Dissertations / Theses: 'Antibiotici veterinari'

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Wei, Xi. "Effects of residual veterinary antibiotics on soil enzyme activity and plant growth." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/830.

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Ajmani, Manu. "Sorption of veterinary antibiotics to woodchips." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13169.

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Master of Science
Department of Civil Engineering
Alok Bhandari
In the upper Midwest, subsurface tile drainage water is a major contributor of nitrate (NO[subscript]3–N) coming from fertilizers and animal manure. Movement of NO[subscript]3-N through tile drainage into streams is a major concern as it can cause eutrophication and hypoxia conditions, as in the Gulf of Mexico. Denitrifying bioreactors is one of the pollution control strategies to treat contaminated tile drainage water. These bioreactors require four conditions which are: 1) organic carbon source, 2) anaerobic conditions, 3) denitrifying bacteria and 4) influent NO[subscript]3-N. This research focuses on investigating fate of veterinary antibiotics in woodchips commonly used in in-situ reactors. Tylosin (TYL) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) are two veterinary antibiotics which are most commonly used in the United States and can be found in tile water after manure is land applied. Partition coefficients of TYL and SMZ on wood were determined by sorption experiments using fresh woodchips and woodchips from an in situ reactor. It was concluded that the woodchips were an effective means to sorb the veterinary antibiotics leached into the tile water after application of animal manure. Linear partition coefficients were calculated and phase distribution relationships were established for both the chemicals. The fresh woodchips gave inconclusive data but predictions could be made by the information determined in the experiments using woodchips from a ten year old woodchip bioreactor. Desorption was also studied and the likelihood of desorption was predicted using the Apparent Hysteresis Index. Overall, it was found that the old woodchips allowed for quick sorption of both antibiotics. It was also found that SMZ had reversible sorption on old woodchips. Thus, it was concluded that the woodchip bioreactor would not be effective for removal of veterinary antibiotics from tile drainage. More research is required for the fate of TYL and to confirm the conclusion.

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Henderson, Keri Lynn Deppe. "Impact of veterinary antibiotics in the environment." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Islas, Espinoza Marini. "Effects of veterinary antibiotics in soil microbial communities." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443175.

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Guerra, Filho João Bosco Pereira [UNESP]. "Resistência antimicrobiana e prevalência de sorovares de salmonella spp. isolados de fezes e linfonodos de suinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123326.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de Salmonella spp. e seu perfil de resistência a antibióticos em suínos abatidos em frigoríficos sob inspeção federal localizados no interior do estado de São Paulo. Para tanto foram utilizados diferentes tipos de amostras, tais como fezes e linfonodos mediastínicos, mesentéricos e submandibulares, sendo 50 amostras de cada tipo, possibilitando avaliar a relevância do tipo de material analisado em relação ao real status do animal frente à contaminação pelo patógeno. Com base nas amostras positivas foi realizada a sorotipagem das cepas e teste de resistência aos antibióticos. A prevalência do patógeno foi de 10% no total das amostras (20/200), sendo os maiores percentuais de positividade encontrados nos linfonodos submandibulares com 20% de positivos (10/50) e mesentéricos com 18% (9/50) e os menores valores encontrados nas fezes com 2% de positivos (1/50) e linfonodos mediastínicos com nenhuma amostra positiva. Os sorovares predominantes foram S. Typhimurium com 55% das amostras (11/20), seguido de S. enterica subspécie enterica 4,5,12:i:- com 35% (7/20) e os sorovares S. Brandenburg e S. Derby com 5% (1/20) cada. Todas as amostras isoladas apresentarem resistência frente a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados, sendo que 90% (18/20) apresentaram resistência a pelo menos 4 drogas simultaneamente e 15% (3/20) foram enquadradas como multi drogas resistentes. Os maiores índices de resistência foram encontrados para Ciprofloxacina e Tetraciclina com 90% de resistentes (18/20) cada, seguido de Ácido Nalidíxico com 80% (16/20), Sulfonamidas com 75% (15/20), Cloranfenicol e Estreptomicina com 70% (14/20) cada, Sulfametoxazole- Trimetroprim com 65% (13/20), Ampicilina com 25% (5/20), Cefotaxime com 10% (2/10) e Ceftriaxona e Gentamicina com 5% (1/20) cada. As amostras resistentes à Ciprofloxacina foram testadas para a presença da enzima ESBL, sendo 100% ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their antibiotic resistance profiles in swine slaughtered in abattoirs under federal inspection located in the state of São Paulo. For both types of samples, such as feces and mediastinal, mesenteric and submandibular lymph nodes, 50 samples of each type being possible to evaluate the relevance of the type of material analyzed in relation to the actual status of the animal against the contamination by the pathogen were used. Based on positive samples, serotyping of the strains and antibiotic resistance test was performed. The prevalence of the pathogen was 10% of total samples (20/200) wich the highest positivity found in the submandibular lymph nodes with 20% positive (10/50) and mesenteric with 18% (9/50) and lower found in the feces with 2% positive (1/50) and mediastinal lymph nodes with no positive sample. The predominant serotypes were S.Typhimurium with 55% of the samples (11/20) followed by S. enterica subspecies enterica 4,5,12: i: -, 35% (7/20) and the serotypes S. Brandenburg and S. derby 5% (1/20) each. All isolates were resistant at least one of the antimicrobials tested, among them 90% (18/20) showed resistance to at least four drugs simultaneously and 15% (3/20) were classified as multi drug resistant. The highest rates were found for Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline resistance with 90% (18/20) each, followed by Nalidixic Acid with 80% (16/20), Sulfonamides 75% (15/20), Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin with 70% (14/20) each, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 65% (13/20), Ampicillin 25% (5/20), Cefotaxime 10% (2/10) and Ceftriaxone and Gentaminicine with 5% (1/20) each. Resistant to Ciprofloxacin samples were tested for the presence of ESBL enzyme, 100% of them considered negative

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Schroedl, Elizabeth. "DETERMINATION OF VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS VIA POLAR ORGANIC COMPOUND INTEGRATED SAMPLING (POCIS)." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2262.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Elizabeth Schroedl, for the Master of Science degree in Chemistry, presented on June 26, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: DETERMINATION OF VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS VIA POLAR ORGANIC COMPOUND INTEGRATD SAMPLING (POCIS) MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Gary Kinsel A growing concern in the environment is the occurrence of antibiotics in our water systems. Antibiotics are used extensively in veterinary practices on mass production animal farms. The primary mode of transport of antibiotics into the water systems is waste-water runoff from animal lots and agricultural fields. Passive sampling systems can be deployed to monitor the amount of antibiotics entering the water systems. This paper compares the use of a commercially available passive sampling device to a home-built device using Oasis HLB sorbent disks in order to validate a less expensive method of monitoring antibiotics in water systems. The home-built device was exposed to water spiked with various concentrations of antibiotics lincomycin and oxytetracycline over a period of 10 days. Disks were extracted and sampled at days 3, 7 and 10 using LCMS detection. The mean (n=9) result for lincomycin percent recovery using HLB disks was 86% with a sampling rate of 0.02550 mL/day and 62% for oxytetracycline with a sampling rate of 0.01745 mL/day. The commercial device was exposed to various concentrations of the antibiotics for 7 days. The mean (n=3) percent recovery for lincomycin was 104% with sampling rate of 0.03204 mL/day, and 74% for oxytetracycline with a sampling rate of 0.02262 mL/day. Results between days were inconsistent; however both devices followed the same trend at each concentration. With additional investigation, the home-build device is a valid alternative to the commercially available device for monitoring antibiotics in water systems.

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Kay, Paul. "Fate of veterinary antibiotics on macroporous tile drained clay soils." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414673.

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Sun, Peizhe. "Transformation of veterinary ionophore antibiotics under conditions related to water-soil-litter systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51880.

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Veterinary pharmaceuticals are routinely used in livestock production to treat diseases, prevent infections, and promote growth. However, the potential release of pharmaceuticals from agricultural activities has raised concerns because they may pose detrimental effects to the ecosystems and human health, for example fostering the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the natural environment. A better understanding of the environmental fate of veterinary pharmaceuticals is critical to properly assess and mitigate their risks. This dissertation focuses on a major group of veterinary pharmaceuticals, ionophore antibiotics (IPAs), which is sold at over 4 million kilograms per year and constitutes more than one third of the total antibiotic consumption by the livestock industry in the U.S. Despite the extensive usage of IPAs, their environmental fate was not well-understood. Therefore, this study aimed at achieving a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, persistence, and transformation of IPAs from poultry litter before and after applications to the agricultural lands. Three of the most commonly used members of IPAs were investigated in this study: monensin (MON), salinomycin (SAL), and narasin (NAR). Based on the common management practices of poultry litter, the potential abiotic and biotic transformation reactions of IPAs were examined under varying conditions relevant to the water-soil-litter systems. This dissertation consists of three sections. First, a robust analytical method was developed to quantify IPAs in various environmental compartments, especially in high organic-containing matrices such as poultry litter, and soil and runoff from litter-fertilized lands. Efforts were made to optimize the analytical method with respect to improving extraction recovery, reducing matrix effects, and validating a surrogate standard. Second, lab-scale experiments were set up to determine the chemical properties of IPAs in aqueous environments and to study the abiotic transformation of IPAs, including hydrolysis and photolysis. The results showed that IPAs are prone to hydrolytic transformation in acidic environments, which are likely to be encountered in acidic soils, alum-amended litter (alum: Al₂(SO₄)₃•12H₂O), and acidic runoff. Multiple transformation pathways were proposed based on the identified hydrolysis products. It is also noteworthy that the hydrolysis products of MON still exhibited a toxic effect on the selected microorganism (Bacillus subtilis). SAL and NAR were found to undergo direct photolysis under both UV light and sunlight irradiation. In natural water matrix, IPAs were also degraded by indirect photolysis with hydroxyl radicals generated by light-excited nitrate. Dissolved organic matter can shield IPAs from light and slow down their photolysis. Third, the biodegradation potential of IPAs was first tested in litter and soil microcosms. Factor analysis was conducted to delineate the interaction of water and temperature on IPA degradation in the litter. Litter-fertilized and non-fertilized soil microcosms were compared on the degradation of MON and SAL. Furthermore, the inhibition and biotransformation potential of IPAs were assessed under different redox conditions with litter-enriched cultures. Inhibition tests focused on examining IPAs’ impact on microbial community functions, including denitrification, sulfate-reduction, and methane production. Biodegradation tests were conducted with different electron acceptors, including oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, and organic carbons, with efforts to elucidate primary biotransformation products. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, several recommendations on litter management and IPA selection were made to help mitigate the release and transport of IPAs, as well as enhance their degradation. Overall, this study significantly improved the understanding of the environmental fate of IPAs and the obtained knowledge can aid proper selection of IPAs and management strategies in future applications to minimize the risks of antibiotic micropollutants in the environment.

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Blackwell, Paul A. "Analysis and fate of veterinary antibiotics in soil and water systems." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414670.

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Bailey, Caroline [Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Schüttrumpf, and Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Hamscher. "The overland transport of veterinary antibiotics / Caroline Bailey ; Holger Schüttrumpf, Gerd Hamscher." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1128731258/34.

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Madgwick, Linda. "Penetration and subcellular distribution of antibiotics in bovine neutrophils." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311447.

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Sahoo, Krushna Chandra. "Antibiotic use, environment and antibiotic resistance : A qualitative study among human and veterinary health care professionals in Orissa, India." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1877.

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Objective: To explore views of medical doctors, veterinarians and drug sellers on use of antibiotics on humans and nonhumans and on factors that influences the development of resistance to antibacterial agents. Further, to look at the bi-directional relationship between antibiotic use and environment.

Methods: The study was a qualitative explorative interview study, analysed using conventional content analysis. It was conducted in Orissa, India. Data were collected by face to face semi structured interview. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed into Oriya, then translated in to English. Each paragraph or sentence was coded. Similar codes were clustered together and collapsed into sub categories and categories. The main themes were allowed to emerge, based on the relationship between categories.

Findings: The main finding of the study was mishandling and abuse of antibiotics in patients as well as at professional level due to weak implementation of legislation, which appears to be the major cause of antibacterial agent resistance. Incomplete course or dose due to poverty in rural area and self medication in urban area are more common. The study also showed that climatic factors, pollution and population density are the major ecological factors which influence antibiotic prescriptions. Another major finding of this study was that, due to improper disposal system of pharmaceuticals; antibiotics are contaminating air, water and terrains which can cause major risk to aquatic and grazing animals.

Conclusion: This study emphasises the need for comprehensive actions including information, training, legislation and education at all levels of drug delivery system to rationalize antibiotic use by improving prescribing pattern and creating awareness among consumers. Proper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes is required to prevent the contamination of environment from pharmaceutical pollutants. Further study is essential concerning environmental impact of antibiotics.

Key words: Antibiotic use; antibiotic resistance; environment; qualitative; conventional; content analysis; veterinarians; medical doctors; drug sellers; Orissa; India.

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Bastos, Marília Camotti. "Study of the environmental contamination of human and veterinary medicines in the south Brazil." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2255/document.

