Academic literature on the topic 'Antibiotic Resistance diffusio'
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Journal articles on the topic "Antibiotic Resistance diffusio"
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Talebiyan, Reza, Mehdi Kheradmand, Faham Khamesipour, and Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh. "Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Chickens in Iran." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/491418.
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Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused byEscherichia coliinfections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenicEscherichia coli(APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistantE. coliamong diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.
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Büyükkaya Kayış, Fikret, Sadık Dinçer, Fatih Matyar, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe, and Afet Arkut. "Gölbaşı ve Azaplı Göllerinden (Adıyaman) İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Araştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i1.43-47.819.
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Identification and multiple antibiotic resistances of amphicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistant gram-negative bacteria that isolated microorganisms from Gölbaşı and Azaplı lakes (Adiyaman) were investigated in this study. Seasonally taken isolates of totally 386 bacteria in 10 different species from 7 genera were scanned against 16 antibiotics [gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefpirome, ceftizoxime, cefuroxime, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bioanalyse)] by using the disc diffusion method to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance of stations showed seasonal changes between 0.29 and 0.91. In generally, multiple antibiotic resistance in Golbasi and Azapli lakes were higher than the reference value and highest multiple antibiotic resistance values were obtained at summer season (3th period).
When the obtained data are considered, high multiple antibiotic resistance poses a risk in terms of public health and for economically important animals.
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Matyar, Fatih. "Hastane Kanalizasyonlarından İzole Edilen Gram-negatif Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Saptanması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 10 (October 5, 2016): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i10.845-849.759.
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In this study it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity and level of antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the hospital sewages. The 219 Gram-negative bacterial isolates to 16 different antibiotics (belonging 10 classes), was investigated by agar diffusion method. A total of 18 species of bacteria were isolated: the most common strains isolated from all samples were Klebsiella oxytoca (27.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%). There was a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (98.6%), streptomycin (95.9%) and erythromycin (90.0%), and a low incidence of resistance to cefepim (13.2%), imipenem (5.0%) and meropenem (3.2%). 35.6% of all bacteria isolated from hospital sewage were resistant to 9 different antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.94. Results show that hospital sewages have a significant proportion of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and these bacteria constitute a potential risk for public health.
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Yern, Kam, Nor Zain, Mohd Jaafar, Mohd Sani, and Mohd Suhaimin. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Aquaculture Sources in Johor, Malaysia Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance." Journal of Tropical Life Science 12, no. 2 (May 17, 2022): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.12.02.07.
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The intensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture results in the proliferation of antibiotic. In this study, antibiotic resistant bacteria from six different aquaculture sources (pond of Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), and rivers of Kukup, Pulai, Pendas Laut, Sungai Melayu and Kong Kong) were isolated. These isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance against seven antibiotics via the disc diffusion method. Finally, phenotypic and genotypic identification via 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were carried out. The results show that 58 out of 118 bacterial isolates are resistant to multiple antibiotics. The highest isolate resistance was observed towards rifampicin (89.66%), followed by ampicillin (79.31%) and sulfafurazole (67.24%). The isolates with multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index values with more than 20% were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The majority of the bacterial strains exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance, indicating that they were isolated from highly contaminated sources based on the tested water qualities profiles, which showed the high level of turbidity and total dissolved solid (TDS) in most sampling sites with the high number of MAR bacteria obtained.Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Multiple antibiotic resistance, Aquaculture sources,MAR index value, 16S rRNA gene sequencing
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Pepi, Milva. "Antibiotic Resistance in Cattle Livestocks in the Mediterranean Area With A One Health View." Corpus Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Science (CJDVS) 2, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/cjdvs1029.
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Antibiotics are used in livestocks not only in case of infections but also in prophylactic treatments to favour growth of animals. They are often added to feed, with a high percentage of unmodified antibiotics reaching intact the environment and constituting new emerging contaminants. Especially in the past, the same antibiotics supplied to animals could also be used in humans. Antibiotics resistance onset can originate inside the animals, in the resistome of the intestine, with a similar mechanism as the antibiotic resistance triggering in humans. Once activated within cattle, antibiotic resistant bacteria and related antibiotic resistance genes can be spread via food, milk and meat, or via manure which can be spread into the environment during fertilization procedures. Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes of antibiotic resistance can thus reach human beings and the resistance genetic determinants can be included in pathogenic bacteria, vinifying action of antibiotics against those pathogens. The Mediterranean area presents a high density of dairy cattle livestocks and the problem of antibiotic resistance spread is of great concern. It is important to monitor the extent of antibiotic resistance diffusion and the possible consequent ineffectiveness of the known antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. If from one hand it is of paramount importance to discover new antibiotics active against pathogenic bacteria, although this approach needs time, from the other hand it is mandatory to find new approaches facing with the problems of antibiotic resistance. A One Health approach, focusing on the cooperation of medical and veterinarian staffs, including people operating for environmental safeguard, could represent a valid method to actuate a decrease of the use of antibiotics in cattle livestocks and to operate with a continuous control and a monitoring of the critical points, in order to counteract the challenge of antibiotic resistance. This minireview was focused on antibiotic resistance onset in cattle livestocks in the Mediterranean area, calling attention on the high potential of spread of antibiotic resistance in humans, animals and in the environment, thus evidencing the need of a One Health approach to face with this concern.
