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Skandalis, Nicholas, Marlène Maeusli, Dimitris Papafotis, Sarah Miller, Bosul Lee, Ioannis Theologidis, and Brian Luna. "Environmental Spread of Antibiotic Resistance." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060640.
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Antibiotic resistance represents a global health concern. Soil, water, livestock and plant foods are directly or indirectly exposed to antibiotics due to their agricultural use or contamination. This selective pressure has acted synergistically to bacterial competition in nature to breed antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria. Research over the past few decades has focused on the emergence of AR pathogens in food products that can cause disease outbreaks and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but One Health approaches have lately expanded the focus to include commensal bacteria as ARG donors. Despite the attempts of national and international authorities of developed and developing countries to reduce the over-prescription of antibiotics to humans and the use of antibiotics as livestock growth promoters, the selective flow of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to the clinic (and vice-versa) is increasing. This review focuses on the mechanisms of ARG transmission and the hotspots of antibiotic contamination resulting in the subsequent emergence of ARGs. It follows the transmission of ARGs from farm to plant and animal food products and provides examples of the impact of ARG flow to clinical settings. Understudied and emerging antibiotic resistance selection determinants, such as heavy metal and biocide contamination, are also discussed here.
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Stower, Hannah. "Nosocomial transmission of antibiotic resistance." Nature Medicine 25, no. 9 (September 2019): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0589-x.
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Wang, Yue, Ji Lu, Shuai Zhang, Jie Li, Likai Mao, Zhiguo Yuan, Philip L. Bond, and Jianhua Guo. "Non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals promote the transmission of multidrug resistance plasmids through intra- and intergenera conjugation." ISME Journal 15, no. 9 (March 10, 2021): 2493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00945-7.
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AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a global threat to public health. The use of antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations has been recognized as an important factor in disseminating antibiotic resistance via horizontal gene transfer. Although non-antibiotic, human-targeted pharmaceuticals are widely used by society (95% of the pharmaceuticals market), the potential contribution to the spread of antibiotic resistance is not clear. Here, we report that commonly consumed, non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac), a lipid-lowering drug (gemfibrozil), and a β-blocker (propranolol), at clinically and environmentally relevant concentrations, significantly accelerated the dissemination of antibiotic resistance via plasmid-borne bacterial conjugation. Various indicators were used to study the bacterial response to these drugs, including monitoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell membrane permeability by flow cytometry, cell arrangement, and whole-genome RNA and protein sequencing. Enhanced conjugation correlated well with increased production of ROS and cell membrane permeability. Additionally, these non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals induced responses similar to those detected when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, such as inducing the SOS response and enhancing efflux pumps. The findings advance understanding of the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, emphasizing the concern that non-antibiotic, human-targeted pharmaceuticals enhance the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations.
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Davies, Julian, and Dorothy Davies. "Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74, no. 3 (September 2010): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00016-10.
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SUMMARY Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. This is true, but the real wonder is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. The extraordinary genetic capacities of microbes have benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and every means of horizontal gene transmission to develop multiple mechanisms of resistance for each and every antibiotic introduced into practice clinically, agriculturally, or otherwise. This review presents the salient aspects of antibiotic resistance development over the past half-century, with the oft-restated conclusion that it is time to act. To achieve complete restitution of therapeutic applications of antibiotics, there is a need for more information on the role of environmental microbiomes in the rise of antibiotic resistance. In particular, creative approaches to the discovery of novel antibiotics and their expedited and controlled introduction to therapy are obligatory.
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Talat, Absar, and Asad U. Khan. "Vaccines against antimicrobial resistance: a promising escape route for multidrug resistance." Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 10, no. 2 (March 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa-2020-0022.
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Antibiotic resistance has become a global health problem requiring urgent intervention. The pace of development and frequency of transmission of antimicrobial resistance have tremendously surpassed the number of antibiotics developed in the past few decades. Emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant genes, for example, mcr-1 and mcr-5.3, against the last resort of antibiotics has challenged the treatment options. Vaccination is a promising approach with no instance of antimicrobial resistance generation or transmission reported so far. The time required for developing a vaccine, extensive pre- and post-licensure studies and the financial constraints for the R&D has hampered vaccine development over the past few decades. Vaccine can prove to be an effective future strategy for combating antimicrobial resistance.
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Meng, Miaoling, Yaying Li, and Huaiying Yao. "Plasmid-Mediated Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Soil." Antibiotics 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040525.
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Due to selective pressure from the widespread use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are found in human hosts, plants, and animals and virtually all natural environments. Their migration and transmission in different environmental media are often more harmful than antibiotics themselves. ARGs mainly move between different microorganisms through a variety of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and phages. The soil environment is regarded as the most microbially active biosphere on the Earth’s surface and is closely related to human activities. With the increase in human activity, soils are becoming increasingly contaminated with antibiotics and ARGs. Soil plasmids play an important role in this process. This paper reviews the current scenario of plasmid-mediated migration and transmission of ARGs in natural environments and under different antibiotic selection pressures, summarizes the current methods of plasmid extraction and analysis, and briefly introduces the mechanism of plasmid splice transfer using the F factor as an example. However, as the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria has increased and the knowledge of MGEs improves, the contribution of soil plasmids to resistance gene transmission needs to be further investigated. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has also made the effective prevention of the transmission of resistance genes through the plasmid-bacteria pathway a major research priority.
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Llenos, Luzz Claire P., Ivy Lorelei G. Miranda, Andrei A. Domogo, and Juancho A. Collera. "Mathematical Modeling of Antibiotic Resistance in Hospital with Dysbiosis." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 50, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2023.027.
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In this paper, we propose and study a transmission model among individuals in a hospital of antibiotic-resistant bacteria considering dysbiosis. The transmission of such bacteria in a hospital setting has been the focus of several previous researches. However, the aspect and contribution of antibioticinduced dysbiosis was not considered in the existing literature. Antibiotics impact the human intestinal microbiome for it unintentionally affects the needed gut microbiota diversity which are fundamental drivers of health and disease in humans. This unintentional destabilization of the healthy human microbiome results in microbial imbalance called dysbiosis. The goal of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of the proposed model in order to come up with insights and possible strategies to control antibiotic-resistant bacterial transmission among individuals in a hospital considering dysbiosis. Possible equilibria of the model system include the resistance-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. The stability of the former means that the antibiotic resistance dies out, while the stability of the latter implies that the antibiotic resistance persists. We determined using sensitivity analysis that the most infl uential parameter is the drug 1 treatment rate. Moreover, we found a threshold value for this parameter, using numerical continuation, where the antibiotic resistance persists. These results provide insights on how to strategize to control the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this setting.
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Alalam, Hanna, Fabrice E. Graf, Martin Palm, Marie Abadikhah, Martin Zackrisson, Jonas Boström, Alfred Fransson, et al. "A High-Throughput Method for Screening for Genes Controlling Bacterial Conjugation of Antibiotic Resistance." mSystems 5, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): e01226-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.01226-20.
