More than 50% of breeders do not consult a veterinarian for the administration of antibiotics or never adapt the dosage according to the weight of the treated cattle. Finally, 83.6% of breeders milked cows under antibiotic treatment as cows without treatment. Benin veterinary services should more control the use of antibiotics in dairy farms and inform the farmer about the risk associated with the presence of antibiotics residues in consumed cow milk.
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Butzin-Dozier, Zachary, William F. Waters, Martin Baca, Rommel Lenin Vinueza, Carlos Saraiva-Garcia, and Jay Graham. "Assessing Upstream Determinants of Antibiotic Use in Small-Scale Food Animal Production through a Simulated Client Method." Antibiotics 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010002.
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Small-scale food animal production has been celebrated as a means of economic mobility and improved food security but the use of veterinary antibiotics among these producers may be contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. In order to improve antibiotic stewardship in this sector, it is critical to identify the drivers of producers’ antibiotic use. This study assessed the determinants of antibiotic use in small-scale food animal production through simulated client visits to veterinary supply stores and surveys with households that owned food animals (n = 117) in Ecuador. Eighty percent of households with food animals owned chickens and 78% of those with chickens owned fewer than 10 birds. Among the households with small-scale food animals, 21% reported giving antibiotics to their food animals within the last six months. Simulated client visits indicated that veterinary sales agents frequently recommended inappropriate antibiotic use, as 66% of sales agents recommended growth promoting antibiotics, and 48% of sales agents recommended an antibiotic that was an inappropriate class for disease treatment. In contrast, few sales agents (3%) were willing to sell colistin, an antibiotic banned for veterinary use in Ecuador as of January 2020, which supports the effectiveness of government regulation in antibiotic stewardship. The cumulative evidence provided by this study indicates that veterinary sales agents play an active role in promoting indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in small-scale food animal production.
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Stallwood, Jennifer, Alex Shirlow, and Angie Hibbert. "A UK-based survey of cat owners’ perceptions and experiences of antibiotic usage." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19826353.
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Objectives The aim of this study was to explore owners’ knowledge of antibiotics, experience of antibiotic use in their cats and involvement in decision-making regarding antibiotic prescriptions. Methods Cat owners were recruited via social media and veterinary practices to complete a survey designed to evaluate general knowledge of antibiotics, attitudes to antibiotic stewardship and experiences of antibiotic use in their own cat between November 2017 and March 2018. Data were analysed descriptively. Results A total of 1436 surveys were completed; 247 respondents (17.2%) had a veterinary background. The majority of the remaining respondents correctly identified that antibiotics treat bacterial infections (84.0%; n = 999) but do not treat viral infections (72.8%; n = 865). A minority (n = 338; 28.4%) agreed that antibiotic resistance was a problem in cats in the UK; 92.3% (n = 1097) identified that resistance was a problem in human medicine. Seventy percent (n = 832) of the respondents’ cats had received antibiotics; 29.6% (n = 246) received a long-acting injectable antibiotic (14 days’ duration). Diagnostic tests were performed before antibiotic prescription in 38.7% (n = 322) of cats; 1.4% (n = 7) of respondents reported declining suggested tests and 65.8% (n = 778) indicated that they would be happy to pay for diagnostic tests to allow selection of the most appropriate antibiotic. Most respondents (95.8%; n = 792) indicated that they were happy to follow their veterinarian’s advice and recommendations; however, 49.2% (n = 405) had expected antibiotics to be prescribed. Conclusions and relevance Cat owners demonstrated good knowledge of antibiotic action; however, greater owner education regarding the potential for veterinary antibiotic resistance, requirement for diagnostic testing and training in the administration of oral medication with first-line antibiotics, as well as the use of veterinary antibiotic guidelines, will improve antibiotic stewardship. Good communication between veterinarians and owners is necessary for rational antibiotic use.
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Arnold, Jean-Christophe, Dominic Day, Mathew Hennessey, Pablo Alarcon, Meenakshi Gautham, Indranil Samanta, and Ana Mateus. "“If It Works in People, Why Not Animals?”: A Qualitative Investigation of Antibiotic Use in Smallholder Livestock Settings in Rural West Bengal, India." Antibiotics 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121433.
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Smallholder farms are the predominant livestock system in India. Animals are often kept in close contact with household members, and access to veterinary services is limited. However, limited research exists on how antibiotics are used in smallholder livestock in India. We investigated antibiotic supply, usage, and their drivers in smallholder livestock production systems, including crossover-use of human and veterinary antibiotics in two rural sites in West Bengal. Qualitative interviews were conducted with key informants (n = 9), livestock keepers (n = 37), and formal and informal antibiotic providers from veterinary and human health sectors (n = 26). Data were analysed thematically and interpreted following a One Health approach. Livestock keepers and providers used antibiotics predominantly for treating individual animals, and for disease prevention in poultry but not for growth promotion. All providers used (highest priority) critically important antimicrobials for human health and engaged in crossover-use of human antibiotic formulations in livestock. Inadequate access to veterinary drugs and services, and a perceived efficacy and ease of dosing of human antibiotics in animals drove crossover-use. Veterinary antibiotics were not used for human health due to their perceived adverse effects. Given the extent of usage of protected antibiotics and crossover-use, interventions at the community level should adopt a One Health approach that considers all antibiotic providers and livestock keepers and prioritizes the development of evidence-based guidelines to promote responsible use of antibiotics in animals.
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Horvat, Olga, Ana Tomas Petrović, Milica Paut Kusturica, Dragica Bukumirić, Bojana Jovančević, and Zorana Kovačević. "Survey of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice towards Antibiotic Use among Prospective Antibiotic Prescribers in Serbia." Antibiotics 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081084.
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The complex issue of antibacterial resistance (ABR) requires actions taken with the One Health approach, involving both human and veterinarian medicine. It can spread from animals to humans through the food chain or through direct contact. Health profession students, as the future antibiotic providers, can greatly impact antibiotic-related issues in the future. The study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practice of future antibiotic prescribers in relation to judicious use of antibiotics. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was performed on 400 students of health professions who were allowed to prescribe antibiotics of the University of Novi Sad, Serbia. Students of medicine and students of dentistry showed a significantly higher knowledge score compared to students of veterinary medicine (p = 0.001). Multivariate regression identified predictors of adequate antibiotic knowledge: being a female student (B = 0.571; p = 0.020), higher grade average (B = 1.204; p = 0.001), students of medicine (B = 0.802; p = 0.006) and dentistry (B = 0.769; p = 0.026), and students who used a complete package of antibiotics during the last infection (B = 0.974; p = 0.001) or for the period recommended by the doctor (B = 1.964; p = 0.001). Out of the total sample, self-medication was reported among 42.8% of students. The identified predictors of self-medication were: more frequent (B = 0.587; p = 0.001) and irregular (B = 0.719; p = 0.007) antibiotic use, taking antibiotics until symptoms disappeared (B = 2.142; p = 0.001) or until the bottle was finished (B = 1.010; p = 0.001) during the last infection. It seems prudent to reevaluate the educational curricula regarding antibiotic use and ABR of prospective prescribers in Serbia.
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Dillon, Mary Ellen, and Douglas Jackson-Smith. "Impact of the veterinary feed directive on Ohio cattle operations." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): e0255911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255911.