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Manyi-Loh, Christy, Sampson Mamphweli, Edson Meyer, and Anthony Okoh. "Characterisation and Antibiotic Resistance of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Dairy Cattle Manure during Anaerobic Mono-Digestion in a Balloon-Type Digester." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112088.
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Dairy cattle manure serves as a potential source of contamination and infection of animals, humans and the environment. Manure samples withdrawn from a balloon-type digester during anaerobic digestion were evaluated for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. The bacterial load of the samples was determined via a viable plate count method and the recovered isolates were subjected to characterisation and identification. These isolates were employed in antibiotic susceptibility testing using a disc diffusion method against a suite of 10 conventional antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated and MAR phenotypes were generated. Although all the bacterial pathogens showed a certain degree of resistance to the studied antibiotics, a marked resistance was demonstrated by Campylobacter sp. to co-trimoxazole (87.5%) and nalidixic acid (81.5%). Remarkably, a high resistance (82.42%) was demonstrated against the antibiotic class, macrolide, followed by beta-lactams (40.44%), suggesting that bacterial resistance depended on the chemical structure of the antibiotics. However, individual bacterial isolates varied in resistance to particular antibiotics. Of the 83 bacterial isolates, 40(48.19%) observed MAR > 0.2 and, thus, were described as multidrug-resistant isolates. A total of 28 MAR phenotypes were revealed with the highest frequency of MAR phenotypes (37.5%) expressed against 3 antibiotics. Results indicated a high risk of exposure to various antibiotics and wide diversity of antibiotic resistance.
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Simoes, Jose A., Alla A. Aroutcheva, Ira Heimler, and Sebastian Faro. "Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Group B Streptococcal Clinical Isolates." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 12, no. 1 (2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10647440410001722269.
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Objectives:To determine thein vitroresistance of group B streptococcus (GBS) to 12 antibiotics. To determine if there has been any decrease in sensitivity to the penicillins or other antibiotics currently used for GBS chemoprophylaxis in pregnant women. Find suitable alternative antibiotics to penicillin. Find an antibiotic that will have minimal selective pressure for resistance among the endogenous resident vaginal microflora.Methods:The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 52 clinical isolates of GBS were evaluated to 12 antibiotics: ampicillin, azithromycin, cefamandole, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, penicillin and vancomycin. Antibiotic sensitivities were determined using disk diffusion and microdilution methods according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).Results:All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, ofloxacin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and penicillin. However, the following number of clinical isolates exhibited intermediate or decreased sensitivity, nine (17%) to ampicillin, eight (15%) to penicillin, 14 (32%) to ciprofloxacin and one (2%) to nitrofurantoin. Thirty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to azithromycin and ceftriaxone, 19% to clindamycin, 15% to cefazolin and 13% to cefamandole. Eighteen (35%) of the clinical isolates tested were resistant to 6 of the 12 antibiotics tested.Conclusions:The relatively high rates of resistance for 6 of the 12 antibiotics tested suggest that for women allergic to penicillin and colonized with GBS, antibiotic sensitivities to their isolates should be determined. The antibiotic selected for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis should be guided by the organism’s antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Patients with GBS bacteriuria should be treated with nitrofurantoin.
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Kapur, Suman, Manish Gehani, Nagamani Kammili, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Vijayalakshmi Nag, Sudha M. Devara, and Shashwat Sharad. "Clinical Validation of Innovative Optical-Sensor-Based, Low-Cost, Rapid Diagnostic Test to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122098.