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ABSTRACTThe rapid horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance genes on conjugative plasmids between bacterial host cells is a major cause of the accelerating antibiotic resistance crisis. There are currently no experimental platforms for fast and cost-efficient screening of genetic effects on antibiotic resistance transmission by conjugation, which prevents understanding and targeting conjugation. We introduce a novel experimental framework to screen for conjugation-based horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance between >60,000 pairs of cell populations in parallel. Plasmid-carrying donor strains are constructed in high-throughput. We then mix the resistance plasmid-carrying donors with recipients in a design where only transconjugants can reproduce, measure growth in dense intervals, and extract transmission times as the growth lag. As proof-of-principle, we exhaustively explore chromosomal genes controlling F-plasmid donation within Escherichia coli populations, by screening the Keio deletion collection in high replication. We recover all seven known chromosomal gene mutants affecting conjugation as donors and identify many novel mutants, all of which diminish antibiotic resistance transmission. We validate nine of the novel genes’ effects in liquid mating assays and complement one of the novel genes’ effect on conjugation (rseA). The new framework holds great potential for exhaustive disclosing of candidate targets for helper drugs that delay resistance development in patients and societies and improve the longevity of current and future antibiotics. Further, the platform can easily be adapted to explore interspecies conjugation, plasmid-borne factors, and experimental evolution and be used for rapid construction of strains.IMPORTANCE The rapid transmission of antibiotic resistance genes on conjugative plasmids between bacterial host cells is a major cause of the accelerating antibiotic resistance crisis. There are currently no experimental platforms for fast and cost-efficient screening of genetic effects on antibiotic resistance transmission by conjugation, which prevents understanding and targeting conjugation. We introduce a novel experimental framework to screen for conjugation-based horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance between >60,000 pairs of cell populations in parallel. As proof-of-principle, we exhaustively explore chromosomal genes controlling F-plasmid donation within E. coli populations. We recover all previously known and many novel chromosomal gene mutants that affect conjugation efficiency. The new framework holds great potential for rapid screening of compounds that decrease transmission. Further, the platform can easily be adapted to explore interspecies conjugation, plasmid-borne factors, and experimental evolution and be used for rapid construction of strains.
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Reinthaler, Franz Ferdinand, Herbert Galler, Gebhard Feierl, Doris Haas, Eva Leitner, Franz Mascher, Angelika Melkes, et al. "Resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from sewage sludge in comparison with those isolated from human patients in 2000 and 2009." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 1 (November 12, 2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.207.
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For some time now, antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains have been found in the human population, in foods, in livestock and wild animals, as well as in surface waters. The entry of antibiotics and resistant bacterial strains into the environment plays an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. The goal of the present study was to monitor the entry of antibiotic resistances into the environment through the contamination of wastewater. To assess the extent of transmission of antibiotic resistances from human sources into the environment, the resistance patterns of Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients have been compared to those found in strains isolated from sewage sludge. Our results may indicate if resistances to particular antibiotics are more prone than others to spread into the environment. To monitor the increase of specific resistances over time, samples taken in the years 2000 and 2009 were analysed. Our study shows that for some antibiotics a parallel development of resistance patterns has taken place in both patient and environmental samples over time. For other sets of antibiotics, independent developments have occurred in the samples. A clear increase of multi-resistant E. coli strains over time was observed in samples from both sources.
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Blanquart, François, Sonja Lehtinen, Marc Lipsitch, and Christophe Fraser. "The evolution of antibiotic resistance in a structured host population." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 143 (June 2018): 20180040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0040.
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The evolution of antibiotic resistance in opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus is a major public health problem, as infection with resistant strains leads to prolonged hospital stay and increased risk of death. Here, we develop a new model of the evolution of antibiotic resistance in a commensal bacterial population adapting to a heterogeneous host population composed of untreated and treated hosts, and structured in different host classes with different antibiotic use. Examples of host classes include age groups and geographic locations. Explicitly modelling the antibiotic treatment reveals that the emergence of a resistant strain is favoured by more frequent but shorter antibiotic courses, and by higher transmission rates. In addition, in a structured host population, localized transmission in host classes promotes both local adaptation of the bacterial population and the global maintenance of coexistence between sensitive and resistant strains. When transmission rates are heterogeneous across host classes, resistant strains evolve more readily in core groups of transmission. These findings have implications for the better management of antibiotic resistance: reducing the rate at which individuals receive antibiotics is more effective to reduce resistance than reducing the duration of treatment. Reducing the rate of treatment in a targeted class of the host population allows greater reduction in resistance, but determining which class to target is difficult in practice.
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Slyvka, I. M., O. Y. Tsisaryk, and L. Y. Musiy. "Antibiotic resistance of lactis acid bacteria and the risk of its transmission with fermented dairy products." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8716.
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Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a global health problem that affects not only on humane and veterinary medicine, but also on food products. The food chain can be by transmission of antibiotic resistance from bacterial populations to animals and humans. Literary data on the current state of the problem of antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Ukraine and in the world are given in the review. Possible ways of transferring resistance to antibiotics through fermented dairy products are shown. The main aspects of the danger of transmission of antibiotic resistance genes through the LAB and fermented dairy products are revealed. The main modern approaches to the definition of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms with the use of classical and modern research methods are described. The article provides the main sources of information on the safety of use of LAB as starter cultures and probiotics for the production of fermented dairy products. The hypothesis of the resistance gene's reservoir suggests that LAB can be a reservoir of sustainability genes, and the subsequent transfer of such genes to pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes transposed horizontally is inadmissible for lactobacilli, which are used as commercial bacterial agents for the production of fermented dairy products. According to the literature data, the absence of acquired antimicrobial resistance has become an important criterion for assessing the safety of lactobacilli, which are used as starting cultures for the production of fermented dairy products or probiotics. It has been established that it is obligatory to study the antibiotic resistance gene in addition to clinical and laboratory methods of studying the antibiotic resistance of LAB. To minimize the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food products of plant and animal origin it is possible by careful monitoring of residues of antibiotics in raw materials and finished products. This will prevent the entry of antibiotic resistant strains into the natural cycle.
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Domingues, Célia P. F., João S. Rebelo, Joël Pothier, Francisca Monteiro, Teresa Nogueira, and Francisco Dionisio. "The Perfect Condition for the Rising of Superbugs: Person-to-Person Contact and Antibiotic Use Are the Key Factors Responsible for the Positive Correlation between Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity in Human Metagenomes." Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050605.
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Human metagenomes with a high diversity of virulence genes tend to have a high diversity of antibiotic-resistance genes and vice-versa. To understand this positive correlation, we simulated the transfer of these genes and bacterial pathogens in a community of interacting people that take antibiotics when infected by pathogens. Simulations show that people with higher diversity of virulence and resistance genes took antibiotics long ago, not recently. On the other extreme, we find people with low diversity of both gene types because they took antibiotics recently—while antibiotics select specific resistance genes, they also decrease gene diversity by eliminating bacteria. In general, the diversity of virulence and resistance genes becomes positively correlated whenever the transmission probability between people is higher than the probability of losing resistance genes. The positive correlation holds even under changes of several variables, such as the relative or total diversity of virulence and resistance genes, the contamination probability between individuals, the loss rate of resistance genes, or the social network type. Because the loss rate of resistance genes may be shallow, we conclude that the transmission between people and antibiotic usage are the leading causes for the positive correlation between virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes.