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Widespread use of antibiotics in U.S. livestock operations has been identified as a potential contributor to the rising rates of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. In response, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued new rules in January 2017. GFI (Guide for Industry) #213 banned use of antibiotics for growth promotion and required veterinarian permission, via a revised Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD), to deliver antibiotics through feed. Many stakeholders expressed pre-implementation concerns regarding the rules’ potential adverse effects on production and profitability. Our study employed qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate how implementation of GFI #213/VFD impacted Ohio cattle operations. We interviewed over fifty cattle farmers and eight large animal veterinarians to document changes in farm antibiotic use, management practices, and profitability. We also examined published government data for possible effects on overall meat production at the state and national levels. We found that the great majority of Ohio farmers reported little difficulty in complying with the VFD with minimal adverse impacts. Farm responses to the feed directive varied with operation size, type (beef or dairy), and whether producers had previously used fed antibiotics. The most commonly reported changes, by both producers and veterinarians, were more veterinary-client interactions, more paperwork/record-keeping, and decreased use of fed antibiotics. All veterinarians, many beef operators, but no dairy operators reported perceiving the VFD as beneficial; however, dairy operations reported less difficulty with compliance due to established working relationships with veterinarians. We found no evidence that the rules impacted the trajectory of state or national livestock output. In conclusion, GFI #213 was reported as not burdensome enough to prevent compliance, but inconvenient enough to incentivize reduced use of fed antibiotics (when previously used) without significant adverse effects, consistent with its goal of promoting judicious use of medically important antibiotics in order to preserve their effectiveness.
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Lee, Kyuyoung, Richard V. Pereira, Beatriz Martínez-López, Roselle C. Busch, and Alda F. A. Pires. "Assessment of the knowledge and behavior of backyard and small-scale producers in California regarding disease prevention, biosecurity practices and antibiotics use." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): e0277897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277897.
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The number and popularity of backyard poultry and livestock farming have rapidly increased in California as well as other states in the United States following consumers’ preference for local and organic products in the last few years. This study aimed to investigate current on-farm management and farmers’ understanding of Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) and California Senate Bill (SB) 27 implications for disease prevention, biosecurity procedures, and antimicrobial use in small-scale and backyard farms in California. The survey consisted of 38 questions. The responses of 242 backyard and small-scale livestock owners were investigated in this study. Descriptive statistics summarized survey responses, and multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of antibiotics purchase and use, and the impact of VFD and SB27 on antibiotic use with demographics and on-farm management. Backyard and small-scale farmers in California mostly raised chickens or small ruminants with small herd sizes kept for personal use. Antibiotics were generally used for individual treatment of a sick animal with the guidance of a veterinarian. VFD and SB27 implementation promoted the judicious use of antibiotics, specifically, by enhancing the relationship between backyard and small-scale farmers with veterinarians and treating fewer animals with antibiotics under veterinary oversight. Therefore, better access to veterinary service in backyard and small-scale farms will improve the farmer’s knowledge of good husbandry practices with judicious antimicrobial use in livestock and finally contribute to reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance in California.
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Panie, Putri B. A., Annytha I. R. Detha, and Diana A. Wuri. "KAJIAN PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PETERNAK BABI DI KABUPATEN ROTE NDAO." JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v10i1.6678.
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Pigs are livestock that are raised and bred for consumption and as a support for the community's economy. Rote Ndao Regency is one of the areas with a large pig population in NTT. Livestock health is an important factor to support the sustainability of pig farming in Rote Ndao, which cannot be separated from the use of antibiotics. Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms naturally, semi-synthetic or synthetic which in small amounts can inhibit or kill bacteria. However, the use of antibiotics by pig farmers is not done rationally. This can lead to antibiotic residues in food of animal origin, the incidence of resistance, and treatment failure. The purpose of this research is to examine the use of antibiotics by pig farmers without going through a prescription or veterinary supervision, the types of antibiotics often used by pig farmers and the reasons for using antibiotics themselves by pig farmers. Data were obtained from filling out questionnaires by 385 respondents as pig farmers. Primary data is processed and analyzed and then presented in the form of graphs or tables. The results showed that the respondents who used antibiotics without a prescription, applied antibiotics without the supervision of a veterinarian, were all pig farmers who used antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics are the tetracyclines, sulfonamides and penicillins. The reason pig farmers use antibiotics without veterinary supervision is that antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infectious diseases, increase livestock appetite, increase livestock weight, prevent disease and treat all types of diseases.
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Davies, Peers, John G. Remnant, Martin J. Green, Emily Gascoigne, Nick Gibbon, Robert Hyde, Jack R. Porteous, Kiera Schubert, Fiona Lovatt, and Alexander Corbishley. "Quantitative analysis of antibiotic usage in British sheep flocks." Veterinary Record 181, no. 19 (October 19, 2017): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104501.
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The aim of this study was to examine the variation in antibiotic usage between 207 commercial sheep flocks using their veterinary practice prescribing records. Mean and median prescribed mass per population corrected unit (mg/PCU) was 11.38 and 5.95, respectively and closely correlated with animal defined daily dose (ADDD) 1.47 (mean), 0.74 (median) (R2=0.84, P<0.001). This is low in comparison with the suggested target (an average across all the UK livestock sectors) of 50 mg/PCU. In total, 80 per cent of all antibiotic usage occurred in the 39 per cent of flocks where per animal usage was greater than 9.0 mg/PCU. Parenteral antibiotics, principally oxytetracycline, represented 82 per cent of the total prescribed mass, 65.5 per cent of antibiotics (mg/PCU) were prescribed for the treatment of lameness. Oral antibiotics were prescribed to 49 per cent of flocks, 64 per cent of predicted lamb crop/farm. Lowland flocks were prescribed significantly more antibiotics than hill flocks. Variance partitioning apportioned 79 per cent of variation in total antibiotic usage (mg/PCU) to the farm level and 21 per cent to the veterinary practice indicating that veterinary practices have a substantial impact on overall antimicrobial usage. Reducing antibiotic usage in the sheep sector should be possible with better understanding of the drivers of high usage in individual flocks and of veterinary prescribing practices.
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Balagula, T. V., O. I. Lavrukhina, I. V. Batov, D. A. Makarov, and A. V. Tretyakov. "Antibiotics in veterinary medicine: contamination of livestock production." International Journal of Veterinary Medicine, no. 4 (January 30, 2023): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2022.4.174.
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The safety of raw materials and food is one of the most important tasks in ensuring human safety. Food could be contaminated by veterinary drugs. Antibiotics and some their transformation products residues not only cause direct harm for the consumers health, such as allergic reactions, but also contribute the antibiotic resistance development. Recent methods in the analysis of antibiotics allow to investigate their distribution, accumulation and degradation in water, soil, plants, organs and tissues, as well as to determine their residues in food and raw materials at the maximum permissible levels. This work concerns the characteristics of the main groups antibacterial drugs used for the prevention and treatment of infectious animals’ diseases and the analysis of their identification in animal products (milk and dairy products, eggs, honey, meat and meat products) in 2020-2021 using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Universal approaches in the sample preparation and antibiotics determination assist the analysis time reducing, while ensuring its accuracy, and in addition, increase the range of identified potentially dangerous pollutants. The analysis of the antibiotic’s residues identification above maximum permissible levels showed that the highest percentage is reported for quinolones (41.1%). Groups of antibiotics with minimal contamination risk include aminoglycosides, pleuromutilins and cephalosporins. The data obtained are considered in risk-based approach of planning, sampling and analysis evaluation within the framework of food safety monitoring carried out by the Rosselkhoznadzor.
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Adeapena, Wisdom, Samuel Afari-Asiedu, Robinah Najjemba, Johan van Griensven, Alexandre Delamou, Kwame Ohene Buabeng, and Kwaku Poku Asante. "Antibiotic Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030138.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to public health, impacting both human and animal health as well as the economy. This study sought to describe antibiotic prescription practices and use in the Kintampo North Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana using routinely collected data. Of the 513 animals presented for care between 2013 and 2019, the most common animals were dogs (71.9%), goats (13.1%), and sheep (11.1%). Antibiotics were prescribed for 273/513 (53.2%) of the animals. Tetracycline was the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics, (99.6%). Of the 273 animals that received antibiotics, the route of administration was not documented in 68.9%, and antibiotic doses were missing in the treatment records in 37.7%. Details of the antibiotic regimen and the medical conditions diagnosed were often not recorded (52.8%). This study recommends appropriate documentation to enable continuous audit of antibiotic prescription practice and to improve quality of use. There is also the need for a national survey on antibiotic prescribtion and use in animal health to support policy implementation and decision making in One-Health in Ghana.