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Le sud du Brésil est une région agricole qui connait une forte croissance de sa production tant au niveau céréalier qu'animal. L'intensification des pratiques agricoles ainsi que l'urbanisation grandissante dans cette région génèrent également une forte pression anthropique pour les milieux aquatiques et les sols. Le présent travail vise à mieux comprendre l'impact lié à l'utilisation puis au rejet de composés pharmaceutiques (humain ou vétérinaire) sur les rivières et les sols à travers l'exemple du bassin versant du Rio Guaporé. L'étude des sols a montré une contamination par les composés pharmaceutiques dans les zones agricoles, où l'épandage de lisiers apparait comme une source importante de contamination et de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Les molécules détectées varient selon le type d'exploitation des sols et les épandages effectués. L'érosion importante que subissent les sols de cette région et leur lessivage par les pluies peuvent favoriser ensuite le transport de ces contaminants vers les milieux aquatiques. L'étude des milieux aquatiques, à travers le biofilm épilithique et les POCIS, ont permis de montrer que les zones de plus forte production agricole sont les plus contaminées. Une forte contamination par les zones urbaines a été cependant aussi mise en évidence. Ces résultats sont à mettre en relation avec l'absence de réseaux d'assainissement urbains dans cette région. La nature et l'ampleur de la contamination sont influencés par les variations saisonnières. L'utilisation de la sucralose et de la carbamazépine comme traceurs de l'activité anthropique s'est avérée prometteuse de même que l'usage des biofilms et des POCIS comme échantillonneurs
Southern Brazil is an agricultural region that is experiencing a strong growth in both cereal and animal production. The intensification of agricultural practices as well as the growing urbanization in this region also generates a strong anthropic pressure for the aquatic environments and the soils. This work aims to better understand the impact of use and release of pharmaceutical compounds (human or veterinary) on rivers and soils through the example of the Rio Guaporé watershed. Soil studies have shown contamination by pharmaceutical compounds in agricultural areas where spreading of manure appears to be an important source of contamination and antibiotic resistance genes. The molecules detected vary according to the type of land use and the spreading. The significant erosion of soils in this region and their leaching by rainfall can then promote the transport of these contaminants to aquatic environments. The study of aquatic environments, through epilithic biofilm and POCIS, showed that areas with the highest agricultural production are the most contaminated. However, high contamination by urban areas has also been highlighted. These results are related to the absence of urban sanitation networks in this region. The nature and extent of contamination are influenced by seasonal variations. The use of sucralose and carbamazepine as tracers of anthropogenic activity proved promising, as was the use of biofilms and POCIS as samplers
O sul do Brasil é uma área agrícola, que tem experimentado forte crescimento de sua produção tanto animal quanto grãos. A intensificação das práticas agrícolas assim como o aumento da urbanização na região greram alta pressão antropica nos ambientes aquáticos e nos solos. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de melhor entender o impacto relacionado com o uso e a descarga de compostos farmacêuticos (humano ou veterinário) nos rios e solos através do exemplo da bacia hridrografica do Rio Guaporé. O estudo do solo mostrou contaminação das áreas agricolas por produtos farmacêuticos, onde a utilização de estrume está emergindo como uma importante fonte de contaminação e genes de resistência a antibióticos. As moléculas detectadas variaram dependendo do tipo de uso do solo e do tipo de esterco usado como fertilizantes. A erosão significativa sofrida pelos solos nesta região e sua lixiviação podem, então, promover o transporte destes contaminantes até ambientes aquáticos. O estudo dos ambientes aquáticos através de biofilmes epilíticos e amostradores passivos (POCIS), mostraram que áreas de maior produção agrícola são os mais contaminados. Também foi destacada a elevada contaminação causada peals áreas urbanas. Estes resultados devem estar relacionados com a falta de saneamento urbano na região. A natureza e extensão da contaminação são influenciados por variações sazonais. Além disso, a utilização de sucralose e carbamazepina como traçadores de atividade antrópica em biofilmes e POCIS provou ser promissor

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Karzis, Joanne. "Intramammary antibiotics in dairy goats withdrawal periods and tissue tolerance /." Electronic thesis, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07242008-084703/.

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Blake, Damer Peter. "Prevalence and characterisation of bacterial antibiotic resistance within the porcine intestinal tract." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248653.

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Within the pig population of Northeast Scotland resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin was found to be widespread among commensal Escherichia coli, as also noted among anaerobic commensals of the genera Bacteroides and Lactobacillus. E. coli resistant to apramycin and nalidixic acid and enterococci resistant to vancomycin were less frequently isolated but remained common. Production system, piglet age and recent transportation were found to influence the antibiotic resistant proportion of the faecal E. coli population whilst dietary copper inclusion did not. Within the intestinal tract higher proportions of resistance to ampicillin were noted among the E. coli of the ileum and caecum than more distal sections and to apramycin and nalidixic acid among the ileal mucosal associated E. coli than those of the ileal lumen. Novel techniques for characterising and modelling antibiotic resistant bacterial populations were suggested and investigated. A spiral-plater system was used to investigate the phenotypic expression of antibiotic resistance among faecal E. coli, complemented by the development of a PCR technique to identify the genetic basis of tetracycline resistance. The effects of antimicrobial supplementation on the indigenous enteric flora were monitored through the validation and use of an in vitro porcine ileal simulation. Within the same model transmission of genetic material encoding antibiotic resistance was demonstrated between commensal and pathogenic representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae under ileal conditions. Variation in the mucosal adherence of E. coli expressing different antibiotic resistant attributes was investigated in vitro following the implementation of a modified cell culture technique.

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Costa, Estela, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Modulation of the immune system in the mammalian intestine as an alternate explanation for the action of antimicrobial growth promoters / Estela Costa." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2627.

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The novel hypothesis that antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) function by modulating the mammalian immune system was tested. Sampling methods to characterize the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that direct plug extraction was superior to wash methods. Using T-RFLP analysis, non-therapeutic administration of chlortetracycline (CTC) and sulfamethazine to beef cattle did not affect the composition of bacterial communities associated with intestinal mucosa and in digesta, with exception of those associated with mucosa of the proximal jejunum. Similarly, oral administration of non-therapeutic concentrations of CTC did not affect the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine. Oral administration of nontherapeutic concentrations of CTC prevented weight loss, reduced pathologic changes, modulated transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines in C. rodentium-infected mice, and did not consistently affect the colonic microbiota. These findings support the hypothesis that AGP primarily function by modulating the intestinal immune system.
xiv, 160 leaves ; 29 cm

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Park, Jong Yol [Verfasser], and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Huwe. "Transport and fate of veterinary sulfonamide antibiotics in soil / Jong Yol Park. Betreuer: Bernd Huwe." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075249457/34.

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Golabi, Narges <1984&gt. "Evaluation of inhibition and degradation of veterinary antibiotics present in animal feed during BATCH test." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21657.

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The bio-methane potential test was conducted due to analyze the inhibition effects of four antibiotics (Oxytetracycline, Bacitracin Zink, Tilmicosin, and Vulnemulin) during the anaerobic digestion process. the degradation rate of these antibiotics was also measured to determine the antibiotic residues.

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Dereti, Rogério Morcelles. "Prescriçao de antibióticos em infecçoes do trato respiratório dos eqüinos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/29407.

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A utilização indiscriminada de antibióticos com fins terapêuticos em medicina humana e veterinária e o uso dessas drogas como promotores de crescimento para animais de produção têm sido relacionados à origem de cepas bacterianas multi-resistentes. Os eqüinos são freqüentemente acometidos por infecções respiratórias, sendo tratados com os mesmos antibióticos usados no homem. Além disso, compartilham o mesmo ambiente e muitos dos agentes causadores de infecções respiratórias em eqüinos podem ser isolados de pessoas. O presente estudo investigou os hábitos de prescrição de antibióticos para o tratamento de infecções respiratórias dos eqüinos e os comparou às recomendações da literatura específica e às orientações posológicas contidas nas bulas das apresentações comerciais mais citadas pelos participantes. Foram enviados questionários para 253 veterinários de eqüinos das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, junto com uma carta de apresentação, envelopes padronizados e selos para devolução. A participação foi espontânea, sem indução de respostas, e foi assegurada privacidade aos participantes. Houve 10% de retorno dos questionários e os resultados evidenciaram que na população estudada não há um padrão de prescrição de antimicrobianos. Os dados encontrados na literatura são contraditórios com as orientações contidas nas bulas e com as formas de prescrição relacionadas pelos participantes. Este estudo evidenciou que as práticas da população estudada e as orientações contidas nas bulas dos medicamentos estão defasadas em relação ao conceito de uso prudente preconizado pela OIE e frente ao conceito de uso racional de antimicrobianos

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Hu, Dingfei. "Environmental fate and chemistry of a veterinary antibiotic-tylosin and monoterpenoid pesticides-thymol and phenethyl propionate." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Hiliare, Sheldon. "Impact of Manure Land Management Practices on Manure Borne Antibiotic Resistant Elements (AREs) in Agroecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102218.

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Rising global antibiotic resistance has caused concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Majority of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, primarily with livestock rearing. Animal manure land application integrates livestock farming and agroecosystems. This manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) (resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics) that contribute towards antimicrobial resistance. Altering manure application techniques can reduce surface runoff of other contaminants such as excess N and P, pesticides, and hormones, that can impact water quality. Conventional tillage practices in the U.S. has reduced or stopped, making subsurface injection of manure a promising option when compared to surface application. Our research compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping system, and manure-rainfall time gaps to gauge the impact on AREs in the environment. Two field-scale rainfall simulation studies were conducted along with one laboratory study. Using the injection method lowered concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, 9-30 times less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to 1 d time gap for that broadcast method. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other based on manure application and soil ARG richness in all manure-amended soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained 52 ARGs with higher abundance compared to runoff from surface applied plots. ARGs in the former were more correlated to soil and more correlated to manure in the latter. The highest antibiotic concentrations were in the injection slit soil of those plots. Antibiotic concentrations in samples corresponded positively to concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and there was a positive correlation between resistant FCB and their associated ARGs (Spearman's ρ = 0.43-0.63). A CRIISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for in-situ detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.
Doctor of Philosophy
Rising global antibiotic resistance cause concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Most of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, especially with livestock rearing. Overuse of antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine compromises the effectiveness of our medicines. Animal manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) such as resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics) that contribute towards resistance issues. Once these AREs enter the environment, they can be taken up by crops, runoff into surface water or leached into ground water, or even reside within the animal products we consume. Altering manure application techniques is beneficial for nutrient conservation but also potentially for reducing ARE spread. With our research, we compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping systems, and manure-rainfall time gaps to find ways to balance the need for manure application and the spread of resistance. We used two field-scale rainfall simulation studies along with one laboratory study. Overall, using the injection method resulted in significantly lower concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to the 1 d time gap for broadcast methods. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other and soil ARG totals in all manure applied soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained more soil ARGs and runoff from surface applied plots containing more manure associated ARGs. The subsurface injection method also caused highest antibiotic concentrations in the injection slit soil of those plots. High antibiotic concentrations in samples generally meant high concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and resistant FCB were also found with their associated ARGs as well. A CRISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for onsite detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.

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Swan, Kathie Lanette. "Sorption Characteristics of Veterinary Ionophore Antibiotics Monensin and Lasalocid and Soil Clay Constituents Kaolinite, Illite and Montmorillonite." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1344958732.

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23

ElSayed, Eman. "Fate and transport of agricultural herbicides and veterinary antibiotics in the presence of a non ionic surfactant." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119479.

