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1
Talebiyan, Reza, Mehdi Kheradmand, Faham Khamesipour, and Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh. "Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Chickens in Iran." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/491418.
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Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused byEscherichia coliinfections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenicEscherichia coli(APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistantE. coliamong diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.
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Büyükkaya Kayış, Fikret, Sadık Dinçer, Fatih Matyar, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe, and Afet Arkut. "Gölbaşı ve Azaplı Göllerinden (Adıyaman) İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Araştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i1.43-47.819.
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Identification and multiple antibiotic resistances of amphicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistant gram-negative bacteria that isolated microorganisms from Gölbaşı and Azaplı lakes (Adiyaman) were investigated in this study. Seasonally taken isolates of totally 386 bacteria in 10 different species from 7 genera were scanned against 16 antibiotics [gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefpirome, ceftizoxime, cefuroxime, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bioanalyse)] by using the disc diffusion method to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance of stations showed seasonal changes between 0.29 and 0.91. In generally, multiple antibiotic resistance in Golbasi and Azapli lakes were higher than the reference value and highest multiple antibiotic resistance values were obtained at summer season (3th period).
When the obtained data are considered, high multiple antibiotic resistance poses a risk in terms of public health and for economically important animals.
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Matyar, Fatih. "Hastane Kanalizasyonlarından İzole Edilen Gram-negatif Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Saptanması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 10 (October 5, 2016): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i10.845-849.759.
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In this study it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity and level of antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the hospital sewages. The 219 Gram-negative bacterial isolates to 16 different antibiotics (belonging 10 classes), was investigated by agar diffusion method. A total of 18 species of bacteria were isolated: the most common strains isolated from all samples were Klebsiella oxytoca (27.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%). There was a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (98.6%), streptomycin (95.9%) and erythromycin (90.0%), and a low incidence of resistance to cefepim (13.2%), imipenem (5.0%) and meropenem (3.2%). 35.6% of all bacteria isolated from hospital sewage were resistant to 9 different antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.94. Results show that hospital sewages have a significant proportion of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and these bacteria constitute a potential risk for public health.
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Yern, Kam, Nor Zain, Mohd Jaafar, Mohd Sani, and Mohd Suhaimin. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Aquaculture Sources in Johor, Malaysia Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance." Journal of Tropical Life Science 12, no. 2 (May 17, 2022): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.12.02.07.
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The intensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture results in the proliferation of antibiotic. In this study, antibiotic resistant bacteria from six different aquaculture sources (pond of Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), and rivers of Kukup, Pulai, Pendas Laut, Sungai Melayu and Kong Kong) were isolated. These isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance against seven antibiotics via the disc diffusion method. Finally, phenotypic and genotypic identification via 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were carried out. The results show that 58 out of 118 bacterial isolates are resistant to multiple antibiotics. The highest isolate resistance was observed towards rifampicin (89.66%), followed by ampicillin (79.31%) and sulfafurazole (67.24%). The isolates with multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index values with more than 20% were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The majority of the bacterial strains exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance, indicating that they were isolated from highly contaminated sources based on the tested water qualities profiles, which showed the high level of turbidity and total dissolved solid (TDS) in most sampling sites with the high number of MAR bacteria obtained.Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Multiple antibiotic resistance, Aquaculture sources,MAR index value, 16S rRNA gene sequencing
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Pepi, Milva. "Antibiotic Resistance in Cattle Livestocks in the Mediterranean Area With A One Health View." Corpus Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Science (CJDVS) 2, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/cjdvs1029.
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Antibiotics are used in livestocks not only in case of infections but also in prophylactic treatments to favour growth of animals. They are often added to feed, with a high percentage of unmodified antibiotics reaching intact the environment and constituting new emerging contaminants. Especially in the past, the same antibiotics supplied to animals could also be used in humans. Antibiotics resistance onset can originate inside the animals, in the resistome of the intestine, with a similar mechanism as the antibiotic resistance triggering in humans. Once activated within cattle, antibiotic resistant bacteria and related antibiotic resistance genes can be spread via food, milk and meat, or via manure which can be spread into the environment during fertilization procedures. Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes of antibiotic resistance can thus reach human beings and the resistance genetic determinants can be included in pathogenic bacteria, vinifying action of antibiotics against those pathogens. The Mediterranean area presents a high density of dairy cattle livestocks and the problem of antibiotic resistance spread is of great concern. It is important to monitor the extent of antibiotic resistance diffusion and the possible consequent ineffectiveness of the known antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. If from one hand it is of paramount importance to discover new antibiotics active against pathogenic bacteria, although this approach needs time, from the other hand it is mandatory to find new approaches facing with the problems of antibiotic resistance. A One Health approach, focusing on the cooperation of medical and veterinarian staffs, including people operating for environmental safeguard, could represent a valid method to actuate a decrease of the use of antibiotics in cattle livestocks and to operate with a continuous control and a monitoring of the critical points, in order to counteract the challenge of antibiotic resistance. This minireview was focused on antibiotic resistance onset in cattle livestocks in the Mediterranean area, calling attention on the high potential of spread of antibiotic resistance in humans, animals and in the environment, thus evidencing the need of a One Health approach to face with this concern.
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Manyi-Loh, Christy, Sampson Mamphweli, Edson Meyer, and Anthony Okoh. "Characterisation and Antibiotic Resistance of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Dairy Cattle Manure during Anaerobic Mono-Digestion in a Balloon-Type Digester." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112088.
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Dairy cattle manure serves as a potential source of contamination and infection of animals, humans and the environment. Manure samples withdrawn from a balloon-type digester during anaerobic digestion were evaluated for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. The bacterial load of the samples was determined via a viable plate count method and the recovered isolates were subjected to characterisation and identification. These isolates were employed in antibiotic susceptibility testing using a disc diffusion method against a suite of 10 conventional antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated and MAR phenotypes were generated. Although all the bacterial pathogens showed a certain degree of resistance to the studied antibiotics, a marked resistance was demonstrated by Campylobacter sp. to co-trimoxazole (87.5%) and nalidixic acid (81.5%). Remarkably, a high resistance (82.42%) was demonstrated against the antibiotic class, macrolide, followed by beta-lactams (40.44%), suggesting that bacterial resistance depended on the chemical structure of the antibiotics. However, individual bacterial isolates varied in resistance to particular antibiotics. Of the 83 bacterial isolates, 40(48.19%) observed MAR > 0.2 and, thus, were described as multidrug-resistant isolates. A total of 28 MAR phenotypes were revealed with the highest frequency of MAR phenotypes (37.5%) expressed against 3 antibiotics. Results indicated a high risk of exposure to various antibiotics and wide diversity of antibiotic resistance.
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Simoes, Jose A., Alla A. Aroutcheva, Ira Heimler, and Sebastian Faro. "Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Group B Streptococcal Clinical Isolates." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 12, no. 1 (2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10647440410001722269.
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Objectives:To determine thein vitroresistance of group B streptococcus (GBS) to 12 antibiotics. To determine if there has been any decrease in sensitivity to the penicillins or other antibiotics currently used for GBS chemoprophylaxis in pregnant women. Find suitable alternative antibiotics to penicillin. Find an antibiotic that will have minimal selective pressure for resistance among the endogenous resident vaginal microflora.Methods:The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 52 clinical isolates of GBS were evaluated to 12 antibiotics: ampicillin, azithromycin, cefamandole, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, penicillin and vancomycin. Antibiotic sensitivities were determined using disk diffusion and microdilution methods according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).Results:All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, ofloxacin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and penicillin. However, the following number of clinical isolates exhibited intermediate or decreased sensitivity, nine (17%) to ampicillin, eight (15%) to penicillin, 14 (32%) to ciprofloxacin and one (2%) to nitrofurantoin. Thirty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to azithromycin and ceftriaxone, 19% to clindamycin, 15% to cefazolin and 13% to cefamandole. Eighteen (35%) of the clinical isolates tested were resistant to 6 of the 12 antibiotics tested.Conclusions:The relatively high rates of resistance for 6 of the 12 antibiotics tested suggest that for women allergic to penicillin and colonized with GBS, antibiotic sensitivities to their isolates should be determined. The antibiotic selected for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis should be guided by the organism’s antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Patients with GBS bacteriuria should be treated with nitrofurantoin.
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Kapur, Suman, Manish Gehani, Nagamani Kammili, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Vijayalakshmi Nag, Sudha M. Devara, and Shashwat Sharad. "Clinical Validation of Innovative Optical-Sensor-Based, Low-Cost, Rapid Diagnostic Test to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122098.