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Currie, Kay, Caroline King, Tim Nuttall, Matt Smith, and Paul Flowers. "Expert consensus regarding drivers of antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal veterinary practice: a Delphi study." Veterinary Record 182, no. 24 (March 23, 2018): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104639.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global challenge facing both human and animal healthcare professionals; an effective response to this threat requires a ‘One-Health’ approach to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) to preserve important antibiotics for urgent clinical need. However, understanding of barriers and enablers to effective AMS behaviour in companion animal veterinary practice is currently limited. We conducted a Delphi study of 16 nationally recognised experts from UK-based veterinary policymakers, university academics and leaders of professional bodies. This Delphi study sought to identify veterinary behaviours which experts believe contribute to AMR and form vital aspects of AMS. Analysis of Delphi findings indicated a perceived hierarchy of behaviours, the most influential being antibiotic prescribing behaviours and interactions with clients. Other veterinary behaviours perceived as being important related to interactions with veterinary colleagues; infection control practices; and the use of diagnostic tests to confirm infection. Key barriers and enablers to AMS within each of these behavioural domains were identified. Specific interventions to address important barriers and enablers are recommended. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to establish expert consensus at a national level about which ‘behaviours’ (aspects of veterinarian practice) should be targeted in relation to AMR and AMS in companion animal veterinary practice.
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Doidge, Charlotte, Eliana Lima, Fiona Lovatt, Chris Hudson, and Jasmeet Kaler. "From the other perspective: Behavioural factors associated with UK sheep farmers’ attitudes towards antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0251439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251439.
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Research suggests that many sheep farmers continue to carry out traditional antibiotic use practices despite new ’good practice’ recommendations. The aim of this study was to group farmers depending on their attitudes around antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and determine the behaviours that are associated with the farmers in these groups. In 2017, a flock health survey was sent to British sheep farmers. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify groups of farmers with similar attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to determine the associations between farmers’ past behaviours and their antibiotic attitude group. There were 461 responses. Two groups of farmers were identified based on their antibiotic attitudes. Cluster 1 were defined as the "discordant" group who had positive views of using antibiotics prophylactically and negative views of reducing antibiotic use. Cluster 2 were defined as the "concordant" group who were positive about reducing antibiotic use and had negative views about using antibiotics prophylactically. Using antibiotics in all lambs (OR = 2.689, CI = 1.571, 4.603), using antibiotics in all ewes (OR = 3.388, CI = 1.318, 8.706), always trimming diseased feet over the past three years (OR = 2.487, CI = 1.459, 4.238), not using a computer to record information over the past three years (OR = 1.996, CI = 1.179, 3.381), not changing worming practices over the past three years (OR = 1.879, CI = 1.144, 3.087), and farmers’ perceptions that their sheep flock did not make a financial loss in the past three years (OR = 2.088, CI = 1.079, 4.040) were significantly associated with belonging to the discordant group. Talking to their veterinarian about antibiotic use or the frequency of veterinary visits were not associated with antibiotic attitude group. These results suggest that farmers who had attitudes relating to antibiotic use that did not align with current recommendations carried out more traditional practices, which were strengthened by their positive perceptions of profitability.
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Hallenberg, Gunilla Ström, Jatesada Jiwakanon, Sunpetch Angkititrakul, Seri Kang-air, Kristina Osbjer, Kamonwan Lunha, Marianne Sunde, et al. "Antibiotic use in pig farms at different levels of intensification—Farmers’ practices in northeastern Thailand." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0243099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243099.
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Understanding the patterns and drivers of antibiotic use in livestock is crucial for tailoring efficient incentives for responsible use of antibiotics. Here we compared routines for antibiotic use between pig farms of two different levels of intensification in Khon Kaen province in Thailand. Among the 113 family-owned small-scale farms (up to 50 sows) interviewed did 76% get advice from the pharmacy about how to use the antibiotics and 84% used it primarily for treating disease. Among the 51 medium-scale-farms (100–500 sows) belonging to two companies did 100% get advice about antibiotic use from the company’s veterinarian (P<0.0001) and 94% used antibiotics mostly as disease preventive measure (P<0.0001). In 2 small scale farms 3rd generation cephalosporins, tylosin or colistin were used; antibiotics belonging to the group of highest priority critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Enrofloxacin, belonging to the same group of antimicrobials, was used in 33% of the small-scale and 41% of the medium-scale farms. In the latter farms, the companies supplied 3–4 antibiotics belonging to different classes and those were the only antibiotics used in the farms. The median and mean estimated expenditure on antibiotics per sow was 4.8 USD (IQR = 5.8) for small-scale farms and 7 USD and 3.4 USD for the medium-scale farms belonging to the two respective companies. Our observations suggest to target the following areas when pig farming transitions from small-scale to medium-scale: (i) strengthening access to professional animal health services for all farmers, (ii) review of the competence and role of veterinary pharmacies in selling antibiotics and (iii) adjustment of farming company animal health protocols towards more medically rational use of antibiotics.
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Balzer, F., S. Zühlke, and S. Hannappel. "Antibiotics in groundwater under locations with high livestock density in Germany." Water Supply 16, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.050.
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Antibiotics are deployed in large quantities both in human and in veterinary medicine. Studies show that antibiotic residues occur in the environment (e.g. soil and surface waters). In some cases they were also detected in ground and drinking water. However, the degree of groundwater pollution by antibiotic residues from livestock farming is unknown. Therefore, the federal environment agency (UBA) supported a project that aimed to investigate near-surface groundwater samples in regions of high livestock density and high risk of groundwater exposure to antibiotics. By applying worst case criteria on existing sampling sites of our groundwater monitoring grid (high amounts of manure on site, high precipitation, low adsorption capacity of soils, high nitrate concentrations in ground water, etc.) adequate sampling sites were identified as well as relevant antibiotics (amount of application, water solubility, biological stability, etc.) by a literature review and contacts to local veterinary authorities. In total, groundwater at 48 sampling sites was selected for analyses of 23 antibiotic substances. Out of the 23 antibiotics, only three sulfonamides could be detected and quantified. With regard to the 48 sampling sites, at 39 locations no veterinary antibiotics were detected. At seven locations sulfadimidine and/or sulfadiazine was detected at low concentrations (<0.012 μg/L). Only sulfamethoxazole was repeatedly detected above 0.1 μg/L at two sites. Results show that translocation of veterinary antibiotics into near-surface groundwater in most parts of Germany does not occur above detection limits. Under unfavourable conditions leaching does occur but well below the limit values for pesticides (0.1 μg/L/0.5 μg/L). However, under some extreme conditions (to be identified by further research work) one antibiotic was present in groundwater above the pesticides limit values.
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Kyriakides, Demetra, Andreas C. Lazaris, Konstantinos Arsenoglou, Maria Emmanouil, Olympia Kyriakides, Nikolaos Kavantzas, and Irene Panderi. "Dietary Exposure Assessment of Veterinary Antibiotics in Pork Meat on Children and Adolescents in Cyprus." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101479.