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The antibiotic susceptibility test determines the most effective antibiotic treatment for bacterial infection. Antimicrobial stewardship is advocated for the rational use of antibiotics to preserve their efficacy in the long term and provide empirical therapy for disease management. Therefore, rapid diagnostic tests can play a pivotal role in efficient and timely treatment. Here, we developed a novel, rapid, affordable, and portable platform for detecting uropathogens and reporting antibiogram to clinicians in just 4 h. This technology replicates the basic tenets of clinical microbiology including bacterial growth in indigenously formulated medium, and measurement of inhibition of bacterial growth in presence of antibiotic/s. Detection is based on chromogenic endpoints using optical sensors and is analyzed by a lab-developed algorithm, which reports sensitivity to the antibiotic’s panel tested. To assess its diagnostic accuracy, a prospective clinical validation study was conducted in two tertiary-care Indian hospitals. Urine samples from 1986 participants were processed by both novel/index test and conventional Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay was 92.5% and 82%, respectively (p < 0.0005). This novel technology will promote evidence-based prescription of antibiotics and reduce the burden of increasing resistance by providing rapid and precise diagnosis in shortest possible time.
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Putri, Anisa Rizca, Enny Suswati, and Laksmi Indreswari. "Tetraciclyne Resistance Eschericia coli Isolated From Broiler Chicken Meat." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v4i1.6402.
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Antibiotic resistance is a serious health problem that have ben uneffective therapy. The cause of antibiotic resistance 80% comes from food of animal origin such as Broiler Chicken. E. coli contamination in antibiotic resistant chicken has been shown to transfer genetic factors between bacteria in the human intestinal system. Almost all broiler breeders use commercial feed containing tetracycline antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in the feed mixture is one of the risk factors for resistance. The aim of this study was to get an information of antibiotic resistance E. coli which isolated from broiler meat. Identification test of E. coli used two phase, presumtive test and confirmed test. Sensitivity test for E. coli to antibiotic by disc diffusion Kirby Bauer method. This study used 6 sample of upper thigh broiler meat, the antibiotic use tetracycline. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study show that from 6 isolate sample, there are 4 isolate identificated as E. coli and 2 isolate show resistance to the tetracycline antibiotic. The conclusion of this study showed resistance has occurred on 50% sample.
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Ahmad, Arslan. "Molecular Characterization and Therapeutic Insights into Biofilm Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 42, no. 04 (October 1, 2022): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2022.078.
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The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of biofilm-positive S. aureus isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. The study also highlights the role of commonly used NSAIDs and ivermectin to modulate the S. aureus-associated antibiotic resistance. The results found a 41.41% S. aureus prevalence, out of which 25.79% isolates were biofilm-positive based on Congo red agar, microtitre plate test, and presence of icaA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of study isolates showed a high similarity with Egyptian and Indian icaA-positive S. aureus isolates. The comparative antibiotic resistance profiling showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and cotrimoxazole by biofilm-positive isolates compared to non-biofilm forming isolates. The prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus was 62.5 and 20.83%, respectively. Antimicrobial effects of non-antibiotics against study isolates accessed through well diffusion method showed higher zones of inhibition for meloxicam followed by flunixin, ketoprofen, and ivermectin. The combinations of resistant antibiotics with non-antibiotics were investigated using well diffusion method and checkerboard assay. The combinations of amoxicillin/meloxicam, cotrimoxazole/flunixin, cotrimoxazole/ ketoprofen, and gentamicin/flunixin on well diffusion method and cotrimoxazole/ flunixin, amoxicillin/ketoprofen and gentamicin/flunixin on checkerboard assay revealed synergistic interactions. The study concluded that biofilm positive S. aureus is an emerging and prevailing cause of bovine mastitis in dairy farms of Pakistan. The increasing antibiotic resistance in S. aureus can be modulated by combining the resistant antibiotics with NSAIDs, especially flunixin and ketoprofen
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antibiotic Resistance diffusio"
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RIVA, FRANCESCO. "ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE SPREAD MEDIATED BY HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN THE AGRI-FOOD ECOSYSTEM." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/914666.
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Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a public problem for human health and food safety. Globalization has contributed to create an intense connection among human and animal health and the environment, allowing bacteria and their genes to move among all these compartments, making a “one-health approach” necessary to counteract this phenomenon. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which contributes to AR determinants diffusion, is mediated by three main mechanisms: i) conjugation, ii) transduction, and ii) natural transformation. Several environments linked to the agri-food system are both sources of AR determinants and hot spots of HGT.
One of the main routes of AR spread in the agri-food system could be represented by the use of treated wastewater as irrigation source: the reuse of water is indeed a common practice in several countries, including Europe, to fight the water crisis exacerbated by global warming. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could be one of the main sources of free antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could be released in freshwater bodies. AR determinants present in the treated wastewater would thus enter in the food production through irrigation and could be acquired by pathogenic strains, potentially posing a risk to human health. Even if the presence and the related issues about AR determinants in the environment are well known, there are many aspects which have to be understood e.g. the relative contributions of different sources of AR determinants in the environment, also considering HGT events.
