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Dal Moro, Fabrizio. "Resistenza Agli Antibiotici: Ecco il Report Dell'Organizzazione Mondiale Della Sanità." Urologia Journal 81, no. 3 (July 2014): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156031408100301.
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Costantino, Maria, Amelia Filippelli, Grazia Cioffi, Giuseppina Moccia, and Francesco De Caro. "Stewardship per l’utilizzo degli antibiotici." La Sanità Pubblica. Ricerca applicata 2 (July 25, 2021): 11–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.48268/antibioticoresistenza/2021/0001.1.
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Ridurre l’uso eccessivo, incontrollato o inappropriato degli antibiotici, è essenziale per garantire la sicurezza dei pazienti e la qualità dell’Assistenza Medica. Per prevenire e controllare le infezioni correlate all’assistenza (ICA) e lo sviluppo dell’antimicrobico-resistenza si possono utilizzare varie strategie: • adozione di programmi di sorveglianza e controllo condivisi a livello nazionale, comprendenti lo sviluppo di percorsi diagnostici e terapeutici comuni, • implementazione della stewardship antimicrobica e dei programmi di formazione rivolti al personale sanitario, finalizzati alla promozione di una maggiore osservanza delle Linee Guida, • incremento della sorveglianza, effettuando studi di prevalenza ripetuti nel tempo, per poter identificare precocemente eventuali criticità e valutare l’efficacia dei presidi messi in atto, • potenziamento delle strutture ospedaliere, aumento delle camere singole destinate all’isolamento di pazienti particolarmente a rischio, • miglioramento delle procedure di pulizia e sanificazione e dei percorsi dedicati all’igiene delle mani, • promozione di campagne di sensibilizzazione rivolte non solo al personale sanitario, ma anche ai cittadini, allo scopo di rendere i pazienti parte attiva del processo di lotta alle infezioni.
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Lisi, P., R. Corciulo, and R. Russo. "Nuove linee guida ISPD per il trattamento della peritonite in dialisi peritoneale: cosa c'è di nuovo?" Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 23, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2011.1455.
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La peritonite rappresenta la principale complicanza legata alla dialisi peritoneale. Sin dal 1983, l'International Society of Peirtoneal Dialysis (ISPD) ha elaborato delle linee guida, revisionate e aggiornate più volte sino al 2010, su prevenzione, diagnosi e trattamento delle infezioni correlate alla dialisi peritoneale. Tutti i pazienti in trattamento peritoneo-dialitico, che presentano un liquido di drenaggio torbido, devono iniziare una terapia antibiotica empirica, ad ampio spettro, per via intraperitoneale ed eseguire esami colturali. La prima scelta resta la vancomicina associata a cefalosporine di terza generazione o aminoglicosidi. In seguito la terapia deve essere modificata sulla base dell'anfibiogramma. La rimozione del catetere peritoneale è indicata in caso di peritoniti refrattarie e recidivanti, micotiche, infezioni croniche del tunnel e dell'exit-site. La terapia deve avere una durata non inferiore alle due settimane. I pazienti che rispondono lentamente, devono proseguire la terapia per almeno tre settimane. Le nuove linee guida, come quelle del 2005, non forniscono indicazioni precise sugli antibiotici da usare. Gli studi effettuati negli ultimi cinque anni hanno ampliato le possibilità terapeutiche nei casi di resistenza o intolleranza, pur non supportando con forte evidenza le opinioni presenti nelle precedenti linee guida.
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Blondeau, J. M., G. Hansen, K. Metzler, and P. Hedlin. "Ruolo dei parametri di farmacocinetica e farmacodinamica nella prevenzione della selezione e dello sviluppo di resistenza agli antibiotici: la “Concentrazione di Prevenzione della Mutazione”." Journal of Chemotherapy 15, sup4 (December 2003): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1120009x.2003.11782359.
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Yaddi, Yamin, Safika Safika, and Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu. "Uji Resistensi Terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika pada Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Kucing di Klinik Hewan Kota Bogor." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 7, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v7i3.13442.
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ABSTRAKPermasalahan resistensi Antibiotika pada hewan kesayangan menjadi kendala kesehatan hewan di seluruh dunia. World Health Organisation (WHO) menyebutkan bahwa pada masa mendatang resistensi antibiotika akan menjadi tantangan yang terbesar dalam dunia kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat resistensi antibiotika terhadap Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari kucing pada klinik hewan di Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa resistensi Escherichia coli tertinggi terjadi pada golongan β-laktam (ampisilin 66% dan amoksisilin 60%) yang diikuti oleh golongan tetrasiklin (oksitetrasiklin 54% dan dosisiklin 24%), serta golongan kuinolon (enrofloksasin 38% dan ciprofloksasin 28%). Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan medis bagi praktisi hewan kesayangan dalam penggunaan antibiotika.Kata Kunci: Escherichia coli, klinik hewan, kucing, resistensi antibiotikaABSTRACTThe problem of antibiotic resistance in pets is obstacles to animal health throughout the world. World Health Organization (WHO) states that in the future, antibiotic resistance will become the biggest challenge in the health concern. This study aims to measure the level of Escherichia coli resistance to antibiotics which is isolated from cats on veterinary clinics in Bogor City. The results showed that the highest resistance of Escherichia coli occurred in the β-lactam group (ampicillin 66% and amoxicillin 60%) followed by tetracycline (oxytetracycline 54% and doxycycline 24%), and quinolone group (enrofloxacin 38% and ciprofloxacin 28%). This study is expected to become medical considerations for pet practitioners in the use of antibiotics.Keywords: animal clinic, antibiotic resistance, cats, Escherichia coli
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Bassetti. "«Antibiotic Stewardship»: nur ein weiteres Schlagwort oder eine Notwendigkeit?" Praxis 93, no. 15 (April 1, 2004): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0369-8394.93.15.623.
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Als «antibiotic stewardship» bezeichnet man Strategien oder Massnahmen zur Optimierung des Antibiotika-Einsatzes. «Antibiotic stewardship» Programme sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Prävention von Antibiotika-Resistenzen. Von «antibiotic stewardship»-Programmen ist nicht nur ein Nutzen auf gesellschsaftlicher Ebene zu erwarten (weniger Antibiotika-Resistenzen), sondern auch auf individueller Ebene: jeder einzelne Patient profitiert von der korrekten Anwendung der Antibiotika (Einsatz der Substanz mit der besten Wirkung gegen den jeweiligen Krankheitserreger, korrekte Dauer der Therapie usw.). Zusätzlich können «antibiotic stewardship»-Programme einen Beitrag zur Kontrolle der Medikamenten-Ausgaben leisten.
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Mayasari, Evita, and Cherry Siregar. "PREVALENCE OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS IN ADAM MALIK HOSPITAL." Majalah Kedokteran Andalas 37, no. 1 (May 3, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22338/mka.v37.i1.p1-7.2014.
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AbstrakAcinetobacter baumannii merupakan spesies Acinetobacter spp. tersering diisolasi darimanusia, dan lebih sering dijumpai pada infeksi nosokomial dibandingkan dengan infeksi dikomunitas. Eksistensi bakteri ini di lingkungan terkait dengan keragaman reservoir, kemampuanmemperoleh gen pembawa sifat resisten antimikroba, dan sifat resisten terhadap pengeringan.Infeksi disebabkan strain A.baumannii yang resisten terhadap banyak antibiotik tidak mudahdikendalikan dan menjadi permasalahan di berbagai negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui prevalensi A.baumannii dari spesimen klinis di instalasi mikrobiologi klinik RSUPHaji Adam Malik serta pola kepekaannya terhadap berbagai antibiotik. Identifikasi dan ujikepekaan menggunakan mesin otomatis Vitek 2 dengan Advanced Expert System (AES).Penelitian ini menemukan 644/3693 (17,44%) isolat A.baumannii dari berbagai spesimen klinis.A.baumannii paling banyak diisolasi dari spesimen dahak. Penelitian ini menemukan 147/644(23%) bahwa isolat carbapenem-resistent A.baumannii (imipenem dan meropenem). Sebagianbesar isolat sensitif terhadap colistin, amikacin dan tigecycline. Prevalensi A.baumanni yangditemukan pada penelitian ini adalah rendah namun resistensinya tinggi terhadap antibiotikterutama golongan penicillin, cephalosporin dan fluoroquinolon.AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii is the most frequent species of Acinetobacter spp. isolated fromhumans and more common in nosocomial infection than it is in community acquired infection.A.baumannii existence in environment is associated with the diversity of its reservoirs, itscapacity to accumulate genes of antimicrobial resistence, and its resistence to desiccation.Infection of Multidrug resistent (MDR) strain of A.baumannii is not easy to manage and it hasbecome a problem in many countries. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigatethe prevalence of A.baumannii from routine clinical specimens sent to clinical microbiologylaboratory RSUP HAM Medan and its susceptibility pattern to various antibiotics. Identificationand susceptibility testing of A. baumannii was performed by Vitek 2 with Advanced ExpertSystem (AES). A total of 644/3693 (17.44%) A.baumannii isolates were identified from variousclinical specimens. From those isolates, there were 147 (23%) isolates of carbapenemresistentA.baumannii (imipenem and meropenem). A.baumannii mainly isolated from sputumspecimens, and most isolates were highly sensitive to colistin, amikacin and tigecycline.Low prevalence of A.baumannii was found in this study. However, the isolates showed highresistence level to antibiotics, particularly penicillin, cephalosporin and fluoroquinolones.
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Karpíšek, Ivan, Jitka Zachová, Dana Vejmelková, and Vladimír Sýkora. "Vliv adaptace aktivovaného kalu na biodegradaci antibiotik a akumulaci genů resistence." Entecho 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35933/2019.06.001.
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Aktivovaný kal na čistírnách odpadních vod je neustále vystavován nízkým koncentracím antimikrobiálních látek a dalších léčiv. To vyvolává otázku, jak mikroorganismy k těmto látkám na čistírně odpadních vod přistupují. Zda jsou schopny se v tomto prostředí na tyto látky adaptovat, degradovat je, případně je využít jako substrát. Nebo jestli jsou tyto látky aktivovaným kalem opomíjeny. Pro posouzení adaptace aktivovaného kalu byla využita metoda PCR pro sledování genů resistence a testy biologické rozložitelnosti. Pro testy byl využit aktivovaný kal z ČOV a kal adaptovaný v laboratorních SBR modelech při koncentracích antibiotik 500 ng∙l−1 a 500 μg∙l−1. Biologická rozložitelnost byla posuzována dle normy ČSN ISO 14593. Testované látky byly sledovány pomocí skupinového stanovení celkového anorganického uhlíku. Jako testované látky byly vybrány: benzylpenicilin, ampicilin, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramfenikol, sulfamethoxazol a trimetoprim. Aktivovaný kal z čistírny odpadních vod neměl vyvinutou aktivitu k biodegradaci testovaných antibiotik. Je pravděpodobné, že vysoké zatížení snadno biologicky rozložitelným substrátem a krátké zdržení odpadní vody na ČOV, vede k tomu, že mikroorganismy aktivovaného kalu nejsou nuceny tyto látky aktivně utilizovat a brání se jim pouze tvorbou obranných mechanismů pomocí genů antibiotické resistence. Nízké koncentrace antibiotik v SBR modelech vytvářely selekční tlak na mikroorganismy a podněcovaly šíření genů antibiotické resistence. English Activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants is constantly exposed to low concentrations of antimicrobials and other drugs. This raises the question of how microorganisms approach to these substances in the sewage treatment plant. Whether they can adapt, degrade, or use antibiotics as a substrate in this environment or the activated sludge neglects these substances. To assess the adaptation of activated sludge, the PCR method for monitoring antibiotic resistance genes and biodegradability tests were used. These tests were carried out with activated sludge from WWTP and sludge adapted in laboratory SBR models at 500 ng∙l−1 and 500 μg∙l−1 of chosen antibiotics. Their biodegradability was assessed according to ČSN ISO 14593. The tested substances were monitored by group determination of total inorganic carbon. The chosen substances were: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Activated sludge had no developed activity for biodegradation of tested antibiotics. It is likely that the high load of readily biodegradable substrate and the short retention of the wastewater at the WWTP lead to the activated sludge not being forced to actively utilize these substances and will only prevent from them by forming defence mechanisms using antibiotic resistance genes. Low concentrations of antibiotics in SBR models produced selective pressure on microorganisms and stimulated the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Kapríšek, Ivan, Jitka Zachová, Dana Vejmelková, and Vladimír Sýkora. "Vliv adaptace aktivovaného kalu na biodegradaci antibiotik a akumulaci genů resistence." Entecho 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35933/entecho.2019.06.001.