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In recent years, huge amounts of antibiotics have been administered to farm animals, and as a result, residues of these antibiotics can accumulate in livestock products and, once consumed, may be transmitted to humans. Farm animals’ antibiotic treatment may therefore present a risk for consumers health, especially for children and adolescents. In children, the immune system is not fully developed, and thus, they are more susceptible than adults to resistant bacteria. A dietary exposure assessment was conducted on veterinary antibiotics found in raw pork meat among children and adolescents in Cyprus, since pork is the most consumed red meat in Cypriot population. The study was based on the results of the occurrence of 45 residual antibiotics in raw pork meat samples in Cyprus between 2012 and 2017 in combination with data on the consumption of pork meat on children and adolescents taken from the latest demographic report in Cyprus. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values of veterinary antibiotics for children aged 6–9 years old, were higher compared to EDI values for adolescents aged 10–17 years old. The percentage ratio of the estimated daily intake to the acceptable daily intake for all the veterinary antibiotic residues was less than 5.6. The results indicate that antibiotic residues in pork meat of inland production are below the acceptable daily intake and are of low risk to human health related to the exposure of antibiotics. Nevertheless, continuous exposure to low levels of antibiotic residues in respect to age vulnerability should be of a great concern.
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MKALA, REUBEN SUNZU. "Antibiotic prescription practice at veterinary pharmaceutical shops and its potential impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance in Moshi, Northern Tanzania." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 1-S (February 15, 2022): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1-s.5285.
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Aim: We aimed to investigate antibiotic prescription practice in veterinary shops and its potential impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance.
Methods: A correlation cross-sectional study was carried out in Moshi, Tanzania. A convenient sampling method was used to enroll 80 study participants and 80 Veterinary pharmaceutical shops selling antibiotics for cattle. The study questionnaire was administered to both pharmaceutical sellers and cattle keepers Results: A total of 80 veterinary pharmaceutical shops visited to deliver information about antibiotics sold with or without prescription from veterinary professionals and eighty (80) human participants. Most of the study participant 66/80 (82.5%) responded to started treatment before laboratory diagnosis and diagnosis was mainly based on symptoms and signs 58/80 (72.5%); owners description 17/80 (21.3%) and less frequently on none specific reason 15/80 (6.5%) (Χ2=77.89, P= 0.000, OR=0.875, 95% CI= 0.803-0.947). Tetracycline 30 (100%), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 10 (100%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 7 (100%) were highly sold unprescribed drugs and no quantity of these drugs was prescribed before selling at Veterinary pharmaceutical shops.
Conclusion: The regulation of Veterinary antibiotic prescription at veterinary pharmaceutical shops has to be a point of discussion and paid greater attention to ensure a sustainable control and reduction of transmission and spread of drug-resistant bacteria in humans and cattle.
Keywords: antibiotic prescription practice, antimicrobial resistance, Veterinary pharmaceutical shops
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Donner, Linsey M., Xu Li, Daniel D. Snow, Jodi L. Sangster, Zachery R. Staley, Loralee J. Amandus, Wayne A. Mathews, and Shannon Bartelt-Hunt. "1420. A One Health Approach Examining the Potential Linkage between Agricultural Livestock and Human Antibiotic Resistance at the Watershed Level." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S716—S717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1602.
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Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health threat and widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture is increasing the concern about agricultural contributions to the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Of concern is the level of exposure to antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the watershed. Consequently, adopting a One Health approach to measure antibiotic levels and identify antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transfer at the human, animal and environmental interfaces is essential to better understand how antibiotic resistance is spread. Methods In this project, antibiotic levels were measured using passive organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) for 30-day periods from August – November 2018 from Elkhorn River and Shell Creek watersheds in Nebraska (Figure 1). In addition, whole genome sequences of bacterial isolates cultured from the watersheds were assessed to identify ARGs present on mobile genetic elements (MGE) that had >95% similarity to mobile ARG present in isolates recorded in the NCBI GenBank database was identified using ResFinder. Figure 1. Sampling locations within the two watersheds. Results The study demonstrated significant antibiotic levels present throughout the watershed, with five of them associated with human usage (Table 1). In addition, seasonally based drug-resistant bacterial species was associated with specific antibiotic levels in the watershed (Figure 2). Mobile ARGs were detected in 87.5% of isolates collected from the Elkhorn River and 80.0% within Shell Creek (Figure 3). Table 1. Pharmaceutical levels in the watershed Figure 2. Antibiotic levels and drug-resistant bacteria in the watershed Figure 3. Antibiotic resistance observed from each isolate at every sampling date and site. A colored bar denotes that resistance to that antibiotic was observed. Conclusion These results present evidence of transfer of highly mobile ARGs between environment, clinical, and animal-associated bacteria and highlight the need for a One Health perspective in assessing the spread of antibiotic resistance. The presence of significant levels of antibiotics persisting in this agricultural watershed points out the need for ongoing monitoring of compliance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation of veterinarian oversight of the use of antibiotics in the use of veterinary feed directive applications. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Ljubojević, Dragana, Maja Velhner, Dalibor Todorović, Marko Pajić, and Dubravka Milanov. "TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES FROM POULTRY." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v9i1.97.
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The objectives of the present paper are the analysis and comparison of the results from available literature regarding the prevalence of tetracyclineresistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry in different countries. Tetracycline is still one of the most commonly used antibiotic in many developing countries both in human and in veterinary medicine. The main reasons are its relatively low cost and availability. Besides that, this class of antibiotics is still used in developed countries for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Th e widespread use of tetracycline in poultry farming could result in horizontal transfer of resistance determinates from poultry to humans as well as to the environment. Escherichia coli, is a commensal bacteria from human and poultry digestive systems, and present one of the most important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance and has a signifi cant role in the transfer of various resistance determinants. Some strains of Escherichia coli are highly pathogenic and can cause several diseases in poultry which require antibiotic therapy. Positive correlation between the usage of antibiotics both in human and in veterinary medicine and the corresponding antibiotic resistance were reported by many authours. Furthermore, there is also some evidence that the positive correlations were also found between the usage of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and the appereance of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from humans. Th e prudent use of tetracycline antibiotic in poultry production is essential as well as permanet monitoring of the presence of the tetracycline resistance.
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Detha, Annytha, Diana Agustiani Wuri, Filomena Ramos, Desi Biru, Margie Mila Meha, and Anita Lakapu. "Penggunaan Antibiotik yang Kurang Tepat pada Peternakan Babi di Kota Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur." Jurnal Veteriner 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.2.162.
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Misuse of antibiotics has the potential to accelerate the emergence of types that are resistant to inappropriate drugs. This study aims to evaluate the inappropriate use of antibiotics in pig farms in the City of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. This antibiotic use evaluation study was conducted from March to May 2018. This study was conducted on 100 pig farmers spread across 6 (six) districts in Kupang City. The sampling technique was done by stratified random sampling method based on the characteristics or types of the population. This research used descriptive analysis method from the results of questionnaire data collection that had been filled out by pig farmers in Kupang City. Based on the results obtained that 84% of pig farmers or respondents did not know the function of antibiotics, and 83% of respondents did not know that the administration of antibiotics must be done with the supervision of a veterinarian. The results also showed that 86% of pig farmers buy antibiotics without a veterinarian’s prescription, with the type of antibiotics most often used were the tetracycline and sulfonamide groups. These results conclude that dominant respondents apply antibiotics without veterinary supervision, which can contribute to the spread of resistant bacteria so that it adversely affects human health.
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Naumov, Michael, Ludmila Reznichenko, Yana Masalykina, and Ivan Styazhkin. "Antibiotic resistance is a common problem in medicine and veterinary." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700049.
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This scientific article deals with the problem of antibiotic resistance. It is very difficult to give a complete picture of the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, because this topic is very diverse and is being actively investigated. Accordingly, information about more and more cases of antibiotic resistance appears very quickly. Less than a century has passed since the beginning of large-scale use of antibiotics. In this short historical period of time, the threat of antibiotic resistance has reached a global level, and it would be wrong to deny that it is humanity that has created such an enemy through its own efforts. Antibiotic resistance is a property of a microorganism that is associated with a decrease in the quality of the effect of an antibiotic on a given culture. The driving force behind this phenomenon is evolution. With the help of random mutations, an individual appears that is not susceptible to the effects of a previously used drug. The emergence of superbugs-cultures that do not respond to the use of currently existing antibiotics will lead to a decrease in the quality of life of people. Diseases that no longer caused concern in modern society will once again become deadly.