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Yuan, Xia, Ziqing Lv, Zeyu Zhang, Yu Han, Zhiquan Liu, and Hangjun Zhang. "A Review of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes in Aquaculture: Occurrence, Contamination, and Transmission." Toxics 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050420.
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Antibiotics are commonly used to prevent and control diseases in aquaculture. However, long-term/overuse of antibiotics not only leaves residues but results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are widespread in aquaculture ecosystems. However, their impacts and interaction mechanisms in biotic and abiotic media remain to be clarified. In this paper, we summarized the detection methods, present status, and transfer mechanisms of antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs in water, sediment, and aquaculture organisms. Currently, the dominant methods of detecting antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs are UPLC−MS/MS, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metagenomics, respectively. Tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides are most frequently detected in aquaculture. Generally, antibiotic concentrations and ARG abundance in sediment are much higher than those in water. Yet, no obvious patterns in the category of antibiotics or ARB are present in organisms or the environment. The key mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in bacteria include reducing the cell membrane permeability, enhancing antibiotic efflux, and structural changes in antibiotic target proteins. Moreover, horizontal transfer is a major pathway for ARGs transfer, including conjugation, transformation, transduction, and vesiculation. Identifying, quantifying, and summarizing the interactions and transmission mechanisms of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB would provide useful information for future disease diagnosis and scientific management in aquaculture.
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Zurek, Ludek, and Anuradha Ghosh. "Insects Represent a Link between Food Animal Farms and the Urban Environment for Antibiotic Resistance Traits." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 12 (April 4, 2014): 3562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00600-14.
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ABSTRACTAntibiotic-resistant bacterial infections result in higher patient mortality rates, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased health care costs. Extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the animal industry represents great pressure for evolution and selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on farms. Despite growing evidence showing that antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in food animals correlate with resistance in human pathogens, the proof for direct transmission of antibiotic resistance is difficult to provide. In this review, we make a case that insects commonly associated with food animals likely represent a direct and important link between animal farms and urban communities for antibiotic resistance traits. Houseflies and cockroaches have been shown to carry multidrug-resistant clonal lineages of bacteria identical to those found in animal manure. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated proliferation of bacteria and horizontal transfer of resistance genes in the insect digestive tract as well as transmission of resistant bacteria by insects to new substrates. We propose that insect management should be an integral part of pre- and postharvest food safety strategies to minimize spread of zoonotic pathogens and antibiotic resistance traits from animal farms. Furthermore, the insect link between the agricultural and urban environment presents an additional argument for adopting prudent use of antibiotics in the food animal industry.
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Luangtongkum, Taradon, Byeonghwa Jeon, Jing Han, Paul Plummer, Catherine M. Logue, and Qijing Zhang. "Antibiotic resistance inCampylobacter: emergence, transmission and persistence." Future Microbiology 4, no. 2 (March 2009): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17460913.4.2.189.
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Tyrrell, Ciara, Catherine M. Burgess, Fiona P. Brennan, and Fiona Walsh. "Antibiotic resistance in grass and soil." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180552.
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Abstract Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the greatest threats to human health. The global overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and in agriculture has resulted in the proliferation and dissemination of a multitude of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Despite a large proportion of antibiotics being used in agriculture, little is understood about how this may contribute to the overall antibiotic resistance crisis. The use of manure in agriculture is a traditional and widespread practice and is essential for returning nutrients to the soil; however, the impact of continuous manure application on the environmental microbiome and resistome is unknown. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry in therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses creates a selective pressure for ARGs in the gut microbiome of the animal, which is then excreted in the faeces. Therefore, the application of manure to agricultural land is a potential route for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from livestock to crops, animals and humans. It is of vital importance to understand the mechanisms behind ARG enrichment and its maintenance both on the plant and within the soil microbiome to mitigate the spread of this resistance to animals and humans. Understanding this link between human health, animal health, plant health and the environment is crucial to inform implementation of new regulations and practice regarding antibiotic use in agriculture and manure application, aimed at ensuring the antibiotic resistance crisis is not aggravated.
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Barnes, Sean L., Clare Rock, Anthony D. Harris, Sara E. Cosgrove, Daniel J. Morgan, and Kerri A. Thom. "The Impact of Reducing Antibiotics on the Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 06 (March 8, 2017): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.34.
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OBJECTIVEAntibiotic resistance is a major threat to public health. Resistance is largely driven by antibiotic usage, which in many cases is unnecessary and can be improved. The impact of decreasing overall antibiotic usage on resistance is unknown and difficult to assess using standard study designs. The objective of this study was to explore the potential impact of reducing antibiotic usage on the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs).DESIGNWe used agent-based modeling to simulate interactions between patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) using model inputs informed by the literature. We modeled the effect of antibiotic usage as (1) a microbiome effect, for which antibiotic usage decreases competing bacteria and increases the MDRO transmission probability between patients and HCWs and (2) a mutation effect that designates a proportion of patients who receive antibiotics to subsequently develop a MDRO via genetic mutation.SETTINGIntensive care unitINTERVENTIONSAbsolute reduction in overall antibiotic usage by experimental values of 10% and 25%RESULTSReducing antibiotic usage absolutely by 10% (from 75% to 65%) and 25% (from 75% to 50%) reduced acquisition rates of high-prevalence MDROs by 11.2% (P<.001) and 28.3% (P<.001), respectively. We observed similar effect sizes for low-prevalence MDROs.CONCLUSIONSIn a critical care setting, where up to 50% of antibiotic courses may be inappropriate, even a moderate reduction in antibiotic usage can reduce MDRO transmission.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:663–669
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HUO, HAI-FENG, JUN LI, and YU-NING LI. "MODELING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN PREGNANT WOMAN AND FETUS." Journal of Biological Systems 19, no. 03 (September 2011): 505–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339011004093.
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Infection caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens is one of global public health problems. Many factors contribute to the emergence and spread of these pathogens. A model which describes the transmission dynamics of susceptible and resistant bacteria in a pregnant woman and the fetus is presented. Detailed qualitative analysis about positivity, boundedness, global stability and uniform persistence of the model is carried out. Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis show that antibiotic input has potential impact for neonatal drug resistance. Our results show that the resistant bacteria in baby mainly come from antibiotics which are wrongly-used during gestational period, or foods containing antibiotic residues.
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Lepper, Hannah C., Mark E. J. Woolhouse, and Bram A. D. van Bunnik. "The Role of the Environment in Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Modelling Study." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101361.
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Antibiotic resistance is transmitted between animals and humans either directly or indirectly, through transmission via the environment. However, little is known about the contribution of the environment to resistance epidemiology. Here, we use a mathematical model to study the effect of the environment on human resistance levels and the impact of interventions to reduce antibiotic consumption in animals. We developed a model of resistance transmission with human, animal, and environmental compartments. We compared the model outcomes under different transmission scenarios, conducted a sensitivity analysis, and investigated the impacts of curtailing antibiotic usage in animals. Human resistance levels were most sensitive to parameters associated with the human compartment (rate of loss of resistance from humans) and with the environmental compartment (rate of loss of environmental resistance and rate of environment-to-human transmission). Increasing environmental transmission could lead to increased or reduced impact of curtailing antibiotic consumption in animals on resistance in humans. We highlight that environment–human sharing of resistance can influence the epidemiology of resistant bacterial infections in humans and reduce the impact of interventions that curtail antibiotic consumption in animals. More data on resistance in the environment and frequency of human–environment transmission is crucial to understanding antibiotic resistance dynamics.