Since information about the relationship between environmental HGT and spread of AR determinants is limited, the aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the diffusion of ARGs through natural transformation and conjugation in environment or in environmental-like conditions to describe several possible routes of AR spread in the agri-food system.
Zooplankton plays a crucial role in waterbodies, being closely linked to bacteria inhabiting aquatic environments in several ecological function, and it establishes a connection with bacterial communities that are inhabitant of the environment in which it lives. Due to the interaction between bacteria and zooplankton, together with the presence of Escherichia coli in waterbodies, derived from human and animal faecal waste, I first evaluated the relationship established between zooplankton, with the model Daphnia obtusa, and E. coli, isolated from it, suggesting that Daphnia could help the bacterium to adapt to the harsh condition that could be found in the freshwater bodies, highlighting the possible role of zooplankton in the diffusion of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the agri-food system.
The interaction observed between Daphnia and E. coli in the first part of this thesis, together with the knowledge of the presence of ARGs in aquatic environment and the moderate ability to E. coli to acquire DNA through natural transformation, have thus led to the study of natural transformation in zooplankton-associated bacteria, also in terms to unveil the animal influence. Indeed, I studied the natural transformation of the environmental E. coli strain ED1, isolated from D. obtusa, mimicking environmental conditions which could be found in the agri-food system. ED1 ability to acquire exogenous DNA, with a higher frequency than the one of a laboratory strain, together with its ability to thrive in lettuce rhizosphere, underlined the importance to investigate the spread of AR determinants in the agri-food system, especially in the rhizosphere of plants which are usually raw-consumed. Moreover, the possible influence of the zooplankton on natural transformation was investigated through the use of D. obtusa and Acinetobacter baylyi BD413, known to be naturally competent to acquire DNA. A decrease of transformation frequency was observed in presence of Daphnia, due to the degradation of exogenous DNA, highlighting the need of further investigations on zooplankton involvement in ARGs diffusion in aquatic environments.
Considering possible routes of diffusion of AR determinants in the agri-food system, i.e. from WWTPs to freshwater bodies and their inhabitant community, to crops and plants, I then devoted my attention on HGT by conjugation in rhizosphere of lettuce, used as model of raw-eaten vegetables. The aim of this work was the construction of a donor strain belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family and isolated from treated wastewater. Specifically, Klebsiella variicola subsp. variicola was genetically manipulated through the chromosomal tagging with a mCherry gene and a constitutively expressed LacIq gene, and the insertion of the broad host range plasmid pKJK5::gfp::KanR, carrying a green fluorescent protein gene (Gfp) under the control of laclq repressible promoter, and thus resulting in the absence of gfp expression in the donor. The gfp was expressed only in recipient strains, following the mobilization of the plasmid through conjugation. The strain ability to donate the plasmid within the bacterial community of lettuce rhizosphere and its ability to colonize the plant root system were verified, making K. variicola subsp. variicola EEF15::lacIq-pLppmCherry-GmR with plasmid pKJK5::gfp a perfect candidate for the study of conjugation in plants microniches.
Finally, I contributed to prepare a critical review on microbial assisted phytodepuration and the use of plant growth promoting bacteria in Constructed Wetland (CW) systems, with a focus on HGT events and the possible spread of AR determinants in the rhizosphere of plants used in phytodepuration.
Data collected in this PhD project underline the importance to study the diffusion of AR determinants trough HGT events in the agri-food system, in order to create a rank risk and a risk assessment map to mitigate the diffusion of AR.
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Schultz-Ascensio, Eliette. "Diffusion d'îlots génomiques de multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez Proteus mirabilis." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3302/document.