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Bhowmik, P., M. Ahaduzzaman, and R. B. Hasan. "A CROSS SECTIONAL ANTHROPO-CLINICAL STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIALS PRESCRIPTION PATTERN IN GOAT PATIENTS AT CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v15i2.35521.
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In the last three decades use of antibiotics in livestock sector has grown tremendously. The uses of these antibiotics have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. From April, 2016 to March, 2017, a hospital based retrospective study was conducted using clinical record sheet of goat patients (N=1405) at Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Bangladesh; to assess the groups of antimicrobials used, perception of goat owners’ on antibiotics and the annual therapeutic costs for antibiotics that had been used for the treatment of goats at TVH. At TVH, the most prescribed antibiotic was streptomycin-penicillin [437 (31.10%)], whereas the least used antibiotic was tylosin [7 (0.49 %)]. From anthopo-clinical analysis, only 24% farmers said they are familiar with the term “antibiotic”, but no farmer had any ideas about antimicrobial resistance and its withdrawal period. Considering the average body weight 20-30 kg of goat patients’ we calculated the cost of antibiotic purchase and found the highest money (968.18-1450.04 U.S. Dollars/annum) was expenditure to purchase Gentasone plus® (gentamicine-sulfadiazine-trimithoprime) and the lowest (5.37-8.06 USD/annum) was for tylosin. Ensuring and dissemination of proper knowledge to the farmer regarding antibiotics will prevent them from self purchase and irrational use therefore will help us to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance in food animal.
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Ćirković, Ivana, and Milena Švabić-Vlahović. "Nosocomial antibiotic strain resistance." Galenika Medical Journal 1, no. 3 (2022): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/galmed2203060c.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of a microorganism to acquire resistance to various antimicrobial drugs (antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antifungals and antiparasitic drugs). The greatest attention of the world public in the previous decades was on the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, and the forecast for the next decades that we will "wear out the existing antibiotics" and return to the pre-antibiotic era. Excessive use or abuse of antibiotics is associated with the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria, making treatment ineffective and posing a serious risk to public health. Only a multidisciplinary and intersectoral approach to this problem, primarily bringing antibiotic consumption under control in all branches of medicine and veterinary medicine, can prevent catastrophic consequences and preserve antibiotics for future generations.
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Schreiber, Christiane, and Thomas Kistemann. "Antibiotic resistance among autochthonous aquatic environmental bacteria." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.539.
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Antibiotics are widely used in both human and veterinary medicine and antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause problems in antibiotic therapy. The current study was conducted in the catchment area of the river Swist (Germany) and focuses on the resistance of environmental Rhodospirillaceae to antibiotics used in human medicine. The samples collected reflect different levels of human impact on the environment. In total, 614 isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. About half of these isolates were susceptible to all substances tested. Oxacillin resistance was observed most frequently (41%). Resistant Rhodospirillaceae were detected in wastewater effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant, as well as in non-polluted upper reaches. The highest multi-resistance level was detected in small tributaries and it surprisingly decreased with an increasing influence of municipal wastewater. It could be shown that the detected resistances were acquired rather than intrinsic. Besides natural occurrence of multi-resistance among non-sulphur purple bacteria, horizontal gene transfer and acquired cross-resistance against veterinary antibiotics are assumed to be important factors. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study investigating the potential of Rhodospirillaceae as a reservoir for resistance to antibiotics used in human medicine. The consequence for resistance prevalence in human pathogens and for their antibiotic therapy needs evaluation.
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Yaddi, Yamin, Safika Safika, and Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu. "Uji Resistensi Terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika pada Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Kucing di Klinik Hewan Kota Bogor." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 7, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v7i3.13442.
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ABSTRAKPermasalahan resistensi Antibiotika pada hewan kesayangan menjadi kendala kesehatan hewan di seluruh dunia. World Health Organisation (WHO) menyebutkan bahwa pada masa mendatang resistensi antibiotika akan menjadi tantangan yang terbesar dalam dunia kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat resistensi antibiotika terhadap Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari kucing pada klinik hewan di Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa resistensi Escherichia coli tertinggi terjadi pada golongan β-laktam (ampisilin 66% dan amoksisilin 60%) yang diikuti oleh golongan tetrasiklin (oksitetrasiklin 54% dan dosisiklin 24%), serta golongan kuinolon (enrofloksasin 38% dan ciprofloksasin 28%). Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan medis bagi praktisi hewan kesayangan dalam penggunaan antibiotika.Kata Kunci: Escherichia coli, klinik hewan, kucing, resistensi antibiotikaABSTRACTThe problem of antibiotic resistance in pets is obstacles to animal health throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) states that in the future, antibiotic resistance will become the biggest challenge in the health concern. This study aims to measure the level of Escherichia coli resistance to antibiotics which is isolated from cats on veterinary clinics in Bogor City. The results showed that the highest resistance of Escherichia coli occurred in the β-lactam group (ampicillin 66% and amoxicillin 60%) followed by tetracycline (oxytetracycline 54% and doxycycline 24%), and quinolone group (enrofloxacin 38% and ciprofloxacin 28%). This study is expected to become medical considerations for pet practitioners in the use of antibiotics.Keywords: animal clinic, antibiotic resistance, cats, Escherichia coli
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Hahne, Friederike, Simon Jensch, Gerd Hamscher, Jessica Meißner, Manfred Kietzmann, Nicole Kemper, Jochen Schulz, and Rafael H. Mateus-Vargas. "Innovative Perspectives on Biofilm Interactions in Poultry Drinking Water Systems and Veterinary Antibiotics Used Worldwide." Antibiotics 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010077.
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Prudent use of antibiotics in livestock is widely considered to be important to prevent antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between biofilms and veterinary antibiotics in therapeutic concentrations administrated via drinking water through a standardized experimental setup. In this context, two biofilms formed by pseudomonads (Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa or P. fluorescens) and a susceptible Escherichia (E.) coli strain were developed in a nutrient-poor medium on the inner surface of polyvinyl chloride pipe pieces. Subsequently, developing biofilms were exposed to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (SDZ/TMP) or tylosin A (TYL A) in dosages recommended for application in drinking water for 5 or 7 days, respectively. Various interactions were detected between biofilms and antibiotics. Microbiological examinations revealed that only TYL A reduced the number of bacteria on the surface of the pipes. Additionally, susceptible E. coli survived both antibiotic treatments without observable changes in the minimum inhibitory concentration to 13 relevant antibiotics. Furthermore, as demonstrated by HPLC-UV, the dynamics of SDZ/TMP and TYL A in liquid media differed between the biofilms of both pseudomonads over the exposure period. We conclude that this approach represents an innovative step toward the effective evaluation of safe veterinary antibiotic use.
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Limmathurotsakul, Direk, Jonathan A. T. Sandoe, David C. Barrett, Michael Corley, Li Yang Hsu, Marc Mendelson, Peter Collignon, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Sharon J. Peacock, and Philip Howard. "‘Antibiotic footprint’ as a communication tool to aid reduction of antibiotic consumption." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 8 (May 10, 2019): 2122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz185.
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Abstract ‘Superbugs’, bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics, have been in numerous media headlines, raising awareness of antibiotic resistance and leading to multiple action plans from policymakers worldwide. However, many commonly used terms, such as ‘the war against superbugs’, risk misleading people to request ‘new’ or ‘stronger’ antibiotics from their doctors, veterinary surgeons or pharmacists, rather than addressing a fundamental issue: the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals. Simple measures of antibiotic consumption are needed for mass communication. In this article, we describe the concept of the ‘antibiotic footprint’ as a tool to communicate to the public the magnitude of antibiotic use in humans, animals and industry, and how it could support the reduction of overuse and misuse of antibiotics worldwide. We propose that people need to make appropriate changes in behaviour that reduce their direct and indirect consumption of antibiotics.