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Many parts of the world, and especially developing countries, are experiencing severe water shortage problems. This is causing increased use of untreated or partially-treated wastewater for irrigation. Consequently, many pollutants such as surfactants, present in wastewaters, could influence fate and transport of agricultural chemicals in soils. Therefore, a field lysimeter study was undertaken to investigate the effect of non-ionic surfactant, Brij 35, on the fate and transport of two commonly used antibiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC) and monensin (MON), and an herbicide, metribuzin. Twenty seven PVC lysimeters, 1.0 m long x 0.45 m diameter, were packed with a sandy soil to a bulk density of 1.35 Mg m-3. Cattle manure, containing these compounds, was applied at the surface of the lysimeters at the recommended rate of 10 t/ha. Three types of wastewaters, i.e., good, poor, and very poor, were simulated by using three aqueous Brij 35 concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 5.0 g L 1, respectively, and applied to lysimeters, in triplicate, for each compound. Over a 90-day period, soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed. Sorption experiments were also conducted for all compounds in the laboratory in the presence and absence of surfactant. Overall, the OTC and monensin mobility in the lysimeter study significantly increased in the presence of the surfactant (p<0.01). The maximum OTC concentration in the leachate was 102.72 µg L-1 for the surfactant concentration of 0.5 g L-1, which was higher than both control and the high surfactant concentration treatment. Unlike OTC, monensin leaching increased significantly with increasing surfactant concentration (p<0.01), and the maximum detected concentration in the leachate was 5.83 µg L-1 for the surfactant concentration of 5.0 g L-1. The laboratory study also showed that the sorption coefficient of OTC significantly reduced in the presence of the surfactant (p<0.05); it changed from 23.55 mL g-1 in the aqueous medium to 19.49, 12.49 and 14.53 mL g-1, respectively, in the presence of the surfactant at concentrations of 0.25, 2.5 and 5 g L-1. It may, however, be noted that the sorption coefficient was higher for the highest surfactant concentration used. However, in the case of monensin, the sorption coefficient reduced significantly (p<0.01) from 120.22 mL g-1 in the aqueous medium to 112.20, 100 and 63.09 mL g-1 with surfactant concentrations of 0.25, 2.5 and 5 g L-1, respectively. Herbicide movement may also be affected by surfactants; therefore, the mobility of a commonly-used herbicide, metribuzin, was investigated. In the presence of the surfactant, a significant increase in metribuzin movement (p<0.05) in the soil profile was observed. The highest metribuzin concentration in the leachate was 84.80 µg L-1 for the 5.0 g L-1 surfactant treatment. However, no significant differences on mobility were observed for the two treatments with differing surfactant concentrations. The laboratory sorption study showed that the sorption coefficient of metribuzin significantly decreased with increasing surfactant concentration (p<0.05). It can be concluded that nonionic surfactants may increase the mobility of agricultural pollutants, including antibiotics and herbicides, in soil. Therefore, irrigation with poor quality water can potentially cause ground water contamination.
Plusieurs régions du monde, particulièrement celles en voie de développement, souffrent d'une pénurie d'eau. Afin de composer avec l'augmentation de la demande en produits alimentaires et la pauvreté au sein d'une population croissante, des eaux usées partiellement- ou non-traitées servent souvent a l'irrigation. Il en survient que plusieurs polluants, incluant des agents de surface, peuvent être présents dans ces eaux d'irrigation et influencer le devenir et le transport de pesticides et antibiotiques dans les sols agricoles. Une étude lysimétrique au champ visa à évaluer l'effet de l'agent de surface non-ionique, Brij 35, sur le devenir et le transport de deux antibiotiques, l'oxytétracycline (OTC) et le monensin (MON), ainsi qu'un herbicide le metribuzin. Vingt-sept lysimètres en PVC, hauteur 1.0 m  diamètre intérieur 0.45 m, furent remplis d'un sol sablonneux à une densité apparente de 1.35 Mg m-3. Du fumier de vache, contenant les composés sous étude fut épandu à la surface des lysimètres au taux recommandé de 10 Mg ha-1. Pour chaque polluant, chacun des trois lysimètres répliquats fut arrosé d'une des trios solutions aqueuses de l'agent de surface Brij 35 (0, 0.5 ou 5 g L 1), représentant une qualité d'eau d'irrigation 'bonne,' 'mauvaise' ou 'très mauvaise'. Sur une durée de 90 jours, des échantillons de sol et de lixiviat furent obtenus et analysés. Des expériences en laboratoire additionnelles furent conduites en réacteur pour évaluer le potentiel de sorption des composés à l'étude. La présence de l'agent de surface non-ionique Brij 35 diminua de façon significative (p<0.05) le coefficient de sorption de l'OTC, soit de 23.55 ml g-1 en milieu aqueux, à 19.49, 12.49 et 14.53, respectivement, en la présence de 0.25, 2.5 et 5 g L-1 de Brij 35. La mobilité de l'OTC fut significativement moindre en présence de 0.5 g L-1 vs. 5.0 g L 1 de Brij 35. La concentration maximale en OTC du lixiviat fut de 102.72 µg L-1. Le coefficient de sorption du MON diminua de façon significative (p<0.05) de 120.22 mL g-1 en milieu aqueux, à 112.20, 100 et 63.09 mL g-1, respectivement, en présences de 0.25, 2.5 et 5 g L-1 de Brij 35. Si la demi-vie (t½) du MON fut de 5.72 jours en eau du robinet, elle augmenta à 9.62 et 11 jours, respectivement, en presence de 0.5 et 5.0 g L-1 Brij 35. La concentration maximale de MON détecté dans le lixiviat fut de 5.83 µg L-1. Dans le laboratoire, la sorption/désorption de l'OTC fut comparé à celle du sulfachloropyidazine (SCP) en présence et en absence d'un agent de surface non-ionique. En contraste à l'OTC, la présence d'un agent de surface augmenta de façon significative le potential de sorption du SCP au sol, tel qu'en témoigne le coefficient de sorption coefficient (KF) pour le SCP qui augmenta de 19.95 mL g-1 en absence de Brij 35, à 95.49 mL g-1 et 66.06 mL g-1 en présence de Brij 35 à des concentrations de 2.5 g L-1 et 5 g L-1, respectivement. Le coefficient de désorption de l'OTC en l'absence d'agent de surface fut de 61.58 mL g-1, tandis qu'en présence de 2.5 g L-1 Brij 35 elle diminua à 50.35 mL g-1. Comparativement, pour le SCP, les valeurs correspondantes furent de 1.24 and 1.38 mL g-1. Un phénomène d'hystérèse dans le cas du SCP en présence vs. absence de Brij 35 indiqua le bas potentiel de lixiviation du SCP en présence d'un agent de surface. Cependant, l'OTC se montra facilement désorbée en présence de Brij 35 en forme micellaire. Vu les inquiétudes quant a l'utilisation constante d'herbicides dans la production agricole actuelle, le potentiel d'une mobilité accrue de l'herbicide métribuzine en présence d'agents de surface s'avéra digne d'attention. La métribuzine présenta une mobilité accrue et une moindre affinité de sorption au sol et t½ en présence de micelles de Brij35 comparé à en leur absence. Les agents de surface ont augmenté la mobilité en sol des polluants étudiés. L'irrigation avec des eaux de mauvaise qualité peut donc poser un risque de contamination des eaux souterraines.

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Elmi, Alberto <1988&gt. "Essential oils and swine reproduction: new frontiers in antibiotic replacement in seminal doses." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9207/1/TESI_ELMI_repository.pdf.

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The actual scenario regarding antibiotic resistance is extremely worrying and the scientific community invest time and efforts in the search for solutions. Essential oils (EOs) are products of the secondary metabolism of aromatic plants and are complex mixtures of several compounds. EOs show a wide variety of biological activities, that may suggest interesting applications in the reproduction field, as cryo-preservatives or substitutes for antibiotics, but studies regarding their effects on spermatozoa are lacking. The present research aimed at evaluating the opportunity to use essential oils in refrigerated swine seminal doses as a potential alternative to antibiotics. The preliminary step was about the study of swine seminal parameters in farm setting using advanced statistical methods, to better predict in vivo fertility on the basis of semen morpho-functional evaluations. In the first step some specific EOs were selected and the cytotoxic effects on swine spermatozoa were evaluated to identify non-spermicidal concentrations. The lower concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis and Melaleuca alternifolia EOs not impacted the semen morpho-functinal parameters. The last step was the evaluation of antibacterial effects of the previously tested concentrations on the liquid phase of swine refrigerated seminal doses. In order to obtain standardized results, an in vitro model with the addition of E. coli was set up. Analyses, performed at 24 and 120 hours, included optical density evaluation, bacterial DNA quantification by qPCR, and colony count. The results demonstrated that both EOs, at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml, are capable of delivering similar effects to ampicillin. At the lower concentration, M. alternifolia EO seemed more effective when compared to R. officinalis. In conclusion, this project showed the potential of some EOs in the field of swine artificial insemination, but also highlighted how it is necessary, before claiming natural compounds as future “miracle-workers”, to investigate their safety and mechanisms of action.

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25

Ciuffa, Andreia Zago. "Potencial antibiótico das peçonhas de Bothrops pauloensis E Crotalus durissus terrificus." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/18165.

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A resistência bacteriana à antibióticos tem se tornado um grave problema em saúde pública. Os mecanismos de resistência estão emergindo e sendo disseminados globalmente, devido às deficiências nas condições sanitárias e uso indiscriminado de antibióticos em humanos e animais. Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus estão entre as bactérias mais presentes quando se trata de resistência a antimicrobianos. Infecções causadas por Leptospira interrogans possuem limitadas opções de tratamento e pouco se progrediu a cerca desta situação nos últimos anos. O Brasil possui uma fauna rica em espécies de serpente. Dentre as serpentes peçonhentas que causam a maior parte dos acidentes ofídicos no país encontram-se os gêneros Bothrops e Crotalus. As peçonhas desses animais possuem uma diversidade de bioativos com funções biológicas, bioquímicas e farmacológicas. Por isso, diversos estudos têm sido realizados com essas substâncias a fim de se desenvolver novos fármacos. Em meio às diversas funções já descobertas sobre os bioativos das peçonhas, o potencial antimicrobiano tem sido alvo de importantes pesquisas visto o cenário mundial de resistência bacteriana.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a serious problem in public health. Resistance mechanisms are emerging and being disseminated globally due to deficiencies in health conditions and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans and animals. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are among the most present bacteria when it comes to antimicrobial resistance. Leptospira interrogans infections have limited treatment options and little progress has been made about this in last years. Brazil has an rich ecosystem in snake species. Among the venomous snakes that cause most of the ophidian accidents in the country are the genera Bothrops and Crotalus. The venom of these animals has a diversity of bioactives with biological, biochemical and pharmacological functions. Therefore, several studies have been done with these substances to develop new drugs. Regarding the several functions already discovered about venom bioactives, the antimicrobial potential has been the object of important researchs, considering the world scenario of bacterial resistance.
Dissertação (Mestrado)

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26

Liepman, Rachel Sarah. "Alterations in the Fecal Microbiome of Healthy Horses in Response to Antibiotic Treatment." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429004228.

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Santos, Júnior Laurivê Antônio dos. "Degradação de antibióticos de uso veterinário em reator de carbonização hidrotermal." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5174.

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Antibiotics are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. After consumption, much of the drug is excreted unchanged or in the form of metabolites, and through the release of sewage treatment plants, agricultural waste and leaching, reach natural ecosystems. The occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments has become a growing concern worldwide mainly due to the emergence of resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria. The indiscriminate use and the use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics cause the emergence of resistance. In Goiás, a recent survey showed the presence of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics in hospital wastewater and Goiania sewage treatment plant. The wastewater treatment processes based on biological degradation have low efficiency of removal of residual drugs due to recalcitrant structure and biocide effect of antibiotics. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of hydrothermal decomposition of the antibiotic ampicillin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and tylosin sulphaquinoxaline. For this purpose, the antibiotic solutions were prepared at a concentration of 50 μg.mL-1 and pH correction to the range 3-7, with phosphoric acid solution for the hydrothermal carbonization treatment. Treatment by the hydrothermal carbonization process of oxytetracycline with pH adjustment made with phosphoric acid, pH 3, 170 ° C temperature and 90 minutes reaction time showed total decomposition as a result of this antibiotic (100%). The highest decomposition rate (98.37%) for enrofloxacin was observed when they were used the reaction time of 120 minutes, pH 3, 200 ° C temperature and phosphoric acid as a catalyst. The highest decomposition rate of ampicillin (94.86%) was observed when using time of 120 minutes reaction, pH 4, 200 ° C temperature and phosphoric acid as a catalyst. The most suitable conditions for the decomposition of sulphaquinoxaline, observing the greatest reduction rate (95.71%) was observed when they were used the reaction time of 120 minutes, pH 5, temperature 180 ° C and phosphoric acid as a catalyst. All conditions, except for the pH 7, led to complete decomposition of tylosin (100%) of the samples. The best condition for the decomposition of tylosin, observing a lower energy expenditure, and reaction time spent catalyst was one which was used 90 minutes reaction time, pH 4, 180 ° C temperature and phosphoric acid as a catalyst. In the germination test with Allium cepa, the solutions treated, except ampicillin, had similar germination rates found in the control group. The solutions of antibiotics with no treatment showed higher rates of growth of buds when compared to the control group. These results show that the hydrothermal carbonization process has potential for future applications decomposition of antibiotics in contaminated water and effluent.
Antibióticos são largamente utilizados na medicina humana e veterinária. Após o consumo, grande parte dos fármacos é excretada inalterada ou sob forma de metabólitos, e por intermédio dos lançamentos de estações de tratamento de esgotos, resíduos agrícolas e lixiviação, alcançam os ecossistemas naturais. A ocorrência de antibióticos nos ambientes aquáticos tem se tornado uma preocupação crescente em todo o mundo especialmente devido ao aparecimento de genes de resistência em bactérias patogênicas. O uso indiscriminado e a utilização de doses subterapêuticas de antibióticos provocam o surgimento de resistência. Em Goiás, uma pesquisa recente demonstrou a presença de bactérias resistentes a vários antibióticos em efluentes hospitalares e na estação de tratamento de esgotos de Goiânia. Os processos de tratamento de efluentes baseados na degradação biológica apresentam baixa eficiência de remoção de fármacos residuais devido à estrutura recalcitrante e ao potencial biocida dos antibióticos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência da decomposição hidrotermal dos antibióticos ampicilina, enrofloxacina, oxitetraciclina, sulfaquinoxalina e tilosina. Com este intuito, soluções dos antibióticos foram preparadas com concentração de 50 μg.mL-1 e com correção de pH para a faixa 3-7, com solução de ácido fosfórico, para o tratamento com carbonização hidrotermal. O tratamento pelo processo de carbonização hidrotermal da oxitetraciclina com correção de pH feita com ácido fosfórico, pH 3, temperatura de 170ºC e tempo de reação de 90 minutos apresentou como resultado a decomposição total deste antibiótico (100%). A maior taxa de decomposição (98,37%) para a enrofloxacina foi observada quando foram utilizados tempo reacional de 120 minutos, pH 3, temperatura de 200ºC e ácido fosfórico como catalisador. A maior taxa de decomposição da ampicilina (94,86%) foi observada quando se utilizou tempo de reação de 120 minutos, pH 4, temperatura de 200ºC e ácido fosfórico como catalisador. As condições mais adequadas para a decomposição da sulfaquinoxalina, observando a maior taxa de redução (95,71%), foi observada quando foram utilizados tempo reacional de 120 minutos, pH 5, temperatura de 180ºC e ácido fosfórico como catalisador. Todas as condições, exceto o pH 7, levaram a decomposição total da tilosina (100%) das amostras. A melhor condição para a decomposição da tilosina, observando menor gasto energético, tempo reacional e gasto de catalisador, foi aquela onde se utilizou tempo de reação de 90 minutos, pH 4, temperatura de 180ºC e ácido fosfórico como catalisador. No teste de germinação com Allium cepa, as soluções tratadas, exceto a ampicilina, apresentaram taxas similares de germinação as encontradas no Grupo Controle. As soluções dos antibióticos sem tratamento apresentaram taxas superiores de crescimentos dos brotos quando comparadas ao Grupo Controle. Esses resultados mostram que o processo de carbonização hidrotermal apresenta potencial para futuras aplicações de decomposição de antibióticos em águas e efluentes contaminados.