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La résistance aux antibiotiques est une menace non négligeable pour la santé publique. Ces résistances peuvent être portées par différents supports dont les îlots génomiques. Il a été démontré que les îlots génomiques Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) et Proteus Genomic Island 1 (PGI1) sont des acteurs importants de la multirésistance aux antibiotiques. Quelques variants de SGI1 et PGI1 ont déjà été décrits au sein de l’espèce P. mirabilis. Dans ce contexte, ce projet de thèse se proposait d’approfondir notre connaissance de la situation épidémiologique de la diffusion de SGI1 et PGI1 chez P. mirabilis chez l’homme et l’animal en France, en ce qui concerne la diversité des isolats, mais aussi celles des variants de SGI1/PGI1. En parallèle, une autre volonté a été d’identifier d’autres facteurs et acteurs permettant l’acquisition de gènes de résistances d’intérêt au sein des Morganellaceae (β-Lactamases à Spectre Etendu, céphalosporinase AmpC, Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance...). Au final, cette étude a permis en outre de révéler les premiers cas de SGI1 et PGI1 chez P. mirabilis chez l’animal en France. De nouveaux variants de SGI1 ont également été mis en évidence. Et pour la première fois, SGI1 a été décrit chez M. morganii, une autre espèce d’entérobactérieThe antibiotic resistance is a major treat for public health. These resistances can be hold by different element and genomic islands are one of them. Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) and Proteus Genomic Island 1 (PGI1) are important genetic elements for the antibiotic resistance. A few SGI1 and PGI1 variants were already described in P. mirabilis. It is in this context that this thesis project aimed to improve our knowledge about the epidemiological spread of SGI1 and PGI1 in P. mirabilis in humans but also in animals in France (diversity of isolates and SGI1/PGI1 variants). Moreover, another wish was to identify other factors and actors for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in the Morganellaceae tribe (Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases, AmpC cephalosporinase, Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance…). Finally, this study revealed the first cases of SGI1 and PGI1 in P. mirabilis in animals in France. New SGI1 variants were also described. And for the very first time, SGI1 was found in M. morganii, another entrobacterial species
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Guyomard, Rabenirina Stephanie. "Résistance aux antibiotiques des entérobactéries en Guadeloupe : importance en mileu communautaire et diffusion environnementale." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0074/document.
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La résistance aux antibiotiques est devenue un problème majeur de santé publique à travers le monde pouvant conduire à l’impasse thérapeutique. L’utilisation abusive et inappropriée des antibiotiques en médecine humaine mais également en médecine vétérinaire est en grande partie responsable de la multiplication et de la propagation des bactéries multirésistantes (BMR). Les entérobactéries, hôtes naturels du tube digestif de l’homme et des animaux, ont particulièrement subi ces pressions de sélection antibiotiques et ont pu, grâce à leur capacité à échanger du matériel génétique, acquérir de plus en plus de mécanismes de résistance aux antibiotiques. L’environnement joue un rôle de diffuseur par l’intermédiaire des déchets humains et animaux qu’il reçoit mais est également un pourvoyeur de gènes de résistance grâce aux bactéries naturellement résistantes qu’il héberge. En Guadeloupe, à l’exception des données de surveillance hospitalière des BMR, aucune étude portant sur la résistance aux antibiotiques n’avait été réalisée. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient donc (i) d’évaluer l’importance de la résistance en milieu communautaire en étudiant la résistance aux antibiotiques des entérobactéries isolées des infections urinaires communautaires et (ii) d’étudier la diffusion environnementale des entérobactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques (ERAs) dans les rivières et les eaux de mer recevant des effluents de stations d’épuration (STEPs) mais également au sein de la faune sauvage terrestre de Guadeloupe.Nous avons donc pu grâce à ce travail mettre en évidence une diffusion environnementale de souches d’ERAs en lien avec les activités humaines. Les rejets de STEPs ont été identifiés comme une des sources d’ERAs et en particulier d’EBLSEs dans l’environnement. Néanmoins, nos résultats montrent que d’autres activités humaines, qui feront l’objet de futures investigations, peuvent être des sources potentielles d’ERAs. La prévention passe donc par une amélioration globale de la gestion des déchets avec notamment une remise à niveau des STEPs et le rejet au large des eaux uséesAntibiotic resistance has become a major public health concern worldwide that could lead to therapeutic impasse. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine but also in veterinary medicine is largely responsible for the proliferation and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae are subject to this selective pressure, as the digestive tract is their main reservoir. Moreover, thanks to their ability to exchange genetic material, they can acquire new antibiotic resistance determinants. Through human and animal waste, antimicrobial resistant bacteria can spread in the environment. However, the environment is also a supplier for antibiotic resistance since environmental bacteria naturally harbor antibiotic resistance determinants.In Guadeloupe, except for data from MDR bacteria surveillance in the hospital, no studies concerning antibiotic resistance had been carried out. The objectives of this thesis were (i) to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in the community by studying antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infection and (ii) to study the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae (AREs) in river and sea waters receiving effluents from wastewater treatment plants but also in terrestrial wildlife.Our work highlighted the environmental spread of AREs linked to human activities. WWTPs discharge has been identified as a source of AREs, especially ESBLEs, in the environment. Nevertheless, other human activities may release ARB in the environment, and some will be explored in further studies. Thus, prevention requires an overall improvement in waste management, and wastewater discharge should occur in open sea as often as possible
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Тименко, Альона Сергіївна, and Alona Serhiivna Tymenko. "Стійкість до антибіотиків штамів золотистого стафілококу у Недригайлівському районі Сумської області." Master's thesis, 2020. http://repository.sspu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/9662.