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Osei Sekyere, John. "Antibiotic Types and Handling Practices in Disease Management among Pig Farms in Ashanti Region, Ghana." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (September 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/531952.
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is affected by the type of antibiotics used and how they are handled. The types of antibiotics used by 110 pig farms in the Ashanti region and the handling practices of the farmers during disease management were assessed. Injectable tetracycline, sulphadimidine, benzylpenicillin, and dihydrostreptomycin containing antibiotics were overly used by the farmers especially in the management of diarrhea, rashes, and coughs. Unsafe storage and disposal practices observed among the farms reflected the abysmal knowledge on appropriate use of antibiotics. Misdiagnosis and inadequate protection during antibiotic handling in the farms increased the risk of antibiotic resistance development and spread. The factors affecting antibiotic resistance development and spread are rife in pig farms in Ashanti region and appropriate education and veterinary interventions are needed to prevent resistant bacteria from becoming endemic in pork and pig farm communities.
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Myers, Jessica, Mathew Hennessey, Jean-Christophe Arnold, Kayley D. McCubbin, Tiziana Lembo, Ana Mateus, Freddy Eric Kitutu, et al. "Crossover-Use of Human Antibiotics in Livestock in Agricultural Communities: A Qualitative Cross-Country Comparison between Uganda, Tanzania and India." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101342.
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Antibiotic use in animal agriculture contributes significantly to antibiotic use globally and is a key driver of the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. It is becoming increasingly important to better understand antibiotic use in livestock in low-and-middle income countries where antibiotic use is predicted to increase considerably as a consequence of the growing demand for animal-derived products. Antibiotic crossover-use refers to the practice of using antibiotic formulations licensed for humans in animals and vice versa. This practice has the potential to cause adverse drug reactions and contribute to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance between humans and animals. We performed secondary data analysis of in-depth interview and focus-group discussion transcripts from independent studies investigating antibiotic use in agricultural communities in Uganda, Tanzania and India to understand the practice of antibiotic crossover-use by medicine-providers and livestock-keepers in these settings. Thematic analysis was conducted to explore driving factors of reported antibiotic crossover-use in the three countries. Similarities were found between countries regarding both the accounts of antibiotic crossover-use and its drivers. In all three countries, chickens and goats were treated with human antibiotics, and among the total range of human antibiotics reported, amoxicillin, tetracycline and penicillin were stated as used in animals in all three countries. The key themes identified to be driving crossover-use were: 1) medicine-providers’ and livestock-keepers’ perceptions of the effectiveness and safety of antibiotics, 2) livestock-keepers’ sources of information, 3) differences in availability of human and veterinary services and antibiotics, 4) economic incentives and pressures. Antibiotic crossover-use occurs in low-intensity production agricultural settings in geographically distinct low-and-middle income countries, influenced by a similar set of interconnected contextual drivers. Improving accessibility and affordability of veterinary medicines to both livestock-keepers and medicine-providers is required alongside interventions to address understanding of the differences between human and animal antibiotics, and potential dangers of antibiotic crossover-use in order to reduce the practice. A One Health approach to studying antibiotic use is necessary to understand the implications of antibiotic accessibility and use in one sector upon antibiotic use in other sectors.
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Choraine, P. "Antibiotic resistance and prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine." Equine Veterinary Education 12, no. 2 (June 10, 2010): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb01773.x.
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Tykałowski, B., and A. Koncicki. "The principles of rational chemotherapy of bacterial infections in poultry." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8709.
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Growing levels of microbial resistance to chemotherapeutic agents pose a threat to public health and constitute a global problem. The above can be often attributed to improper and excessive use of antibacterial drugs in veterinary and human medicine, animal breeding, agriculture and industry. To address this problem, veterinary and human health practitioners, animal breeders and the public have to be made aware of the consequences and threats associated with the uncontrolled use of antibacterial preparations. In recent years, many countries have implemented programs for monitoring antibiotic resistance which provide valuable information about the applied antibiotics and the resistance of various bacterial species colonizing livestock, poultry and the environment. Special attention should be paid to the sources and transmission routes of antibiotic resistance. There are no easy solutions to this highly complex problem. The relevant measures should address multiple factors, beginning from rational and controlled use of chemotherapeutic agents in veterinary practice, to biosecurity in animal farms, food production hygiene, and sanitary and veterinary inspections in the food chain. The tissues of treated birds should not contain antibiotic residues upon slaughter. Rational use of antibiotics should minimize the risk of drug resistance and decrease treatment costs without compromising the efficacy of treatment. Therefore, the key principles of antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections in poultry should be the adequate selection and dosage of the administered drug, a sound knowledge of the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, as well as a knowledge of the differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs and between time-dependent and concentration-dependent drugs. There is an urgent need to revise the existing approach to the use of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of poultry diseases, and to increase the awareness that antibiotics cannot compensate for the failure to observe the fundamental principles of biosecurity in all stages of poultry farming.
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Müller, Marik M., Ruslan Nedielkov, and Katja M. Arndt. "Strategies for Enzymatic Inactivation of the Veterinary Antibiotic Florfenicol." Antibiotics 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040443.
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Large quantities of the antibiotic florfenicol are used in animal farming and aquaculture, contaminating the ecosystem with antibiotic residues and promoting antimicrobial resistance, ultimately leading to untreatable multidrug-resistant pathogens. Florfenicol-resistant bacteria often activate export mechanisms that result in resistance to various structurally unrelated antibiotics. We devised novel strategies for the enzymatic inactivation of florfenicol in different media, such as saltwater or milk. Using a combinatorial approach and selection, we optimized a hydrolase (EstDL136) for florfenicol cleavage. Reaction kinetics were followed by time-resolved NMR spectroscopy. Importantly, the hydrolase remained active in different media, such as saltwater or cow milk. Various environmentally-friendly application strategies for florfenicol inactivation were developed using the optimized hydrolase. As a potential filter device for cost-effective treatment of waste milk or aquacultural wastewater, the hydrolase was immobilized on Ni-NTA agarose or silica as carrier materials. In two further application examples, the hydrolase was used as cell extract or encapsulated with a semi-permeable membrane. This facilitated, for example, florfenicol inactivation in whole milk, which can help to treat waste milk from medicated cows, to be fed to calves without the risk of inducing antibiotic resistance. Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, in general, enables therapeutic intervention without promoting antibiotic resistance.
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Chapot, Lorraine, Md Samun Sarker, Ruhena Begum, Delower Hossain, Rahima Akter, Md Mehedi Hasan, Zamila Bueaza Bupasha, et al. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance among Veterinary Students in Bangladesh." Antibiotics 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030332.
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The use of antibiotics in animals for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes is a major driver of the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While several studies have investigated prescription and consumption patterns in humans, little attention has been paid to the veterinary sector. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 3002 veterinary students (VS) and non-medical students (NMS) from 12 universities in Bangladesh to explore their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about antibiotics and AMR using a self-administered questionnaire, and assess the influence of the veterinary curriculum. KAP regarding antibiotic use and AMR was significantly higher in veterinary than non-medical students, and in first-year than final-year students. However, gaps in knowledge and practices were highlighted, suggesting deficiencies in training. Moreover, final-year veterinary students were found to be more likely than first-year students to use antibiotics without instructions, which could indicate deficiencies in their curriculum. Although the study suggested a positive impact of the veterinary curriculum on KAP about antibiotics and AMR in Bangladesh, critical gaps remain that are likely to contribute to inadequate use in their future practice. Therefore, there is scope for improving educational programs on AMR in professional curricula.
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Hsieh, MK, CL Shyu, JW Liao, CA Franje, SK Huang YJ Chang, PY Shih, and CC Chou. "Correlation analysis of heat stability of veterinary antibiotics by structural degradation, changes in antimicrobial activity and genotoxicity." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 6 (July 19, 2011): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1548-vetmed.