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Aktivovaný kal na čistírnách odpadních vod je neustále vystavován nízkým koncentracím antimikrobiálních látek a dalších léčiv. To vyvolává otázku, jak mikroorganismy k těmto látkám na čistírně odpadních vod přistupují. Zda jsou schopny se v tomto prostředí na tyto látky adaptovat, degradovat je, případně je využít jako substrát. Nebo jestli jsou tyto látky aktivovaným kalem opomíjeny. Pro posouzení adaptace aktivovaného kalu byla využita metoda PCR pro sledování genů resistence a testy biologické rozložitelnosti. Pro testy byl využit aktivovaný kal z ČOV a kal adaptovaný v laboratorních SBR modelech při koncentracích antibiotik 500 ng∙l−1 a 500 μg∙l−1. Biologická rozložitelnost byla posuzována dle normy ČSN ISO 14593. Testované látky byly sledovány pomocí skupinového stanovení celkového anorganického uhlíku. Jako testované látky byly vybrány: benzylpenicilin, ampicilin, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramfenikol, sulfamethoxazol a trimetoprim. Aktivovaný kal z čistírny odpadních vod neměl vyvinutou aktivitu k biodegradaci testovaných antibiotik. Je pravděpodobné, že vysoké zatížení snadno biologicky rozložitelným substrátem a krátké zdržení odpadní vody na ČOV, vede k tomu, že mikroorganismy aktivovaného kalu nejsou nuceny tyto látky aktivně utilizovat a brání se jim pouze tvorbou obranných mechanismů pomocí genů antibiotické resistence. Nízké koncentrace antibiotik v SBR modelech vytvářely selekční tlak na mikroorganismy a podněcovaly šíření genů antibiotické resistence. English Activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants is constantly exposed to low concentrations of antimicrobials and other drugs. This raises the question of how microorganisms approach to these substances in the sewage treatment plant. Whether they can adapt, degrade, or use antibiotics as a substrate in this environment or the activated sludge neglects these substances. To assess the adaptation of activated sludge, the PCR method for monitoring antibiotic resistance genes and biodegradability tests were used. These tests were carried out with activated sludge from WWTP and sludge adapted in laboratory SBR models at 500 ng∙l−1 and 500 μg∙l−1 of chosen antibiotics. Their biodegradability was assessed according to ČSN ISO 14593. The tested substances were monitored by group determination of total inorganic carbon. The chosen substances were: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Activated sludge had no developed activity for biodegradation of tested antibiotics. It is likely that the high load of readily biodegradable substrate and the short retention of the wastewater at the WWTP lead to the activated sludge not being forced to actively utilize these substances and will only prevent from them by forming defence mechanisms using antibiotic resistance genes. Low concentrations of antibiotics in SBR models produced selective pressure on microorganisms and stimulated the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Supartono, Supartono, Nanik Wijayati, Lina Herlina, and Enny Ratnaningsih. "PRODUKSI ANTIBIOTIKA OLEH Bacillus subtilis M10 DALAM MEDIA UREA-SORBITOL." Reaktor 13, no. 3 (April 7, 2011): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.13.3.185-193.
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PRODUCTION OF ANTIBIOTICS BY Bacillus subtilis M10 IN UREA-SORBITOL MEDIUM. Infection diseases still become the main health problems that suffered by people in Indonesia. Besides, there were many pathogen bacteria found to be resistant to the some antibiotics. Therefore, the efforts to get a new antibiotic require to be done continuously. A new local strain of Bacillus subtilis BAC4 has been known producing an antibiotic that inhibit Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 growth. To make efficient the local strain, mutation on Bacillus subtilis BAC4 was done by using acridine orange and a mutant cell of Bacillus subtilis M10 that overproduction for producing antibiotic was obtained. Nevertheless, the production kinetics of antibiotic by this mutant has not been reported. The objective of this research was to study the production kinetics of antibiotic by Bacillus subtilis M10 mutant. The production of antibiotic was conducted using batch fermentation and antibiotic assay was performed with agar absorption method using Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 as bacteria assay. Research result provided that Bacillus subtilis M10 mutant with overproduction of antibiotic produced an antibiotic since 8th hour’s fermentation and optimum of it production was at 14th hours after inoculation. Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi masalah yang utama diderita oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Di samping itu, banyak bakteri patogen yang ditemukan resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotika. Oleh karena itu, upaya-upaya untuk mendapatkan antibiotika baru perlu dilakukan secara terus-menerus. Suatu galur lokal baru Bacillus subtilis BAC4 teridentifikasi memproduksi senyawa antibiotika yang menghambat pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens ATCC27117. Untuk memberdayakan galur tersebut, terhadap Bacillus subtilis BAC4 dilakukan mutasi dengan larutan akridin oranye dan diperoleh mutan Bacillus subtilis M10 yang memproduksi antibiotika berlebihan. Namun, kinetika produksi antibiotika oleh Bacillus subtilis M10 belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika produksi antibiotika oleh mutan Bacillus subtilis M10. Bacillus subtilis M10 difermentasikan ke dalam media urea-sorbitol dan diamati kemampuan produksi antibiotikanya menggunakan Serratia marcescens ATCC 2711 sebagai bakteri uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mutan Bacillus subtilis M10 memproduksi antibiotika sejak jam ke 8, dan produksi optimumnya terjadi pada jam ke 14 setelah inokulasi.
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Nurjanah, Gina Siti, Adi Imam Cahyadi, and Sarasati Windria. "ESCHERICHIA COLI RESISTANCE TO VARIOUS KINDS OF ANTIBIOTICS IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS: A LITERATURE STUDY." Indonesia Medicus Veterinus 9, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 970–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/imv.2020.9.6.970.
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Resistensi antibiotik merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang cukup serius dalam dunia kesehatan. Terjadinya resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik menyebabkan pengobatan penyakit akibat infeksi tidak lagi efisien karena turun atau hilangnya efektivitas obat. Salah satu bakteri yang banyak resisten terhadap antibiotik adalah Escherichia coli. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui resistensi E. coli terhadap berbagai macam antibiotik pada hewan dan manusia serta mengetahui mekanisme resistensi E. coli terhadap antibiotik. Berdasarkan kajian ini diperoleh data bahwa E. coli banyak ditemukan telah resisten terhadap antibiotik golongan ?-lactam. Namun, beberapa antibiotik yang cukup sensitif terhadap E. coli yaitu kloramfenikol dan ciprofloksasin. Mekanisme resistensi pada E. coli terdapat empat mekanisme antara lain yaitu ?-lactamase (ESBL, Carbapenemase, dan AmpC), modifikasi target, efflux pumps, dan purin loss.
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Khasanah, Heti Rais, Zamharira Muslim Muslim, and Putri Widelia Wekriana. "UJI SENSITIFITAS BAKTERI GRAM POSITIF PADA PLAK GIGI TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIKA." Avicenna: Jurnal Ilmiah 14, no. 02 (September 18, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36085/avicenna.v14i02.377.
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Latar belakang: kesehatan gigi dan mulut merupakan faktor yang sangat penting yang perlu diperhatikan. Masalah terbesar yang dihadapi penduduk indonesia dan negara maju lainnya yaitu karies gigi. WHO melaporkan 60-90% anak sekolah dan hampir 100% orang dewasa di seluruh dunia telah mengalami karies gigi. Flora normal yang terdapat dirongga mulut yaitu Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp, dan Bacillus sp. Bakteri tersebut dapat menjadi patogen, hal tersebut dapat diatasi menggukan antibiotik. Antibiotik sering digunakan secara tidak rasional sehingga banyak ditemukan antibiotik yang resisten terhadap bakteri. Tujuan: untuk mengetahui sensitifitas bakteri gram positif pada plak gigi terhadap antibiotik amoksisilin, eritromisin, ciprofloksasin, klindamisin dan tetrasiklin. Metode: survei deskriptif dengan pendekatan laboratorium. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini 12 bakteri gram positif yang diidentifikasi dari plak gigi pasien anak. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara accidental sampling. Uji Sensitifitas menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Hasil: distribusi frekuensi kriteria diameter zona hambat eritromisin hampir seluruh (83,3%) resistensi, sebagian kecil (8,3%) intermediet, dan sebagian kecil (8,3%) sensitif, ciprofloksasin sebagian besar (66,6%) resistensi dan hampir sebagian (33,3%) sensitif, serta klindamisin hampir seluruh (91%) resisten dan sebagian kecil (8,3%) sensitif. Tetrasiklin dan amoksisilin seluruh (100%) resisten terhadap bakteri gram positif pada plak gigi. Kesimpulan: eritromisin hampir seluruh resistensi, sebagian kecil intermediet, dan sebagian kecil sensitif. Ciprofloksasin sebagian besar resistensi dan hampir sebagian sensitif. Klindamisin hampir seluruh resisten dan sebagian kecil sensitif. Tetrasiklin dan amoksisilin seluruh resisten terhadap bakteri gram positif pada plak gigi.
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Indah Lestari, Putriana, Ika Susanti, and Huda Rahmawati. "Pola Kepekaan Bakteri terhadap Antibiotik di Ruang Rawat Intensif RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Jakarta." Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v1i2.9.