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The antibiotic susceptibility test determines the most effective antibiotic treatment for bacterial infection. Antimicrobial stewardship is advocated for the rational use of antibiotics to preserve their efficacy in the long term and provide empirical therapy for disease management. Therefore, rapid diagnostic tests can play a pivotal role in efficient and timely treatment. Here, we developed a novel, rapid, affordable, and portable platform for detecting uropathogens and reporting antibiogram to clinicians in just 4 h. This technology replicates the basic tenets of clinical microbiology including bacterial growth in indigenously formulated medium, and measurement of inhibition of bacterial growth in presence of antibiotic/s. Detection is based on chromogenic endpoints using optical sensors and is analyzed by a lab-developed algorithm, which reports sensitivity to the antibiotic’s panel tested. To assess its diagnostic accuracy, a prospective clinical validation study was conducted in two tertiary-care Indian hospitals. Urine samples from 1986 participants were processed by both novel/index test and conventional Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay was 92.5% and 82%, respectively (p < 0.0005). This novel technology will promote evidence-based prescription of antibiotics and reduce the burden of increasing resistance by providing rapid and precise diagnosis in shortest possible time.
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Putri, Anisa Rizca, Enny Suswati, and Laksmi Indreswari. "Tetraciclyne Resistance Eschericia coli Isolated From Broiler Chicken Meat." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v4i1.6402.
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Antibiotic resistance is a serious health problem that have ben uneffective therapy. The cause of antibiotic resistance 80% comes from food of animal origin such as Broiler Chicken. E. coli contamination in antibiotic resistant chicken has been shown to transfer genetic factors between bacteria in the human intestinal system. Almost all broiler breeders use commercial feed containing tetracycline antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in the feed mixture is one of the risk factors for resistance. The aim of this study was to get an information of antibiotic resistance E. coli which isolated from broiler meat. Identification test of E. coli used two phase, presumtive test and confirmed test. Sensitivity test for E. coli to antibiotic by disc diffusion Kirby Bauer method. This study used 6 sample of upper thigh broiler meat, the antibiotic use tetracycline. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study show that from 6 isolate sample, there are 4 isolate identificated as E. coli and 2 isolate show resistance to the tetracycline antibiotic. The conclusion of this study showed resistance has occurred on 50% sample.
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Ahmad, Arslan. "Molecular Characterization and Therapeutic Insights into Biofilm Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 42, no. 04 (October 1, 2022): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.078.
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The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of biofilm-positive S. aureus isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. The study also highlights the role of commonly used NSAIDs and ivermectin to modulate the S. aureus-associated antibiotic resistance. The results found a 41.41% S. aureus prevalence, out of which 25.79% isolates were biofilm-positive based on Congo red agar, microtitre plate test, and presence of icaA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of study isolates showed a high similarity with Egyptian and Indian icaA-positive S. aureus isolates. The comparative antibiotic resistance profiling showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and cotrimoxazole by biofilm-positive isolates compared to non-biofilm forming isolates. The prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus was 62.5 and 20.83%, respectively. Antimicrobial effects of non-antibiotics against study isolates accessed through well diffusion method showed higher zones of inhibition for meloxicam followed by flunixin, ketoprofen, and ivermectin. The combinations of resistant antibiotics with non-antibiotics were investigated using well diffusion method and checkerboard assay. The combinations of amoxicillin/meloxicam, cotrimoxazole/flunixin, cotrimoxazole/ ketoprofen, and gentamicin/flunixin on well diffusion method and cotrimoxazole/ flunixin, amoxicillin/ketoprofen and gentamicin/flunixin on checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions. The study concluded that biofilm positive S. aureus is an emerging and prevailing cause of bovine mastitis in dairy farms of Pakistan. The increasing antibiotic resistance in S. aureus can be modulated by combining the resistant antibiotics with NSAIDs, especially flunixin and ketoprofen
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Williams, Michelle A., Patricia J. Friedrichsen, Troy D. Sadler, and Pamela J. B. Brown. "Modeling the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Populations." American Biology Teacher 80, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2018.80.3.214.
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Since antibiotics have become routinely used to treat infections, antibiotic resistance is now an emerging concern for public health. To understand how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, many students draw from the common misconception that bacteria gain resistance upon antibiotic exposure. We have designed models and a corresponding lab that explores how a population of bacteria can evolve antibiotic resistance, with emphasis on dispelling common misconceptions surrounding the mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Using an antibiotic disk diffusion assay, students compare the antibiotic resistance level of a harmless E. coli strain of bacteria over time. Then, students compare their lab data to the models, which together illustrate the roles that initial genetic variation and random mutation play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance. In this guided investigation, basic microbiology concepts and techniques are made accessible to students in a high school classroom. The models developed here are in line with the practices of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). The models, together with the lab, are used to guide students through the process of argumentation using a claim, evidence, and reasoning (CER) format to explain the evolutionary mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
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SADEGHI DEYLAMDEH, Zahra, and Abolfazl JAFARI SALES. "Evaluation of the presence of AmpC (FOX) beta-lactamase gene in clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Tabriz, Iran." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 38, no. 3 (April 23, 2021): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.38.3.17.
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Beta-lactamases are the most common cause of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. AmpC-type beta-lactamases hydrolyze cephalosporins, penicillins, and cephamycins. Therefore, the study aims was to determine antibiotic resistance and to investigate the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase gene in clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Tabriz. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 289 E. coli specimens were collected from clinical specimens. Disk diffusion method and combined disk method were used to determine the phenotype of extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing (ESBLs) strains. Then PCR was used to evaluate the presence of AmpC (FOX) beta-lactamase gene in the strains confirmed in phenotypic tests. Antibiotic resistance was also determined using disk diffusion by the Kibry-Bauer method. A total of 121 isolates were identified as generators of beta-lactamase genes. 72 (59.5 %) isolates producing ESBL and 49 (40.5 %) isolates were identified as AmpC generators. In the PCR test, 31 isolates contained the FOX gene. The highest resistance was related to the antibiotics amoxicillin (76.12%), ceftazidime (70.24%) and nalidixic acid (65.05%). The results indicate an increase in the prevalence of beta-lactamase genes and increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, which can be the result of improper use of antibiotics and not using antibiotic susceptibility tests before starting treatment. Also, using phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods such as PCR together can be very useful.
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Glover, Janiece S., Taylor D. Ticer, and Melinda A. Engevik. "Profiling Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070978.
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Background: Acinetobacter spp. have emerged as troublesome pathogens due to their multi-drug resistance. The majority of the work to date has focused on the antibiotic resistance profile of Acinetobacter baumannii. Although A. calcoaceticus strains are isolated in the hospital setting, limited information is available on these closely related species. Methods & Results: The computational analysis of antibiotic resistance genes in 1441 Acinetobacter genomes revealed that A. calcoaceticus harbored a similar repertoire of multi-drug efflux pump and beta-lactam resistance genes as A. baumannii, leading us to speculate that A. calcoaceticus would have a similar antibiotic resistance profile to A. baumannii. To profile the resistance patterns of A. calcoaceticus, strains were examined by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and phenotypic microarrays. We found that Acinetobacter strains were moderately to highly resistant to certain antibiotics within fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and other antibiotic classes. These data indicate that A. calcoaceticus has a similar antibiotic resistance profile as A. baumannii ATCC 19606. We also identified that all Acinetobacter species were sensitive to 5-fluoroorotic acid, novobiocin, and benzethonium chloride. Conclusion: Collectively, these data provide new insights into the antibiotic resistance in A. calcoaceticus and identify several antibiotics that could be beneficial in treating Acinetobacter infections.
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Soyuçok, Ali. "Bazı Esansiyel Yağların Metisiline Dirençli Staphylococcus aureus Üzerine Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i1.49-53.4831.
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Microbial contamination in food and medicine is a situation that closely concerns human health. The fact that the microorganism causing the contamination have antibiotic resistance makes it difficult to eliminate the contamination. Deficiencies such as incorrect use of antibiotics or lack of new antibiotics have caused microorganisms to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the microorganisms with high antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance mechanisms and biofilm production ability of MRSA has made it more resistant to the environment. In this study, disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Heracleum platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils against MRSA, and the results were compared with commercial antibiotics. In addition, the effect of H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils on the biofilm produced by MRSA was also investigated. In this study, it was determined that H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils have antimicrobial activity against MRSA. It was found that H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils have antibiofilm activity against MRSA. H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp essential oils can be alternative natural sources compared to commercial antibiotics in controlling infections from MRSA.
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Andriyanov, Pavel A., Pavel A. Zhurilov, Elena A. Liskova, Tatyana I. Karpova, Elena V. Sokolova, Yulia K. Yushina, Elena V. Zaiko, et al. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Humans, Animals, and Food Products in Russia in 1950–1980, 2000–2005, and 2018–2021." Antibiotics 10, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101206.