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Робота присвячена аналізу стійкості до 16 антибіотиків, що визначалася диско-дифузійним методом, штамів Staphylococcus aureus, виділених від хворих на хронічний тонзиліт, що проживають у Недригайлівському районі Сумської області. Виявилося, що 44% штамів, досліджених на чутливість ампіциліну є стійкими до нього, до лінкоміцину — 27% штамів. Стійкість до інших випробуваних антибіотиків знаходиться у межах 5-20%. До меропенему, цефепіму, цефтазидиму, амікацину стійкі штами відсутні.The work is devoted to the analysis of resistance to 16 antibiotics, determined by the disk-diffusion test, strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with chronic tonsillitis living in Nedrigailiv district of Sumy region. It turned out that 44% of the strains tested for sensitivity of ampicillin are resistant to it, to lincomycin - 27% of strains. Resistance to other tested antibiotics is in the range of 5-20%. There are no resistant strains to meropenem, cefepime, ceftazidime, amikacin.
Book chapters on the topic "Antibiotic Resistance diffusio"
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Srivastava, Anmol, Vivek Kumar, and Vishnu Agarwal. "Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 27–34. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_4.
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AbstractThe emergence of multidrug resistance in bacteria due to overuse of antibiotics is becoming an important health concern in recent years, which requires development of novel alternatives to fight against these bacteria. Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites that have different components and chemical compositions which may provide promising solution to the problem of rising number of drug resistant bacteria, as they can effectively kill bacteria. Here, in this study our aim is to determine the efficacy of lemongrass, rosemary, clary sage, geranium and tea tree essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these EOs were also determined. The chemical composition of these essential oils were known by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It was revealed in this study that most of the essential oils show antimicrobial property against the test bacterium. The MIC of lemongrass is 0.25% (v/v), rosemary is 1% (v/v), clary sage is 2% (v/v), geranium is 0.5% (v/v) and for tea tree oil is 1% (v/v). We can infer from this data that lemongrass, rosemary, clary sage, geranium and tree oil can be utilized to treat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is a gram-negative bacterium.
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Dembélé, René, Wendpoulomdé A.D. Kaboré, Issiaka Soulama, Oumar Traoré, Nafissatou Ouédraogo, Ali Konaté, Nathalie K. Guessennd, et al. "Beta-Lactamase-Producing Genes and Integrons in Escherichia coli from Diarrheal Children in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." In Diarrhea - Novel Advances and Future Perspectives in the Etiological Diagnosis and Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103169.
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This study aimed to determine the resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains to β-lactams antibiotics and to perform the molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and integrons genes. It was carried out from August 2013 to October 2015 and involved 31 DEC strains isolated from diarrheal stools samples collected from children less than 5 years. The identification and characterization of DEC strains were done through the standard biochemical tests that were confirmed using API 20E and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antibiogram was realized by the disk diffusion method, then an amplification of the β-lactamase resistance genes and integrons by PCR was done. Out of the 419 E. coli, 31 isolates (7.4%) harbored the DEC virulence genes. From these DEC, 21 (67.7%) were ESBL-producing E. coli. Susceptibility to ESBL-producing E. coli showed that the majority of isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin (77.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (77.4%), and piperacillin (64.5%). The following antibiotic resistance genes and integron were identified: blaTEM (6.5%), blaSHV (19.4%), blaOXA (38.7%), blaCTX-M (9.7%), Int1 (58.1%), and Int3 (19.4%). No class 2 integron (Int2) was characterized. Because of the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL organisms found, there is a need of stringent pediatric infection control measures.
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Zigo, František, Zuzana Farkašová, Ibrahim Farag Mohammed Rehan, and Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed. "Occurrence of Mastitis in Dairy Herds and the Detection of Virulence Factors in Staphylococci." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108256.