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Guerra, Filho João Bosco Pereira. "Resistência antimicrobiana e prevalência de sorovares de salmonella spp. isolados de fezes e linfonodos de suinos /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123326.

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Orientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira
Banca: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
Banca: Jean Guilherme Fernandes Joaquim
Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de Salmonella spp. e seu perfil de resistência a antibióticos em suínos abatidos em frigoríficos sob inspeção federal localizados no interior do estado de São Paulo. Para tanto foram utilizados diferentes tipos de amostras, tais como fezes e linfonodos mediastínicos, mesentéricos e submandibulares, sendo 50 amostras de cada tipo, possibilitando avaliar a relevância do tipo de material analisado em relação ao real status do animal frente à contaminação pelo patógeno. Com base nas amostras positivas foi realizada a sorotipagem das cepas e teste de resistência aos antibióticos. A prevalência do patógeno foi de 10% no total das amostras (20/200), sendo os maiores percentuais de positividade encontrados nos linfonodos submandibulares com 20% de positivos (10/50) e mesentéricos com 18% (9/50) e os menores valores encontrados nas fezes com 2% de positivos (1/50) e linfonodos mediastínicos com nenhuma amostra positiva. Os sorovares predominantes foram S. Typhimurium com 55% das amostras (11/20), seguido de S. enterica subspécie enterica 4,5,12:i:- com 35% (7/20) e os sorovares S. Brandenburg e S. Derby com 5% (1/20) cada. Todas as amostras isoladas apresentarem resistência frente a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados, sendo que 90% (18/20) apresentaram resistência a pelo menos 4 drogas simultaneamente e 15% (3/20) foram enquadradas como multi drogas resistentes. Os maiores índices de resistência foram encontrados para Ciprofloxacina e Tetraciclina com 90% de resistentes (18/20) cada, seguido de Ácido Nalidíxico com 80% (16/20), Sulfonamidas com 75% (15/20), Cloranfenicol e Estreptomicina com 70% (14/20) cada, Sulfametoxazole- Trimetroprim com 65% (13/20), Ampicilina com 25% (5/20), Cefotaxime com 10% (2/10) e Ceftriaxona e Gentamicina com 5% (1/20) cada. As amostras resistentes à Ciprofloxacina foram testadas para a presença da enzima ESBL, sendo 100% ...
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and their antibiotic resistance profiles in swine slaughtered in abattoirs under federal inspection located in the state of São Paulo. For both types of samples, such as feces and mediastinal, mesenteric and submandibular lymph nodes, 50 samples of each type being possible to evaluate the relevance of the type of material analyzed in relation to the actual status of the animal against the contamination by the pathogen were used. Based on positive samples, serotyping of the strains and antibiotic resistance test was performed. The prevalence of the pathogen was 10% of total samples (20/200) wich the highest positivity found in the submandibular lymph nodes with 20% positive (10/50) and mesenteric with 18% (9/50) and lower found in the feces with 2% positive (1/50) and mediastinal lymph nodes with no positive sample. The predominant serotypes were S.Typhimurium with 55% of the samples (11/20) followed by S. enterica subspecies enterica 4,5,12: i: -, 35% (7/20) and the serotypes S. Brandenburg and S. derby 5% (1/20) each. All isolates were resistant at least one of the antimicrobials tested, among them 90% (18/20) showed resistance to at least four drugs simultaneously and 15% (3/20) were classified as multi drug resistant. The highest rates were found for Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline resistance with 90% (18/20) each, followed by Nalidixic Acid with 80% (16/20), Sulfonamides 75% (15/20), Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin with 70% (14/20) each, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 65% (13/20), Ampicillin 25% (5/20), Cefotaxime 10% (2/10) and Ceftriaxone and Gentaminicine with 5% (1/20) each. Resistant to Ciprofloxacin samples were tested for the presence of ESBL enzyme, 100% of them considered negative
Doutor

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Pillai, Deepti Kuttan. "Assessment of pet dogs as a reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8416.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Ludek Zurek
Transfer of bacteria, including antibiotic resistant strains between companion animals and people is likely due to close physical contacts. However, surveillance programs on prevalence of antibiotic resistance are focused mainly on food animals and very little is known about the role of companion animals in the development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. For this study, enterococci were chosen as model organism due to intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance and several virulence traits that make them the 3rd most important nosocomial pathogens. In addition, increased fecal shedding of antibiotic resistant bacteria from stressed animals has been reported from studies on food animals. To determine whether the gut microbiota of pet animals serves as a reservoir of clinically important enterococci, 360 enterococcal isolates from two groups: healthy group and pyoderma (stressed) group with 9 dogs in each were identified and screened for resistance to 10 antibiotics and 4 virulence traits. The transferability of resistance determinants and clonality of selected isolates were assessed by horizontal gene transfer assays and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, respectively. In addition, overall diversity of bacteria as well as antibiotic and metal resistance genes in feces of healthy dogs was assessed by tag-encoded parallel pyrosequencing and microarray analysis, respectively. The most prevalent enterococcal species identified was E. faecalis: healthy group (70.5%); pyoderma group (44.0%). In the pyoderma group, antibiotic resistance and virulence traits (esp, gelE) were more frequent than in the healthy group; however, the overall prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains was low (< 37%) in both groups. The most prevalent resistance genes were tet(M)and tet(S). The antibiotic resistance traits were transferable in-vitro in E. faecalis (tetracycline, erythromycin, doxycycline) and E. faecium (tetracycline). Genotyping revealed less diverse E. faecalis community in pyoderma infected dogs. Pyrosequencing (~7,500 sequences per dog) revealed Firmicutes as the dominant phylum and most common genera included Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and Fusobacterium. Two phyla Lentisphaerae (<1%) and Fibrobacteres (<1%) are reported for the first time from healthy dogs. Microarray data revealed the presence of several tetracycline, erythromycin, aminoglycoside, and copper resistance genes; however, most of these originated from one animal with history of chronic skin infection two year prior to our sampling. Higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in pyoderma infected dogs may be related to stress; however, this requires further investigation. In conclusion, based on our data, healthy and pyoderma infected dogs do not represent an important reservoir of clinically significant antibiotic resistant microbiota.

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Marques, Andrea Cristina de Figueiredo. "O medicamento veterinário em Portugal: do registo à comercialização." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/949.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Esta dissertação tem por objectivo analisar as diversas áreas do medicamento veterinário farmacológico desde o registo, ou autorização de introdução no mercado (AIM), à sua comercialização. Após enquadramento legal, a abordagem de algumas áreas do medicamento veterinário farmacológico, nomeadamente no que se refere às propriedades farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas e limite máximo de resíduos (LMR), foi ilustrada recorrendo a um medicamento concreto, o Rilexine 200 LC, como exemplo de caso. Porque a especialidade farmacêutica em análise pertence à classe fármaco-terapêutica dos antimicrobianos para administração intramamária com indicação para o tratamento da mamite ou mastite bovina durante o período de lactação, e cuja substância activa é a cefalexina, foi efectuada uma análise de mercado quanto aos antimicrobianos para administração intramamária disponíveis em Portugal, com especial destaque para os antibióticos β-lactâmicos (penicilinas e cefalosporinas). Neste âmbito, foram também consideradas as boas práticas veterinárias na utilização de antimicrobianos, segundo recomendações recentes da European Platform for the Responsible Use of Medicines in Animals (EPRUMA), Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal (OIE) e Agência Europeia de Medicamentos (EMEA). Foi também analisada a área da ecotoxicologia, nomeadamente o potencial impacto ambiental dos medicamentos veterinários sobre os ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos. Por fim, mereceu especial destaque o tema farmacoeconomia por ser uma disciplina relativamente nova, sendo apresentados alguns dos seus conceitos essenciais e metodologia básica, estabelecendo-se algumas considerações sobre a sua aplicabilidade em Medicina Veterinária. Neste contexto, foi realizada uma análise parcial sob a temática da farmacoeconomia aplicada às mamites, para a qual foi desenvolvida uma Calculadora dos Custos Directos da Mamite Clínica.
ABSTRACT - This dissertation aims to provide an insight into the several areas of veterinary medicinal products, from registration, also known as marketing authorization, to its distribution. After considering the veterinary medicinal products legislative basis, some veterinary medicinal products areas were analysed having as an example Rilexine 200 LC, in particular in what refers to phamacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, maximum residue limits (MRLs) and withdrawal period issues. Once the veterinary medicinal product considered is a cephalexin-based intramammary preparation for the bovine mastitis treatment in lactation, it was performed a market analysis regarding the antimicrobials available in Portugal for lactational intramammary mastitis treament, with special focus on β-lactams antibiotics (penicillins and cefalosporins). Furthermore good veterinary practice in antimicrobials use were assessed according to European Platform for the Responsible Use of Medicines in Animals (EPRUMA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and European Medicines Agency (EMEA) recent recommendations. The potential environmental impacts of veterinary medicinal products on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were addressed under the scope of ecotoxicology theme. Finally it was provided an overview of the issues and theory which lie at the heart of pharmacoeconomics, a relatively new discipline, and some considerations concerning its implementation in veterinary medicine were made. In this context a partial analysis under the theme pharmacoeconomics applied to mastitis was performed, for which a Clinical Mastitis Direct Costs Calculator was developed.

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Leal, Rafael Marques Pereira. "Ocorrência e comportamento ambiental de resíduos de antibióticos de uso veterinário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-04102012-145438/.

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Muitos antibióticos de uso veterinário não são totalmente metabolizados no organismo animal, ocasionando a presença de resíduos destes compostos em várias matrizes ambientais, tais como estercos animais, solos e sedimentos fluviais. A ocorrência destes resíduos no ambiente pode favorecer a resistência de microrganismos aos agentes antibióticos, ocasionar problemas de ordem toxicológica em determinados organismos e, além disso, interferir nos ciclos biogeoquímicos mediados por microrganismos. Apesar do uso de antibióticos de uso veterinário ser elevado no Brasil, até o momento não existem dados quanto à ocorrência e comportamento ambiental dos principais compostos atualmente empregados no país. Neste sentido, este trabalho investigou a ocorrência em amostras ambientais (cama de frango e solo) de uma importante classe de antibióticos, as fluoroquinolonas, além de aspectos do comportamento de fluoroquinolonas e sulfonamidas através de ensaios de sorção. No exterior, estudou-se a dissipação e a sorção de fluoroquinolonas em solos neozelandeses. Para a quantificação de resíduos de fluoroquinolonas em amostras de cama de frango e solo, a metodologia analítica foi adaptada e validada. No geral, os resíduos de fluoroquinolonas ocorreram em concentrações equiparáveis (mg kg-1 para cama de frango e g kg-1 para solo) aos encontrados em outros países (China, Áustria e Turquia) e os seus coeficientes de sorção às partículas do solo foram sempre elevados (Kd = 544 a 1.277.874 L kg-1), maiores do que aqueles encontrados internacionalmente (Kd = 260 to 5.012 L kg-1), e bastante superiores aos encontrados na cama de frango (Kd 65 L kg-1), o que demonstra que o transporte destas moléculas ocorre somente em associação às partículas do solo, podendo atingir fontes de águas superficiais. Já os coeficientes de sorção das sulfonamidas foram relativamente baixos (Kd = 0,7 a 70,1 L kg-1), mostrando seu potencial de lixiviação no perfil dos solos. A textura e a capacidade de troca catiônica influenciaram significativamente o potencial de sorção das fluoroquinolonas e das sulfonamidas aos solos, evidenciando a importância dos processos de troca iônica na sorção desses antibióticos em solos tropicais. Nos solos neozelandeses, com maior capacidade tampão, o potencial de sorção das fluoroquinolonas também foi elevado, mas menor que em solos brasileiros, sendo que a adição de cama de frango diminuiu o seu potencial de sorção. A dissipação das fluoroquinolonas variou consideravelmente (DT50 = 16 a >70 dias), tendo sido mais rápida em sub-superfície apesar da sua menor atividade biológica. Antibióticos são usados rotineiramente na produção animal, representando uma fonte potencial de poluição ao meio ambiente que tem sido largamente ignorada, devendo ser melhor investigada no Brasil
Many antibiotics used for veterinary purposes use are not fully metabolized in the animal body, resulting in the presence of residues in a wide range of environmental matrices such as animal manures, soils and sediments. The occurrence of these residues in the environment can favour microorganisms resistance to antibiotic agents, cause toxicological problems to certain organisms and, besides, also interfere in the biogeochemical cycles mediated by microorganisms. Despite the high use of veterinary antibiotics in Brazil, so far there are no data regarding the occurrence and environmental behavior of the main compounds currently in use in the country. This work represented a first investigation on the occurrence of an important class of antibiotics, the fluoroquinolones, in environmental samples (poultry litter and soil), also investigating aspects of the environmental behavior of fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides in these matrices through sorption experiments. Overseas, dissipation and sorption behavior of fluoroquinolones were studied for New Zealand soils. For the quantification of fluoroquinolone residues in poultry litter and soil samples, an analytical methodology was adapted and validated. Overall, the results demonstrated the occurrence of fluoroquinolone residues in concentrations (mg kg-1 for poultry litter and g kg-1 for soil) comparable to those found elsewhere (China, Austria and Turkey), a high sorption potential of fluoroquinolones to soils (Kd from 544 to 1,277,874 L kg-1), higher than the reference values for soil (Kd = 260 to 5,012 L kg-1), and much higher than for poultry litter (Kd 65 L kg-1), showing that the transport of these molecules will only occur in association with the soil particles, possibly reaching superficial water sources. In the case of sulfonamides, sorption coefficients were relatively low (Kd = 0.7 to 70.1 L kg-1), showing their leaching potential in the soil profile. Texture and cation exchange capacity greatly affected the sorption of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones to soils, emphasizing the importance of ion exchange processes on the sorption of antibiotics in tropical soils. In New Zealand soils, with a higher buffer capacity, sorption of fluoroquinolones was also high, but lower than to Brazilian soils, and the addition of poultry litter to soil reduced the sorption potential of these compounds. Fluoroquinolones dissipation varied considerably ((DT50 = 16 to >70 days), being faster in sub-surface samples despite its lower biological activity. Antibiotics are routinely used in animal production, representing a potential source of pollution to the environment that has been largely ignored and should be further investigated in Brazil

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Dono, Nanung Danar. "Nutritional strategies to improve enteric health and growth performance of poultry in the post antibiotic era." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4025/.