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Cella, Eleonora, Marta Giovanetti, Francesca Benedetti, Fabio Scarpa, Catherine Johnston, Alessandra Borsetti, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Taj Azarian, Davide Zella, and Massimo Ciccozzi. "Joining Forces against Antibiotic Resistance: The One Health Solution." Pathogens 12, no. 9 (August 23, 2023): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091074.
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Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern that affects both human and animal populations. The One Health approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration and coordination across these sectors to tackle complex health challenges such as antibiotic resistance. In the context of One Health, antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to withstand the efficacy of antibiotics, rendering them less effective or completely ineffective in treating infections. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a threat to human and animal health, as well as to the effectiveness of medical treatments and veterinary interventions. In particular, One Health recognizes that antibiotic use in human medicine, animal agriculture, and the environment are interconnected factors contributing to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. For example, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in human healthcare, including inappropriate prescribing and patient non-compliance, can contribute to the selection and spread of resistant bacteria. Similarly, the use of antibiotics in livestock production for growth promotion and disease prevention can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance in animals and subsequent transmission to humans through the food chain. Addressing antibiotic resistance requires a collaborative One Health approach that involves multiple participants, including healthcare professionals, veterinarians, researchers, and policymakers.
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Jassim, Yazi Abdullah. "A Review on Antibiotic Resistance in Microorganisms." Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48112/bcs.v1i3.178.
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Antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms develop mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antibiotics. Resistant microorganisms are more difficult to treat, require higher doses or alternative therapies may be more toxic, as well as more expensive. Microorganisms that are able to resist many antibiotics are called multi-resistant. All kinds of microorganisms can develop this ability to resist; Fungi develop resistance against antifungals, viruses develop resistance against antivirals, protozoa develop resistance against protozoa, and bacteria develop resistance against antibiotics. Resistance arose naturally either through genetic mutations or through the transmission of resistance from one sex that has acquired it to another that has not yet acquired it, in particular. Accordingly, it is urgent to reduce the misuse of antibiotics by not using them only when they are really needed.
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Ashraf, Muhammad, Sajjad-ur Rahman, Muhammad Jawad Bashir, Rizwan Aslam, Sultan Ali, and Abdul Jabbar. "Transferring of Lactobacillus antibiotic resistant genes to Salmonella." Volume 4 Issue 1, Volume 4 Issue 1 (September 11, 2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34091/ajls.4.1.17.
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Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide issue and becoming more problematic due to extensive misuse of antibiotics. The present study was aimed to analyze role of Lactobacillus in transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (tetM, ermB, sul2) to Salmonella and verification of these genes by real time polymerase chain reaction. A total of thirty fecal samples (15 were indigenous and 15 were broilers) were collected and analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that there was high expression of antibiotic resistance genes in Lactobacillus in case of broiler chicken than indigenous ones indicating Lactobacillus as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes but found to be non-significant in transferring these genes to Salmonella. In conclusion, the excessive use of animal growth promoters in poultry assists in acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes by normal micro-biota. Keywords: Broiler, Non-significant, Antibiotic resistance, Real time polymerase chain
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Stein, Richard A. "Antibiotic Resistance: A Global, Interdisciplinary Concern." American Biology Teacher 73, no. 6 (August 1, 2011): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.6.3.
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This article presents a brief overview of the impact that antibiotic use in clinical medicine and in other settings, such as agriculture and animal farming, exerts on antimicrobial resistance. Resistance has been described to all antibiotics that are currently in use, and resistant strains were sometimes reported as soon as months after specific antibiotics became commercially available. There are many examples in which the increasing prevalence of resistant microbial strains jeopardized the continuing effective use of the respective antibiotics in clinical medicine. In addition to resistant infections that occur in health-care establishments, one of the recent challenges is the emergence of pathogens, such as MRSA, in the community, among individuals without any apparent risk factors for the infection. The transmission of resistant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance determinants across different components of the ecosystem transforms antibiotic resistance into a topic that extends beyond the scope of clinical medicine and needs to be visualized through an integrated global perspective that should incorporate a broad range of disciplines, including molecular genetics, microbiology, food science, ecology, agriculture, and environmental science. Understanding this complex multi- and interdisciplinary framework will enable the implementation of the most appropriate interventions toward determining the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance, limiting the emergence and spread of resistant strains, and ensuring the ongoing effective and safe use of antibiotics.
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Canadian Committee on Antibiotic Resistance. "Antimicrobial Resistance: An Update from the Canadian Committee on Antibiotic Resistance." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 5 (2005): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/126812.
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The present article is one of a series prepared by the Canadian Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (CCAR). These articles are designed to update readers on current activities intended to limit the development and transmission of antibiotic resistance in Canada. Headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, the CCAR provides outreach to public and professional communities through activities focused on infection prevention and control, resistance surveillance and optimal antibiotic use.
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van Bunnik, B. A. D., and M. E. J. Woolhouse. "Modelling the impact of curtailing antibiotic usage in food animals on antibiotic resistance in humans." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 161067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161067.
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Consumption of antibiotics in food animals is increasing worldwide and is approaching, if not already surpassing, the volume consumed by humans. It is often suggested that reducing the volume of antibiotics consumed by food animals could have public health benefits. Although this notion is widely regarded as intuitively obvious there is a lack of robust, quantitative evidence to either support or contradict the suggestion. As a first step towards addressing this knowledge gap, we develop a simple mathematical model for exploring the generic relationship between antibiotic consumption by food animals and levels of resistant bacterial infections in humans. We investigate the impact of restricting antibiotic consumption by animals and identify which model parameters most strongly determine that impact. Our results suggest that, for a wide range of scenarios, curtailing the volume of antibiotics consumed by food animals has, as a stand-alone measure, little impact on the level of resistance in humans. We also find that reducing the rate of transmission of resistance from animals to humans may be more effective than an equivalent reduction in the consumption of antibiotics in food animals. Moreover, the response to any intervention is strongly determined by the rate of transmission from humans to animals, an aspect which is rarely considered.
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Turner, Paul E., Elizabeth S. C. P. Williams, Chijioke Okeke, Vaughn S. Cooper, Siobain Duffy, and John E. Wertz. "Antibiotic resistance correlates with transmission in plasmid evolution." Evolution 68, no. 12 (November 24, 2014): 3368–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12537.
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Vidovic, Nikola, and Sinisa Vidovic. "Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Animals: Influence of Livestock Environment on the Emergence and Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance." Antibiotics 9, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020052.