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Mastitis is still a major challenge that affects milk quality. The study is aimed to examine the health of the mammary gland and identify the udder pathogens and virulence factors that caused mastitis in 960 dairy cows and 940 ewes, respectively. We found that Staphylococci and streptococci are the most common causes of mastitis in those dairy animals. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), along with the main udder pathogens such as S. aureus, S. uberis, and S. agalactiae, are a major concern for dairy animals. The majority of the virulence factors (production of hemolysis, gelatinase, biofilm, ability to hydrolyze DNA, and antibiotic resistance) were found in S. chromogens, S. warneri, and S. xylosus isolates from clinical and chronic cases of mastitis. S. aureus and CoNS strains tested by disk diffusion showed 77.0 and 44.2% resistance to one or more antimicrobial classes in mastitic milk samples from dairy cows and ewes, respectively. The presence of a methicillin-resistant gene mecA poses serious complications for treatment and indicates a health risk to milk consumers due to the resistance to β-lactam-antibiotics in two isolates of S. aureus and two species of CoNS isolated from cows’ mastitic milk samples.
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Bonsu Karikari, Akosua, Courage Kosi Setsoafia Saba, and David Yembilla Yamik. "Bacterial Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections: Multidrug Resistant ESBL Producing Gram Negative Uropathogens from Patients." In Urinary Tract Infection and Nephropathy - Insights into Potential Relationship [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98466.
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Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infectious diseases encountered in clinical practice. The development and spread of multidrug resistant isolates are of great global health burden; among them, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae has been a prime concern. This topic describes the resistance patterns of eighty three (83) Gram negative uropathogens to different classes of antibiotics. Bacteria isolates were obtained from patients of all age groups who sought medical attention at a secondary and tertiary hospital in Northern Ghana. Culture and isolation methods employed were the quantitative urine culture on Cysteine Lysine Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar and standard biochemical tests. ESBL production was detected using the CLSI recommended phenotypic confirmatory test along with routine antibiotic susceptibility test, adopting the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of 83 isolates, seven (7) Gram negative uropathogens were characterized and ESBLs were detected in 32 of the isolates. Escherichia coli was the pathogen with most ESBL positive strains. Generally high and multiple drug resistance were recorded in both ESBL and non-ESBL strains to the empirical drugs, however, ESBL positive strains significantly (p = 0.000) showed greater resistance. A notable finding was the appreciable resistance exhibited by ESBL strains to last line treatment drugs that include aminoglycosides and imipenem.
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Mangiaterra, Gianmarco, Mehdi Amiri, Nicholas Cedraro, and Francesca Biavasco. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Lung Infection in Cystic Fibrosis: The Challenge of Persisters." In Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Biofilm Formation, Infections and Treatments. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95590.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is difficult to eradicate due to the multiple (intrinsic and acquired) antibiotic resistance of bacteria and to their ability to produce a thick biofilm. Antibiotic treatment is hampered by poor antibiotic diffusion, efflux pump overexpression and the development of a persistent subpopulation with low metabolic activity. This is a cause for special concern in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, where P. aeruginosa lung infection is the chief cause of morbidity and mortality. Combined tobramycin-ciprofloxacin treatment is routinely adopted due to the low frequency of resistant strains and its ostensible ability to control the infection. Nevertheless, symptoms usually recur, mainly due to the antibiotic persisters, which are difficult to detect in routine cultural microbiological assays. This chapter describes the issues involved in the microbiological diagnosis of P. aeruginosa lung infection in CF patients and the possible role of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations in persister development and infection recurrence.
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Rajasekar, Sakthi Jaya Sundar, Sabarinathan Thiyagarajan, and Saleem Mohamed Ali. "Ab.ai – A Novel Automated AI Tool for Reporting Antibiograms." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220984.
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Anti-Microbial Resistance is one of the greatest threats that mankind faces right now due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Institution of appropriate antibiotics in right dose for the right patient at right time is the “gamechanger” in fighting AMR. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing (AST) or antibiogram is done to ascertain the sensitivity profile of the organism. The most widely used method in laboratory practice in India is the Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion test. There are few shortcomings in the manual interpretation of antibiograms in the form of high inter-operator variability, mandatory requirement of trained microbiologists – which is difficult in low-resource settings and high degree of interpersonal bias due to various factors like stress, workload, and visual acuity. We propose the Ab.ai tool for automating the AST procedures in laboratory. The Ab.ai tool comprises of 3 phases: first for data collection, second for data processing and the third for generation of antibiotic sensitivity reports. Various software packages like OpenCV and EasyOCR are used for the development of the Ab.ai tool. A total of 50 antibiograms of both GPC and GNB are interpreted both by manual and automated method. The manual method is considered the “gold-standard” and the performance of Ab.ai tool was compared against the manual method. The Ab.ai tool achieved an agreement of 98.4% on susceptibility categorization of GPC antibiotics and 97.6% on that of GNB antibiotics against the gold standard manual method. The proposed Ab.ai tool serves as a perfect candidate for automating AST procedures and would prove to be a “game-changer” in battling AMR.