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The relationship between the structural degradation of veterinary antibiotics, their antimicrobial activity, and possible mutagenicity after heating have not been well investigated sequentially. This study aimed to evaluate the heat stability of 14 veterinary antibiotics under a short-term heating scenario by characterization of their structural degradation and their relationship to resultant changes in antimicrobial activity. Mutagenicity was also examined in four representative antibiotics after 15-min-heat treatments at two temperatures (100 °C and 121 °C). Differential heat stabilities of antibiotics between drug classes, between temperature levels, and among the same class of drugs were discovered. Heat treatment resulted in the reduction of the main peak and the production of new peaks in certain antibiotics, contributing to minimum inhibitory concentration increases of 2- to 1024-fold. Ranking of heat stability by antibiotic classes at 121 °C was highest for sulfonamides, followed by lincomycin, colistin, tetracyclines and β-lactams while at 100 °C sulfonamides equaled lincomycin and and was greater than colistin but variability was observed within different tetracyclines and β-lactams. Correlation analysis suggested that except for doxycycline (DC), structural degradation of the drugs was in good agreement with the reduction in antimicrobial activity, suggesting that degradation also diminished antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the markedly variable heat stabilities within the classes of tetracyclines and β-lactam antibiotics highlighted the fact that heat stability within these two classes can be very different despite their structural similarity; hence, it is not appropriate to predict heat stability simply by antibiotic class. Mutagenicity (Ames) tests on heated chlor-tetracycline (CTC) resulted in 2- to 6-fold revertant changes in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The combined results suggest that correlation analysis of structural degradation and antimicrobial activity offers dual evaluation of a drug's heat stability but gives little advantage over assessment of the resultant toxicity.
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Hosain, Md Zahangir, SM Shariful Islam, Md Mostofa Kamal, and SM Lutful Kabir. "Recent trends and scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practices for livestock production in Bangladesh: a review." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v7i3.63361.
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Antibiotics are used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production in Bangladesh. The frequent use of these antibiotics in veterinary practices may lead to residue and creates some potential problems not only in livestock but also in public health issues. The presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs may induce carcinogenic and mutagenic effects and leads to the condition of an allergic reaction, and the development of antibiotic resistance in human gut bacteria. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problems, some antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals may also be the contributory factors to the resistance. However, some of the antibiotic resistance problems can be attributed to the transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans and resistance genes from animal pathogens and commensal bacteria to human pathogens. Even though the antibiotics and their residues in feed and food products of animal origin cause serious public health problems but little is known by society due to the lack of proper information. So, this is important to review the uses of antibiotics in food animals and insight their public health significance in Bangladesh. However, the safety levels of animal feeds and food of animal origin must be strictly observed and the antibiotics should be used in accordance with the labeled directions public awareness should be developed about the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animals and their hazardous residual impacts on the human body. Therefore, the present review focuses on the aspects of antibiotic use in the livestock production of Bangladesh. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2022, 7 (3), 90-106
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Chu, Lei, Hexing Wang, Deqi Su, Huanwen Zhang, Bahegu Yimingniyazi, Dilihumaer Aili, Tao Luo, Zewen Zhang, Jianghong Dai, and Qingwu Jiang. "Urinary Antibiotics and Dietary Determinants in Adults in Xinjiang, West China." Nutrients 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224748.
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The Xinjiang autonomous region, located in west China, has a unique ethnic structure and a well-developed livestock industry. People in this region have a high risk of exposure to antibiotics, but the exposure level to antibiotics in relation to dietary determinants is unknown. In this study, 18 antibiotics, including four human antibiotics (HAs), four veterinary antibiotics (VAs), and 10 preferred veterinary antibiotics (PVAs) were detected in the urine of approximately half of the 873 adults in Xinjiang, including Han Chinese (24.6%), Hui (25.1%), Uighur (24.6%), and Kazakh (25.7%). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between antibiotic exposure levels and adult diet and water intake. The detection percentage of antibiotics in the urine of adults in Xinjiang ranged from 0.1% to 30.1%, with a total detection percentage of all antibiotics of 49.8%. HAs, VAs and PVAs were detected in 12.3%, 10.3%, and 40.5%, respectively. Fluoroquinolones were the antibiotics with the highest detection percentage (30.1%) and tetracyclines were the antibiotics with the highest detected concentration (17 ng/mL). Adults who regularly ate pork, consumed fruit daily, and did not prefer a plant-based diet were associated with thiamphenicol, norfloxacin, and fluoroquinolones, respectively. These results indicated that adults in the Xinjiang autonomous region were extensively exposed to multiple antibiotics, and some types of food were potential sources of exposure. Special attention should be paid to the health effects of antibiotic exposure in humans in the future.
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Al-Safi, Shatha Mousa, Hala Baqer Al-Bayati, Nadia K. J. Al-Dawah, and Saadia Saleh Mehdy. "Review Article. Effects of Antibiotic residues in animal products on human health and environments." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2020/v11i13302.
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Veterinary pharmaceutical products are among the most important components of animal feed production, especially antibiotics. the main use of antibiotics in animals is to treat and prevent diseases, and to promote growth. Antibiotic use in animals can cause residues of antibiotics in foods such as meat., eggs , and milk. These residues can cause numerous side effects such as human transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria, pathological immunological effects, allergies, parasitic mutations, nephropathy (gentamicin), hepatotoxicity, reproductive disorders, toxicity to the bone marrow (chloramphenicol), and even carcinogenic , sulfametazine and oxytetracycline.
This analysis offers information important to veterinarians, livestock produces and public safety on the regulation of drug residues in animal products.
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Oyebanji, Bukola. "Use of Antibiotics and Knowledge of Antibiotics Resistance by Selected Farmers in Oyo Town, Nigeria." Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujas.v18i1.4.
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This survey was carried out to investigate antibiotics usage and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among farmers in Oyo town, Nigeria. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interviews. A snowball sampling technique was used to select 150 farmers and veterinary drug shop owners. The farmers were involved in cattle, fish and poultry farming. The farmers administered antibiotics to their animals when the animals were sick (curative), to prevent secondary bacterial infection after a viral infection and on healthy animals (for prophylaxis). Majority of the respondents had easy access to antibiotics and information about them. On average, farmers had some knowledge about antibiotics resistance but not on how it spread. About 62% of the respondents believed that antibiotic resistance was a problem of other countries not Nigeria. They also did not believe that sub-optimal dosing of antibiotics leads to resistance. It was concluded that there is need for public awareness on the risk of misuse of antibiotics in animals and of consuming livestock products with unsafe levels of antibiotic residues. Keywords: Antibiotics; Drug resistance; Livestock
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Sawadogo, Abdallah, Assèta Kagambèga, Arshnee Moodley, Abdoul Aziz Ouedraogo, Nicolas Barro, and Michel Dione. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance among Poultry Farmers in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Antibiotics 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010133.
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Increased use of antibiotics in livestock is a public health concern, as it poses risks of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant pathogens entering the food chains and infecting humans. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 216 poultry farms to study knowledge, attitudes and practices of poultry farmers on the use of antibiotics in urban and peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou. Results show that only 17.13% (37/216) of farmers attended training on poultry production. Majority of farmers—85.65% (185/216) were not knowledgeable about the rational use of antibiotics. When there was a disease outbreak, 31.98% (63/197) of farmers used veterinary drugs without a prescription and 22.34% (44/197) consulted a community animal health worker. It should also be noted that 79.19% (156/197) of farmers reported using chicken meat as per normal if the bird died during or right after treatment with an antibiotic. Knowledge of rational use of antibiotics was positively influenced by a good attitude adopted by the farmer during the illness of birds and negatively influenced by disease treatment success and high level of education of the farmer. Lack of knowledge about the rational use of antibiotics including their use without a prescription are serious risk factors for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Awareness of farmers and other veterinary drug supply chain actors such as drug stockists and animal health workers on best practices in antimicrobial use and promotion of good biosecurity on farms are important to reduce the misuse of antibiotics.