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Susceptibility of 117 L. monocytogenes strains isolated during three time periods (1950–1980; 2000–2005, and 2018–2021) to 23 antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method. All strains were sensitive to aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin), glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin), clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to clindamycin was observed in 35.5% of strains. Resistance to carbapenems, imipenem and meropenem was found in 4% and 5% of strains, respectively. Resistance to erythromycin, penicillin G, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin was found in 4%, 3%, 3%, and 2.5% of strains, respectively. Resistance to tylosin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline was found in less than 2%. Three strains with multiple antibiotic resistance and 12 strains with resistance to two antibiotics were revealed. Comparison of strains isolated in different time periods showed that the percentage of resistant strains was the lowest among strains isolated before 1980, and no strains with multiple antibiotic resistance were found among them. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the temporal evolution of resistance in L. monocytogenes has an antibiotic-specific character. While resistance to some antibiotics such as ampicillin and penicillin G has gradually decreased in the population, resistance to other antibiotics acquired by particular strains in recent years has not been accompanied by changes in resistance of other strains.
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Ahmad, Manzoor, Mukhtiar Hassan, Anwar Khalid, Imran Tariq, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Abdul Samad, Qaisar Mahmood, and Ghulam Murtaza. "Prevalence of Extended Spectrumβ-Lactamase and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates ofPseudomonasfrom Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6068429.
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Majority of gram negative pathogenic bacteria are responsible for extended spectrumβ-lactamases (ESBLs) production, which show resistance to some newer generation of antibiotics. The study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of ESBL and antibiotic susceptibility pattern ofPseudomonasisolates collected during 2010 to 2014 from tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. Out of 3450 samples, 334Pseudomonasspp. isolates comprised of 232 indoor and 102 outdoor patients were obtained from different specimens and their susceptibility pattern was determined against 20 antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method and ESBL production was detected by Synergy Disc Diffusion technique. The mean age group of the patients was 29.9 + 9.15 years. Meronem showed best activity (91.02%) from class carbapenem,β-lactam andβ-lactamase inhibitors exhibited 69.16% activity, and doxycycline had a diminished activity (10.18%) toPseudomonasspp. Outdoor isolates were more resistant than the indoor and during the course of the study the sensitivity rate of antibiotics was gradually reducing. ESBL production was observed in 44.32% while the remaining was non-ESBL. The moderate active antibiotics were amikacin (50.7%), SCF (51.4%), TZP (52.7%), and MXF (54.1%) among ESBL producing isolates. Lack of antibiotic policy, irrational uses (3GCs particularly), and the emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms in hospitals may be causes of high antibiotic resistance.
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Tripathi, Kshama, and A. K. Sharma. "Seasonal variation in bacterial contamination of water sources with antibiotic resistant faecal coliforms in relation to pollution." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.202.
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Water sample were collected from piped supplies, surface water and ground water sources in different locations of Lucknow city during summer, monsoon and winter season. Bacteriological quality of samples was determined by enumerating coliform isolated were subject to antibiotic susceptibility test with disc diffusion method. Maximum coliform and faecal coliform contamination were recorded during summer (67% and 75%) and monsoon (67% and 58.3%) while minimum during winter (50% and 50%). All the test isolates exhibited resistance (for nine antibiotics) was shown by river isolates. Antibiotic resistance index (ARI) ranged from 0.050 to 0.150 exhibiting the broad spectrum resistance for 3 to 9 out of 10 antibiotics tested. Occurrence of faecal pollution indicator organisms and multiple antibiotics resistance bacterial population in drinking water is alarming and a sign of potential health with therapeutic problems.
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Shrestha, Yogendra, Ravi Kurikempannadoddi Shivalingegowda, Melkote Jyotiprakash Avinash, Sharath Babu Hagalahalli Kenchegowda, Jeet Bahadur Moktan, Sreenivas Murthy Doddasamiah, Ramesh Mahadev Tambat, Deepanjali Girish Golshetty, Vakkalagadda Siva Ganesh, and Rajesh Venkataraman. "The rise in antimicrobial resistance: An obscure issue in COVID-19 treatment." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): e0000641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000641.
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A saturated health care system with a lack of evidence-based antiviral medicine and ignorance of antimicrobial stewardship during pandemics has prompted clinicians to prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic more often. A prospective, cross-sectional study of COVID-infected patients was conducted to gain insight into antibiotic prescribing practices and their impact on antimicrobial resistance. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disc diffusion method. 318 patients met the study’s inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 46 years and 55% (175) of them being males. Antibiotics were prescribed for 93.72% (209) of mild cases, 92.45% (49) of moderate cases, 96.15% (25) of severe cases, and 100% (16) of critical cases of COVID-19. A total of 95 samples were sent in for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing, with 58.95% (56) confirming growth. The majority of the growth was found to contain E. coli (14). In 54.9% of cases, antibiotics with less than 50% sensitivity to curing bacterial infection were detected. In the study, we found that antibiotics were being used unnecessarily in excessive quantities and that more than half of the antibiotics were less sensitive to isolated bacteria.
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Ahmed Azeem, Muhammad. "Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Cloacal Swab of Domestic Pigeons." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2021.0503173.
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Antibiotics are used to treat a number of bacterial infections. However, overuse or misuse of antibiotics has raised serious concerns against antibioticresistance amongst bacteria. Hence, antibiotics are becoming inefficient in treating bacterial infections leading to an increase in mortality rate worldwide. The domestic animals especially birds are a major source of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human through excrement and cause bacterial diseases in human. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of different antibiotics prior to their prescription as a measure to prevent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. For this 120 cloacal swab samples were collected from the domestic pigeons of District Narowal to isolate Pseudomonas sp. and assess the efficacy of different antibiotics prior to their prescription as a measure to prevent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Antibacterial activities were evaluated by performing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas isolates against 18 commercially available antibiotic discs [Trimethoprime (TMP), Clarithromycin (CLR), Gentamicin (GEN), Chloramphenicol (C), Ampicillin (AM), Streptomycin (S), Kanamycin (K), Nitrofurantoin (F), Amoxicillin (AX), Tazobactam (TPZ), Imipenem (IPM), Meropenem (MEM), Levofloxacin (LEV), Nalidixic acid (NA), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Amikacin (AK), Tetracycline (TE) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP)] by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Amongst these antibiotics, notably Pseudomonas sp. showed highest sensitivity to Clarithromycin (93.94%), Ampicillin (100%), Amikacin (93%) and Nalidixic (100%). This study established a general antibiotic resistance pattern of commercially used different antibiotics for commonly encountered clinical isolates. Moreover, antibiotics susceptibility tests (AST) should be carried out prior to prescribing antibiotics to the patient. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of local clinical isolates and change in bacteriological profile due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics associated with appearance of multiple drug resistant strains should be evaluated. It was concluded that preventive measure and their implementation is quite necessary to control antibiotic resistance and domestic pigeons can be a carrier of Pseudomonas species and can transmit through their fecal material to humans and other animals.
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Smaill, Fiona. "Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance Testing: An Overview." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 10 (2000): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/382415.
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The results of in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing can predict the clinical response to treatment and guide the selection of antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an organism is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will inhibit its growth. Bacteria are classified as sensitive, intermediate or resistant based on breakpoint MIC values that are arbitrarily defined and reflect the achievable levels of the antibiotic, the distribution of MICs for the organism and their correlation with clinical outcome. Broth dilution, agar dilution and gradient diffusion (the ’E test’), where twofold serial dilutions of antibiotic are incorporated into tubes of broth, agar plates or on a paper strip, respectively, are different methods to measure the MIC of an organism. The disk diffusion method defines an organism as sensitive or resistant based on the extent of its growth around an antibiotic-containing disk. MIC values are influenced by several laboratory factors. To ensure reproducible results, the laboratory must closely follow methods developed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, which defines standard growth media, incubation temperature and environment, the inoculum and quality control parameters.
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Budi, Andre, and Novita Lina Sembiring. "POLARESISTENCY OF SALMONELLA TYPHI BACTERIA TO ANTIBIOTIC CEFTRIAXONE AND CIPROFLOXACIN." Journal Health & Science : Gorontalo Journal Health and Science Community 6, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35971/gojhes.v5i3.13624.