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Abstrak : Penyakit infeksi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang penting. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional dan tepat guna pada pasien penyakit infeksi beresiko menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pola kepekaan bakteri terhadap antibiotik pada pasien Ruang Rawat Intensif (ICU) RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso (RSPI-SS) Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan deskriptif dan retrospektif terhadap data sekunder hasil uji kepekaan antibiotik dan jenis bakteri dari 107 pasien dalam kurun waktu 2011. Hasil menunjukkan 68 (65,4%) pasien mendapatkan hasil kultur positif dan uji kepekaan bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Jenis bakteri patogen yang dominan yaitu Acinetobacter baumannii (29,4%), disusul oleh Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27,9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13,2%) dan Escherichia coli (8,8%). Sebagian besar bakteri pada pasien ICU RSPISS telah berkurang kepekaannya (resisten) terhadap beberapa antibiotik. A. baumannii dan P. aeruginosa merupakan bakteri yang paling resisten terhadap antibiotik uji. Pola kepekaannya menunjukkan bahwa bakteri patogen mempunyai resistensi tertinggi terhadap erythromycin dan terendah terhadap amikasin.Infectious diseases is an important health problem. Irrational antibiotics usage is a leading cause in initiating drugs resistances. A preliminary study was conducted on the sensitivity pattern of microorganisms against antibiotics at the intensive care unit of Sulianti Infectious Diseases Hospital Jakarta. Retrospective. Secondary data were collected on the results of antibiotics sensitivity tests and species of microorganisms of 107 patients during the year 2011. Sixty eight (65,4%) patients were positive on microorganism culture test and tested on antibiotic sensitivity test. Predominance pathogenic species found were Acinetobacter baumannii (29,4%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27,9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13,2%) and Escherichia coli (8,8%). Most species were less sensitive (resistant) to several antibiotics. The pattern of sensitivity showed that pathogenic microorganisms were the most resistant against erythromycin and the most sensitive antibiotics was amikacin.
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Putra, Deny Perdana, and Tutik Kusmiati. "Manajemen Pemberian Antibiotik dengan Hasil Uji Kepekaan Resisten." Jurnal Respirasi 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v1-i.1.2015.7-14.
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The use of antibiotics in developed countries 13-37% and 30-80% in developing countries. Inappropriate use of antibiotics around 40-62%. There is a relationship between the use of antibiotics in bacterial resistance. Reported a man, 45 years old with a diagnosis of pneumonia + sepsis + DM Type 2 + hypoalbuminemia + anemia + suspek nephrotic syndrome. Empirical therapy is given Meropenem and Levofloxacin 1 750 3 1 grams milligrams. Evaluation after empirical therapy showed no improvement clinically and radiologically. The result of the patient ‘s sputum cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are resistant to antibiotics tested, therefore the definitive therapy can not be given based on antibiotic susceptibility. The cause of this multifactorial resistance in patients with Pseudomonas resistance to antibiotics through four mechanisms. Therefore, definitive therapy based on local patterns of bacteria and sensitivity test on pneumonia issued by the Department of Microbiology Clinic. Based on the data, antibiotic Piperacillin-tazobactam 4 4, 5 grams are then administered. The results of the evaluation of clinical, radiological and laboratory showed significant improvements in patients.
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Sahara, Nita, Hidayat Hidayat, Gusti Mauladi, and Tessa Sjahriani. "Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Hospital Antibiotic Resistance Pattern." Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v9i1.9015.
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Latar Belakang : Infeksi nosokomial adalah masalah luas yang memperpanjang durasi pemulihan, meningkatkan biaya perawatan, dan meningkatkan angka kematian pasien. Antibiotik digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi bakteri yang menyebabkan kondisi tersebut. Di Indonesia, seperti halnya di negara-negara lain, penggunaan antibiotik sudah meluas dan berlebihan, bahkan banyak yang disalahgunakan. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui pola resistensi antibiotik di RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek periode Januari sampai Maret 2018 dan mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik.Metode Penelitian : Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif. Sampel diambil dari rekam medik pasien yang mendapatkan pengobatan antibiotik yang memiliki hasil uji sensitivitas.Hasil Penelitian : Kloramfenikol, Sulbaktam-ampi, dan Cephalexin memiliki rata-rata resistensi tertinggi (98%), diikuti oleh Cefadroxil (94%), Cefixime (91%), dan Trimethoprim (90%). Bakteri juga ditemukan paling sensitif terhadap Amikacin (> 93%), kecuali Streptococcus sp., yang ditemukan paling sensitif terhadap Amox-Clavulanic Acid (91%) dan Meropenem (82%).Kesimpulan : Sebagian besar bakteri yang diuji paling resisten terhadap Sulbaktam-Ampi (>97%) dan Penisilin (100%). Mayoritas bakteri yang teridentifikasi pada penelitian ini paling sensitif terhadap Amikasin (>92%), dengan rata-rata sensitivitas terhadap Amikasin sebesar 89% (kecuali Streptococcus sp.).Saran : pemangku kepentingan pengguna antibiotik di rumah sakit dapat mematuhi penggunaan antibiotik secara bijaksana dalam rangka mengatasi infeksi nosokomial. .Kata kunci : Antibiotik, pola bakteri, nosokomial, resistensi ABSTRACT Background : Nosocomial infections are a widespread issue that prolong recovery durations, raise maintenance costs, and raise patient mortality rates. antibiotics are used to treat the bacterial infection that caused the condition. In Indonesia, as in other nations, the use of antibiotics has become widespread and excessive, with many of them being misused.Aim : to determine the antibiotic resistant pattern on Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek hospital from January to March 2018 and to determine the bacterial resistance pattern of antibiotic.Method : This study was using a descriptive study. The samples were taken from medical records of patients who received antibiotic treatment which has a sensitivity test results.Result : Chloramfenicol, Sulbactam-ampi, and Cephalexin had the highest average resistance (98%), followed by Cefadroxil (94%), Cefixime (91%), and Trimethoprim (90%). They were also found to be most sensitive to Amikacin (> 93%), with the exception of Streptococcus sp., which was found to be the most sensitive to Amox-Clavulanic Acid (91%) and Meropenem (82%).Conclusion: Most of the bacteria tested were most resistant to Sulbactam-Ampi (> 97%) and Penicillin (100%). The majority of the bacteria identified in this study were most sensitive to Amikacin (> 92%), with an average sensitivity to Amikacin of 89% (with the exception of Streptococcus sp.,).Suggestion : It is hoped that stakeholders who use antibiotics can use antibiotics to increase caution in their use to treat nosocomial infections. Keywords : Antibiotic, bacterial pattern, nosocomial, resistance.
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Abhimata Paramanandana, Dini Retnowati, Andang Miatmoko, Dewi Isadiartuti, Sugiyartono1, Mohammad Agus Sjamsur Rijal, Dwi Setiawan, et al. "PENDIDIKAN KOGNITIF DAN AFEKTIF DAGUSIBU UNTUK PENCEGAHAN RESISTENSI ANTIBIOTIK DI SMA SURABAYA." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v4i1.2395.
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Antibiotics are not only used for humans, but also often used for cattle and livestock which are then been consumed by humans. This over prescribed and missed used of antibiotic is a major factor in antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a condition where bacteria are unable to be treated with antibiotics. In fact, the use of antibiotics is the first response in curing infectious diseases (by bacteria) and preventing infectious diseases spreading. With antibiotic resistance, preventing infectious diseases by bacteria became harder. This community service activity came up with a slogan "Antibiotic Resistence Awareness Movement" was carried out in Surabaya 10 Public High Schools and Surabaya 17 Public High Schools with 60 students per school using several methods, namely: (a) giving lecture material using LCD projectors ) the implementation of poster making competitions, and (c) poster presentations that have been made that are accompanied by question and answer, and (d) evaluation activities in the form of written tests covering pre-test and post-test. Concerning the results of posters results, poster presentations and improving the results of this posttest can be concluded as a result of an increase in understanding and or knowledge of students of SMA 10 and SMA 17 Surabaya
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Sax, Hugo. "Successful strategies against antibiotic resistance." Therapeutische Umschau 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.59.1.51.
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Die Resistenzentwicklung, bekannt seit der Erfindung der Antibiotika, beschleunigte sich in den letzten Jahren, so dass am Horizont bereits eine postantibiotische Ära ausgemacht wird. Der Kampf gegen eine weitere Zunahme von Resistenzen ist zu einem zentralen Thema von Infektiologen und Epidemiologien geworden, muss jetzt aber alle Ärzte, die Führungsetagen der Spitäler und das breite Publikum interessieren. Die Erkenntnisse über die Ursachen der Antibiotikaresistenz werden immer weiter detailliert, sind aber in ihren Hauptachsen bereits seit längerem klar: Der übermäßige und unkluge Einsatz von Antibiotika und die Übertragung von resistenten Keimen zwischen Individuen innerhalb und außerhalb von Gesundheitseinrichtungen. In dieser Arbeit werden die wichtigsten erfolgversprechenden Strategien zur Bekämpfung der Resistenz und ihr praktischer Einsatz besprochen.
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Satari, Hindra Irawan, Agus Firmansyah, and Theresia Theresia. "Qualitative evaluation of antibiotic usage in pediatric patients." Paediatrica Indonesiana 51, no. 6 (December 31, 2011): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi51.6.2011.303-10.
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Background Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drug for pediatric patients. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistence. Antibiotic uses can be evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively.Objective To qualitatively evaluate antibiotic use in patients using Gyssens algorithm.Methods We performed a descriptive, retrospective study of matient medical records of those admitted to the pediatric ward from January 1 – June 30, 2009. Records were screened for patient antibiotic use, followed by qualitative evaluation using Gyssens algorithm on data from patient who received antibiotic treatment.Results We found 49.2% of subject were prescribed antibiotics. The majority of patients given antibiotics were aged 1 month - 1 year (39.3%). Antibiotic use was categorized by therapy type : empirical, prophylactic, or definitive. We found empirical therapy in 73% of cases, prophylactic in 8%, and definitive in 15%. Cefotaxime was the most common antibiotic used (25.1%), followed by ceftazidime (14%) and cotrimoxazole (1%). 39.6% of subjects were given antibiotics appropriately, while 48.3% were given inappropriately. In 3.3% of patients, antibiotics were given without indication and in 8.8% there was insufficient data.Conclusions Of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic treatment at the Departement of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 39.6% were given antibiotic appropriately, while 48.3% were given antibiotics inappropriately. Cefotaxime was the most commonly used, as well as most inappropriately given antibiotic.
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Diniarti, Fuji Ayu, Ahsanal Kasasiah, and Indah Laily Hilmi. "UJI RESISTENSI BAKTERI Escherichia coli DARI SUMBER AIR BAKU DI KARAWANG TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK SIPROFLOKSASIN." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v4i3.281.
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Infectious diseases are included in the ten most common diseases in Indonesia. The disease can be overcome by the use of antimicrobials, one of which is antibiotics. Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Excessive use of antibiotics without clear indications can have an impact on the occurrence of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. One of the bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics is Escherichia coli. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from raw water sources in Karawang to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Samples were obtained from irrigation water which is the source of raw water for one branch of Perumdam in Karawang. The samples were tested using Lactose Broth (LB) media, then confirmed using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMBA) media to confirm the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria equipped with Gram stain. Bacterial resistance test was carried out using Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media with disc diffusion method. The results showed that the average diameter of the clear zone formed around the paper disc was 30.16 mm. The isolates showed intermediate results against the antibiotic ciprofloxacin.
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Indrayudha, Peni. "POLA KUMAN DAN RESISTENSINYA TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIKA DARI SPESIMEN PUS DI RSUD Dr. MOEWARDI TAHUN 2012." Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v13i2.13.