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Vijay, Deepthi, Jasbir Singh Bedi, Pankaj Dhaka, Randhir Singh, Jaswinder Singh, Anil Kumar Arora, and Jatinder Paul Singh Gill. "Qualitative Study on Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in the Dairy Chain: A Situation Analysis and Solutions by Stakeholders from Punjab, India." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091229.
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The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in animal foods and injudicious antibiotic use in the dairy sector pose significant threats to public health. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with a strategic sample of four stakeholder groups (114 participants) associated with antibiotic usage in the dairy sector of Punjab. The FGDs were conducted among veterinarians (n = 56), para-veterinarians (n = 28), and KIIs were conducted among chemists (n = 18) and dairy quality managers (n = 12) during 2020–2021. FGDs and qualitative interviews of various stakeholders depict existing risk practices in the fields that may promote antimicrobial resistance. The present study revealed that widely prevalent quackery (treatment practices carried out by unauthorized persons without any recognized diploma/degree) and self-treatment by farmers, over-the-counter availability of antibiotics, low veterinarian per animal ratio, and lack of awareness among the society about the potential public health effects of antimicrobial resistance were the main risk factors for injudicious antibiotic use in the dairy sector. The present study involved a comprehensive approach targeting the stakeholders in the dairy sector and their reflections on judicious antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance adapted to the dairy farming of Punjab. There is an urgent need for the advocation of policies that consider the specific challenges faced by the dairy sector to simultaneously improve access to veterinary services as well as strengthen antibiotic stewardship.
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Barrett, David C. "CattleReview." Livestock 27, no. 2 (March 2, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2022.27.2.75.
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Introduction: In this Cattle Review we consider three open access papers looking at the new Veterinary Medicine Regulations in the EU, septicaemia, and antibiotic use in cases of calf diarrhoea, and the use of prophylactic topical antibiotics in calf disbudding.
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Widiyanti, Prima Mei, Mirnawati Bachrum Sudarwanto, Etih Sudarnika, and Raphaella Widiastuti. "The Use of Enrofloxacin Antibiotic as a Veterinary Drug and Its Residual Hazards on Public Health." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i2.2015.
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The livestock sector can improve the community's economy and has a role in fulfilling food needs, especially animal protein. One of the problems in the livestock sector is the presence of infectious diseases that consequently need treatment using veterinary drugs. This paper describes the use of enrofloxacin antibiotics as veterinary drug and their residual hazards on public health. Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic from the family of fluoroquinolones (second generation of quinolone). Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective to kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, so it was used for the treatment of various diseases in animals. Pharmacokinetically, enrofloxacin will be metabolized into ciprofloxacin and other metabolites. The improper use of enrofloxacin antibiotics caused residues in food products of animal origin, microbial resistance and toxicity, therefore the use of enrofloxacin needs to be monitored and evaluated for the sake of animal health and society.
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Paul, Roland, Susanne Gerling, Marion Berger, Katharina Blümlein, Udo Jäckel, and Sven Schuchardt. "Occupational Exposure to Antibiotics in Poultry Feeding Farms." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 7 (July 6, 2019): 821–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz047.
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Abstract Today, antibiotics are essential for effective treatment of infectious diseases both in human and veterinary medicine. The increasing development and distribution of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are subject of concern. In some sectors of animal agriculture, such as poultry feeding farms, the application of antibiotics and hence occupational exposure is inevitable. In the past, numerous studies focussed on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in livestock farming, but little attention was paid to the employees. The exposure of workers to antibiotics was the focus of the study detailed in this article. Four biomonitoring campaigns monitoring systemic exposure of workers to antibiotics were run at two farms over four fattening periods. Urine samples of potentially affected employees were sampled and analysed for the antibiotics of interest by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The highest antibiotic concentrations detected in urine samples exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration of some bacteria strains. In some cases, the amount of antibiotics excreted over a time-period of 24 h indicated the exceedance of the tolerable daily intake.
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SMITH-HOWARD, KENDRA. "Antibiotics and Agricultural Change: Purifying Milk and Protecting Health in the Postwar Era." Agricultural History 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.3.327.
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Abstract New ways of understanding milk purity accompanied the introduction of veterinary antibiotics to the dairy farm. Antibiotics—once viewed as substances that could rid milk of bacterial hazards—became understood as food adulterants when residues of the drugs were detected in milk. Although consumers’ concerns about food purity became critical in the postwar era, only in the late 1950s and early 1960s did public health officials and consumers take interest in the potential human health effects of antibiotic residues. Veterinarians and milk processors, not consumers, led the effort to curb indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the 1940s and 1950s. Paying close attention to the context in which farmers chose to use antibiotics and monitored drug residues, this article seeks to explain why farm people adopted veterinary drugs and how they adapted to new regulatory structures and shifting ideas about milk purity.
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Koba, Igor S., Viktor V. Stepanishin, Tatiana E. Denisenko, Sergey Yu Filippov, and Gleb V. Kondratov. "Advanced training of veterinary specialists on the spread of antibiotic resistance and the implementation of measures to contain it." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 11 (2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202111002.
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Currently, antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to humanity. The resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics does not increase the financial costs of fighting pathogens, but it is also a problem of ensuring food security. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of diseases or as growth promoters allows resistant bacteria and resistance genes to be transmitted through the food chain from farm animals to humans. In crop production and horticulture, these drugs are also used to suppress pathogens, prevent diseases and increase the shelf life of finished products. Uncontrolled and unjustified use of antibiotics in agriculture, the scale of which in many countries exceeds the scale of the use of antibiotics for the treatment of people, makes a significant contribution to the formation of the problem of antibiotic resistance in the health system. This situation requires additional efforts to inform society and develop a special policy to curb antibiotic resistance, including from the standpoint of food safety. The article considers the possibilities of preventing and containing antibiotic resistance through interinstitutional coordination and cooperation, including high-quality training of specialists and human resource capacity building, supervision and monitoring of trends in resistance and use of antibiotics, dissemination of information and research on this problem, as well as educational and explanatory work to draw attention to the problem in society.
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Landfried, Lauren, Patrick Pithua, Roger D. Lewis, Steven Rigdon, Jonathan Jacoby, Christopher C. King, Ellen K. Barnidge, and Carole R. Baskin. "Antibiotic use in goats: role of experience and education of Missouri veterinarians." Veterinary Record 186, no. 11 (February 20, 2020): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105455.
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BackgroundIn a previous study, we found that rates of antibiotic residues in goat carcasses in Missouri were three times the published national average, warranting further research in this area.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of goat veterinarians to determine attitudes and practices regarding antibiotics, recruiting 725 veterinarians listed on the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners (AASRP) website and 64 Missouri Veterinary Medical Association (MVMA) veterinarians.ResultsWe collected 189 responses (26.1%) from AASRP members (170 valid) and 8 (12.5%) from MVMA veterinarians totalling 178 responses. While the vast majority of all veterinarians indicated that they prescribed antibiotics less than half of the time, Missouri veterinarians indicated that they spent more time treating goats for overt disease like intestinal parasites and less time on proactive practices such as reproductive herd health management comparatively. While veterinarians agreed that antibiotic resistance was a growing concern, veterinarians outside of Missouri seemed more confident that their own prescription practices was not a contributor. Although nationally most veterinarians felt that attending continuing education classes was beneficial, 73.4% in other states attended classes on antibiotic use compared to only four of the nine Missouri veterinarians.ConclusionMissouri veterinarians had less veterinary experience than veterinarians in other states, and this, in conjunction with low continuing education requirements in Missouri relative to most other states, may hinder development of more proactive and effective client–veterinary relationships.