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Typhoid fever is an unbearable severe infection of the small digestive system, with the side effect of fever lasting up to seven days, and accompanied by stomach related disorders. Typhoid fever is a very common disease in Indonesia, both among clinical faculties and the population as a whole, and assuming that a child complains of fever, antimicrobials are the therapy of choice. Inappropriate use of various types of antibiotics, due to easy public access to drugs, will lead to an increase in the incidence of bacteria, including Salmonella typhi, which are resistant to ABRB (Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria) antibiotics. The type of research used in this study was Experimental Laboratory with a research design using the Disc Diffusion Method. This study aims to determine the resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi bacteria to Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics. This study aims to determine the resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi bacteria to Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics. The average value (mm) for 24 hours of ceftriaxone: 0.35, ciprofloxacin: 29,175 The average value (mm) for 48 hours of ceftriaxone: 14.8, ciprofloxacin: 29.4 Based on the results of the research data and images, it can be concluded that the diameter of the inhibition zone or clear zone of the salmonella typhi bacteria culture contained in petri dishes with MHA media on the ceftriaxone antibiotic was found to be an intermediate, which is a transition state from a drug resistant state but not completely resistant, while the ciprofloxacin antibiotic showed that the results were still sensitive to salmonella typhi bacteria. , with an average value of 14.8 and 29.4 mm where according to the CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) standard, the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone is 17 mm, the intermediate category if the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone is 14-16 mm, and the resistant category if the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone is 14-16 mm. Bacterial inhibition zone is 13 mm.AbstrakDemam tifoid adalah infeksi hebat yang tak tertahankan pada system pencernaan kecil, dengan efek samping demam yang berlangsung hingga tujuh hari, dan disertai gangguan terkait perut. Penggunaan berbagai jenis antibiotik secara luas yang tidaktepat, akibat mudahnya akses masyarakat terhadap obat akan menyebabkan peningkatan kejadian bakteri, termasuk Salmonella typhi, yang resisten terhadap antibiotik ABRB (Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Eksperimental Laboratorium dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan Metode Difusi Kertas Cakram (Disc Diffusion Method). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui polaresistensi bakteri Salmonella typhi terhadap antibiotik Ceftriaxone dan Ciprofloxacin.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui polaresistensi bakteri Salmonella typhi terhadap antibiotik Ceftriaxone dan Ciprofloxacin. Nilai rata-rata (mm) selama 24 jam ceftriaxone: 0,35 , ciprofloxacin : 29,175 Nilai rata-rata (mm) selam 48 jam ceftriaxone : 14,8 , ciprofloxacin : 29,4 Berdasarkan hasil data dan gambar penelitian dapat di simpulkan bahwa diameter zona hambat atau zona bening dari biakan bakteri salmonella typhi yang terdapat dalam cawan petri dengan media MHA pada antibiotik ceftriaxone ditemukan sebagai intermediate yaitu suatu keadaan transisi dari keadaan resisten obat tetapi tidak resisten sepenuhnya, sedangkan pada antibiotik ciprofloxacin menunjukkan hasil masih sensitive terhadap bakteri salmonella typhi , dengan nilai rata-rata 14,8 dan 29,4 mm dimana menurut standart CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute), diameter zona hambat bakteri ≥ 17 mm, kategori intermediet apabila diameter zona hambat bakteri 14-16 mm, dan kategori resisten apabila diameter zona hambat bakteri yaitu ≤ 13 mm.
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Hassan Zaidi, Syed Zahoor Ul, Arshad Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Qasim Khan, Malook Khan, Kiran Irshad, Roohul Islam, Muhammad Junaid Irshad Awan, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Uroosa Naseem, and Asmat Ullah Khan. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from High Vaginal Swab." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 1016–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221621016.
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The study determines the prevalence and resistance among pathogenic bacteria against used antibiotics. The isolates were identified biochemically and subjected to antibiotic sensitivity using disk-diffusion method. A total of 210 bacterial isolates were tested, 175 (83.3%) were reported positive whereas 35 (16.6%) were found negative for HVS. The isolates were initially identified on colonies morphology and later via biochemical tests. The gram positive bacteria isolates i,e Staphylococcus aureus was found 48 (23.3%), followed by lactobacillus and least value belonged to Staphylococcus epidermidis i.e, 7 (3.3%). While gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli were 56 (26.6%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 36 (17.14%) and least value was of Proteus vulgaris. i.e, 7 (3.3%). All the isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility testing. At least six antibiotics were shown to be resistant in bacterial isolates. Antibiotic resistance was found in considerable abundance in the clinical isolates, according to the findings. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and surveillance are essential on a regular basis to avoid treatment failure and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Abdalla, Shima E., Akebe Luther King Abia, Daniel G. Amoako, Keith Perrett, Linda A. Bester, and Sabiha Y. Essack. "From Farm-to-Fork: E. Coli from an Intensive Pig Production System in South Africa Shows High Resistance to Critically Important Antibiotics for Human and Animal Use." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020178.
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Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli were investigated in an intensive pig production system in the uMgungundlovu District, South Africa, using the ‘farm-to-fork’ approach. Four hundred seventeen (417) samples were collected from pig and pig products at different points (farm, transport, and abattoir). E. coli was isolated and enumerated using the Colilert® 18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 system. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and putatively identified on eosin methylene blue agar. Real-time PCR targeting the uidA gene was used to confirm isolates to the genus level. The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility profiles against 20 antibiotics. A total of 1044 confirmed E. coli isolates were obtained across the three critical points in the food chain. Resistance was observed to all the antibiotics tested with the highest and lowest rates obtained against tetracycline (88.5%) and meropenem (0.2%), respectively. Resistance was also observed to chloramphenicol (71.4%), ampicillin (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (43.8%), cephalexin (34.3%), azithromycin (23.9%), nalidixic acid (22.1%), cefoxitin (21.1%), ceftriaxone (18.9%), ciprofloxacin (17.3%), cefotaxime (16.9%), gentamicin (15.5%), cefepime (13.8%), ceftazidime (9.8%), amikacin (3.4%), piperacillin-tazobactam (1.2%), tigecycline (0.9%), and imipenem (0.3%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 71.2% of the resistant isolates with an overall multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.25, indicating exposure to high antibiotic use environments at the farm level. A high percentage of resistance was observed to growth promoters and antibiotics approved for veterinary medicine in South Africa. Of concern was resistance to critically important antibiotics for animal and human use and the watch and reserve categories of antibiotics. This could have adverse animal and human health consequences from a food safety perspective, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship and guidelines to streamline antibiotic use in the food-animal production chain.
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Hamed, Engy Ahmed, May Fathy Abdelaty, Hend Karam Sorour, Heba Roshdy, Mona Aly Abdelhalim AbdelRahman, Ola Magdy, Waleed Abdelfatah Ibrahim, et al. "Monitoring of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Farms from 2014 to 2018." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (September 10, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6739220.
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The current situation of antibiotic resistance of most bacterial pathogens was a threat to the poultry and public health with increasing economic losses. Regarding this problem, monitoring of the circulating microorganisms occurred with the antibiotic resistance profile. A total of 657 different samples from internal organs (liver, heart, lung, and yolk) and paper-lining chick boxes were collected from native chicken farms which were submitted to the Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production in the period from 2014 to 2018 for the detection of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus. The bacterial isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion technique. Salmonella was isolated from 128 out of 657 (19.5%), E. coli was isolated from 496 out of 657 (75.5%), and Staphylococcus species was isolated from 497 out of 657 (75.6%). All Salmonella positive samples were examined for antibiotic resistance against 10 different antibiotics, and the highest percentage all over the five years was against penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline. All E. coli positive samples were examined for antibiotic resistance against 14 different antibiotics, and the highest percentage all over the five years was with ampicillin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, streptomycin, and danofloxacin. All Staphylococcus positive sample species were examined for antibiotic resistance against 14 different antibiotics, and the highest percentage of resistance all over the five years was shown with tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid.
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Purushothaman, Sowmya, Jehangir Cama, and Ulrich F. Keyser. "Dependence of norfloxacin diffusion across bilayers on lipid composition." Soft Matter 12, no. 7 (2016): 2135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02371h.
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Antibiotic resistance is a major concern in medicine, and a better understanding of the interactions of antibiotics with the lipid molecules found in bacterial membranes is therefore highly desirable. We study the permeation of the antibiotic norfloxacin across vesicle lipid membranes of variable lipid compositions, and show that norfloxacin permeation is dependent on both the type and relative concentration of lipid molecules in the membrane.
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SULAIMAN, Mamunu Abdulkadir, H. S. Muhammad, Aliyu Muhammad Sani, Aminu Ibrahim, Ibrahim Muhammad Hussain, and Zainab Garba Anchau. "EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF PLASMID CURING ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ON SOME CLINICAL ISOLATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-335.