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Resistensi terhadap antibiotika merupakan problem yang sering terjadi di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Pola resistensi ini selalu mengalami pergeseran dan perubahan dari setiap periode pemeriksaan. Oleh karena itu perlu suatu usaha untuk mencegah dan mengatasi munculnya resistensi bakteri dengan monitoring pemakaian antibiotika dibidang kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola kuman dan resistensinya terhadap antibiotika dari spesimen pus di RSUD Dr. Moewardi. Ketepatan penentuan diagnosis dan pemilihan antibiotika berdasarkan uji resistensi sangat membantu dalam penatalaksanaan dan efektifitas terapi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik RSUD Dr. Moewardi dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Kedokteran UNS Surakarta. Spesimen yang digunakan berupa pus (nanah) pasien yang berkunjung atau dirawat di RSUD Dr. Moewardi periode Agustus-Oktober 2012. Jumlah sampel 53, isolasi dan identifikasi dilakukan sesuai standard laboratorium, ditambah dengan data sekunder hasil uji kuman. Uji kepekaan menggunakan metode disc diffusion pada media agar Mueller Hinton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari total sampel yang diisolasi, terdiri dari kuman Gram negatif (66,04%) dan kuman Gram positif (33,96%). Kuman Staphylococcus aureus dominan ditemukan pada spesimen pus (30,19%). Bakteri S. aureus resisten terhadap amoksisilin (93,75%) dan tetrasiklin (87,5%). Kuman Gram negatif Acinetobacter baumanni menunjukkan resistensi tinggi (100%) terhadap siprofloksasin, amoksisilin, gentamisin dan sefotaksim. Kata kunci : Antibiotika, Resistensi, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumanni, pus
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Rahmaniar, Reina Puspita, Dyah Widhowati, and Nurul Hidayah. "Resistansi Antibiotik Secara Fenotip Dan Deteksi Gen TetA pada Sampel Hati Ayam di Pasar Dukuh Kupang Surabaya." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science) 11, no. 3 (January 2, 2022): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v11i3.244.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the resistance of several antibiotics phenotypically and genotypically to detect the tetA gene from broiler chicken liver samples at Dukuh Kupang market, Surabaya. A total of 30 samples were taken and then prepared aseptically and sterile. Isolation on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media, then microscopic examination using gram staining and biochemical tests of Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM), Methyl Red (MR), Voges Prouskauers (VP) and Simons Citrate Agar (SCA). The identified Escherichia coli colonies were tested for antibiotic sensitivity using the Kirby Bauer method, then isolates that were proven to be resistant to tetracycline antibiotics were followed by genetic testing using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The results showed that 20 of the 30 samples were positive for Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli isolates from chicken liver samples showed resistance to 30 µg tetracycline antibiotics by 85% (17 of 20 samples) Researchers also compared with other antibiotics, the highest resistance to ampicillin 10 µg was 90% (18 out of 20 samples), gentamicin resistance was 10 µg by 50% (10 of 20 samples) and 30 µg chloramphenicol antibiotic resistance by 30% (6 of 20 samples). The isolates that were resistant to tetracycline were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction to detect the tetA gene with the final product in the form of a band with a length of 210 bp. Bacterial isolates resistant to Tetracycline antibiotics did not always show TetA gene expression in the PCR test.
Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance; Escherichia coli; Market; TetA gene
Abstrak
Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui resistansi beberapa antibiotik secara fenotip dan secara genotip mendeteksi gen tetA dari sampel hati ayam broiler di pasar Dukuh Kupang Surabaya. Sebanyak 30 sampel diambil kemudian dipreparasi secara aseptis dan steril. Isolasi pada media Eosin Methilen Blue Agar (EMBA), selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan mikroskopis menggunakan pewarnaan gram dan uji biokimiawi Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfide Indol Motility (SIM), Methyl Red (MR), Voges Prouskauers (VP), dan Simons Citrat Agar (SCA). Koloni Escherichia coli yang teridentifikasi dilakukan uji sensitifitas antibiotik dengan metode Kirby bauer, selanjutnya isolat yang terbukti resistan terhadap antibiotik tetrasiklin dilanjutkan pemeriksaan genetik dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 20 dari 30 sampel positif Escherichia coli. Isolat Escherichia coli asal sampel hati ayam menunjukkan resistansi terhadap antibiotik Tetrasiklin 30 µg sebesar 85 % (17 dari 20 sampel) Peneliti juga melakukan perbandingan dengan antibiotik lainnya, resistensi tertinggi pada antibiotik ampisilin 10 µg sebesar 90 % (18 dari 20 sampel), resistensi gentamisin 10 µg sebesar 50 % (10 dari 20 sampel) dan resistensi antibiotik kloramfenikol 30 µg sebesar 30 % (6 dari 20 sampel). Isolat yang resisten terhadap tetrasiklin dikonfirmasi dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction untuk mendeteksi gen tetA dengan produk akhir berupa band dengan panjang 210 bp. Isolat bakteri yang resistan terhadap antibiotik Tetrasiklin tidak selalu menunjukkan ekspresi gen tetA pada uji PCR.
Kata kunci: Escherichia coli; Gen TetA; Pasar; Resistansi Antibiotik.
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Theresylle, Eunike Cynthia, Rehmadanta Sitepu, and Chresiani Destianita Yoedistira. "Kajian Resistensi Antibiotik Golongan Aminoglikosida dan Golongan Tetrasiklin." Sainsbertek Jurnal Ilmiah Sains & Teknologi 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/sb.v3i1.211.
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Resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist or stop antibiotics. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 23,000 people die per year from resistance. Resistance begins with exposure to antibiotics, initially there are only one or two bacteria that have a chance to live but can grow and spread. The spread through person to person, inappropriate use of antibiotics due to weak infection control.
So the purpose of this study is to find out how the process of resistance by bacteria, as well as genes that play a role in antibiotic resistance of Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines. Thus we can wisely use antibiotics,for the medical community, the community and help in efforts to reduce the level of resistance and the impact of other resistance. The research method used is the journal review method of 40 articles which is used as material to compare the results of several research articles. The articles used using Scholar and Pubmed searches were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.
From the results of a journal review that Aminoglycoside and Tetracycline antibiotics have a high level of resistance. Aminoglycoside resistance is due to enzymatic inactivation by AAC,APH and ANT. The most common resistance is the Acetyltransferase (AAC) enzyme, namely the AAC(6')-I gene. Tetracycline resistance occurs by efflux pump mechanism, ribosome protection and enzymatic inactivation. The most common gene is tetM gene on ribosome protection mechanism which is expressed to mediate resistance to several antibiotics such as Doxycycline and Minocycline.
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Haryani, Yuli, Emma Susanti, and Hexsha Rizki Amelia. "Kekerabatan Genetik dan Indeks Resistensi Antibiotika Escherichia coli dari Air DAS Siak Provinsi Riau." Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis 6, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.6.2.141-146.2019.
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Waterborne-disease masih memberikan angka prevalensi yang tinggi terutama di negara sedang berkembang. Keberadaan E. coli di perairan memberikan indikasi adanya cemaran pathogen dari feses hewan ataupun manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kekerabatan dan indeks resistensi antimikroba dari E.coli yang telah diisolasi dari DAS Siak, sungai terbesar yang melewati Provinsi Riau, yang masih digunakan oleh sebagian warga untuk aktivitas sehari-hari. Dendrogram yang dihasilkan dari gabungan 3 primer RAPD-PCR mampu membedakan tiap isolate uji. Intensitas penggunaan air sungai oleh warga dan kuatnya arus mempengaruhi distribusi mikroba indicator sanitasi tersebut dari Tapung hingga Perawang. Sifat resistensi antibiotika masih tergolong rendah (MAR index 0,142), namun eritromisin bukan merupakan antibiotika pilihan untuk diare akibat E.coli disebabkan seluruh isolate resisten terhadap antibiotika ini.
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Winarni, Winarni, Nanang Munif Yasin, and Tri Murti Andayani. "Pengaruh Program Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba terhadap Penggunaan Antibiotik Profilaksis pada Bedah Obstetri dan Ginekologi." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.53563.
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The incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) in obstetric and gynecological surgery is quite high. Rational prophylactic antibiotics in surgery are important strategies for the prevention of SSI. Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) for rational prophylactic antibiotic use has been carried out. This study aims to determine the rationality of the use of prophylactic antibiotics and incidence rate of SSI, the effect of ASP on the rationality of prophylactic antibiotics and clinical outcomes in obstetric and gynecology surgery. This study used a quasi-experimental pretest postest design without control group with retrospective data collection. Research time for 2 months from May to June 2019. The subjects of this study were obstetric and gynecology surgery patients at Pandan Arang Hospital Boyolali in 2018 who were divided into 2 groups: patients before the ASP and patients after the ASP with a total sample of 93 patients each group. An evaluation of the type, dose, time of administration, route of administration, and duration of prophylactic antibiotics were performed against the standard. Data analysis used the Pearson Chi-square test to see the relationship between rationality and clinical outcomes with ASP. The rationality of prophylactic antibiotic use increased from 0 (0%) cases before the ASP to 52 cases (55.9%) after the ASP. The SSI incidence rate before ASP was 9.7%, down to 4.3% after ASP. There was a significant relationship between the rationality of prophylactic antibiotics and ASP (p <0.05) but the relationship between clinical outcome (SSI incidence) and ASP was not significant (p> 0.05). The result of this study can be used to promote the implementation of ASP in other wards to increase rational use of antibiotics.
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Indarjulianto, Soedarmanto, Alfarisa Nururrozi, Yanuartono Yanuartono, Rusmihayati Rusmihayati, Sitarina Widyarini, Puspa Wikan Sari, and Vembriarto Jati Pramono. "Perkembangan Resistensi Escherichia coli terhadap Oksitetrasiklin." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 36, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.38453.
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Antimicrobial resistance is amongst the primary concern in the field of veterinary medicine worldwide. The research was conducted to evaluate the resistance of Escherichia coli due to inappropriate antibiotic treatment. Escherichia coli in this research was cultured in vitro using 5-ml Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB), which was mixed with an antibiotic, then was incubated at 37 0C for four days (stage I). Subsequently, a part of the culture was transferred into another 5-ml TSB and incubated at 37 0C for four days (stage II). This procedure was undertaken continuously for stage III, IV, V,and VI (until day 24). Antibiotics in this research was oxytetracycline with three various doses, which are lower dose (1 mg/ml), normal dose (2 mg/ml), and higher dose (8 mg/ml). The development of the antrimocobial resistance was evaluated every four days, using disk diffusion method and the data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that the normal and higher doses of oxytetracycline has the same rate (day 16) in causing E. coli resistant to oxytetracycline. Therefore, the treatment of oxytetracycline with a normal and higher doses continuously could accelerate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli.
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Indriani, Ervita, and Nazmi Syahida Susanti. "Flu dan Batuk, Perlukah Antibiotik?" Farmasetika.com (Online) 2, no. 5 (December 15, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/farmasetika.v2i5.16782.
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Saat ini banyak masyarakat yang tidak mengetahui pemakaian antibiotik secara tepat dan benar. Sehingga pada penyakit ringan seperti flu, batuk, pusing, dan penyakit ringan lainnya, mereka langsung menggunakan antibiotik, namun seharusnya tidak semua penyakit membutuhkan antibiotik. Kejadian resistensi bakteri berhubungan erat dengan penggunaan antibiotik yang digunakan dengan tidak tepat. Bakteri merupakan organisme bersel satu yang dapat memiliki daya adaptasi yang sangat tinggi, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik, Hal ini merupakan respon atau hasil suatu kondisi bakteri terhadap lingkungannya, termasuk juga dengan paparan antibiotika. Antibiotik untuk membunuh bakteri tetapi sebaliknya dapat menyebabkan bakteri tersebut berkembang menjadi kebal atau sering dinamakan resisten terhadap obat antibiotik tersebut. Kejadian resistensi yang diakibatkan oleh pemakaian antibiotik yang kurang tepat bisa terjadi pada terapi flu dan batuk.Kata kunci : flu, batuk, antibiotik, resistensi
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Agustin, Alfiana Laili Dwi, Novarina Sulsia Ista'In Ningtyas, and Kunti Tirtasari. "Resistensi Antibiotik terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Ayam Layer di Desa Sesaot Kabupaten Lombok Barat." Media Kedokteran Hewan 33, no. 2 (May 8, 2022): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkh.v33i2.2022.87-95.