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The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among human, animal and zoonotic pathogens pose an enormous threat to human health worldwide. The use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, and especially the use of large quantities of antibiotics in livestock for the purpose of growth promotion of food animals is believed to be contributing to the modern trend of the emergence and spread of bacteria with antibiotic resistant traits. To better control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance several countries from Western Europe implemented a ban for antibiotic use in livestock, specifically the use of antibiotics for growth promotion of food animals. This review article summarizes the recent knowledge of molecular acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and the effects of implementation of antibiotic growth promoter bans on the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in animals and humans. In this article, we also discuss the main zoonotic transmission routes of antimicrobial resistance and novel approaches designed to prevent or slow down the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Finally, we provide future perspectives associated with the control and management of the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Kraemer, Susanne A., Arthi Ramachandran, and Gabriel G. Perron. "Antibiotic Pollution in the Environment: From Microbial Ecology to Public Policy." Microorganisms 7, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7060180.
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The ability to fight bacterial infections with antibiotics has been a longstanding cornerstone of modern medicine. However, wide-spread overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to unintended consequences, which in turn require large-scale changes of policy for mitigation. In this review, we address two broad classes of corollaries of antibiotics overuse and misuse. Firstly, we discuss the spread of antibiotic resistance from hotspots of resistance evolution to the environment, with special concerns given to potential vectors of resistance transmission. Secondly, we outline the effects of antibiotic pollution independent of resistance evolution on natural microbial populations, as well as invertebrates and vertebrates. We close with an overview of current regional policies tasked with curbing the effects of antibiotics pollution and outline areas in which such policies are still under development.
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Khanal, Santosh, Uddav Khadka, and Laxmi Dhungel. "Antimicrobial Resistance: Scoping Review Article." International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i4.31.
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Antimicrobial resistance is natural phenomenon that occurs when microorganisms are exposed to antibiotic drugs. Under the selective pressure of antibiotics, susceptible bacteria are killed or inhibited, while bacteria that are naturally (or intrinsically) resistant or that have acquired antibiotic-resistant traits have a greater chance to survive and multiply. Many alarming facts regarding antimicrobial resistance have accumulated, particularly over the last few years some of which includes an increase in global resistance rates in many bacterial species responsible for both community- and healthcare-related infections, emergence and dissemination of new mechanisms of resistance, rapid increase in multi-resistance, propensity to use last line therapy to treat nosocomial and community acquired infections, reuse of old drugs with poor efficacy profile and uncertain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics characteristics due to lack of alternative drugs, high morbidity and mortality attributable to multi-resistant bacteria in critically ill patients and serious financial consequences of bacterial resistance. Various steps that health care practitioners and facilities can pursue to reduce antibiotic resistance such as adopting an antibiotic stewardship program, improving diagnosis, tracking and prescribing practices, optimizing therapeutic regimens and preventing infection transmission.
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Sharma, Kanika, Baitullah Abdali, Payal Kesharwani, Neha Mittal, and Hemlata Bisht. "Antimicrobial Resistance: Then and Now." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (IJPER) 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37021/ijper.v2i2.4.
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Antibiotics have been regarded as one of the major discoveries of the 20th century. But the problem that came attached with is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals and communities. The genetic makeup of microbes has benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and means of horizontal gene transmission to give rise to various mechanisms of resistance. Alexander Fleming upon accepting the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine said “It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them. There is a danger that an ignorant man may easily under dose himself and by exposing his microbes to non lethal quantities of the drug and make them resistant”. This review presents the multifaceted aspects of antibiotic resistance development, history, superbug and superresiatance and resistance data observed over the past years with an overt conclusion showing undeniable methods to overcome the discussed problem, glaringly striking that it is time to act.
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Sharma, Kanika, Baitullah Abdali, Payal Kesharwani, Neha Mittal, and Hemlata Bisht. "Antimicrobial Resistance: Then and Now." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (IJPER) 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37021/ijper.v2i2.4.
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Antibiotics have been regarded as one of the major discoveries of the 20th century. But the problem that came attached with is the rise of antibiotic resistance in hospitals and communities. The genetic makeup of microbes has benefitted from man's overuse of antibiotics to exploit every source of resistance genes and means of horizontal gene transmission to give rise to various mechanisms of resistance. Alexander Fleming upon accepting the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine said “It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them. There is a danger that an ignorant man may easily under dose himself and by exposing his microbes to non lethal quantities of the drug and make them resistant”. This review presents the multifaceted aspects of antibiotic resistance development, history, superbug and superresiatance and resistance data observed over the past years with an overt conclusion showing undeniable methods to overcome the discussed problem, glaringly striking that it is time to act.
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Bae, Junghee, Euna Oh, and Byeonghwa Jeon. "Enhanced Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms by Natural Transformation." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 12 (September 29, 2014): 7573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04066-14.
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ABSTRACTCampylobacter jejuniis a leading food-borne pathogen, and its antibiotic resistance is of serious concern to public health worldwide.C. jejuniis naturally competent for DNA transformation and freely takes up foreign DNA harboring genetic information responsible for antibiotic resistance. In this study, we demonstrate thatC. jejunitransfers antibiotic resistance genes more frequently in biofilms than in planktonic cells by natural transformation.
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Eisenberg, Joseph N. S., Jason Goldstick, William Cevallos, Gabriel Trueba, Karen Levy, James Scott, Bethany Percha, et al. "In-roads to the spread of antibiotic resistance: regional patterns of microbial transmission in northern coastal Ecuador." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 70 (September 28, 2011): 1029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0499.
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The evolution of antibiotic resistance (AR) increases treatment cost and probability of failure, threatening human health worldwide. The relative importance of individual antibiotic use, environmental transmission and rates of introduction of resistant bacteria in explaining community AR patterns is poorly understood. Evaluating their relative importance requires studying a region where they vary. The construction of a new road in a previously roadless area of northern coastal Ecuador provides a valuable natural experiment to study how changes in the social and natural environment affect the epidemiology of resistant Escherichia coli . We conducted seven bi-annual 15 day surveys of AR between 2003 and 2008 in 21 villages. Resistance to both ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole was the most frequently observed profile, based on antibiogram tests of seven antibiotics from 2210 samples. The prevalence of enteric bacteria with this resistance pair in the less remote communities was 80 per cent higher than in more remote communities (OR = 1.8 [1.3, 2.3]). This pattern could not be explained with data on individual antibiotic use. We used a transmission model to help explain this observed discrepancy. The model analysis suggests that both transmission and the rate of introduction of resistant bacteria into communities may contribute to the observed regional scale AR patterns, and that village-level antibiotic use rate determines which of these two factors predominate. While usually conceived as a main effect on individual risk, antibiotic use rate is revealed in this analysis as an effect modifier with regard to community-level risk of resistance.
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Johnston, Lynette M., and Lee-Ann Jaykus. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Produce." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 5 (May 2004): 3133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.3133-3137.2004.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to characterize the antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus species isolated from fresh produce harvested in the southwestern United States. Among the 185 Enterococcus isolates obtained, 97 (52%) were Enterococcus faecium, 38 (21%) were Enterococcus faecalis, and 50 (27%) were other Enterococcus species. Of human clinical importance, E. faecium strains had a much higher prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin than E. faecalis. E. faecalis strains had a low prevalence of resistance to antibiotics used to treat E. faecalis infections of both clinical and of agricultural relevance, excluding its intrinsic resistance patterns. Thirty-four percent of the isolates had multiple-drug-resistance patterns, excluding intrinsic resistance. Data on the prevalence and types of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species isolated from fresh produce may be used to describe baseline antibiotic susceptibility profiles associated with Enterococcus spp. isolated from the environment. The data collected may also help elucidate the role of foods in the transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains to human populations.