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Four studies consisting of 6 experiments were conducted to investigate the likely mechanisms of actions of feed additives used in the place of antibiotics to improve performance and enteric health in broilers. In the first study, the relationship between digesta pH, body weight and nutrient utilisation in broilers of the same breed but with different propensity for weight gain at different ages were investigated. It was noted that birds in group H (heavy) consumed more feed (P < 0.001) than those in group L (light) during the starter (day 10 to 14) and grower (day 15 to 28) phases. Birds in group H had lower (P < 0.05) caecal pH in the starter and grower phases and lower (P < 0.05) proventriculus pH in grower and finisher (day 29 to 42) phases. In the grower phase, caecal pH was correlated (r = 0.553) with total tract retention of DM and energy utilisation at both the ileal and total tract levels, whereas during the finisher phase, crop pH was correlated with ileal nutrient utilisation, and jejunum pH was correlated with total tract energy utilisation. The data showed that differences in body weight are also reflected in differences in gut pH which is likely indicative of differences in intestinal condition between birds with heavier or lighter body weight. The differences in the gut pH explained about half of the variations in total tract nutrient and energy utilisation. Lower gut pH is advantageous for beneficial bacteria colonization but disadvantageous for pathogenic ones colonization and hence it is likely that birds with the same genetic potential may have differences in growth performance based on the type of bacteria colonizing their gut. In the second study, the response of broiler chickens to the supplementation of benzoic acid (BA) was investigated using growth performance, nutrient and energy utilization, intestinal acidity and histomorphology of the intestine as response criteria, using 945 Ross 308 male broilers in 3 treatments with 7 replicates each for 42 days. In the grower (day 11 to 21) phase, BA supplementation at 0.53 g/kg (BA1) increased (P < 0.001) body weight gain and reduced (P < 0.01) FCR, whereas supplementation at 3.20 g/kg (BA2) reduced (P < 0.005) the feed intake without affecting the body weight gain, resulting in a better FCR. Compared with the control, BA supplementations increased (P < 0.001) the protein and energy efficiency ratios in starter and grower phases and tended (P < 0.10) to increase the energy efficiency ratio in finisher phase (day 22 to 42) or the overall experimental period (day 0 – 42). BA supplementations at both rates reduced the caecal pH. Supplementation of 3.20 g/kg BA stimulated the proliferation of the absorptive cells in the jejunum, as shown in the improvement of the villus and crypt dimensions. The data from this study indicated that dietary supplementation of BA beneficially modified intestinal milieu and improved the growth performance of broiler chicks at 42 d of age. In third study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the benefit of using BA and turmeric meal (TM) individually or in combination using growth performance, nutrient utilization, and intestinal health as response criteria. A total of 300 male one-day old broilers (Ross 308) were assigned in 5 treatments in randomized complete block design with 2x2 + 1 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicate pens and 10 birds each pen. Combination of 1 g/kg BA and 5 g/kg TM improved (P < 0.05) body weight gain relative to the control. Supplementation of 2 g/kg BA reduced the pH in the crop (P < 0.001) and jejunum (P < 0.01), whereas combination of BA and TM at 2 and 10 g/kg respectively reduced digesta pH in the crop (P < 0.001), jejunum (P < 0.01), and caeca (P < 0.05). All of the dietary treatments increased (P < 0.005) villus height, crypt depth and width relative to the control. All dietary treatments increased (P < 0.001) AME and AMEn relative to the control diet, whilst supplementation of 10 g/kg TM only increased energy digestibility (P < 0.05) and ileal digestible energy (P < 0.01). Orthogonal contrasts showed that BA and TM were additive in their effects on the growth performance, digesta pH in the proventriculus, jejunum, and ileum, and energy utilization, but associative on the energy digestibility, as well as the crop and caecal pH. None of the treatment altered the relative weight and length of the digestive tract of 21 days old broiler. These studies pointed out that BA and TM can be used in the diet individually or in combination to improve the enteric health, nutrient and energy utilization, and growth performance of broiler chickens. In the fourth study, two experiments were designed to investigate the efficacy of TM and garlic meal (GM) using growth performance, intestinal pH, and energy and nutrient utilisation as response criteria. Three hundreds male one-day old broilers (Ross 308) were assigned in 5 treatments in randomized complete block design with 2x2 + 1 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicate pens and 10 birds each pen. Results showed that combination of GM and TM at 10 g/kg each increased (P < 0.05) the body weight gain, final body weight, and gain to feed ratio relative to the control and the diet with GM supplementation alone. The crop and caecal pH were reduced (P < 0.05) when the diets were supplemented with TM alone at 10 g/kg. The proventriculus pH also dropped (P < 0.05) following GM and TM mixture supplementation at 10 g/kg each relative to the control. Supplementation of 10 g/kg TM alone or in combination with GM at 5 g/kg each increased (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal energy digestibility and ileal digestible energy. All of the dietary treatments increased (P < 0.001) both AME and AMEn compared with the control. Orthogonal contrasts showed that GM and TM were additive for feed intake, nutrient and energy utilization at both the ileal and total tract levels, but associative in their effects on body weight gain and gain to feed ratio. These studies indicated that GM and TM can be used alone or in combination to support intestinal health, improve energy and nutrient utilization, and stimulate growth performance of broiler chickens. Combination of GM and TM at the rate of 5 g/kg each was optimum for enhancing nutrient and energy utilization and promoting growth performance of broiler chickens. Taken together, these studies showed that benzoic acid and herbal products (garlic and turmeric meal) can be supplemented in the diet alone or in combination to improve the enteric health, nutrient and energy utilization, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Improvements on the growth performance might be attributed to the reduction of the entero-pathogens in the gut, enhancement of intestinal health, alteration of the absorptive cells in the intestinal wall, and improvement in the nutrient and energy utilization.

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Jugan, Maria Christine. "Effects of Akkermansia muciniphila Supplementation on Markers of Intestinal Permeability in Dogs Following Antibiotic Treatment." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488318772663017.

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Le, Hanh Thi Van. "Impact of Manure Management Practices on the Environmental Fate of Antibiotics in Manure-Applied Fields." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102603.

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Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from animal manure applied to soil as fertilizer are now among the most concerned contaminants in soil. The widespread use of antibiotics in livestock might amplify the risk of developing antibiotic resistance, causing once treatable diseases to turn deadly. The World Health Organization declared antibiotic resistance as "one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development". The goal of this dissertation was to develop best manure management practices by understanding the behavior of manure-associated antibiotics in manure, water, and soil. In particular, my research focused on the effects of manure application methods, on-site manure treatment methods, manure application seasons, and manure-rainfall time gaps on antibiotic surface runoff losses, antibiotic distribution and movement in soil, antibiotic dissipation in soil, and development of antibiotic resistance. Rainfall simulation field-scale and soil incubation lab studies were combined to find the best manure management practices. My research has shown for the first time that using the manure soil subsurface injection method, especially during spring application season due to moist soil, applying manure at least 3 days before a subsequent rainfall, and using composted manure, can significantly reduce the quantity of antibiotic loss with runoff from manure-applied fields to the surrounding environment. The majority of applied antibiotics remained in soil. All antibiotics showed a similar dissipation pattern with fastest kinetics during the first 14 d before slowing down. The effect of two manure application methods on antibiotic dissipation kinetics varied with different antibiotics. Although the half-life of tested antibiotics in soil was short (<21 days), some remained detectable even at 6 months after a single manure application. Results also showed that compared to the surface application, the subsurface injection slits acted as a "hot zone" with a higher amount of antibiotics, manure microbes, and antibiotic resistance. The results provide information for policy makers, manure managers, and farmers to develop better manure management practices that can use manure as fertilizer while minimizing the spread of antibiotics to surrounding water, soil, and plants.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Seyfried, Natalie [Verfasser], Jean Charles [Akademischer Betreuer] Munch, Jean Charles [Gutachter] Munch, and Siegfried [Gutachter] Scherer. "Accelerated microbial degradation of the veterinary antibiotic sulfamethazine in agricultural soil / Natalie Seyfried ; Gutachter: Jean Charles Munch, Siegfried Scherer ; Betreuer: Jean Charles Munch." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114982428X/34.

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Wentzel, Jeanette Maria. "Die voorkoms van antimikrobiese stowwe in die vleis van uitskot melkkoeie in die Vrystaatstreek en die meegaande kennisvlak van die produsent en verbruikers." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/89.

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Thesis (M. Tech. ) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006
Antibiotics have been used on animals since the Second World War for therapeutic purposes. The risks associated with the use of antibiotics in food animals are enormous, due to the possibility of resistance of organisms caused by the usage of low levels of antibiotics. The goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues in C grade milk cows, and to determine the practices and knowledge of producers regarding the use of antibiotics as well as the knowledge and habits of consumers. In the study the presence of antibiotic residues was tested by means of microbiological inhibition testing. Fifteen percent of all tested samples tested positive for the presence of antibiotic residues. Eleven samples that tested positive on the microbiological inhibition test were sent to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute for confirmation. The knowledge of the consumer as well as that of the producer was tested by means of a questionnaire and then processed statistically. Producers were, in general, fairly ignorant regarding the withdrawal period of antibiotic residues. Age and the combination of age and reproduction were the common reasons for the selling of milk cows. Both the sampling and the questionnaires proved that the presence of antibiotic residues is higher than that stated in literature. The selling of the animals was mostly by auction or directly to the abattoirs. Consumer practices regarding the antibiotic residues were mostly in order, although consumers did not have knowledge regarding antibiotic residues. High temperatures, for example in the frying or grilling of meat, will reduce the presence of antibiotic residues because these effects have an influence on the presence of antibiotic residues (Rose et al., 1995). Almost 75% of consumers describe antibiotics in a positive manner. Milk and meat are regarded as posing the greatest risk for the origin of antibiotic residues. A lack of general knowledge regarding antibiotic residues was noteworthy, especially from the consumers of Thaba ’Nchu and Heidedal. The wrong usage of antibiotics by medical practitioners and consumers will certainly have consequences. Most of the consumers (112/227 respondents) indicated that they always completed a course of antibiotics. Forty-nine respondents indicated that they had already used antibiotics and that the therapy was unsuccessful. Antibiotic residues are still present so the risk to the consumer is still viable. Improved sampling and monitoring at abattoirs both for local and export abattoirs is necessary. The “farm to fork” concept and financial incentives by way of subsidies for residue-free products is a positive step. South African consumers are not quality conscious and further studies are necessary to improve the quality and safety of meat.

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White, James David dvm. "Real-Time Quantitative PCR of tet (C), in 2 Swine Populations: Antibiotic Free versus Conventionally Reared." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437046111.

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Land, Nicole. "Presence of Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Spp. In Backyard Poultry and Their Environment." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2005.

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As keeping backyard poultry rises, human contact with zoonotic pathogens will increase. One such pathogen that backyard enthusiasts have exposure risks to is Salmonella spp. which may cause a potential public health threat due to its increasing multidrug resistancy. Salmonella spp. were present in 33 of 50 samples collected from 29 sites with backyard poultry coops in San Luis Obispo County during March to May in 2014. Two different Hardy-CHROME™ Salmonella Selective Media plates were used to culture and isolate positive samples of Salmonella spp.. Each positive isolate was tested for antimicrobial sensitivity to 6 standard antibiotics: Ampicillin, Bacitracin, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Penicillin, and Tetracycline, at the standard disk concentration levels. The Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial sensitivity test determined that 12 different profiles emerged from the Salmonella spp. isolates. All antimicrobial sensitivity profiles showed multidrug resistance in vitro with only high susceptibility to 2 major antibiotics, Gentamicin at 97% and Ampicillin at 51%. All profiles were resistant to 1 or more of the antimicrobials tested, plus the control. One Salmonella isolated was resistant to all 6 antimicrobials and another isolate to 5. The Salmonella spp. isolates proved multidrug resistance between 73%-100% to the other 4 antibiotics tested. The 24 Salmonella spp. positive sites displayed a lack of proper biosecurity and poultry husbandry practices. The criteria developed for accessing the poultry’s environment ranged from dedicated shoes for cleaning, egg handling, access to other animals and wildlife, number of birds and breeds or species in a coop, cleaning routine, over-all biosecurity and human interactions. Human exposure to Salmonella spp. pathogenic strains could increase due to environmental cross contamination and deficiencies in sanitation. The presence of Salmonella spp. with a diversity of antibiotic resistance serotypes is an important source of zoonotic pathogens for animal and human diseases that has public health risk implications.

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Adams, Rachael Julie. "Extended-spectrum cephalosporin, carbapenem, and fluoroquinolone resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the microbiota of hospitalized horses and their environment." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587394522665035.