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Multidrug resistance (MDR) exhibited by some strains of Escherichia coli may be due to acquiring mobile genetic element (R-plasmid) by the bacteria, or intrinsically induced by inappropriate use of antibiotics by the hosts. Infection by such strains may result to prolonged illness and greater risk of death. The study evaluated the impact of curing on antibiotic resistance on selected clinical isolates of E. coli. Twenty clinical isolates of E. coli from our previous studies were re-characterized using conventional microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was determined by disk diffusion method, MDR selected based on resistance to ≥ 2 classes of antibiotics. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was determined as ratio of the number of antibiotic resisted to the total number of antibiotics tested and considered significant if ≥. 0.2. The isolates that showed significant MAR index were subjected to plasmid curing using acridine orange, thereafter, profiled for plasmid and the cured ones were re-tested against the antibiotics they initially resisted. Out of the 20 isolates, 19 (95%) were confirmed as E. coli, all (100%) of which were MDRs, which was highest against augmentin (78.9%) followed by amoxacillin (52.6%). However, after the plasmid curing only 6 (31.6%) out of the 19 isolates cured retained significant MAR index and the level of the significance had reduced drastically in 16 (84.2%) isolates. Conclusively, curing assay can completely eliminate R-plasmid acquired resistance. More studied on plasmid curing agents for possible augmentation of the agents into antibiotics may see the rise of successful antibiotic era again.
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Akkan, Tamer, and Cengiz Mutlu. "Giresun (Karadeniz) Kıyı Şeridinden İzole Edilen Enterobacteriaceae Üyelerinde Antibiyotik Direnç Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 8 (August 15, 2016): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i8.640-650.721.
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In this study the resistance of 200 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from seawater in Giresun Coasts (Black Sea) to 9 different antibiotics was investigated by agar diffusion methods. Antibiotic resistance levels of isolates was determined respectively, Erythromycin (E): 82%, Cefazolin (CZ): 46.50%, Cefotaxime (CTX): 50.50%, Amikacin (AK): 41.50%, Nalidixic acid (NA): 34.50%, Tetracycline (TE): 30.50%, Chloramphenicol (C): 36.50%, Cefuroxime (CXM): 35.50% and Ampicillin (AM): 15.50%. It was found that 2 isolates resistant to all antibiotics, 5 isolates sensitive and 91% of all isolates multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values were higher than 0.2. It was concluded that bacteriological quality in Giresun coastal area could cause public health problems due to the not provided necessary hygiene and sanitation.
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LAZAR, Cristina Ioana, Gheorghita DUCA, Carmen Dana SANDRU, Diana OLAH, Marina SPINU, Emoke PALL, Constantin CERBU, Ovidiu GIURGIU, Adrian POTARNICHE, and Aurel VASIU. "ANTIBIOTIC PROFILE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE SKIN SURFACE FROM EXTENSIVELY RAISED SWINE." AgroLife Scientific Journal 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2022210.
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Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus is increasing worldwide and is becoming a global concern. The present report exposes the study of the antibiotic susceptibility in isolates of Staphylococcus spp obtained from farm pigs. The samples were collected from healthy pigs, from different farms, in the period between 2019-2020. Forty strains of Staphylococcus were isolated from the anterior nares of individual pigs, and from the skin behind the ears of the animals. These isolates were tested against 12 different antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of different bacteria isolates was studied to detect MAR, MDR. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices were determined and it was above 0.2 in 24 of the total of 40 bacteria studied. The highest MAR index was detected in Staphylococcus lentus (0.5) and Staphylococcus xylosus (0.41) and 26 (65%) strains was MDR. In conclusion, the high levels of antibiotic resistance generally correlates with high antibiotic usage and antibiotics used are a risk to humans with occupational contact with livestock antibiotics.
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Gurumurthy, Hemalatha, G. K. Poongothai, and K. Bhaskaran. "A study on susceptibility patterns, resistance mechanisms and cross- resistances of antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a teaching hospital at Puducherry." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.057.
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, a gram negative bacteria causes lung and nosocomial infections, mostly infect the body after surgery or invasive techniques. There has been a increasing prevalence in drug resistant variants in the recent years. 1. To determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ; 2. To assess the antibiotics used against and the cross-resistence pattern existing between them; 3. To evaluate the possible resistance mechanisms of by phenotypic techniques.Thirty six consecutive, nonduplicate isolates were collected between January to July in the year 2018 from the hospital pus samples. The isolates showed synthesis of pyocyanin and a oxidase positive reaction. Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method (HIMEDIA). was used for assessing the sensitivity of drugs. Disk approximation test was done to check the prevalence of inducible β-lactamases. Modified Hodge test was done to assess the metallo-β-lactamase activity. Double disk synergy method had been preferred to evaluate the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) activity. The most sensitive antibiotic was found to be ciprofloxacin which is followed by amikacin and ceftazidime (p < 0.05). 36% of the samples were resistant to more than one antibiotic groups. Cross-resistance was observed between the antibiotics. 53% of the samples had Inducible β-lactamases. Eighty percent of the samples which were non-resistant to ceftazidime showed positive reaction for inducible beta-lactamase. 2% isolates by DDS method showed the presence of ESBLs. The study samples did not show the presence of Metallo-β-lactamases.Strict adherence to the recent trend of “reserve drugs” concept and minimizing the misuse of antibiotics can bring down the drug resistance and morbidity. The addressal of irrational and inappropriate use of antimicrobials among the clinician is the need of the hour.
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Azizpour, Aidin, and Ciamak Ghazaei. "Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated From Broiler Chickens With Colibacillosis in Ardabil Province, Iran." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijbsm.2020.22.
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Introduction: Colibacillosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of birds that is caused by Escherichia coli. This disease causes considerable economic damage to the poultry industry every year. Various antimicrobial agents are used to reduce the damage caused by this infection. But in recent decades, the increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of resistant genes and, consequently increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, leading to a decrease in the efficacy of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility and drug resistance of 178 isolates of 40 chicken flocks in Ardabil province northwest of Iran. Methods: Five carcasses were randomly selected from each flocks with colibacillosis and sampled from liver and heart using sterile swabs. After culture and isolation, colonies were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Antibiotic resistance of all isolates to 19 antibiotics was determined using disk diffusion method based on CLSI guidelines. Results: Of 200 samples, 178 (89%) were isolated, and 22 (11%) did not grow. In this study the highest antibiotic resistance was observed against flumequine (98.31%), nalidixic acid (97.25%), tylosin (97.20%), oxytetracycline (97.20%), chlortetracycline (95.50%), difloxacin (89.32%), doxycycline (81.47%), enrofloxacin (77.53%), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (71.91%), and the lowest antibiotic resistance was recorded for Linco-Spectin (36.52%), chloramphenicol (22.47%), gentamycin (7.30%), fuzbac (5.05%) and ceftriaxone (3.93%). All isolates were highly sensitive to ceftazidime. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a high level of resistance to antibiotics commonly used in poultry industry, which is probably due to improper use of antibiotics in poultries.
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Fuentes-Hernández, Ayari, Anastasia Hernández-Koutoucheva, Alán F. Muñoz, Raúl Domínguez Palestino, and Rafael Peña-Miller. "Diffusion-driven enhancement of the antibiotic resistance selection window." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 158 (September 2019): 20190363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0363.
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The current crisis of antimicrobial resistance in clinically relevant pathogens has highlighted our limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary forces that drive drug resistance adaptation. For instance, although human tissues are highly heterogeneous, most of our mechanistic understanding about antibiotic resistance evolution is based on constant and well-mixed environmental conditions. A consequence of considering spatial heterogeneity is that, even if antibiotics are prescribed at high dosages, the penetration of drug molecules through tissues inevitably produces antibiotic gradients, exposing bacterial populations to a range of selective pressures and generating a dynamic fitness landscape that changes in space and time. In this paper, we will use a combination of mathematical modelling and computer simulations to study the population dynamics of susceptible and resistant strains competing for resources in a network of micro-environments with varying degrees of connectivity. Our main result is that highly connected environments increase diffusion of drug molecules, enabling resistant phenotypes to colonize a larger number of spatial locations. We validated this theoretical result by culturing fluorescently labelled Escherichia coli in 3D-printed devices that allow us to control the rate of diffusion of antibiotics between neighbouring compartments and quantify the spatio-temporal distribution of resistant and susceptible bacterial cells.
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Ahmadizadeh, Changiz, and Mehrdad Pashazadeh. "Comparison of two disk diffusion and E-test methods in determining antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in isolated burn infections of Ahvaz City." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 19, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v19i4.46620.
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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa with widely distributed in nature, for human beings is considered an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections of broad-spectrum, including administrative, respiratory, septicemia and bacteremia and sepsis in patients with the burning city of Ahvaz.