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Livermore, David M. "Antibiotic resistance during and beyond COVID-19." JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance 3, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2021): i5—i16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlab052.
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Abstract Antibiotics underpin the ‘modern medicine’ that has increased life expectancy, leading to societies with sizeable vulnerable elderly populations who have suffered disproportionately during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Governments have responded by shuttering economies, limiting social interactions and refocusing healthcare. There are implications for antibiotic resistance both during and after these events. During spring 2020, COVID-19-stressed ICUs relaxed stewardship, perhaps promoting resistance. Counterpoised to this, more citizens died at home and total hospital antibiotic use declined, reducing selection pressure. Restricted travel and social distancing potentially reduced community import and transmission of resistant bacteria, though hard data are lacking. The future depends on the vaccines now being deployed. Unequivocal vaccine success should allow a swift return to normality. Vaccine failure followed by extended and successful non-pharmaceutical suppression may lead to the same point, but only after some delay, and with indefinite travel restrictions; sustainability is doubtful. Alternatively, failure of vaccines and control measures may prompt acceptance that we must live with the virus, as in the prolonged 1889–94 ‘influenza’ (or coronavirus OC43) pandemic. Vaccine failure scenarios, particularly those accepting ‘learning to live with the virus’, favour increased outpatient management of non-COVID-19 infections using oral and long t½ antibiotics. Ultimately, all models—except those envisaging societal collapse—suggest that COVID-19 will be controlled and that hospitals will revert to pre-2020 patterns with a large backlog of non-COVID-19 patients awaiting treatment. Clearing this will increase workloads, stresses, nosocomial infections, antibiotic use and resistance. New antibiotics, including cefiderocol, are part of the answer. The prescribing information for cefiderocol is available at: https://shionogi-eu-content.com/gb/fetcroja/pi.
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HE, Jizheng, Zhenzhen YAN, and Qinglin CHEN. "Transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in agroecosystems: an overview." Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 7, no. 3 (2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-fase-2020333.
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Billström, H., Å. Sullivan, and B. Lund. "Cross-transmission of clinicalEnterococcus faeciumin relation toespand antibiotic resistance." Journal of Applied Microbiology 105, no. 6 (December 2008): 2115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03983.x.
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Ahmed Azeem, Muhammad. "Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Cloacal Swab of Domestic Pigeons." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2021.0503173.
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Antibiotics are used to treat a number of bacterial infections. However, overuse or misuse of antibiotics has raised serious concerns against antibioticresistance amongst bacteria. Hence, antibiotics are becoming inefficient in treating bacterial infections leading to an increase in mortality rate worldwide. The domestic animals especially birds are a major source of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human through excrement and cause bacterial diseases in human. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of different antibiotics prior to their prescription as a measure to prevent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. For this 120 cloacal swab samples were collected from the domestic pigeons of District Narowal to isolate Pseudomonas sp. and assess the efficacy of different antibiotics prior to their prescription as a measure to prevent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibacterial activities were evaluated by performing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas isolates against 18 commercially available antibiotic discs [Trimethoprime (TMP), Clarithromycin (CLR), Gentamicin (GEN), Chloramphenicol (C), Ampicillin (AM), Streptomycin (S), Kanamycin (K), Nitrofurantoin (F), Amoxicillin (AX), Tazobactam (TPZ), Imipenem (IPM), Meropenem (MEM), Levofloxacin (LEV), Nalidixic acid (NA), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Amikacin (AK), Tetracycline (TE) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP)] by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Amongst these antibiotics, notably Pseudomonas sp. showed highest sensitivity to Clarithromycin (93.94%), Ampicillin (100%), Amikacin (93%) and Nalidixic (100%). This study established a general antibiotic resistance pattern of commercially used different antibiotics for commonly encountered clinical isolates. Moreover, antibiotics susceptibility tests (AST) should be carried out prior to prescribing antibiotics to the patient. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of local clinical isolates and change in bacteriological profile due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics associated with appearance of multiple drug resistant strains should be evaluated. It was concluded that preventive measure and their implementation is quite necessary to control antibiotic resistance and domestic pigeons can be a carrier of Pseudomonas species and can transmit through their fecal material to humans and other animals.
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Aspenberg, Magnus, Sara Maad Sasane, Fredrik Nilsson, Sam P. Brown, and Kristofer Wollein Waldetoft. "Hygiene may attenuate selection for antibiotic resistance by changing microbial community structure." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac038.
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Abstract Good hygiene, in both health care and the community, is central to containing the rise of antibiotic resistance, as well as to infection control more generally. But despite the well-known importance, the ecological mechanisms by which hygiene (or other transmission control measures) affect the evolution of resistance remain to be elucidated. Using metacommunity ecology theory, we here propose that hygiene attenuates the effect of antibiotic selection pressure. Specifically, we predict that hygiene limits the scope for antibiotics to induce competitive release of resistant bacteria within treated hosts, and that this is due to an effect of hygiene on the distribution of resistant and sensitive strains in the host population. We show this in a mathematical model of bacterial metacommunity dynamics, and test the results against data on antibiotic resistance, antibiotic treatment, and the use of alcohol-based hand rub in long-term care facilities. The data are consistent with hand rub use attenuating the resistance promoting effect of antibiotic treatment. Our results underscore the importance of hygiene, and point to a concrete way to weaken the link between antibiotic use and increasing resistance.
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Cai, Shenghan, Na Wang, Like Xu, Fei Yan, Qingwu Jiang, Xinping Zhao, Wei Wang, et al. "Impacts of Antibiotic Residues in the Environment on Bacterial Resistance and Human Health in Eastern China: An Interdisciplinary Mixed-Methods Study Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 8145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138145.
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Antibiotic resistance is a global health challenge that threatens human and animal lives, especially among low-income and vulnerable populations in less-developed countries. Its multi-factorial nature requires integrated studies on antibiotics and resistant bacteria in humans, animals, and the environment. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the situation and management of antibiotic use and environmental transmission, this paper describes a study protocol to document human exposure to antibiotics from major direct and indirect sources, and its potential health outcomes. Our mixed-methods approach addresses both microbiological and pathogen genomics, and epidemiological, geospatial, anthropological, and sociological aspects. Implemented in two rural residential areas in two provinces in Eastern China, linked sub-studies assess antibiotic exposure in population cohorts through household surveys, medicine diaries, and biological sampling; identify the types and frequencies of antibiotic resistance genes in humans and food-stock animals; quantify the presence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes in the aquatic environment, including wastewater; investigate the drivers and behaviours associated with human and livestock antibiotic use; and analyse the national and local policy context, to propose strategies and systematic measurements for optimising and monitoring antibiotic use. As a multidisciplinary collaboration between institutions in the UK and China, this study will provide an in-depth understanding of the influencing factors and allow comprehensive awareness of the complexity of AMR and antibiotic use in rural Eastern China.