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Gallego, Jefferson Cerquera [UNESP]. "Impacto do uso de antibióticos na microbiota do solo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148013.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Devido ao grande número de antibióticos de uso veterinário que estão sendo liberados no solo através da urina e dejetos fecais dos animais de produção, algumas pesquisas têm verificado o impacto desses antibióticos na microbiota do solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto dos antibióticos sobre a microbiota do solo em condições de microcosmos, de um solo de pastagem de bovinos e um solo de floresta, submetidos à presença de três antibióticos utilizados na produção animal, sendo estes, ampicilina, enrofloxacina e estreptomicina, nas concentrações de 0, 30 e 100 mg/kg de solo seco. A concentração de 0 mg/kg foi usada como controle. Os solos foram incubados em frascos de vidro de tampa rosca e mantidos a temperatura ambiente no escuro para reproduzir as condições reais encontradas na natureza. Foram avaliadas atividade respiratória microbiana, atividade da enzima desidrogenase e contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) para estabelecer se existia ou não inibição do crescimento bacteriano nos dias 0, 1, 20 e 35. Os resultados mostram um aumento considerável nas UFC nos solos que receberam a ampicilina em ambas às concentrações durante o primeiro dia com relação ao controle. No dia 35 estas contagens se tornaram semelhantes ao controle ou menores. Os solos que receberam enrofloxacina e estreptomicina tiveram uma contagem menor que o controle inicialmente e com o tempo essas UFC aumentaram. A atividade respiratória microbiana e a atividade da enzima desidrogenase também confirmam esse achado. Esses resultados sugerem que os micro-organismos estão utilizando algum composto da ampicilina para o aumento das colônias e que os outros antibióticos diminuem a população microbiana do solo, especialmente a estreptomicina. Provavelmente alguns micro-organismos estejam sendo selecionados.
Due to the large number of veterinary antibiotics that are being released into the soil through urine and fecal waste of livestock, some research has linked the impact of those antibiotics in soil microflora. In the current study was evaluated the impact of antibiotics in the soil microbial community under microcosms conditions, cattle pasture soil and a forest soil under the presence of three antibiotics used in animal husbadry; ampicilin, enrofloxacyn and streptomycin, using a concentration of 0, 30 e 100 mg/kg dry soil. The concentration of 0mg/kg was used as control. The soils were incubated in screw cap glass jars and kept at room temperature in the dark to reproduce actual conditions found in nature. It was evaluated the microbial respiratory activity as well as the activity of dehydrogenase enzyme and colony forming units (CFU) to establish whether there was inhibition of bacterial growth or not at day 0, 1, 20 and 35. The results show a considerable increase in CFU in soils that received both concentrations of ampicillin during the first day compared with control. At day 35 these counting became similar to control or lower. The soils that received enrofloxacin and streptomycin, initially had lower countings than the control and over time these CFU increased. The microbial respiratory activity and the activity of dehydrogenase also confirmed these findings. These results suggest that some microorganisms are using a compound of ampicillin to grow. The other antibiotics decrease the soil microbial population, especially streptomycin. Probably some microorganisms are being selected.

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Geraldes, Catarina da Silva. "Evaluation of a biocide used in the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the FMV-ULisboa." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21176.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a rising problem worldwide. The best way of coping with these HAIs is through infection tracking and surveillance systems combined with prevention strategies namely efficient disinfection protocols. These considerations, associated with increasing reports about reductions in biocide susceptibility and development of cross-resistance to antimicrobials, emphasise the need of identifying how different factors can influence a biocide’s efficiency. In this study, 29 bacterial isolates (E. coli n=3, Pseudomonas spp. n=2, Enterococcus spp. n=23 and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius n=1), obtained from environmental samples collected from the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU), of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, were characterized regarding their antimicrobial susceptibility profile. From these isolates, 13 were further selected to investigate their susceptibility to Virkon® S, with and without the presence of organic matter. After this determination, 7 isolates (all enterococci) were submitted to sub-lethal concentrations of this formulation and, subsequently, new antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined. Fourteen of the 29 isolates (48.3%), all previously identified as enterococci, were classified as Multi-Drug Resistant. Concerning Virkon® S’s susceptibility in the absence of organic matter, the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of this biocide regarding all isolates was lower than the concentration regularly used. However, when organic matter was added, MBC values experienced a significant rise. After submission to sub-lethal concentrations of Virkon® S, 4 enterococci presented a phenotypic change in their susceptibility towards gentamicin. Virkon® S also presented higher MBC values in the presence of low concentrations of organic matter, but no rise in these values was observed in assays without interfering substance. Virkon® S proved to be an efficient formulation in eliminating the bacterial isolates collected from the BICU. However, organic matter may impair this efficiency, which reinforces the importance of proper sanitization before disinfection procedures. The changes observed in antimicrobial susceptibility profile may be due to a stress induced response, promoted by the sub-lethal concentration of Virkon® S and not necessarily due to the occurrence of mutations or other alterations in the isolates’ genome.
RESUMO - As infeções adquiridas em ambiente hospitalar são um problema emergente a nível mundial. O combate a estas infeções tem sido feito principalmente através da aplicação de sistemas de rastreio de infeções e de sistemas de vigilância, conjuntamente com estratégias de prevenção eficazes, como são os protocolos de desinfeção. A associação destes fatores com o aumento de estudos referentes a diminuições de suscetibilidade a biocidas e também a uma possível resistência cruzada a vários antibióticos, enfatizam a necessidade de entender de que forma certos fatores podem influenciar a eficiência destes compostos. Neste estudo, foram caracterizados 29 isolados bacterianos (E. coli n=3, Pseudomonas spp. n=2, Enterococcus spp. n=23 e Staphylococcus pseudintermedius n=1), obtidos de amostras ambientais de várias superfícies da Unidade de Isolamento e Contenção Biológica (UICB) pertencente ao Hospital Escolar da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, relativamente ao seu perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Deste isolados, 13 foram selecionados de maneira a investigar a sua suscetibilidade ao Virkon® S, aquando a presença/ausência de matéria orgânica. Após esta determinação, 7 isolados (todos enterococos) foram incubados conjuntamente com uma concentração sub-letal de Virkon® S e foram determinados novos perfis de suscetibilidade. Catorze dos 29 isolados (48,3%), todos identificados como enterococos, foram classificados como multirresistentes. Na ausência de matéria orgânica, os valores de Concentração Mínima Bactericida (CMB) do Virkon® S foram inferiores à concentração regularmente utilizada. No entanto, aquando a adição de matéria orgânica, estes valores sofreram um grande aumento. Após submissão das bactérias a concentrações sub-letais de Virkon® S, 4 enterococos apresentaram uma alteração fenotípica relativamente à sua suscetibilidade à gentamicina. Em ensaios realizados na presença de matéria orgânica, observou-se um aumento dos valores de CMB do Virkon® S, enquanto que, quando esta estava ausente, este mesmo aumento não foi observado. O Virkon® S parece ser uma formulação eficiente, uma vez que conseguiu eliminar todos os isolados bacterianos testados. A matéria orgânica pode, no entanto, ser um entrave a esta eficiência, o que reforça a importância da limpeza pré-desinfeção. As alterações observadas relativamente ao perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos podem ser explicadas por uma adaptação ao stress químico incitado sobre as bactérias, devido à presença da concentração sub-letal de Virkon® S, e não necessariamente por mutações ou outras alterações genómicas.
N/A

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Radolinski, Jesse Benjamin. "Illuminating controls on solute and water transport in the critical zone." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95235.

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Earth's near-surface environment sustains nearly all terrestrial life, yet this critical zone is threatened by the environmental migration of new and potentially harmful compounds produced to support a growing human population. Traditional transport equations often fail to capture the environmental behavior of these emerging contaminants due to issues such as flow heterogeneity. Thus, there is a need to better evaluate controls on pollutant partitioning in Earth's critical zone. Our first study investigated the transport and distribution of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (TMX) by growing TMX-coated corn seeds in coarse vs fine-textured soil columns maintained with versus without growing corn plants. Fine-textured soil transported TMX at concentrations that were two orders of magnitude higher than coarse-textured soil, due to preferential flow in the fine-textured soil columns and higher evapotranspiration (ET) concentrating more TMX in the coarse-textured soil. Living plants increased the concentration of TMX at depth, indicating that growing plants may drive preferential transport of neonicotinoids. For the second study we planted TMX-coated corn seeds and maintained field plots with and without viable crops (n = 3 plots per treatment), measuring TMX concentrations in three hydrological compartments (surface runoff, shallow lateral flow, and deep drainage) and soil. TMX was transported in the highest concentrations via surface runoff, while also showing continual migration within the subsurface throughout the growing season. Plants facilitated downward migration of TMX in soil yet restricted losses in drainage. For our final study, we used a simple isotope mixing method to evaluate how preferential flow alters the influence of compound chemical properties on solute transport. We applied deuterium-labeled rainfall to plots containing manure spiked with eight veterinary antibiotics with a range of mobility, and quantified transport to suction lysimeters (30 and 90 cm). We showed that low preferential flow (<20%) eliminates the influence of compound chemical properties and, contrary to conventional understanding, more preferential flow (~ >20%) amplifies these chemical controls, with more mobile compounds appearing in significantly higher concentrations than less mobiles ones. Altogether, we provide a refined understanding of solute partitioning in the critical zone necessary to improve process-based transport modeling.
Doctor of Philosophy
Earth’s near-surface environment sustains nearly all terrestrial life, yet this critical zone is threatened by the environmental migration of new and potentially harmful pollutants produced to support a growing human population. Additionally, traditional mathematical methods fail to accurately describe the behavior of these emerging pollutants in soils due to complex flow patterns. Thus, scientists need to better understand how these pollutants contaminate water bodies in the critical zone. We first conducted a greenhouse experiment to understand and measure the amount of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (TMX) that could move from coated corn seeds through the soil environment. Water draining from fine-textured soil had >100 times more TMX than water draining from course-textured soil, due to commonly occurring fractures/cracks in the finer-particle soil and more evaporation from soil and plant leaves sequestering TMX in the sandy soil. Growing plants amplified TMX movement through soil voids to lower depths. We then conducted a field study to determine how much TMX could move to the surrounding environment throughout the corn growing season. We found that plants aided in downward movement of TMX yet restricted total losses from the plot overall by removing soil water. Our third study investigated the degree to which chemical pollutant properties control movement of solutes when water flows preferentially through soil void space. Common dairy manure was spiked with eight pollutants ranging in chemical attraction to soil and was added to an agricultural field. After irrigation, we found that when total drainage water was less than 20% derived from preferential flow, chemical properties had a negligible effect on the amount of pollutant in draining soil water. Contrary to conventional understanding, when draining water contained more than 20% preferential flow, chemical properties had a strong influence on the amount of pollutant detected. Altogether, we provide new understanding of how solutes move though the critical zone. These findings are necessary to create mathematical tools that more accurately depict pollutant behavior below-ground.

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RODRÍGUEZ-SALAS, Ernesto. "Avaliação histomorfológica, morfométrica e de características biomecânicas das membranas pericárdicas bovinas submetidas a um novo meio de conservação (ERS®-04-09-11-16-21)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2006. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5499.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Search for materials, methods and means of conservation of membranes and tissues has been accomplished either for preservation of anatomic pieces or for utilization in homologue and heterologue transplants. In the present work, a bibliographical review about materials and means of conservation of biological membranes utilized in surgery procedures was realized. Three experiments aimed at: (I) – Determine concentration of the antibiotics benzilpeniciline, sulphate of estreptomicine and anfotericine B in the environment of conservation ERS®-04-09-11-16-21; (II) – Characterize morphology and histopathology of the BPMs (III) – Evaluate biomechanical characteristics of BPMs conserved in the environment proposed. Initially, 10 BPMs were collected, which registered an average weight of 21g after processed. In order to determine concentration of peniciline, a dosage taking weight into account weight was used, whereas for sulphate of estreptomicine and anfotericine B, procedure used in cell cultivation was adapted. Final results indicated dosages of 2,0 mg/ml; 0,035 mg/ml e 0,030 mg/ml respectively. In experiment II – four samples were collected and sectioned in 10 fragments of 2 cm2, determining weight, size and thickness, according to treatments T-0 - In natura; T-30 -, T-60 e T-90, respectively at 30, 60 and 90 days after collecting. Morphometrical results demonstrated augmentation of thickness, size and weight of BPMs in the several timings in relation to in natura state and histopathological studies (optic and electronic microscopy) brought to evidence maintenance of BPMs structure, although an enlargement of spacing between collagen fibers took place. Fibroblasts presented varied degrees of vacuolization and necrosis at all timings. In the third experiment, same procedure of collecting and conservation as in experiment II were obeyed. Size of samples was of 13 cm x 20 cm for evaluation of thickness, maximum force, tension and expansion through computerized dynamometer EMIC. Taking all results into account, we come to the conclusion is the environment proposed is capable of maintaining the BPMs free of contaminants for a period of 90 days with the same morphological pattern and collagen fibers arrangement. The BPMs conserved in the environment and maintained under refrigeration temperature 12±2ºC can be used in surgery procedures in an ideal period of between 13 and 69 days given conservation of capacity of expasion and augmentation of maximum force and thickness. A reduction of tension to which BMP was submitted because of timing was also observed, which does not endanger use of BPMs in surgery procedures such as reconstitution of articular capsules, herniorafies, reparation surgeries of thick traumatisms with loss of conjunctive tissue, and so forth.
A busca de materiais, métodos e meios de conservação de membranas e tecidos vêm sendo realizada seja para preservação de peças anatômicas ou para uso nos transplantes homólogos e heterólogos. No presente trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os materiais e meios de conservação de membranas biológicas utilizadas em procedimentos cirúrgicos. Três experimentos objetivaram: (I) - Determinar a concentração dos antibióticos benzilpenicilina, sulfato de estreptomicina e anfotericina B no meio de conservação ERS®04-09-11-16-21; (II) - Caracterizar a morfologia e histopatologia das MPBs (III) - Avaliar as características biomecânicas das MPBs, conservadas no meio proposto. Inicialmente, foram coletadas 10 MPBs, que após processadas, registraram peso médio de 21 g. Para determinação da concentração de penicilina, utilizou-se a dosagem atendendo ao peso, enquanto que para o sulfato de estreptomicina e anfotericina B, adaptou-se o procedimento utilizado em cultivo celular. Os resultados finais indicaram dosagens de 2,0 mg/ml; 0,035 mg/ml e 0,030 mg/ml nesta ordem respectivamente. No experimento II – quatro amostras foram coletadas e seccionadas em 10 fragmentos de 2 cm2, determinando-se peso, tamanho e espessura, segundo os tratamentos T-0 - In natura; T-30 -, T-60 e T-90, respectivamente aos 30, 60 e 90 dias da coleta. Os resultados morfofométricos demonstraram aumento de espessura, tamanho e peso das MPBs nos diversos tempos em relação ao estado in natura e estudos histopatológicos (microscopia óptica e eletrônica) evidenciaram a manutenção da estrutura das MPBs, apesar de haver um maior espaçamento entre as fibras colágenas. Os fibroblastos apresentaram graus variados de vacuolização e necrose em todos os tempos. No terceiro experimento, obedeceram-se aos mesmos procedimentos de coleta e conservação do experimento II. Já, o tamanho das amostras foi de 13 cm x 20 cm para avaliação da espessura, força máxima, tensão e alongamento por meio de dinamômetro computadorizado EMIC. Tendo em vista todos os resultados, conclui-se que o meio proposto é capaz de manter as MPBs livres de contaminantes por um de 90 dias com o mesmo padrão morfológico e arranjo das fibras colágenas. As MPBs conservadas no meio e mantidas em temperatura de refrigeração 12±2ºC podem ser utilizadas em procedimentos cirúrgicos num período ideal entre 13 e 69 dias dado pela conservação da capacidade de alongamento e pelo aumento da força máxima e espessura. Houve também uma redução da tensão a que foi submetida a MPB, em função do tempo, o que não compromete o uso das MPBs em procedimentos cirúrgicos como reconstituição de cápsulas articulares, herniorafias, cirurgia reparadora de extensos traumatismos com perda de tecido conjuntivo, entre outros.