Method and Material: A total of 95isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients from January 2015 assemble and biochemical identification test, then they are antibiotic resistance in E. test and disk diffusion method were compared.
Findings: From 95 different clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from E. test with the highest sensitivity to the antibiotic ceftazidime , 70(68/73%) and ciprofloxacin 50 (63/52%) and gentamicin 48 (52 /50 %) and the antibiotic imipenem 44 (31/46%) were sensitive and disk diffusion method antibiotic ceftazidime, 67(52/70%) and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin 51(68/53%) and safety antibiotic imipenem 49(57/51%) and gentamicin 48(52/50%) were sensitive.
Conclusion: Statistically significant differences between E. test and disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility of there (p<0.05) and disk diffusion method can replace E. test, and also the most sensitive antibiotics, the antibiotics used The study of the isolated Pseudomonas is ceftazidime.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(4) 2020 p.646-651
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Sholeh, Mohammad Akbaruddin, Kuntaman Kuntaman, and Usman Hadi. "Quantity of Antibiotic Use and Resistance Pattern of Gut Normal Flora Escherichia coli at Intensive Care Unit and Tropic Infection Ward, Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia." Folia Medica Indonesiana 56, no. 3 (January 14, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v56i3.24472.
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Resistance to antibiotics is increasing worldwide, including in Indonesia. The use of antibiotics is the most common cause of microorganism resistance. Individuals who received antibiotic therapy impacton changes of normal micro-flora resistance through selective pressure. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the quantity of antibiotic use with the pattern of resistance of gut normal flora Escherichia coliamong patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Tropic Infection Ward, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. This study was cross-sectional design with 64 samples (32 the ICU and 32 in Tropic Infection Ward). The total sample were collected for three Months. Identification of intestinal microflora was done with McConkey differential selective medium, followed by IMViC biochemical test, and sensitivity test by antibiotic disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed with Chi square test and Fisher'sExact test. There was no significant difference (p=0.441) in the quantity of antibiotic use between ICU and Tropic Infection Ward. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in normal intestinal flora Escherichia coli resistance pattern between Tropic Infection Ward and ICU against12 types of antibiotics. Ceftriaxone was the most widely used antibiotic in the Tropic Infection Ward of 54 DDD and ICU of 100 DDD. The highest percentage of intestinal flora Escherichia coli resistance at the ICU was ceftriaxone as manyas 18 (56.3%) and at Tropic Infection Ward on ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin 20 (62.5%). The other study in Primary Health center, showed that theresistance rates of both wards were significantly different as compared to intestinal flora of patients in primary health center (p <0.001), in whichthe use of antibiotics in primary health center was also lower (1.6 DDD). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) The pattern of bacterial resistance between patient with and without antibiotic use at Tropic Infection Ward and ICU Conclusion: the quantity of antibiotic use was not significantly different against resistnt gut flora between patients in ICU and Tropic Infection ward. The pattern of bacterial resistance between patient with and without antibiotic use was also not significantly different.
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Battah, Basem. "Emerging of bacterial resistance: an ongoing threat during and after the Syrian crisis." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 02 (March 7, 2021): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13807.
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The rapid emergence of bacterial resistance worldwide is a serious problem, leading to many therapeutic failures and rendering inactive effective antibiotics currently used . This problem has recently been accelerated by conflicts and its related migration. The antibiotic resistance phenomenon is diffused in Syria with a high rate of multi drug resistance cases in gram negative and gram positive organisms during and after the Syrian crisis as a result of misprescribing and overprescribing of antibiotics. The inappropriate use of antibiotic plays an important role in resistance generation. Hence, big efforts are urgently needed by using phenotypic and genetic analysis of bacterial strains against antibiotics to increase characterization and identification of mutant resistant strains and find new strategies to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance infections. This review highlights the antibacterial resistance problem in Syria, showing its negative impact and presenting a sum of efforts that are urgently needed to overcome this problem.
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Nguyen, Hai Van, Lan Anh Nguyen, Thi Minh Duc Nguyen, Thi Hanh Nguyen Vu, Quyet Tien Phi, Ha Anh Nguyen, and Phu Ha Ho. "Evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity of potential probiotic Bacillus strains isolated from chicken and pig feces." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 948–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/16494.
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Nowadays, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in livestock production leads to the appearance of antibiotic resistant strains that promotes the use of probiotics in feed to minimise/replace antibiotic consumption. Among them, Bacilli are common supplements for feed effectiveness and livestock health benefits. However, there is a growing concern about the development of antibiotic resistance and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. Thus, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has suggested that products containing Bacillus strains intended to use as feed additive must be examined for susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance. In this study, the antibiotic susceptibility of potential probiotic Bacillus strains was investigated. A total of 59 Bacillus species were isolated from 10 samples of chicken and pig feces. Then, the in vitro probiotic characteristics including low pH tolerance, catalase activity, protease, amylase and cellulase enzymes production were tested to select appropriate isolates for further studies. Thirty-three promising probiotic strains were assessed for their antibiotic susceptibility against 13 antibiotics by disc diffusion method. In most cases, isolated Bacillus strains were susceptible to tested antibiotics. The obtained results demonstrated the potential application of Bacillus spp. as feed supplements in animal production.
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Muntean, Andrei-Alexandru, Mădălina-Maria Muntean, and Gabriela-Loredana Popa. ""ANTIBIOGRAM PICTURE GUIDE FOR THE MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY PRACTITIONER - PART 1: EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES (ESBLS) AND CEPHALOSPORINASES (AMPCS) IN ENTEROBACTERALES"." Romanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology 80, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54044/rami.2021.04.02.
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Antibiotic resistance is a global, far-reaching phenomenon. Natural resistance to antibiotics, expressed or inducible, is common in Enterobacterales and can occur through the production of different enzymes such as penicillinases, ESBLs or cephalosporinases. In association with other resistance mechanisms, strains that lead to untreatable infections can emerge. Improper infection control measures are responsible for the selection and spread of these strains. The dissemination of acquired Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) across the globe is well known, a wide spectrum of enzymes being responsible for their different hydrolytic activity. Another important set of enzymes, the cephalosporinases (with the chromosomal cephalosporinase AmpC as the most important), are also concerning as their hyper-expression can alter wide spectrum beta-lactams, like carbapenems. These mechanisms can be readily observed through phenotypic tests, like antibiotic interactions on the disk diffusion antibiogram, or derepression / inhibition of enzymes using key antibiotics. Keywords: ESBL, cephalosporinase, AmpC, carbapenemase, cloxacillin, oxacillin, antibiotic resistance, antibiogram, Enterobacterales
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Nguyen, Khanh Thuan, Thanh Lam Nguyen, Tran Phuoc Chien Nguyen, Phuc Khanh Nguyen, Thi Lien Khai Ly, and Tran Ngoc Bich. "Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and genetic relationship of Escherichia coli serotype O45, O113, O121, and O157 isolated from cattle in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.053.
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A total of 39 Escherichia coli strains serotype O45, O113, O121, and O157 isolated from cattle in the Mekong Delta were examined the antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antibiotics by the disc-diffusion method. Those strains were also analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes by PCR assay, and their genetic relationship by ERIC-PCR assay. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that those strains were sensitive to most of the examined antibiotics, but were relatively high resistance to ampicillin (64.10%), and colistin (53.85%). Those E. coli strains could be resistant against one to eight antibiotics with 22 resistance patterns obtained. Moreover, those E. coli strains harbored one to seven antibiotic resistance genes. Gene tetA (51.28%) and blaampC (48.72%) were detected frequently while gene tetB, blaCMY, and cat1 were not found in those E. coli strains. A total of 21 combined patterns of antibiotic resistance genes were recorded, and the most frequent combined pattern was blaampC+tetA (12.82%). ERIC-PCR analysis revealed that each E. coli serotype exhibited various genetic patterns with 40%-100% of similarity. The most elevated number of patterns were in E. coli O157 (nine patterns), followed by E. coli O121 (six patterns). The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and diverse genetic characteristics in those E. coli strains originated from cattle constitute potential risks to local health in the Mekong Delta.
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VALLADAO, MARILIN, and WILLIAM E. SANDINE. "Standardized Method for Determining the Effect of Various Antibiotics on Lactococcal Cultures1." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.3.235.