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Resistensi antibiotik saat ini menjadi ancaman terbesar bagi kesehatan masyarakat global, sehingga WHO mengkoordinasi kampanye global untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap antibiotik. Resistensi merupakan kemampuan bakteri untuk menghilangkan ataupun melemahkan daya kerja antibiotik. Munculnya kemampuan bakteri, khususnya Escherichia coli untuk bersifat resisten terhadap penggunaan senyawa antibiotik tentunya menimbulkan masalah yang besar bagi manusia, hewan, dan lingkungan. Kecamatan Narmada yang ada di Lombok Barat merupakan salah satu Kecamatan yang memiliki populasi ternak ayam yang cukup banyak, salah satu penyakit infeksi yang sering meyerang unggas dan diobati menggunakan antibiotik adalah Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengatahui data resistensi antibiotik pada Escherichia coli, data resistensi tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu upaya pencegahan resitensi antibiotik terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli di peternakan ayam layer di desa Sesaot Kabupaten Lombok barat. Jenis penelitian deskriptif. Dengan menggunakan delapan isolat Escherichia coli, diujikan dengan antibiotic Tetracyline, Penicllin G dan Oxytetracyline. Uji resistensi bakteri dilakukan setelah diperoleh hasil dari identifikasi bakteri, bakteri Escherichia coli distreak menggunakan cotton bud dan dioleskan ke media Mueller Hilton Agar (MHA) kemudian disc cakram antibiotik ditempelkan pada media tersebut dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam dengan suhu 37oC pada inkubator. Hasil yang didapatkan dari enam isolat Escherichia coli yang diuji resistensi antibiotik, antibiotik dikategorikan supceptible Tetracycline (0.0%), Penicillin G (0.0%), dan Oxytetracycline (0.0%). Antibiotik dikategorikan intermediet terdiri dari Tetracycline (33.3%), Penicillin G (0.0%), dan Oxytetracycline (0.0%). Kemudian antibiotik dikategorikan resisten terdiri dari Tetracycline (66.6%), Penicillin G (100%), dan Oxytetracycline (100%).
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Simamora, Sarmalina, Sarmadi Sarmadi, Mona Rahmi Rulianti, and Ferawati Suzalin. "Peran Tenaga Teknis Kefarmasian di Puskesmas dalam Mencegah Potensi Resistensi Bakteri." JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v5i5.5477.
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ABSTRAK Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional, masih terjadi dimana mana. Kejadian resistensi, efek samping akibat antibiotik, munculnya super infeksi merupakan masalah yang dapat timbul akibat penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat.. Kurangnya pengetahuan dan perilaku petugas dan pasien menjadi penyebab utamanya. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan untuk itu, namun masih selalu ditemukan adanya ketidak pahaman penggunaan antibiotik. Kegiatan ini untuk mendampingi Tenaga Teknis Kefarmasian (TTK) agar mampu membuat informasi tertulis dalam bentuk brosur dan meningkatkan pengetahuan pasien yang menerima antibiotik dari dokter di Puskesmas melalui pemberian brosur informasi obat. Dilaksanakan dengan metode pendampingan dan penyebaran informasi. TTK diberikan pengarahan dan didampingi dalam pembuatan brosur. Lalu TTK juga diarahkan dalam pendistribusian brosur kepada pasien. Kegiatan ini melibatkan 4 (empat) Puskesmas yang belum memiliki Apoteker. Jumlah total pasien yang diberi brosur adalah 135 orang, dengan tingkat pendidikan dari SD sampai S1. 2 Puskesmas berhasil membuat brosur sendiri. 2 lainnya dibuatkan oleh kelompok dosen. Pasien diukur pengetahuannya sebelum dan sesudah diberi brosur melalui kuisioner. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan secara bermakna (sig 0,000) pada pasien dari Puskesmas Mitra yang diberi brosur antibiotik buatan kelompok dosen Kata kunci: antibiotic; brosur; informasi;Tenaga Teknis Kefarmasian ABSTRACT Irrational use of antibiotics is still occur everywhere. The incidence of resistance, side effects due to antibiotics, the emergence of super infections were the problems that can arise due to the use of inappropriate antibiotics. Knowledge and behavior of health technicians and patients are the main causes. So many effort have been made to do this, but there is still a lack of understanding of the use of antibiotics. The objective of this activities were assist pharmacy technicians in order to be able to make written information in the form of brochures and to increase the knowledge of patients who receive antibiotics from doctors at the by providing Primary Health Centre (PHC) drug information brochures. Method was mentoring and information dissemination was briefed and assisted in making brochures. Then the pharmacy technician was also directed in distributing brochures to patients. This activity involved 4 (four) of PHC which did not yet have a pharmacist. The total number of patients given the brochures was 135, with educational degree from basic school to bachelor. Two PHC managed to produce their own brochures. The other two were made by a group of lecturers. The patient's knowledge was measured before and after being given a brochure through a questionnaire. The results show that there has been a significant increase in knowledge (sig 0,000) in patients from PHC who were given antibiotic brochures made by lecturers' groups. Keywords: antibiotics; brochures; information; pharmacy techniciant
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Nascimento, Andréa M. A., Luciana Cursino, Higgor Gonçalves-Dornelas, Andrea Reis, Edmar Chartone-Souza, and Miguel Â. Marini. "Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Birds From the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Condor 105, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.2.358.
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Abstract We evaluated the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from cloacal swabs of wild birds collected with mist nets in the Jequitinhonha river valley, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 191 isolates from 19 individuals of 16 species was obtained and tested for resistance to five antibiotics. At Salto da Divisa 97% of the isolates exhibited a resistant phenotype, and resistance to more than one antibiotic was frequent (71%). At Jequitinhonha 36% of isolates were resistant, but 94% showed resistance to only one antibiotic. Of the five antibiotics tested, resistance to ampicillin was most frequent (in both areas), whereas kanamycin resistance was found in only one isolate. The data here obtained and other data reported in the literature show that the general premise that antibiotic-resistant bacteria arise primarily in hospitals or animal farms should be reconsidered. Bactérias Gram-Negativas Resistentes a Antibióticos em Aves da Mata Atlântica Brasileira Resumo. Avaliamos a resistência a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas por swab cloacal em aves selvagens capturadas com redes de neblina em duas regiões do Vale do Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram obtidos 191 isolados de 19 indivíduos de 16 espécies e foi testada a resistência desses isolados a cinco antibióticos. Em Salto da Divisa, 97% dos isolados exibiram fenótipo resistente e foi freqüente (71%) a resistência a mais de um antibiótico. Em Jequitinhonha, 36% dos isolados exibiram fenótipo resistente, dos quais 94% apresentaram resistência a apenas um antibiótico. Em ambas as áreas, a maioria dos isolados apresentou resistência à ampicilina, enquanto somente um único isolado foi resistente à canamicina. Os dados aqui obtidos e outros relatados na literatura mostram que a premissa geral de que bactérias resistentes a antibióticos surgem principalmente em hospitais ou fazendas de animais deve ser reconsiderada.
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Armijos Nieves, Bryan, Leandro Herrera Silva, Jovanny Santos Luna, Andrés Medina Preciado, and Marisela Segura Osorio. "Resistencia de la bacteria Escherichiacoli por la beta-lactamasas.// Resistence of the bacterium Escherichia coli by beta-lactamases." Ciencia Unemi 10, no. 24 (December 15, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol10iss24.2017pp65-73p.
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A escala Nacional en el ámbito sanitariocomúnmentese presentan infecciones bacterianas E.colicon múltiples factores que encarecen su tratamiento, siendoel objetivoen este trabajodeterminar la influencia de la enzima beta-lactamasa en la resistencia de la bacteria E. coli frente a los antibióticos,reconociendo los antibacterianos de las familias de las penicilinas y cefalosporinas ineficientes en su tratamiento. Basándose en un estudio documental de artículos científicos sobre la temática en estudio se concluye que la presencia de la enzima beta-lactamasas influye en gran medida en laresistencia desarrollada por la bacteria E. coli hacia los antibióticos como las penicilinas y cefalosporinas de primera, segunda, tercera y cuarta generación. Además se determinó que los antibióticos derivados de la penicilina como la ampicilina y los antibióticos de la familia de las cefalosporinas: cefazolina, cefalotina, cefotaxima, cefepime y cefoptaximepor hidrolisis de estas drogas que no ejercen ningún efecto antibacteriano de la E.coli resistente,representando un gran problema que puede aumentar el riesgo de mortalidad del paciente.Recomendando que ante la sospecha de infecciónE. coli,se realice un antibiograma para detectar el tratamiento indicado.ABSTRACTE. coli bacterial infections are frequently present with multiple factors that make their treatment more expensive, in the health field at the national level. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of the beta-lactamase enzyme on E. coli resistance against antibiotics, recognizing the antibacterials from the families of penicillins and cephalosporins inefficient in their treatment. Based on a documentary study of scientific articles on the subject under study, it is conclude that the presence of the enzyme beta-lactamase greatly influences the resistance developed by the bacterium E. coli towards antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins first, second, third and fourth generation. In addition, it was determined that the antibiotics derived from penicillin, such as ampicillin and antibiotics of the cephalosporin family cefazolin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, cefepime and cefoptaxime by hydrolysis of these drugs, do not exert any antibacterial effect of resistant E. coli, representing a big problem that may increase the risk of patient mortality. It is recommended that, in case of suspected E. coli infection, an antibiogram be performed to detect the indicated treatment.
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Hutajulu, Irawaty Yolanda, Nyoman Semadi Antara, and Lutfi Suhendra. "Resistensi Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat dari Asinan Rebung Bambu Tabah (Gigantochloa nigrociliata Buse – Kurz) terhadap Antibiotik." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2022.v10.i01.p11.
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Probiotics are helpful bacteria that aid in the prevention and treatment of a variety of nutritional and health issues. Antibiotic overuse is a major contributor to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. The goal of this study is to determine the level of antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolates from pickled tabah bamboo shoots as a candidate for probiotic culture against the antibiotics amoxicillin, cefadroxil, and erythromycin, as well as the concentration level of antibiotic resistance. The diffusion method employed is paper disc diffusion. According to the research results, isolate PR.6.15.2 was resistant to erythromycin concentrations of 100 ppm (v/v), isolate PR.3.15.1 was resistant to concentrations of cefadroxil 100 ppm (v/v), erythromycin 100 ppm (v/v), and 200 ppm (v/v), with the diameter of the inhibition zone forming in a sequential order of 9.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 7.3 mm, and 8.8 mm.
Keywords: bamboo shoots, tabah bamboo shoots, lactic acid bacteria, amoxicillin, erythromycin, cefadroxil
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Ruef, Christian. "Significance of antibiotic resistance for the treatment of soft tissue infections." Therapeutische Umschau 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.59.1.41.