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MEDEIROS, Elizabeth Sampaio de. "Perfil de sensibilidade in vitro de Staphylococcus spp frente a antimicrobianos e desinfetantes utilizados no controle da mastite bovina." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5597.

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The goal of this research was to evaluate the occurrence and the sensitivity of Staphylococcus spp to antibiotics and disinfectants used in the control of bovine mastitis. Fifteen dairy farms located in the Metropolitan Recife regions (A), Agreste (B) and Zona de Mata (C), of the state of Pernambuco were studied. A total of 1,080 milk samples were collected and submitted to microbiological culture in order to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp. To study the sensitivity and resistance of Staphylococcus spp to antimicrobials the diffusion disk technique with the following antibiotics was used: amoxiciline (10 mcg), ampiciline (10 mcg), azitromicine (15 mcg), cefquinome (30 mcg), cephalonium (30 mcg), ciprofloxacine (5mcg), cloxacillin (25 mcg), danofloxacine (10 mcg), enrofloxacine (5 mcg), eritromicine (15 mcg),florfenicol (30mcg), gentamicine (10 mcg), penicillin + novobiocine (10 mcg), sulfa (25 mcg) + trimetoprim (5 mcg),tobramicine (10 mcg) e tetraciclina (30 mcg) + neomicine (30 mcg) + bacitracine (10 mcg). For the in vitro study of sensitivity and resistance of S. aureus and Staphylococcus coagulase positive to the disinfectants, the following products were used: iodine (0.5%), chlorine (2.5%), quaternary ammonium (4%), lactic acid and chlorhexidine (2.0%). Of the 1,080 samples analyzed, 740 (68.5%) were positive and 340 (31.5%) negative. From the positive samples, Staphylococcus were isolated in 291 (39.3%). Of these, 170 (58.4%) were classified as coagulase negative Staphylococcus (SCN), 84(28.9%) as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and 37(12.7%) as coagulase positive Staphylococcus (SCP). The most efficient antibiotic in vitro was the combination between neomicine (98.4%), and bacitracine (99.3%) and tetracycline (89.7%) for regions A, B e C, respectively. The least efficient was ampicillin, which only showed a resistance of 56.5% to the isolates from region A, 72.8% for region B e 71.8% for region C. With respect to the disinfectants, iodine proved to be the most effective for S. aureus and SCP. The least effective was chlorine. Based on the results, it can be concluded with the epidemiological importance of Staphylococcus spp in subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in the regions chosen and the need for periodic evaluation of the antibiotics and disinfectants used to control mastitis.
Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a ocorrência e a sensibilidade de bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus spp frente aos antibióticos e desinfetantes utilizados no controle das mastites bovinas. Foram estudadas 15 propriedades situadas em municípios da Região Metropolitana do Recife (A), Agreste (B) e Zona da Mata (C) do estado de Pernambuco. Foram coletadas 1080 amostras de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica que foram submetidas ao exame microbiológico para isolamento e identificação dos Staphylococcus spp. Para o estudo da sensibilidade e resistência dos Staphylococcus spp aos antimicrobianos foi empregada a técnica de difusão em discos frente aos seguintes antibióticos: amoxicilina (10 mcg), ampicilina (10 mcg), azitromicina (15 mcg), cefquinome (30 mcg), cephalonium (30 mcg), ciprofloxacina (5mcg), cloxacilina (25 mcg), danofloxacina (10 mcg), enrofloxacina (5 mcg), eritromicina (15 mcg), florfenicol (30mcg), gentamicina (10 mcg), penicilina + novobiocina (10 mcg), sulfa (25 mcg) + trimetoprim (5 mcg), tobramicina (10 mcg) e tetraciclina (30 mcg) + neomicina (30 mcg) + bacitracina (10 mcg). Para o estudo “in vitro” da sensibilidade e resistência dos Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva aos desinfetantes, foram utilizados o iodo (0,57%), cloro (2,5%), amônia quaternária (4%), ácido lático e clorexidine (2,0%). Das 1080 amostras analisadas, 740 (68,5%) foram positivas ao exame microbiológico e 340 (31,5%) negativas. Das amostras positivas, isolaram-se bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus em 291 (39,3%). Dos 291 isolados, 170(58,4%) foram classificados como Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN), 84(28,9%) como Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) e 37(12,7%) como Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP). A melhor eficácia in vitro foi obtida pela associação entre neomicina + bacitracina + tetraciclina com percentuais de 98,4%, 99,3%, 89,7% para as regiões A, B e C respectivamente. O menos eficaz foi a ampicilina que apresentou 56,5% de resistência para os isolados da região A, 72,8% para a região B e 71,8% na região C. Com relação aos desinfetantes, observou-se que o iodo foi o mais eficaz para os S. aureus e SCP e o menos eficaz foi o cloro. Conclui-se com este estudo a importância epidemiológica dos Staphylococcus spp nas mastites subclínicas em vacas leiteiras nas regiões estudadas e a necessidade da avaliação periódica dos antibióticos e desinfetantes utilizados no controle da mastite.

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SANTOS, Sabrina Maria Lins Gurjão. "Pesquisa microbiológica e de resíduos antimicrobianos em amostras de leite comercializadas no município de Brejão-PE." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5856.

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Although the continuos growth of dairy cattle and its portion in human alimentation as one of most important source of animal protein, many Brazilians consume milk without any processing, that is, fresh milk, which, in many cases, has compromised its quality, such as under physicochemical and microbiological patterns, and the presence of contaminants or residues above the levels permitted by legislation. In the last years, the quality matter and food safety has been of major concern by the authorities, producers, industry and professionals responsible for food quality and by consumers. The piece of work has the objective to evaluate the quality of fresh milk dairy cattle agains the presence of microbial contamination and antimicrobial residues. For that, 42 samples of milk were analised from properties in the city of Brejão-PE, which were submitted to microbial culture for identification of Staphylococcus spp., realization of antibiogram gains penicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and gentamicin and for detection of microbial residues through the qualitative microbial inhibition test (ECLIPSE-50 ®). In 88,09% of the samples Staphylococcus spp. grew from the analised strains, 97,62% presented resistance to some antimicrobial analysed, observing 76,19% resistance to Gentamicin, 83,33% to streptomycin, 80,95% to tetracycline, 33,33% to amoxicillin and 47,62% to penicillin. In relation with the presence of antimicrobial residues, in 45,24% were detected levels above permitted limits in the qualitative analysis. It is concluded that the milk samples comercialized in the city of Brejão present chemical and biological contamination, making them inappropriate to human consume.
Apesar do contínuo crescimento da bovinocultura de leite e deste fazer parte da alimentação humana como uma das principais fontes de proteína animal, muitos brasileiros consomem leite sem nenhum processamento, ou seja, in natura, o qual muitas vezes tem sua qualidade comprometida, tanto nos padrões físico-químicos e microbiológicos, quanto na presença de contaminantes ou resíduos acima dos níveis permitidos pela legislação. Nos últimos anos, a questão da qualidade e da segurança dos alimentos tem recebido maior atenção por parte das autoridades, dos produtores, dos industriais, dos profissionais responsáveis pela qualidade dos alimentos e por parte dos consumidores. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a qualidade do leite bovino in natura frente a presença de contaminação microbiana e de resíduos antimicrobianos. Para tanto foram analisadas 42 amostras de leite provenientes de propriedades no município de Brejão-PE, as quais foram submetidasàcultura microbiana para identificação de Staphylococcus spp., realização de antibiograma frente à Penicilina, Amoxicilina, Tetraciclina, Estreptomicina e Gentamicina e à detecção de resíduos microbianos através do teste qualitativo de inibição microbiana (ECLIPSE-50®). Em 88,09% das amostras ocorreu crescimento de Staphylococcus spp.Das cepas analisadas, 97,62% apresentaram resistência a algum dos antimicrobianos analisados, sendo observada em 76,19% das cepas resistência a Gentamicina, 83,33% a Estreptomicina, 80,95% a Tetraciclina, 33,33% a Amoxicilinae 47,62% a Penicilina. Em relação à presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos em 45,24%, detectou-se níveis acima dos limites permitidos na análise qualitativa. Concluindo-se que as amostras de leite comercializadas no município de Brejão apresentaram contaminação química e biológica, tornado-se impróprio para o consumo humano

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Clemente, Virna [UNESP]. "Infecção experimental com Salmonella typhimurium em bezerros bubalinos: estudo clínico, laboratorial e terapêutico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89178.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações clínicas e laboratoriais de bezerros bubalinos infectados experimentalmente por Salmonella Typhimurium e verificar o efeito do tratamento desses bezerros com o antibiótico florfenicol. Foram utilizados 15 bezerros, distribuídos em três grupos experimentais, que receberam, pela via oral, 109 UFC de S. Typhimurium (exceto Grupo 1) e foram submetidos aos seguintes procedimentos: controle (Grupo 1), sem tratamento (Grupo 2), tratamento com florfenicol (Grupo 3). Os animais foram submetidos ao exame físico imediatamente antes da inoculação e a cada 12 horas até o sétimo dia subsequente. Diariamente, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, para realização de exames hematológicos, hemogasométricos, bioquímicos e proteinograma sérico, e amostras de fezes, para o isolamento de S. Typhimurium por meio de exames bacteriológicos. Realizou-se exame anatomopatológico de oito animais, bem como exame bacteriológico de seus órgãos. Não houve diferença entre os caldos de enriquecimento utilizados na detecção de S. Typhimurium. A infecção induziu diarreia, aumento da temperatura retal, início de acidose metabólica e de anemia, hipocalemia, hipoglicemia, azotemia pré-renal, hipoferremia, aumento de proteínas de fase aguda e alterações do leucograma. O tratamento com florfenicol não contribuiu com a recuperação clínica da diarreia, nem eliminou completamente a bactéria dos órgãos, sugerindo a necessidade de adequação da posologia para esta indicação
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and laboratory changes in experimentally Salmonella Typhimurium-infected buffalo calves and to verify the florfenicol antibiotic treatment effect. It were used 15 buffalo calves, distributed in three experimental groups that received, orally, 109 CFU of S. Typhimurium (except group 1). The groups were submitted to the following procedures: control (group 1), without any treatment (group 2), florfenicol treatment (group 3). All animals were submitted to physical examination just before inoculation and at every 12 hours until the seventh day. Blood samples were collected daily for hematological, blood gas, biochemical and proteinogram analysis, and faeces were also collected for isolation of S. Typhimurium by microbiological techniques. Anatomopathological exam as well as organs microbiological analysis of 8 animals were done. There was no difference between enrichment broths used to detect S. Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium infection induced diarrhea, increased rectal temperature, start of metabolic acidosis and anemia, hypocalemia, hypoglycemia, prerenal azotemia, hypoferremia, increased acute phase proteins levels and changes in leukocyte counts. Florfenicol treatment didn´t contribute to clinical recovery from diarrhea neither eliminate completely the bacteria from organs, suggesting the need for dosage adequation to this use

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Gallego, Jefferson Cerquera. "Impacto do uso de antibióticos na microbiota do solo /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148013.