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Antibiotic resistance of 44 lactic starter culture strains currently used by the dairy industry has been examined in Mueller- Hinton medium, supplemented with glucose (5 g/L) and yeast extract (5 g/L), by the agar disk diffusion assay. Results with various classes of antibiotics used to treat cattle mastitis indicated that lactococcal cultures should be diluted 20% and incubated at 30°C for 16 to 18 h in this medium for reliable results. The degree of antibiotic susceptibility was compared to standards established by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The procedure outlined in the present study is recommended as a routine method for testing antibiotic resistance of lactococci. This represents a more logical drug sensitivity approach than the use of noncheese starter bacteria to test for antibiotics in milk.
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Terekhov, Stanislav S., Yuliana A. Mokrushina, Anton S. Nazarov, Alexander Zlobin, Arthur Zalevsky, Gleb Bourenkov, Andrey Golovin, et al. "A kinase bioscavenger provides antibiotic resistance by extremely tight substrate binding." Science Advances 6, no. 26 (June 2020): eaaz9861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz9861.
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Microbial communities are self-controlled by repertoires of lethal agents, the antibiotics. In their turn, these antibiotics are regulated by bioscavengers that are selected in the course of evolution. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation represents one of the general strategies for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. A new subfamily of AmiN-like kinases, isolated from the Siberian bear microbiome, inactivates antibiotic amicoumacin by phosphorylation. The nanomolar substrate affinity defines AmiN as a phosphotransferase with a unique catalytic efficiency proximal to the diffusion limit. Crystallographic analysis and multiscale simulations revealed a catalytically perfect mechanism providing phosphorylation exclusively in the case of a closed active site that counteracts substrate promiscuity. AmiN kinase is a member of the previously unknown subfamily representing the first evidence of a specialized phosphotransferase bioscavenger.
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Januari, Connie, Mirnawati Bachrum Sudarwanto, and Trioso Purnawarman. "Resistensi Antibiotik pada Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Daging Ayam pada Pasar Tradisional di Kota Bogor (ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM CHICKEN MEAT OF TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN THE CITY OF BOGOR)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.1.125.
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Antibiotic use in farm is spread widely to treat of poultry disease including therapy, supportive or preventive use and as afeed additive to improve chicken performance. The negative effects of antibiotic use can increase the level of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat that were sold in Traditional Market of Bogor City. A total of 175 samples of chicken meat were taken by purposive sampling method, out of 175 found 50 positive samples of E. coli. The samples were subjected to E. coli examination and the isolated E. coli were tested for the antibiotic resistance using eight antibiotics, i.e., amoxicillin, cefotaxime, colistin, nalidixid acid, streptomycin, erythromycin, oxytetracillin, and tetracycline. The study was conducted by using the disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The study showed E. coli isolated from chicken meat were resistance towards amoxicilin (90%), colistin (94%), nalidixid acid (86%), streptomycin (98%), erythromycin (98%), oxytetracillin (84%), tetracycline (86%), and cefotaxime antibiotics (12%). The proportion of multidrugresistant was 99%. The higher of multidrug-resistant indicated the E. coli would be a threat to public and environmental health.
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Kim, Ye Ji, Lyu Jin Jun, Da Won Lee, Young Juhn Lee, Ye Jin Ko, Yeong Eun Oh, Soo Ji Woo, Myoung Sug Kim, Seung Min Kim, and Joon Bum Jeong. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens That Infect Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Cultivated in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138110.
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Paralichthys olivaceus (olive flounder) is widely cultivated in Korea. However, data on the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens that infect olive flounders in Korea are limited. The susceptibility of 84 strains of 3 pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Vibrio spp., and Edwardsiella piscicida) to 18 antibiotics was tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) panels, and the distribution of the MIC values for each species was confirmed. Among the panel antibiotics, nine commonly used antibiotics were selected, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and antibiotic resistance pattern were indicated using the disk diffusion method. It was confirmed that most of the isolates had a MAR index greater than 0.2, indicating a high-risk source. The distribution patterns of the MIC values and resistance pattern between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria showed slightly different results. Ampicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. However, the MIC values of flumequine for gram-positive bacteria were higher than those of gram-negative bacteria. Through the distribution patterns of the MIC values and resistance patterns presented in this study, the need for monitoring the multidrug-resistant bacteria in aquaculture is emphasised.
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Rahmaniar, Reina Puspita, Dyah Widhowati, and Nurul Hidayah. "SENSITIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA TERHADAP BAKTERI ESCHERICHIA COLI YANG DIISOLASI DARI UDANG DI PASAR KEPUTRAN SURABAYA." JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v7i2.1978.
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The aimed of this study was to identify antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from Shrimp. There were 20 samples taken and isolated on surface of Eosin Methilen Blue Agar. E.coli produced metalic green colonies. Samples identified as E.coli based on macroscopic features and morphology of colonies, microscopic examination with gram staining and biochemical tests. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined through a standard antimicrobial disk diffusion test. The results of this study showed that 9 samples were bacteria of the spesies E. coli. Based on the results of antibiotic sensitivity test, it was found that 100 % of E. coli isolates were resistant to Amoxycillin 20 µg and 22,2 % of isolates are resistant to ampicillin 10 µg. Antibiotics Tetracycline 30 µg and Chloramphenicol 30 µg were 100 % sensitive. Gentamicin 10 µg showed that 77,8 % sensitive and 22,2 % intermediet. The precence of antibiotic resistance of betalaktam antibiotics makes it especially important to monitor antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance of E.coli isolated from shrimp, because new mechanisms of resistance occurring in animals may enter the food chain and its be transferred to the human. This importance of cooperation between sectors in order to monitor antimicrobial resistance.
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Mahmoudi, Hassan, Sima Ghiasvand, Omid Zarei, Hadi Hossainpour, and Mohammad Y. Alikhani. "Identification of Quinolone and Colistin Resistance Genes in Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Mucosal Samples of Patients with Colorectal Cancer and Healthy Subjects." Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery 15, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574891x14666190611125951.
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Introduction: : Antibiotic resistance and extensive use of antibiotics are amongst the major causes of failure in antibiotic treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns and to identify resistance genes of quinolones and colistin in Escherichia coli. There are a very few patents on E. coli isolated from colorectal cancer. So, this study demonstrates that some bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin have not resistance genes.Moreover, new patterns for E. coli are presented for isolates of patients with colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: : Of the three healthy people, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients and colorectal cancer patients, 40 E. coli strains isolated after confirmation by biochemical and molecular methods. The susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics was investigated using disk diffusion test. After deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify genes encoding resistance to ciprofloxacin (qnr A, qnr B) and colistin (mcr-1). Results:: The results showed that E. coli isolates from colorectal cancer patients had the highest resistance to piperacillin (67.5%), ceftazidime (47.5%), and cefepime (42.5%). Also, E. coli strains isolated from IBD patients showed resistance to antibiotic ceftazidime 13%. More than 95% of E. coli strains isolated from healthy people were susceptible to antibiotics. Based on the results, 18 (15%) E. coli strains showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. The qnr A gene was detected in 61.11% isolates; however, qnr B was detected in 9 (50%) isolates. Isolates resistant to colistin were not observed. Conclusion: : These findings indicate increased resistance of E. coli to ciprofloxacin in comparison with prior studies. Further research in this field will increase our knowledge and more effective exposure to the antibiotic resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms.
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Ngiam, Jing Jing, Yusof Akrimah, Eh Rak Aweng, and Seong Wei Lee. "Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Farmed Asian Clam Corbicula Fluminea." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 78, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2020-0010.
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AbstractIn the present study, Salmonella spp. was successfully isolated from Asian clam Corbicula fluminea by using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) selective agar. A total of 200 bacterial colonies from live Asian clams were isolated and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test by using disc diffusion method. A total of 18 antibiotics was applied in the present study, namely oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, spiramycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, fosfomycin, florfenicol, lincomycin, novobiocin, chloramphenicol, amoxycillin, flumequine and sulphamethoxazole. The findings of the present study showed that total antibiotic sensitive case for Salmonella spp. isolated from C. fluminea sample was 50% or 1800 cases. This was followed by antibiotic resistance case 45% or 1620 cases and intermediary antibiotic sensitive case (5% or 180 cases). Based on the results of the present study, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and flumequine showed the highest inhibition of isolated Salmonella spp. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.36, indicating the sampled clams were highly exposed to the tested antibiotics.
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Obuekwe, I. S., and C. K. Offodile. "ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE DUNG AND ITS CONTAMINATED SOIL." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 1, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v1i2.85.