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Titsamp Lacmago, Carol Suzie, and Simon Ngamli Fewou. "Antibiotic resistance pattern of extended-spectrum-beta lactamases-producing Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women and their new born." Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology 15, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/cajeb.v15i1.1.
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The incidence of healthy pregnant women carrying CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and their transmission to neonates is increasing worldwide. ESBL-E coli and especially the carriage of CTX-M-type causes early or late onset of neonatal sepsis, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. Although maternal carriage and maternal-neonatal transmissions of ESBL-E have been reported in several countries, the prevalence of CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli in pregnant women and its transmission to newborns at birth in Cameroon has not been reported yet. We describe here the carriage of CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli pregnant women in neonatal ward of the Yaoundé gyneco-obstetric and pediatric hospital and their transmission to newborns. Among the 102 pregnant women and their newborns present in the ward, 88 (86.3%) and 75 (73.5%) E. coli strains were detected in rectal colonization, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of E. coli isolated from the mothers indicated a higher resistance rate to antibiotics of the β-lactams and sulfamide families, while the resistances to other antibiotic families (aminosides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones) were low. Comparatively, only cefotaxime (100%) showed a higher resistance rate to E. coli isolated from newborns. This may suggest a different source of contamination between mothers and newborns. Moreover, the rate of carriage of CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli in pregnant mother and their newborns were 30.7 % and 14.7 %, respectively. This suggests that newborns had other colonization sources than the mothers. Indeed, multiple regression analysis indicated that newborns were exposed to CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli from mothers and that from the hospital environment (eg. caregivers). Overall, the current investigation may provide insight on establishing an efficient therapeutic strategy against materno-neonatal and nosocomial transmission of CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli.
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Khazi-Syed, Afeefah, Md Tanvir Hasan, Elizabeth Campbell, Roberto Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and Anton V. Naumov. "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Antibiotic Delivery and Imaging in S. epidermidis Strains Addressing Antibiotic Resistance." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121685.
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Although conventional antibiotics have evolved as a staple of modern medicine, increasing antibiotic resistance and the lack of antibiotic efficacy against new bacterial threats is becoming a major medical threat. In this work, we employ single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) known to deliver and track therapeutics in mammalian cells via intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence as carriers enhancing antibacterial delivery of doxycycline and methicillin. SWCNTs dispersed in water by antibiotics without the use of toxic bile salt surfactants facilitate efficacy enhancement for both antibiotics against Staphylococcus epidermidis strain showing minimal sensitivity to methicillin. Doxycycline to which the strain did not show resistance in complex with SWCNTs provides only minor increase in efficacy, whereas the SWCNTs/methicillin complex yields up to 40-fold efficacy enhancement over antibiotics alone, suggesting that SWCNT-assisted delivery may circumvent antibiotic resistance in that bacterial strain. At the same time SWCNT/antibiotic formulations appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than antibiotics alone suggesting that nanomaterial platforms may not restrict potential biomedical applications. The improvement in antibacterial performance with SWCNT delivery is tested via 3 independent assays—colony count, MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) turbidity and disk diffusion, with the statistical significance of the latter verified by ANOVA and Dunnett’s method. The potential mechanism of action is attributed to SWCNT interactions with bacterial cell wall and adherence to the membrane, as substantial association of SWCNT with bacteria is observed—the near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of treated bacteria shows localization of SWCNT fluorescence in bacterial clusters, scanning electron microscopy verifies SWCNT association with bacterial surface, whereas transmission electron microscopy shows individual SWCNT penetration into bacterial cell wall. This work characterizes SWCNTs as novel advantageous antibiotic delivery/imaging agents having the potential to address antibiotic resistance.
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D'Angeli, Marisa Anne, Joe B. Baker, Douglas R. Call, Margaret A. Davis, Kelly J. Kauber, Uma Malhotra, Gregory T. Matsuura, et al. "Antimicrobial stewardship through a one health lens." International Journal of Health Governance 21, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-02-2016-0009.
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Purpose – Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global health crisis that is attracting focussed attention from healthcare, public health, governmental agencies, the public, and food producers. The purpose of this paper is to describe the work in Washington State to combat resistance and promote antimicrobial stewardship from a one health perspective. Design/methodology/approach – In 2014, the Washington State Department of Health convened a One Health Steering Committee and two workgroups to focus on AR, the One Health Antimicrobial Stewardship work group and the One Health Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance work group. The group organized educational sessions to establish a basic understanding of epidemiological factors that contribute to resistance, including antibiotic use, transmission of resistant bacteria, and environmental contamination with resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Findings – The authors describe the varied uses of antibiotics; efforts to promote stewardship in human, and animal health, including examples from the USA and Europe; economic factors that promote use of antibiotics in animal agriculture; and efforts, products and next steps of the workgroups. Originality/value – In Washington, human, animal and environmental health experts are working collaboratively to address resistance from a one health perspective. The authors are establishing a multi-species resistance database that will allow tracking resistance trends in the region. Gaps include measurement of antibiotic use in humans and animals; integrated resistance surveillance information; and funding for AR and animal health research.
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Cobey, Sarah, Edward B. Baskerville, Caroline Colijn, William Hanage, Christophe Fraser, and Marc Lipsitch. "Host population structure and treatment frequency maintain balancing selection on drug resistance." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 133 (August 2017): 20170295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0295.
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It is a truism that antimicrobial drugs select for resistance, but explaining pathogen- and population-specific variation in patterns of resistance remains an open problem. Like other common commensals, Streptococcus pneumoniae has demonstrated persistent coexistence of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains. Theoretically, this outcome is unlikely. We modelled the dynamics of competing strains of S. pneumoniae to investigate the impact of transmission dynamics and treatment-induced selective pressures on the probability of stable coexistence. We find that the outcome of competition is extremely sensitive to structure in the host population, although coexistence can arise from age-assortative transmission models with age-varying rates of antibiotic use. Moreover, we find that the selective pressure from antibiotics arises not so much from the rate of antibiotic use per se but from the frequency of treatment: frequent antibiotic therapy disproportionately impacts the fitness of sensitive strains. This same phenomenon explains why serotypes with longer durations of carriage tend to be more resistant. These dynamics may apply to other potentially pathogenic, microbial commensals and highlight how population structure, which is often omitted from models, can have a large impact.
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STAMM, L. V. "Syphilis: antibiotic treatment and resistance." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 8 (October 31, 2014): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002830.
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SUMMARYSyphilis is a chronic, multi-stage infectious disease that is usually transmitted sexually by contact with an active lesion of a partner or congenitally from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. Although syphilis is still endemic in many developing countries, it has re-emerged in several developed countries. The resurgence of syphilis is a major concern to global public health, particularly since the lesions of early syphilis increase the risk of acquisition and transmission of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because there is no vaccine to prevent syphilis, control is mainly dependent on the identification and treatment of infected individuals and their contacts with penicillin G, the first-line drug for all stages of syphilis. The emergence of clinically significant azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the syphilis agent, has resulted in treatment failures, thus precluding the routine use of this second-line drug. Information is presented here on the diagnosis and recommended antibiotic treatment of syphilis and the challenge of macrolide-resistant T. pallidum.