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Infektionen der Weichteile sind häufig. Das klinische Spektrum der Weichteilinfektionen umfasst Infektionen der Haut, der Subkutis sowie der darunter liegenden Weichteile, insbesondere der Faszie und der Muskulatur. Die Pathogenese der Weichteilinfektionen ist vielfältig. Auslöser ist in der Regel das Eindringen von pathogenen Mikroorganismen in die Haut, bzw. in die Weichteile im Rahmen einer Verletzung. Die wichtigsten Erreger, die zu Haut- und Weichteilinfektionen führen, sind Staphylokokken, insbesondere Staphylococcus aureus und Streptokokken, insbesondere Gruppe A-Streptokokken. Bei Patienten mit Immunsuppression oder bei Vorliegen besonderer Umstände könnnen auch Gram-negative Erreger zu Haut- und Weichteilinfektionen führen. Angesichts des Keimspektrums der meisten Weichteilinfektionen sind Betalaktam-Antibiotika mit ausreichender Aktivität gegen Staphylokokken die Medikamente erster Wahl. Da ein hoher Anteil der Staphylococcus aureus Penicillinase bilden, sind penicillinasefeste Betalaktame, insbesondere penicillinasefeste Penicilline vorzuziehen. Im Laufe der vergangenen 40 Jahre stellten wir zuerst das Auftreten der Penicillin-Resistenz bei Staphylokokken fest, anschließend dann das Auftreten und die Zunahme der Methicillin-Resistenz. Mittlerweile stellen Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) weltweit ein großes Problem dar, wobei die geographischen Unterschiede noch recht ausgeprägt sind. Ist mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit von MRSA zu rechnen, sollten Weichteilinfektionen, die klinisch das Potential zu einem schweren Verlauf haben, primär mit einem Glykopeptid (Vancomycin bzw. Teicoplanin) behandelt werden. Neue Medikamente wie zum Beispiel die Oxazolidinone (z.B. Linezolid) sowie Quinupristin/Dalfopristin stellen für die Zukunft interessante Alternativen zu den Glykopeptiden bei der Therapie von Weichteilinfektionen dar.
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Adisasmito, Amar W., and Sri Rezeki S. Hadinegoro. "Infeksi Bakteri Gram Negatif di ICU Anak: epidemiologi, manajemen antibiotik dan pencegahan." Sari Pediatri 6, no. 1 (December 6, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp6.1.2004.32-5.
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Rumah sakit dan unit perawatan intensif (ICU) merupakan breeding ground atau tempatberkembangnya bakteri yang resisten/multiresisten antibiotik, disebabkan penggunaanalat invasif, kontak yang sering antara staf rumah sakit dengan pasien sehinggamemudahkan terjadi transmisi infeksi, intensitas penggunaan antibiotik yang tinggi sertapenggunaan antibiotik empiris yang berlebihan. Hal tersebut terjadi karena pasien yangdirawat di ICU pada umumnya menderita penyakit berat dan dalam kondisiimunokompromais.1,2Bakteri Gram negatif mempunyai tingkat resistensi tinggi karena mempunyai mekanismeresistensi yang multipel. Mekanisme resistensi bakteri Gram negatif terhadap antibiotikb laktam, terutama disebabkan karena bakteri Gram negatif menghasilkan enzim blaktamase. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dapat dipastikan bahwa infeksi oleh bakteri Gramnegatif merupakan ancaman, terutama pada pasien imunokompromais
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Goulart, Débora Brito. "Infecção do trato urinário causada por Escherichia coli uropatogênica resistente a antibióticos: um importante problema de saúde pública." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 16 (December 5, 2021): e34101623190. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i16.23190.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections and is a major cause of health-related morbidity and hospital costs worldwide. The rising bacterial resistance to routinely given antibiotics for infected individuals is becoming a significant source of concern. Current research shows that UPEC is becoming more resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, including fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides, as a result of genetic determinants of resistance and multidrug-resistant clones. Knowledge of the local etiology and the sensitivity profile of the most common uropathogens to antibiotics should guide decisions in the empirical therapy of uncomplicated UTI. Given the high prevalence of UTI and multidrug-resistant bacteria, preventative measures such as the development of an efficient vaccination are essential. The current work is an integrated literature review that synthesizes information on UTIs caused by antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and considers the practical implications of key research results.
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Narulita, Lisa, Riefkah Bilal, Mohammad Akram, and Suharjono Suharjono. "Analysis of Antibiotics on Patients Surgery, before and after Used Guidelines for Antibiotics (PPAB)." Jurnal Pharmascience 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jps.v7i1.8074.
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ABSTRAK Sejak tahun 2011 World Health Organisasi (WHO) dan Komite Pengedalian Resisten Antimikroba (KPRA) sejak 2015, untuk menetapkan kebijakan penggunaan antibiotik dengan menyusun formularium dan Pedoman Penggunaan Antibiotik (PPAB). Penggunaan antibiotik berlebihan berkontribusi pada resistensi maka penelitian ini bertujuan, menganalisis besarnya perbedaan penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien rawat inap bedah sebelum digunakan PPAB (Periode Mei 2018) dan setelah digunakan PPAB (Periode Mei 2019) dengan ATC / DDD (Defined Daily Dose). Jenis dan rancangan penelitian adalah deskriptif cross-sectional dengan data retrospektif. Data yang diambil meliputi peresepan antibiotik di ruang bedah. Data dianalisis dengan uji tanda (sign test) dan uji wilcoxon dengan hasil sign test yang bertanda negatif sebanyak 9 dan bertanda positif sebanyak 2 dan uji wilcoxon menyatakan Sig.(2-tailed 0,062) (α=0,05) artinya penggunaan antibiotik sebelum dan setelah digunakan PPAB tidak berbeda atau sama berdasarkan statistik. Tetapi dari persentasi penggunaan antibiotik terdapat 9 antibiotik yang penggunaannya menurun setelah digunakan PPAB seperti sefoperason 50%, seftriaxon 52%, sefuroxime 87%, sepirom 90%, siproflosasin 17%, gentamisin 99%, levofloxasin 60%, metronidazol 79% dan moxifloksasin 86%. Disimpulkan PPAB perlu ditingkatkan dalam penggunaan antibiotik di RSUD dr.H.Slamet Martodirdjo dan penggunaa seftriakson dapat meningkatkan multi drug resistant. Dengan demikian perlu adanya evaluasi dan monitoring dalam menerapkan PPAB. Kata kunci: ATC/DDD; Pasien Bedah; PPAB ABSTRACT Since 2011 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Antimicrobial Resistant Control Committee (KPRA) in indonesia since 2015, to establish antibiotic use policies by developing formularies and Antibiotic Use Guidelines (PPAB). Excessive use of antibiotics contributing to resistance, this study aims, analyzing the magnitude of differences in antibiotic use patients surgery before PPAB (May 2018 period) and after PPAB (May 2019 period) with ATC / DDD (Defined Daily Dose). Type and design of the study is descriptive cross-sectional with retrospective. Data taken included prescribing antibiotics. Data were analyzed by sign test and Wilcoxon test with 9 negative sign and 2 positive sign results and Wilcoxon test stated Sig. (2-tailed 0.062)> (α = 0.05), meaning that use of antibiotics before and after PPAB is not different or the same based on statistics. But from the percentage of antibiotic 9 decreased after PPAB, such as cefoperazone 50%, cefriaxone 52%, cefuroxime 87%, cefpirome 90%, ciprofloxacin 17%, gentamicin 99%, levofloxacin 60%, metronidazole 79% and moxifloxacin 86%. Concluded that PPAB needs to be improved in the use of antibiotics in RSUD dr.H. Islamet Martodirdjo and the use of ceftriaxone can increase multi drug resistant. Thus the need for evaluation and monitoring in implementing PPAB. Keywords: ATC/DDD; Surgical Patients; PPAB
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Kurnia, Klaritya Anisya, Indah Laily Hilmi, and Salman Salman. "Review Artikel: Analisis Tingkat Pengetahuan Resistensi Antibiotika dalam Kalangan Masyarakat." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i1.25.
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Latar belakang: Antibiotik diperlukan untuk mengatasi infeksi yang diakibatkan oleh bakteri patogen. Penggunaan antibiotik untuk mengatasi infeksi bakteri bila dilakukan dengan cara yang tidak tepat dapat membawa akibat yang merugikan baik secara klinis maupun ekonomi. Dosis, waktu dan frekuensi penggunaan yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi. Dari berbagai penelitian di berbagai tempat dijumpai bahwa pengetahuan dan perilaku masyarakat dalam penggunaan antibiotik masih kurang bijak dan rasional. Salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yakni resistensi antibiotika dimana masyarakat Indonesia masih banyak yang belum memahami resistensi antibiotik yang salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh perilaku penggunaan antibiotik. Beberapa faktor telah diketahui mampu mempengaruhi penggunaan termasuk tata kelola yang buruk, lemahnya implementasi penegakan hukum dan kurangnya pengetahuan. Tujuan: Review artikel ini menganalisa tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai antibiotik khususnya resistensi antibiotik. Metode: yang digunakan ialah literature review yang dianalisis dari beberapa publikasi ilmiah jurnal nasional mengenai resistensi antibiotic.
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Diany Astuti and Yuli Nurhayati. "EVALUASI KUALITATIF PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN ANAK DENGAN METODE GYSSENS DI RSUD KARAWANG." Pharma Xplore : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi 4, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/farmasi.v4i1.620.
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ABSTRAK
Peresepan antibiotik untuk pasien anak-anak paling banyak digunakan dalam terapi. Penggunaan Antibiotik untuk anak-anak harus diawasi dan dikendalikan karena penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak terkontrol dan tidak tepat dapat berdampak pada kegagalan efek terapi yang diharapkan dan kemungkinan dapat meyebabkan resistensi antimikroba. Pemakaian antibiotik harus dianalisis untuk mengendalikan resistensi antibiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menilai rasionalitas terapi antibiotik pada pasien anak. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis deskriptif retrospektif dengan pengambilan data purposive sampling. Subjek dari penelitian adalah rekam medis dari bangsal anak RSUD Karawang. Rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik adalah penilaian melalui metode gyssens. 147 data dianalisis untuk penelitian ini terdiri dari anak laki-laki (54,40%) dan perempuan (45,60%) dengan kasus demam tifoid (53,10), diare (24,5%) dan bronkopneumonia (22,4%). Antibiotik yang digunakan sefotaksim (71,43%), amoksisilin (5,44%) dan kloramfenikol (4,76%). Penilaian antibiotik melalui metode Gyssens adalah skala IVA (93,20%), skala IIB (6,12%) dan skala IIIA (0,68%).
Kata Kunci: Antibiotik, Rasionalitas, Metode Gyssens.
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics prescription for pediatric patients is most widely used in therapy. Antibiotic use for pediatric must be watched and controlled because uncontrolled and inappropriate use of antibiotic can impact on failure of expected therapeutic effect and can also cause the possibility of antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic consumption is must analyzed for controlling the antibiotics resistance. The aim of study The aim of this study was to assess the rationality of antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients. This research is a retrospective descriptive analysis with purposive data sampling. Subject of study are medical record from pediatric ward in RSUD Karawang. Rationality used of antibiotic is asses through Gyssens method. 147 data was analyzed for this study consist of boys (54,40%) and girls (45,60%) with case of typhoid fever (53,10), diarrhea (24,5%) and bronchopneumonia (22,4%). Antibiotic was use Cefotaxime (71,43%), Amoxicillin (5,44%), Chloramphenicol (4,76%)etc. Assessment antibiotic through Gyssens method are IVA scale (93,20%), IIB scale ( 6,12%) and IIIA scale (0,68%).