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Cattle dung is used as organic fertilizer and alternative source of fuel or biogas but could also be a source of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. This study isolated, identified and assessed antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria from cattle dung and its contaminated soil. Bacteria isolation and identification were based on standard techniques while hemolytic activity was used to confirm potential pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated pathogens were assayed by disk diffusion method. Among isolated bacteria, Staphylococcus spp had highest occurrence of 23.8 % while Micrococcus spp was the least at 1.3 %. Hemolytic bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (16.5 %), Bacillus spp (17.4 %), Nocardia spp (4.6 %), Escherichia coli (29.4 %), Pseudomonas spp (13.8 %), Serratia marcersens (2.8 %) and Salmonella spp (15.6 %). High resistance (100 %) against Ampiclox (30 µg) was observed in all Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp isolates while Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed 100 % resistance to Ofloxacin (30 µg). Most Gram-positive bacterial isolates were majorly resistant to Beta lactams while Gram negative bacteria were resistant to Fluoroquinolones antibiotics. Multiple antibiotics resistant index (MARI) was measured at greater than 0.2, and was observed in 71.5 % of the hemolytic pathogens. Antibiotics resistance in hemolytic bacterial pathogens from this study is indicative of environmental sources of antibiotic resistance and possible adverse effects on human health.
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Khazi-Syed, Afeefah, Md Tanvir Hasan, Elizabeth Campbell, Roberto Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and Anton V. Naumov. "Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Antibiotic Delivery and Imaging in S. epidermidis Strains Addressing Antibiotic Resistance." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121685.
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Although conventional antibiotics have evolved as a staple of modern medicine, increasing antibiotic resistance and the lack of antibiotic efficacy against new bacterial threats is becoming a major medical threat. In this work, we employ single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) known to deliver and track therapeutics in mammalian cells via intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence as carriers enhancing antibacterial delivery of doxycycline and methicillin. SWCNTs dispersed in water by antibiotics without the use of toxic bile salt surfactants facilitate efficacy enhancement for both antibiotics against Staphylococcus epidermidis strain showing minimal sensitivity to methicillin. Doxycycline to which the strain did not show resistance in complex with SWCNTs provides only minor increase in efficacy, whereas the SWCNTs/methicillin complex yields up to 40-fold efficacy enhancement over antibiotics alone, suggesting that SWCNT-assisted delivery may circumvent antibiotic resistance in that bacterial strain. At the same time SWCNT/antibiotic formulations appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than antibiotics alone suggesting that nanomaterial platforms may not restrict potential biomedical applications. The improvement in antibacterial performance with SWCNT delivery is tested via 3 independent assays—colony count, MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) turbidity and disk diffusion, with the statistical significance of the latter verified by ANOVA and Dunnett’s method. The potential mechanism of action is attributed to SWCNT interactions with bacterial cell wall and adherence to the membrane, as substantial association of SWCNT with bacteria is observed—the near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of treated bacteria shows localization of SWCNT fluorescence in bacterial clusters, scanning electron microscopy verifies SWCNT association with bacterial surface, whereas transmission electron microscopy shows individual SWCNT penetration into bacterial cell wall. This work characterizes SWCNTs as novel advantageous antibiotic delivery/imaging agents having the potential to address antibiotic resistance.
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Amador, M. P., R. M. Fernandes, M. C. Prudêncio, and I. M. Duarte. "Impact of Livestock in Quality of Wastewater for Irrigation." Agrociencia 19, no. 3 (December 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.19.256.
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Over the last decades, antibiotics have been used in human and animal therapy and livestock. In Europe, they are not allowed as growth promoters in intensive livestock, but can be used as feed additives in aquaculture and poultry production. Antibiotics are daily excreted as a mixture of unchanged and partially metabolized forms, together with resistant bacteria. The major routes of environmental contamination with antibiotics, resistant bacteria and resistance genes are the network of municipal and farm sewers. Besides chemical pollution by antibiotic, their long term permanence in water systems, pressures the selection at sub-inhibitory concentrations upon microorganisms, favouring antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The wastewaters, with high levels of organic and inorganic matter and microorganisms are especially adapted for growth and spread of antibiotic resistances. Common agricultural practices of water, nutrients and organic matter reuse for crop production, e.g., soil fertilization with manure and slurry from intensive livestock farming and irrigation with effluents from intensive aquaculture systems, are responsible for agroecosystems contamination. Humans can be continually exposed to these contaminants, through the ingestion of food plants grown on that irrigated land. Conversely, agricultural systems, then can further contribute to environmental contamination of soil and water resources. Moreover, in intensive aquaculture the antibiotics are directly added to the water to treat infections, generating high concentrations in local wastewaters, resulting in serious environmental and public health problems. This paper presents a preliminary study sought to access the contribution of some livestock activities (chick rearing, hen, poultry, pigs, dairy cattle and slaughterhouse) to the spread of antibiotic resistances through the treated wastewaters, manure and slurry in the central region of Portugal. Between March and July 2015, sampling of treated wastewaters from selected livestock WWTP is being conducted. Samples are collected in 1L sterile plastic bottles, from which Enterobacteriaceae are isolated and phenotypically characterized, by the agar diffusion method for determination of the resistance profiles against 14 antibiotics. AMPr bacteria are enumerated on VRBG plates ampicillin supplemented. The results will be presented in the paper. This paper will provide an insight about the real contribution of these activities to this public health problem in this Region.
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DD Moro. "Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profiles of nasal staphylococci from apparently healthy Nigerians." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2021.6.1.0035.
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A total of 480 nasal samples from apparently healthy Nigerian students were collected aseptically and analyzed bacteriologically. Staphylococci were recovered from 432 (90%) of the subjects, constituting 288 (66.7%) and 144 (33.3%) of S. aureus and S. epidermidis respectively. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion technique showed high multiple resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics by Staphylococcus aureus such as penicillin (98.6%), ampicillin (97.2%), tetracycline (95.8%) and streptomycin (84.7%), but less resistance to erythromycin (9.7%), rocephin (8.3%), peflacin (4.2%) respectively. The S. epidermis showed less resistance to all the antibiotics tested. Sixty percent of S. aureus harbored plasmids which molecular sizes ranged from 0.1 to 12.0 kilobases. The high prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance appear to be plasmid mediated as plasmid profile analysis showed that about 90% of S. aureus harbored plasmids
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Muslim, Zamharira, Putri Widelia Welkriana, and Regita Pratiwi Mahardika. "Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Acute Respiratory Infection Patients In Bhayangkara Hospital Bengkulu." SANITAS: Jurnal Teknologi dan Seni Kesehatan 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36525/sanitas.2020.3.
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The high incidence of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of infections today is very worrying. The main therapy in patients with acute respiratory infections (ARI) is using antibiotics. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of several antibiotics to the bacteria that cause ARI. The design of this study is quasi-experimental. This sensitivity testing uses the disc diffusion method (Kirby Bauer). The antibiotics used are Ampicillin and Cefotaxime. The results obtained are that the antibiotic Ampicillin resistant by 86.26% and 13.63% are still sensitive to the bacteria that causes ARI. The same thing also happened to Cefotaxime antibiotics, most of which were resistant (59.09%), intermediate (9.09%), and most were still sensitive (31.81%) to bacteria that infect the respiratory tract. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the incidence of bacterial resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime is very high against bacteria that cause ARI.
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Sanchez, Helen M., Victoria A. Whitener, Vanessa Thulsiraj, Alicia Amundson, Carolyn Collins, Mckenzie Duran-Gonzalez, Edwin Giragossian, et al. "Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Conventional, No Antibiotics, and Humane Family Owned Retail Broiler Chicken Meat." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122217.
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The use of antibiotics for therapeutic and especially non-therapeutic purposes in livestock farms promotes the development of antibiotic resistance in previously susceptible bacteria through selective pressure. In this work, we examined E. coli isolates using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility protocol and the CLSI standards. Companies selling retail chicken products in Los Angeles, California were grouped into three production groupings—Conventional, No Antibiotics, and Humane Family Owned. Humane Family Owned is not a federally regulated category in the United States, but shows the reader that the chicken is incubated, hatched, raised, slaughtered, and packaged by one party, ensuring that the use of antibiotics in the entire production of the chicken is known and understood. We then examined the antibiotic resistance of the E. coli isolates (n = 325) by exposing them to seven common antibiotics, and resistance was seen to two of the antibiotics, ampicillin and erythromycin. As has been shown previously, it was found that for both ampicillin and erythromycin, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between Conventional and USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)-certified No Antibiotics chicken. Unique to this work, we additionally found that Humane Family Owned chicken had fewer (p ≤ 0.05) antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates than both of the previous. Although not considered directly clinically relevant, we chose to test erythromycin because of its ecological significance to the environmental antibiotic resistome, which is not generally done. To our knowledge, Humane Family Owned consumer chicken has not previously been studied for its antibiotic resistance. This work contributes to a better understanding of a potential strategy of chicken production for the overall benefit of human health, giving evidentiary support to the One Health approach implemented by the World Health Organization.