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Orientador: Everlon Cid Rigobelo
Banca: Mariana Carina Frigieri Salaro
Banca: Fábio Camilotti
Resumo: Devido ao grande número de antibióticos de uso veterinário que estão sendo liberados no solo através da urina e dejetos fecais dos animais de produção, algumas pesquisas têm verificado o impacto desses antibióticos na microbiota do solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto dos antibióticos sobre a microbiota do solo em condições de microcosmos, de um solo de pastagem de bovinos e um solo de floresta, submetidos à presença de três antibióticos utilizados na produção animal, sendo estes, ampicilina, enrofloxacina e estreptomicina, nas concentrações de 0, 30 e 100 mg/kg de solo seco. A concentração de 0 mg/kg foi usada como controle. Os solos foram incubados em frascos de vidro de tampa rosca e mantidos a temperatura ambiente no escuro para reproduzir as condições reais encontradas na natureza. Foram avaliadas atividade respiratória microbiana, atividade da enzima desidrogenase e contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) para estabelecer se existia ou não inibição do crescimento bacteriano nos dias 0, 1, 20 e 35. Os resultados mostram um aumento considerável nas UFC nos solos que receberam a ampicilina em ambas às concentrações durante o primeiro dia com relação ao controle. No dia 35 estas contagens se tornaram semelhantes ao controle ou menores. Os solos que receberam enrofloxacina e estreptomicina tiveram uma contagem menor que o controle inicialmente e com o tempo essas UFC aumentaram. A atividade respiratória microbiana e a atividade da enzima... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Due to the large number of veterinary antibiotics that are being released into the soil through urine and fecal waste of livestock, some research has linked the impact of those antibiotics in soil microflora. In the current study was evaluated the impact of antibiotics in the soil microbial community under microcosms conditions, cattle pasture soil and a forest soil under the presence of three antibiotics used in animal husbadry; ampicilin, enrofloxacyn and streptomycin, using a concentration of 0, 30 e 100 mg/kg dry soil. The concentration of 0mg/kg was used as control. The soils were incubated in screw cap glass jars and kept at room temperature in the dark to reproduce actual conditions found in nature. It was evaluated the microbial respiratory activity as well as the activity of dehydrogenase enzyme and colony forming units (CFU) to establish whether there was inhibition of bacterial growth or not at day 0, 1, 20 and 35. The results show a considerable increase in CFU in soils that received both concentrations of ampicillin during the first day compared with control. At day 35 these counting became similar to control or lower. The soils that received enrofloxacin and streptomycin, initially had lower countings than the control and over time these CFU increased. The microbial respiratory activity and the activity of dehydrogenase also confirmed these findings. These results suggest that some microorganisms are using a compound of ampicillin to grow. The other antibiotics decrease the soil microbial population, especially streptomycin. Probably some microorganisms are being selected
Mestre

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Barbosa, Carolina Grasel. "Ocorrência de clostridium difficile em leitões submetidos a antibioticoterapia nas regiões de Santa Catarina." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2008. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/831.

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The Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive opportunist rod, anaerobic, spore-forming, found in the soil, water and enteric microbiota of many animal species. It has been described as the cause for enteritis in human beings and animals. In pigs it has grown in importance due to the large number of cases of neonatal enteritis that affects the colon of one to seven day old piglets. This bacterium produces two kinds of toxins: A (enterotoxin) and B (cytotoxin) that have an important role in the disease s pathogenesis. With the objective of researching the presence of the bacterium in up to seven days piglets submitted to antibiotic therapy as well as the production of the toxins A and B in isolated samples, 8 collections were made in different regions of the state of Santa Catarina, totalizing 490 samples of stool and retal swabs of piglets, gathered in the period of January to March 2008. The retal swabs were processed in the same day they were collected in the Microbiology Lab of CAV/UDESC and the stools were frozen at -4oC in steril Ependorf so that they could be submitted to the ELISA test later. Twenty-tree colonies of C. difficile were isolated, but no one produced the A and B toxins according to the ELISA test. Of the 69 stools analyzed, 32 (46,37%) were positive samples, 3 (4,34%) were intermediate samples, and 34 (49,27%) were negative samples, according to the ELISA test
O Clostridium difficile é um bastonete oportunista Gram-positivo, anaeróbio obrigatório, formador de esporos, encontrado no solo, água e microbiota entérica de várias espécies animais. Tem sido descrito como causa de enterite em seres humanos e animais. Em suínos tem adquirido grande importância devido ao grande número de casos de enterites neonatais que afetam o cólon de leitões entre um a sete dias de idade. Essa bactéria produz dois tipos de toxinas: A (enterotóxica) e B (citotóxica) que possuem papel importante na patogênese da doença. Com o objetivo de pesquisar a presença da bactéria em leitões com até 7 dias de idade submetidos à antibioticoterapia, bem como a produção das toxinas A e B nas amostras isoladas realizaram-se 8 coletas em diferentes regiões do Estado de Santa Catarina, totalizando 490 amostras de fezes e suabes retais de leitões, coletados no período de Janeiro a Março de 2008. Os suabes retais foram processados no mesmo dia da coleta no Laboratório de Microbiologia CAV/UDESC e as amostras de fezes foram congeladas a -40C em ependorf estéril para posterior realização do teste de ELISA. Foram isoladas 23 colônias do C. difficile, sendo que nenhuma delas produziu as toxinas A e B, pela análise do teste do ELISA. Já das 69 amostras de fezes analisadas, 32 (46,37%) amostras foram positivas, 3 (4,34%) amostras intermediárias e 34 (49,27%) amostras negativas, conforme demonstrou o teste de ELISA

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Chaya, Alberto Yukio. "Desempenho zootécnico e eficiência reprodutiva em marrãs de linhagem comercial submetidas a dietas com antibióticos e probióticos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5104.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether gilts that developed clinical cases of diarrhea in breast-feeding, present failures in reproductive performance and to evaluate whether they show the same body development of gilts that had no diarrhea as well to evaluate if the supply of food additives, antibiotics or probiotics, can eliminate or minimize the deficit in weight gain of gilts that suffered diarrhea in breast-feeding. Fiftyfour crossbred gilts, at approximately 80 d of age and 29 Kg, were fed ad libitum experimental diet formulated to attend nutritional requirements, and water was available at all times. Adding on basal diet, supplementation of antibiotic and probiotic, but not together on the same feed. The experimental design was completely randomized with two classes of animals (diarrheal and no diarrheal) subjected to three dietary treatments (1: antibiotic; 2: no feed additives; 3: probiotic), 2x3 factorial, four to five replicates of two animals per experimental unit. These animals started the experiment at approximately 80 days of age and their performance until, an average, 120 d of age. Gilts weighing around 75 Kg, at 120-130 days of age began to be exposed to adult boars. Estrous activity was monitored by exposure to boar in each pitch at least 15 min, twice per day. The reproductive and biological indices were analyzed descriptively using the statistical software R version 2.12.2 (R DEVELOPMENT TEAM, 2011). For all tests were performed to test the assumption (test of normality and homogeneity of variance test). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by F test at 5% and the Tukey test at 5%. Through the ANOVA, it was found that the interaction between the factors tested, class (diarrheal and no diarrheal) and treatment (1: antibiotic; 2: no feed additives; 3: probiotic), was not significant (p> 0.05). These factors are independent (F test, 5%). Thus, it was possible to compare the class separately from treatment. Among the main results (p <0.05) between classes include: females non diarrheal had bigger average daily weight gain and bigger feed intake of feed during the period 80-104 days of age. The better results (p <0.05) among treatments are: gilts subjected to treatment 2 had better feed intake from 80 to 104 days of age, better feed:gain ratio at 105-142 days of age, had earlier puberty and greater number of corpora lutea (ovulation). Therefore, it is concluded that there is a difference on performance between piglets that had diarrhea in farrowing and those who had not. And the supply of growth promoters during the experimental period were not effective as performance and reproductive efficiency of gilts.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se leitoas que desenvolvem ou não o quadro clínico de diarreia na fase de aleitamento, apresentam o mesmo desenvolvimento corporal e reprodutivo ao receber ou não aditivos alimentares, antibiótico ou probiótico, nas suas dietas. Utilizou-se cinqüenta e quatro fêmeas, com idade média de 80 dias e peso médio de 29 Kg. Os animais receberam água a vontade e foram alimentados ad libitum com ração basal experimental formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais, acrescentando-se somente a suplementação ou não de antibiótico e/ou probiótico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com duas classes (Diarreica e Não Diarreica) de animais submetidos a três tratamentos alimentares (1: antibiótico; 2: sem aditivo alimentar; 3: probiótico), fatorial 2x3, de quatro a cinco repetições, com dois animais por unidade experimental. Estes animais iniciaram o experimento em média aos 80 dias de idade e foram acompanhados zootecnicamente até, em média, os 120 dias de idade. A partir de 120-130 dias de idade (75 Kg de peso corporal), as fêmeas foram expostas diariamente e coletivamente em suas baias, a machos adultos (15 minutos de exposição, duas vezes ao dia) para rufiação e identificação do estro. A alimentação de todas as marrãs foi ad libitum em todo período experimental. Os índices zootécnicos e reprodutivos foram analisados descritivamente utilizando o software estatístico R versão 2.12.2. Para todas as análises foram realizadas o teste de pressuposição (teste de normalidade e teste de homogeneidade de variância). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste F a 5% e pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Por meio da ANOVA verificou-se que não houve interação entre os fatores testados, classe (Diarreica e Não Diarreica) e tratamento (1: antibiótico; 2: sem aditivo alimentar; 3: probiótico) (p>0,05). Dentre os principais resultados (p<0,05) entre classes destacam-se: fêmeas diarreicas apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário e maior consumo diário de alimento no período de 80 a 104 dias de idade. Dentre os principais resultados entre tratamentos, destacam-se (p<0,05): leitoas submetidas ao tratamento 2 obtiveram melhor consumo diário aos 80-104 dias de idade, melhor conversão alimentar aos 105-142 dias de idade, apresentaram puberdade precoce e maior número de corpos lúteos (ovulações). Portanto, conclui-se que há diferença zootécnica entre as classes de marrãs estudadas, e que o fornecimento de promotores de crescimento durante o período experimental não foram eficientes quanto ao desempenho zootécnico e a eficiência reprodutiva das marrãs.

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LACERDA, Lenka de Morais. "Qualidade do leite e da água de propriedades leiteiras nos Municípios de Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú-mirim e Santa Rita – MA." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5704.

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The present paper was produced under the orientations contained in the Ruling Protocol 51, issued by Brazilian Agriculture, Cattle-Raising and Supply Ministry (Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento – MAPA, in Portuguese), aiming at evaluating the influence of Somatic Cell Counting (SCC; CCS in Portuguese), composition and Total Bacterial Counting (TBC; CBT in Portuguese) over milk quality. It also investigates the occurrence of antibiotic residue in the milk and the quality of the water used in the higienization of animal nipples, equipments and milking instruments in milk-producing facilities in the towns of Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú-Mirim and Santa Rita, all located in Brazilian Maranhão state. Visits were made to 20 milk-producing facilities in summertime (August through December 2006) and wintertime (January through July 2007), representing small, medium and great properties. During summertime, ratings were 2,236,700 cells/mL SCC; 3.87% fat; 3.19% protein; 4.36% lactose; 12.25% EST; 8.55% ESD and 677.90 UFC/mL TBC. During wintertime, ratings were 2,629,950 cells/mL SCC; 3.87% fat; 3.27% protein; 4.45% lactose; 13.19% EST; 8.74% ESD and 8421.35 UFC/mL TBC. Regarding the water used in the milking process and considering the counting of total choliforms and Escherichia coli, respectively, 90% and 75% of samples collected during summertime, as well as 90% and 70% of samples collected during wintertime didn’t meet requirements determined by regulation 518/2004, issued by Brazilian Health Ministry. The milk samples didn’t contain antibiotic residues, therefore meeting the requirements of Ruling Protocol 51– MAPA. Such results confirm the importance of introducing an effort aimed at sanitary education involving the facilities studied and at the improvement of the quality of the milk produced, mainly regarding the microbiological quality of the milk found in the facilities studied.
Este trabalho foi realizado tendo em vista a instrução normativa N° 51, publicada pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), objetivando avaliar a influência da contagem de células somáticas (CCS), composição e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre a qualidade do leite, além disso, investigou-se a ocorrência de resíduos de antibióticos no leite e a qualidade da água utilizada na higienização do úbere dos animais, equipamentos e utensílios de ordenha de propriedades leiteiras nos municípios de Miranda do Norte, Itapecurú-Mirim e Santa Rita, estado do Maranhão. Foram visitadas 20 propriedades leiteiras no período do verão (agosto a dezembro de 2006) e inverno (janeiro a julho de 2007), representando pequenos, médios e grandes propriedades. Verificou-se no período de verão que a média de CCS foi de 2.236.700 células/mL, gordura (%) de 3,87, proteína (%) de 3,19, lactose (%) de 4,36, EST (%) de 12,25, ESD (%) de 8,55 e CBT de 677,90 UFC/mL, e no inverno a média de CCS foi de 2.629.950 células/mL, gordura (%) de 3,87, proteína (%) de 3,27, lactose (%) de 4,45, EST (%) de 13,19, ESD (%) de 8,74 e CBT de 8421,35. Com relação à água utilizada no processo de ordenha, observou-se que 90% e 75% das amostras no verão e 90% e 70% das amostras no inverno encontravam-se fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela portaria n° 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde, para contagem de Coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, respectivamente. As amostras de leite não continham resíduos de antibióticos, portanto encontravam-se em acordo com a IN Nº51/MAPA. Conclui-se a importância da introdução de um trabalho de educação sanitária junto às propriedades estudadas, objetivando a melhoria da qualidade do leite produzido, principalmente quanto à qualidade microbiológica do leite nas propriedades estudadas.

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