Keyword : Antibiotic, Rationality, Gyssens Method.
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Laschet, Helmut. "Antibiotika-Resistenzen werden bedrohlich." HNO Nachrichten 44, no. 3 (June 2014): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00060-014-0329-2.
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Hubert, Michael. "Transparenz bei Antibiotika-Resistenzen." HNO Nachrichten 47, no. 1 (February 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00060-017-5391-0.
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Azzami, Farrastasya Muflihul, Agus Trianto, and Agus Sabdono. "Penapisan Aktivitas Antibakteri Dari Bakteri Asosiasi Spons Terhadap MRSA (Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)." Journal of Marine Research 11, no. 2 (April 23, 2022): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v11i2.31813.
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Resistensi bakteri patogen tehadap antibiotik menjadi masalah besar bagi dunia kesehatan. Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang resisten terhadap antibiotik yang dikenal dengan MRSA (Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Bakteri MRSA mengalami resistensi antibiotik disebabkan oleh mutasi genetik yang disebabkan terapi antibiotik yang bersifat irasional. Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen MRSA dengan tingkat infeksi yang bervariasi dapat terjadi pada jaringan lunak, tulang, organ pernapasan, serta jaringan endovaskuler yang menimbulkan indikasi berbagai penyakit seperti bronkitis, pneumonia, meningitis, dan sepsis. Masalah resistensi antibiotik dapat diatasi dengan pencarian antibiotik baru dengan eksplorasi bahan alam yang berasal dari laut seperti spons. Spons menyediakan tempat hidup utk bakteri simbion dan simbion membantu spons dlm proses nutrifikasi spons menghasilkan senyawa metabolit untuk perlindungan diri dari pathogen dan prodatornya, kompetisi ekologis. Metabolit yang dihasilkan oleh spons merupakan hasil biosintesis sehingga bakteri asosiasinya memiliki komponen yang mirip dengan spons. Tujuan penelitian untuk mencari bakteri yang berasosiasi dengan spons yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri patogen MRSA dan mengidentifikasi secara molekuler bakteri asosiasi spons tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental laboratoris dengan melakukan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dari bakteri yang berasosiasi dengan spons. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu purifikasi bakteri, penapisan aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode agar plug dan identifikasi molekuler isolat bakteri. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan 2 isolat yang berasosiasi dengan spons yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap MRSA yaitu isolat RA-S20.4 dan RA-S20.5. Zona hambat isolat RA-S20.4 sebesar 8,3 mm dan isolat RA-S20.5 sebesar 9,6 mm. Hasil identifikasi isolat bakteri secara molekuker didapatkan bahwa isolat RA-S20.4 serta RA-S20.5 memiliki kekerabatan dekat dengan Vibrio alginolyticus sebesar 99,86% dan 99,65%. Pathogen bacteria resistance towards antibiotics have been a major problem in the medical field. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is known to be resistant to antibiotics known as MRSA. MRSA bacteria obtained their ability to be resistant towards antibiotics through gene mutations caused by irrational antibiotic application. MRSA are capable of causing diseases with various diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Antibiotic resistance can be overcome by discovering new antibiotics through exploration of marine natural products such as sponges. Marine sponges are hosts for various microbes such as bacteria, because they can protect microbes from predators by producing secondary metabolite. The metabolites that are produced by sponges are the result of biosynthesis, in which the bacteria that associated with these sponges have compounds similar to those of sponges. The purpose of this research is to discover bacteria associated with sponges that have antibacterial activity against MRSA pathogen bacteria, as well as to molecularly identify the sponge-associated bacteria. The activity in this study is bacterial isolation and purification, antibacterial screening activity, and molecular identification of bacterial isolates. Result shows that there are 2 isolates associated with sponges that have antibacterial activity against MRSA, namely isolate RA-S20.4 and RA-S20.5. The inhibition zone for isolate RA-S20.4 was 8,3 mm and isolate RA-S20.5 was 9,6 mm. The result of molecular identification of bacterial isolates shows that RA-S20.4 and RA-S20.5 were closely related to Vibrio alginolyticus by 99.86% and 99.65%.
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Martiani, Isye, Noviyanti Noviyanti, Ananda Gelar Pamungkas, Fadel Muhammad, Ilham Aliyap, and Sandy Firmansyah. "Socialization of Antibiotic Resistance and The Correct Use of Antibiotics in The Village of Sindangpalay." Indonesian Journal of Community Empowerment (IJCE) 3, no. 02 (May 21, 2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35899/ijce.v3i02.457.
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Abstract
Antibiotics are a class of compounds, both natural and synthetic, which have the effect of killing or inhibiting bacterial growth, thus dealing with bacteria is very careful if you do not know that their use will lead to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is defined as the resistance of bacteria to antibacterials so that antibacterials have no effect at the usual doses used. This service aims to educate the general public to know how to use antibiotics properly and correctly so as not to cause resistance. Before the presentation of the material was carried out, we asked the audience first, it appeared that the audience did not know about the material. The method we use is by delivering the material to the audience, then a question and answer session and there is a session where we ask questions and the audience answers so that it can be seen that the audience understands what we are conveying. The result of this service is that the audience understands the material that has been conveyed by them and can answer the questions we give.
Abstrak
Antibiotik adalah golongan senyawa, baik alami maupun sintetik, yang memiliki efek membunuh atau menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri, dengan demikian berhubungan dengan bakteri sangatlah berhati-hati jika tidak tahu penggunaanya akan menimbulkan resistensi antibiotic. Resistensi antibiotik didefinisikan sebagai ketahanan bakteri terhadap antibakteri sehingga antibakteri tidak berefek pada dosis lazim yang digunakan. Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mengedukasi masyarakat awam agar mengetahui cara penggunaan antibiotik yang baik dan benar sehingga tidak menyebabkan resistensi. Sebelum pemaparan materi dilakukan kami bertanya terlebih dahulu kepada audien, terlihat bahwa audien tidak mengetahui tentang materi tersebut. Metode yang kami gunakan dengan menyampaikan materi ke audien selanjutnya sesi tanya jawab dan ada sesi dimana kami yang bertanya kemudian audien menjawab sehingga dapat dilihat bahwa audien mengerti dengan apa yang kami sampaikan. Hasil dari pengabdian ini adalah audien memahami materi yang telah disampaikan dengan mereka bisa menjawab pertanyaan yang kami berikan.
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Januari, Connie, Mirnawati Bachrum Sudarwanto, and Trioso Purnawarman. "Resistensi Antibiotik pada Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Daging Ayam pada Pasar Tradisional di Kota Bogor (ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM CHICKEN MEAT OF TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN THE CITY OF BOGOR)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.1.125.
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Antibiotic use in farm is spread widely to treat of poultry disease including therapy, supportive or preventive use and as afeed additive to improve chicken performance. The negative effects of antibiotic use can increase the level of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat that were sold in Traditional Market of Bogor City. A total of 175 samples of chicken meat were taken by purposive sampling method, out of 175 found 50 positive samples of E. coli. The samples were subjected to E. coli examination and the isolated E. coli were tested for the antibiotic resistance using eight antibiotics, i.e., amoxicillin, cefotaxime, colistin, nalidixid acid, streptomycin, erythromycin, oxytetracillin, and tetracycline. The study was conducted by using the disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The study showed E. coli isolated from chicken meat were resistance towards amoxicilin (90%), colistin (94%), nalidixid acid (86%), streptomycin (98%), erythromycin (98%), oxytetracillin (84%), tetracycline (86%), and cefotaxime antibiotics (12%). The proportion of multidrugresistant was 99%. The higher of multidrug-resistant indicated the E. coli would be a threat to public and environmental health.
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Astuti, Utari Dwi, Eka Desnita, and Busman Busman. "UJI SENSITIVITAS BEBERAPA ANTIBIOTIKA TERHADAP ISOLAT KURETASE PASIEN PERIODONTITIS YANG DATANG KE RSGM BAITURRAHMAH PADA TAHUN 2016." B-Dent, Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/jbdjbd.91.
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Tingginya penggunaan antibiotika secara tidak tepat dikalangan masyarakat saat ini, khususnya terapi antibiotika yang digunakan untuk penyakit gigi dan mulut, menyebabkan terjadinya masalah resistensi antibiotika. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui antibiotika yang paling sensitif terhadap bakteri penyebab periodontitis pada pasien di RSGM Baiturrahmah. Jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratorium, Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret - Juni 2016 dengan lokasi penelitian di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Rahmah, Padang, Sumatera Barat dan bagian Periodonsia Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Baiturrahmah Padang dengan sampel seluruh pasien periodontitis yang datang ke RSGM Baiturrahmah Padang pada yang berjumlah 3 orang yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian dari 5 antibiotik diperoleh 2 antibiotik resisten terhadap bakteri penyebab periodontitis yaitu jenis tetracycline dan gentamisin sedangkan 3 antibiotik yaitu metronidazol, penisilin dan ampisilin terbukti efektif terhadap bakteri penyebab periodontitis dan antibiotik yang paling sensitif adalah penisilin.
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Fathin, Aditasari, and Lia Kusumawati. "Pola Resistensi Antibiotik Pada Pasien Dewasa yang Menderita Pneumonia di RS Usu Periode Januari 2017 – Desember 2018." Jurnal Syntax Fusion 2, no. 02 (February 19, 2022): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v2i02.172.
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Pneumonia is defined as an acute lower respiratory tract infection in the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This study was conducted to see the pattern of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in patients with pneumonia. This research is descriptive with a cross-sectional study approach. The study sample was adult patients diagnosed with pneumonia through culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests from blood or sputum samples. The sampling method used is total sampling. The data used is secondary data obtained through medical records. From 50 samples found 8 types of gram-positive bacteria with the highest percentage being Streptococcus alpha hemolytic (9.7%) and 12 gram-negative bacteria with the highest percentage being Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%). Antibiotics that are still sensitive to gram-positive bacteria with a percentage > 80% are chloramphenicol, erythromycin, imipenem, clarithromycin, metronidazole, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, fosmicin, vancomycin, while antibiotics that are sensitive to Bacteria-negative antibiotics are azithromycin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, netilmicin, tigecycline, ertapenem and amikacin. The most common bacteria causing pneumonia at USU Hospital were gram-negative bacteria with the highest percentage being Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus alpha hemolytic
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Isnaini, Nurlaili. "Analisis Utilisasi Resep Antibiotik Pasien Rawat Jalan Tingkat Pertama (RJTP) di Puskesmas Tebet Jakarta Selatan, Tahun 2005." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 1, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v1i6.287.