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Styczynski, Ashley, Md Badrul Amin, Shahana Parveen, Md Abu Pervez, Dilruba Zeba, Akhi Akhter, Emily S. Gurley, and Stephen Luby. "1377. Perinatal Transmission Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1559.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat that disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. An ongoing study of childhood mortality in Bangladesh revealed a common cause of death among neonates is sepsis from Gram-negative multi-drug-resistant organisms. Methods To ascertain factors leading to neonatal exposure, we enrolled 100 women presenting for delivery to Faridpur Hospital during February-March 2020. We collected vaginal and rectal swabs from mothers on presentation and at least 24 hours after delivery as well as rectal swabs from newborns. Swabs were plated on chromogenic agars selective for extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-(ESBL) producing organisms and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Results Eight-five percent of women underwent C-section. Prior to delivery, ESBL organisms were isolated from 15% of vaginal and 63% of rectal swabs. CRE was detected in 2% of vaginal and 8% of rectal swabs. Following delivery, colonization exceeded 90% (ESBL) and 70% (CRE) in both swab sets. Similarly, among newborns, 85% were colonized with ESBL and 67% with CRE. Maternal AMR colonization on admission did not correlate with income, education, parity, prenatal care, or prior antibiotic use, but was associated with hospitalization during pregnancy (rectal CRE OR 11.9, p< 0.01). Maternal colonization at discharge was positively associated with membrane stripping (vaginal ESBL OR 9.0, p< 0.01; rectal CRE OR 5.0, p=0.03), C-section (OR 4.0-15.4, p< 0.05), and administration of third-generation cephalosporins (OR 5.0-10.1, p< 0.05). Newborn colonization correlated with maternal colonization on discharge (p< 0.005) but not on admission. Among newborns delivered by C-section, there was an 8-9-fold increased risk of ESBL and CRE colonization (p< 0.01). Conclusion These results demonstrate that AMR is driven by nosocomial factors in the perinatal setting, and invasive procedures and perinatal antibiotic use increase risk of AMR colonization. These findings emphasize the urgent need for enhanced antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control practices to preserve the benefits of hospital-based deliveries. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Qanat m.atiyea, Huda Saleh Khuder, Buthaina jassim yousif, and Adnan f. azawi. "Bacteriological and Genetic study of some gram negative bacteria isolated from different infections." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 22, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i2.624.
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There are 30 of bacterial samples were isolated from 45 samples of different infections. These isolates were diagnosed microscopically and by using biochemical tests. ability of their resistance was tested against the following antibiotics: (amoxicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, rifampin), and for detection the sites of genes encoding for antibiotic resistance , bacterial conjugation experiments was done for some of bacterial isolates that contain plasmids. Results of bacterial conjugation has revealed that antibiotic resistance genes in isolates (P. aeruginosa (14), E.coli (4)) were present on DNA plasmid , not on chromosome. But the other isolates, we could not find conjugated bacterial colonies for them which indicate that there DNA plasmids do not have auto transmission.
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Miklasińska-Majdanik, Maria. "Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics among Staphylococcus aureus." Antibiotics 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111406.
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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains pose a serious treatment problem because of their multi-drug resistance (MDR). In staphylococcal strains, resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) correlates with resistance to methicillin. The rapid transmission of erm genes responsible for MLSB resistance has strongly limited the clinical application of traditional macrolides such as erythromycin. On the other hand, in the age of increasing insensitivity to antibiotics the idea of implementing a therapy based on older generation drugs brings hope that the spread of antibiotic resistance will be limited. A thorough understanding of the resistance mechanisms contributes to design of antibiotics that avoid bacterial insensitivity. This review highlights the mechanisms of action of macrolides and mechanism of resistance to these antibiotics among Staphylococcus aureus.
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Blanco-Picazo, Pedro, Gabriel Roscales, Daniel Toribio-Avedillo, Clara Gómez-Gómez, Conxita Avila, Elisenda Ballesté, Maite Muniesa, and Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio. "Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Phage Particles from Antarctic and Mediterranean Seawater Ecosystems." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091293.
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Anthropogenic activities are a key factor in the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, a growing problem worldwide. Nevertheless, antibiotics and resistances were being generated by bacterial communities long before their discovery by humankind, and might occur in areas without human influence. Bacteriophages are known to play a relevant role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments. In this study, five ARGs (blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9, sul1 and tetW) were monitored in phage particles isolated from seawater of two different locations: (i) the Mediterranean coast, subjected to high anthropogenic pressure, and (ii) the Antarctic coast, where the anthropogenic impact is low. Although found in lower quantities, ARG-containing phage particles were more prevalent among the Antarctic than the Mediterranean seawater samples and Antarctic bacterial communities were confirmed as their source. In the Mediterranean area, ARG-containing phages from anthropogenic fecal pollution might allow ARG transmission through the food chain. ARGs were detected in phage particles isolated from fish (Mediterranean, Atlantic, farmed, and frozen), the most abundant being β-lactamases. Some of these particles were infectious in cultures of the fecal bacteria Escherichia coli. By serving as ARG reservoirs in marine environments, including those with low human activity, such as the Antarctic, phages could contribute to ARG transmission between bacterial communities.
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Kwong, Jason C., Eric P. F. Chow, Kerrie Stevens, Timothy P. Stinear, Torsten Seemann, Christopher K. Fairley, Marcus Y. Chen, and Benjamin P. Howden. "Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of gonococcal antibiotic resistance among men who have sex with men: an observational study." Sexually Transmitted Infections 94, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2017-053287.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesDrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae are now a global public health threat. Direct transmission of antibiotic-resistant gonococci between individuals has been proposed as a driver for the increased transmission of resistance, but direct evidence of such transmission is limited. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has superior resolution to investigate outbreaks and disease transmission compared with traditional molecular typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence (NG-MAST). We therefore aimed to systematically investigate the transmission of N. gonorrhoeae between men in sexual partnerships using WGS to compare isolates and their resistance to antibiotics at a genome level.Methods458 couples from a large prospective cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) tested for gonorrhoea together between 2005 and 2014 were included, and WGS was conducted on all isolates from couples where both men were culture-positive for N. gonorrhoeae. Resistance-determining sequences were identified from genome assemblies, and comparison of isolates between and within individuals was performed by pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism and pangenome comparisons, and in silico predictions of NG-MAST and MLST.ResultsFor 33 of 34 (97%; 95% CI 85% to 100%) couples where both partners were positive for gonorrhoea, the resistance-determining genes and mutations were identical in isolates from each partner (94 isolates in total). Resistance determinants in isolates from 23 of 23 (100%; 95% CI 86% to 100%) men with multisite infections were also identical within an individual. These partner and within-host isolates were indistinguishable by NG-MAST, MLST and whole genomic comparisons.ConclusionsThese data support the transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains between sexual partners as a key driver of resistance rates in gonorrhoea among MSM. This improved understanding of the transmission dynamics of N. gonorrhoeae between sexual partners will inform treatment and prevention guidelines.