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Kecenderungan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotika di Pelayanan Kesehatan Dasar merupakan penggunaaan obat yang tidak rasional dan akan menghambat penurunan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit. Pemberian antibiotika yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan resistensi bakteri dan meningkatkan pembiayaan obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran utilisasi obat antibiotika Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa persentase resep obat pasien RJTP yang berisi antibiotika 37,74 %. Proporsi terbesar pemanfaatan obat antibiotika pada pasien RJTP di Puskesmas Tebet tahun 2005 ditemukan pada kelompok usia dewasa (12-65 tahun) yaitu sebesar 56,5 %, pasien yang bayar sendiri yaitu sebesar 89,8 %, penyakit infeksi lain selain ISPA yaitu sebesar 61,6 % dan rata-rata lama hari pemberian obat antibiotika adalah 4 hari dimana nilai ini tidak sesuai dengan pedoman pengobatan antibiotika yang belaku. Rata-rata harga obat per-lembar resep adalah Rp. 6.226,01,- sedangkan rata-rata jumlah R/ nya adalah 3 R/. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa usia, status pembayaran, jenis penyakit (ISPA) dan lama hari pemberian obat secara signifikan mempengaruhi rata-rata harga obat dan rata-rata jumlah R/ per-lembar resepnya. Disarankan perlu dilakukan upaya peresepan pengobatan sesuai dengan standar pengobatan yang berlaku terutama lama hari pemberian obat, analisa lebih lanjut mengenai rata-rata harga obat per-lembar resep yang lebih spesifik yaitu dengan hanya menganalisa rata-rata harga obat antibiotika.Kata kunci : Utilisasi, obat antibiotika, pasien RJTPThe tendencies of overusing of antibiotics in primary health care indicates the irrational drug use and inhibits the decrease of morbidity and mortality through increasing bacterial resistance and elevate drug expenditure. The objective of this study was to know the description of antibiotics drug utilization. Results of this study were the percentage of prescription containing antibiotics was 37,74 %. The biggest proportion of antibiotics utilization found in adult patients (12 -65 year old) i.e. 56.5%, individual payment patients was 89.8 % and non-ARI infectious disease was 61,6 %. The average number of days antibiotics use was 4 days, that was not in accordance to the antibiotics medication guideline. The average price of single prescription was Rp. 6.226,01 where the average R/ per prescription was 3 items. The result of multivariate analysis indicated age (except elderly), payment status, diagnosis of ARI and duration of antibiotics use significantly able to predict drug price per prescription and the average R/ per prescription. It was suggested to conduct standard prescription particu- larly regarding to duration of medication, more specific price analysis focused on antibiotics price is also suggested.Key words: Utilization, antibiotics drugs, RJTP patients
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Ortiz, Flavia, Natalie Weiler, Mercedes Alvarez, María Verónica Orrego, Aníbal Kawabata, Esteban Riera, Celia López, et al. "Resistencia a múltiples antibióticos en serovariedades de Salmonella aisladas de muestras clínicas y alimentos." Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/mem.iics/1812-9528/2021.019.01.37.
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Salmonella enterica es un patógeno transmitido por alimentos y agente etiológico de brotes alimentarios de gran impacto en la salud humana. El aumento de la resistencia bacteriana constituye una amenaza a la salud pública, la aparición de cepas de Salmonella con resistencia a múltiples antimicrobianos (MDR) fue descrita en humanos, alimentos y animales para consumo; por ello se considera muy importante conocer la situación epidemiológica local. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar información sobre los serotipos circulantes, resistencia a los antibióticos y presencia de resistencia simultánea a múltiples fármacos en Salmonella provenientes de muestras clínicas humanas y muestras de alimentos en el periodo desde 2017 a 2019. Fueron analizadas un total de 668 cepas de Salmonella aisladas en los años 2017, 2018 y 2019 a partir de muestras clínicas humanas y de alimentos, en el Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública y/o remitidas por Laboratorios de la Red de Enteropatógenos. Se observaron serotipos muy diversos con prevalencia del serovar Heidelberg en alimentos y Typhimurium en muestras de humanos. Se encontró que el 45,4% de las cepas fueron sensibles a todos los antibióticos (ATB), el 35,6% fueron resistentes de 1 a 6 ATB y el 19% con sensibilidad intermedia; observándose mayor resistencia a Tetraciclina, Ác. Nalidíxico, Ampicilina y Nitrofurantoína, en menor grado se evidenció resistencia a cefalosporinas (C3ªG) y a ciprofloxacina. El 16.9% de las cepas presentaron resistencia múltiple (3 o más antibióticos) con 37 fenotipos distintos. Las serovariedades que presentaron mayor resistencia a los antimicrobianos fueron Heidelberg, Schwarzengrund y Typhimurium.
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Wijaksana, Dicky Septian, Novita Anggraeni, and Rita Endriani. "Pola Bakteri dan Resistensi Antibiotik pada Pasien Sepsis di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau Periode 1 Januari – 31 Desember 2017." Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26891/jik.v13i2.2019.46-54.
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Sepsis is life-threatening condition caused by bacteria. Sepsis patient usually treated in ICU with antibiotic as treatment.Irrationally antibiotic usage can lead to antibiotics resistance which increased morbidity and mortality This studyaimed to know the characteristic of sepsis patients, specimen identification, bacteria analysis, and antibiotic resistanceof sepsis patient in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The source of data were from medical record including age, gender,culture specimen, bacteria culture test and result of antibiotic resistance test. Result showed that27 of samples, therewere 51,85% male and 48,15% female patient with most common age group was >65 years old (25,93%). Total amountof specimen that had pathogenic bacteria was 37, (67,57% sputum cultures and 18,92% blood cultures). 37 of samplesfound to be gram negative bacteria and highest number was A.baumanii (37,85%). Antibiotic resistance test showedthat sepsis-causing bacteria has highest resistance to ampicillin (100%) and most sensitive to amikacin (72,98%) andtigecyclin (51,36%).
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Agustanty, Adelia, and Andre Budi. "POLA RESISTENCY OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE BACTERIA TO THE ANTIBIOTIC CIPROFLOXACIN AND TETRACYCLINE." Journal Health & Science : Gorontalo Journal Health and Science Community 5, no. 3 (April 8, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35971/gojhes.v5i3.13611.
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Abstrak Diare merupakan kegiatan defekasi (buang air besar) yang biasanya berbentuk 1/2 padat atau cenderung lebih cair yang berlangsung lebih dari tiga kali sehari atau dalam waktu yang singkat, vibrio cholera adalah salah satu penyebabnya, bakteri ini merupakan bakteri gram negatif yang berbentuk koma galibnya masa inkubasi bakteri ini adalah 12-72 jam. Bakteri vibrio cholerae menyulut penyakit bakteri. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian laboratorium eksperimental dengan menggunakan arsip sampel bakteri vibrio cholerae dan cakram antibiotik ciprofloxacin. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pola resistensi antibiotik ciprofloxacin terhadap bakteri vibrio cholerae. Populasi yang digunakan adalah isolate murni bakteri Vibrio cholera dan sampel yang digunakan adalah sediaan cakram dari antibiotik Ciprofloxacin dan Tetracycline. Nilai rata-rata (mm) selama 24 jam ciprofloxcacin : 37.425 , tetracycline : 24,175 Nilai rata-rata (mm) selam 48 jam ciprofloxacin : 29,875 tetracycline : 22,95 Berdasarkan hasil data dan gambar penelitian dapat di simpulkan bahwa diameter zona hambat atau zona bening dari biakan bakteri vibrio cholera yang terdapat dalam cawan petri dengan media MHA serta cakram antibiotik ciprofloxacin dan tetracycline menunjukkan bahwa bakteri uji masih sensitive terhadap kedua antibiotik uji yang dimana nilai rata-rata nya adalah 29,875 dan 22,95 mm dimana menurut standart CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute), diameter zona hambat bakteri ≥ 17 mm, kategori intermediet apabila diameter zona hambat bakteri 14-16 mm, dan kategori resisten apabila diameter zona hambat bakteri yaitu ≤ 13mm. Kesimpulan bahwa biakan bakteri vibrio choleramasih sensitive terhadap kedua antibiotic ciprofloxacin dan tetracycline. Kata Kunci : Ciprofloxacin; Cholera; Diare; Tetracycline; Vibrio Cholerae. Abstract Diarrhea is a defecation activity (defecation) which is usually in the form of 1/2 solid or tends to be more liquid (watery) which lasts more than three times a day or in a short time, Vibrio cholera is one of the causes, this bacterium is a gram-negative bacterium that causes diarrhea. In the form of a comma, the incubation period for this bacterium is 12-72 hours. Vibrio cholerae bacteria cause bacterial disease. This type of research is an experimental laboratory study using archived samples of Vibrio cholerae bacteria and ciprofloxacin antibiotic discs. This study aims to determine the pattern of resistance to ciprofloxacin antibiotics against Vibrio cholerae bacteria. The population that will be used is pure isolate of Vibrio cholera bacteria and the sample used is disc preparation of the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline. Average value (mm) for 24 hours ciprofloxcacin: 37.425, tetracycline: 24.175 Average value (mm) for 48 hours ciprofloxacin : 29.875 tetracycline : 22.95 Based on the results of the data and research images it can be concluded that the diameter of the inhibition zone or clear zone of the Vibrio cholera bacteria culture contained in petri dishes with MHA media and ciprofloxacin and tetracycline antibiotic discs showed that the test bacteria were still sensitive to the two test antibiotics where the average value was 29.875 and 22.95 mm where according to the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) standard, the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone was 17 mm, the intermediate category if the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone was 14-16 mm, and the category of intermediate was 14-16 mm. resistant if the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone is 13 mm. The conclusion is that the vibrio cholera bacteria culture is still sensitive to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline antibiotics. Keywords: Ciprofloxacin ; Cholerae; Diarrhea ; Tetracycline ; Vibrio Cholerae.
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Mühlemann, Kathrin. "Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance." Therapeutische Umschau 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.59.1.5.
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Antibiotika interferieren mit strukturellen oder regulatorischen Elementen der Bakterienzelle und führen zum Wachstumsstillstand oder Tod der Zelle. Bakterien haben vielfältige Strategien entwickelt, um sich der Wirkung von Antibiotika zu entziehen. Beispiele sind enzymatische Spaltung der Substanz, Veränderung des Angriffspunkts, Efflux-Pumpen und Permeabilitätsänderung der Zellmembran. Oft können mehrere Mechanismen eine Resistenz gegen dieselbe Substanz vermitteln. Die in der Natur häufig vorkommenden Efflux-Pumpen können wahrscheinlich über Induktion einer niedrigen Resistenz den Weg zur höheren Resistenz bereiten. Die Veränderung von gemeinsamen Angriffspunkten verschiedener Antibiotika führt zur Kreuzresistenz. Genetische Ereignisse wie Spontanmutationen, Übertragung von Plasmiden und Genregulation können eine rasche Resistenzbildung bewirken, weshalb Substanzen wie Rifampicin nur in Kombinationstherapie eingesetzt werden sollten. Die Akkumulation von Resistenzgenen unter einer gemeinsamen Expressionskontrolle in Integrons führt zur Koresistenz einer Bakterienzelle gegen Substanzen verschiedenster Spezifität. Ein detailliertes Verständnis der Resistenzmechanismen und deren Entstehung und Dynamik ist wichtig für einen rationalen Einsatz von Antibiotika und anderen Strategien zur Resistenzbekämpfung.
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Noll, Ines, and Tim Eckmanns. "ARS - Antibiotika-Resistenz-Surveillance in Deutschland." Krankenhaushygiene up2date 08, no. 02 (July 4, 2013): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1344150.
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