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Tantray, Javeed Ahmad, Sheikh Mansoor, Rasy Fayaz Choh Wani, and Nighat Un Nissa. "Antibiotic resistance test by agar well diffusion method." In Basic Life Science Methods, 189–91. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-19174-9.00042-8.
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Alexeeva, Olga, Valentina Siracusa, Marina L. Konstantinova, Anatoliy A. Olkhov, Alexey L. Iordanskii, and Alexandr A. Berlin. "Ozonation of Non-Woven Ultrathin Fibrous Biomaterials for Medical and Packaging Implementations." In Ozone Research - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107508.
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Antibiotic resistance of pathogens is among the major concerns in various medical applications. Therefore, the search for the novel antimicrobial agents that could prevent pathogen’s resistance, while maintaining efficient treatment, is one of the most important issues for biomedicine nowadays. One of the relevant methods for the development of functional non-woven materials possessing antimicrobial properties is the use of ozone and ozonolysis products for the modification of fibrous materials. This approach has recently attracted both academic and industrial interest and has found various biomedical applications. Several methods providing antimicrobial properties to textiles using ozone or ozonolysis products were proposed, including encapsulation and/or direct introduction of ozone-generated antimicrobial agents into the fibrous polymer matrix and ozone treatment of non-woven fiber materials. For the latter, the ozonolysis products are uniformly distributed predominantly on the polymer surface but could be also formed inside the polymer bulk due to ozone diffusion through the amorphous areas or defects. It was found that ozone modification of fibrous materials could lead to increase in hydrophilicity and improvement in their functional properties (smoothness, elasticity, strength, antimicrobial activity). In this chapter, various aspects of ozone modification of non-woven fiber materials for biomedical applications are reported and discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Antibiotic Resistance diffusio"
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Eltai, Nahla Omer, Hadi M. Yassine, Sara H. Al-Hadidi, Tahra ElObied, Asmaa A. Al Thani, and Walid Q. Alali. "Retail Chicken Carcasses as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial- Resistant Escherichia coli." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0115.
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The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria has been associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and with the consumption of food contaminated with resistant bacteria. In particular, the use of antibiotics as prophylactic and growth promotion purposes in food-producing animals has rendered many of the antibiotics ineffective. The increased global prevalence of AMR poses a significant threat to the safety of the world’s food supply. Objectives: This study aims at determining the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from local and imported retail chicken meat in Qatar. Methodology: A total of 270 whole chicken carcasses were obtained from three different hypermarket stores in Qatar. A total of 216 E. coli were isolated and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 18 relevant antibiotics using disc diffusion and micro- dilution methods. Furthermore, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was determined via a double-disc synergetic test. Isolates harboring colistin resistance were confirmed using multiplex-PCR and DNA sequencing. Results: Nearly 89% (192/216) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotics. In general, isolates showed relatively higher resistance to sulfamethoxazole (62%), tetracycline (59.7%), ampicillin and trimethoprim (52.3%), ciprofloxacin (47.7%), cephalothin, and colistin (31.9%). On the other hand, less resistance was recorded against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (6%), ceftriaxone (5.1%), nitrofurantoin (4.2%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (4.2%), cefepime (2.3%), meropenem (1.4%), ertapenem (0.9%), and amikacin (0.9%). Nine isolates (4.2%) were ESBL producers. Furthermore, 63.4% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The percentage of MDR, ESBL producers, and colistin-resistant isolates was significantly higher among local isolates compared to imported chicken samples. Conclusion: We reported a remarkably high percentage of the antibiotic-resistant E. coli in chicken meat sold at retail in Qatar. The high percentage of MDR and colistin isolates is troublesome to the food safety of raw chicken meat and the potential of antibiotic resistance spread to public health. Our findings support the need for the implementation of one health approach to address the spread of antimicrobial resistance and the need for a collaborative solution.
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MAJEED, Huda Zuheir, Firas Nabeeh JAAFAR, Mohammed Twfeek ABID ALHUSAIN, Shatha Zuheir MAJEED, and Nadia Kamil BASHAR. "THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT ON RESISTANT BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM HUMAN EYE INFECTIONS." In IV.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress4-28.
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Ocular infection is a world wide issue especially for public health field which could be a result to its own normal flora due to subjection to external factors (e.g. stress, getting older, hits, surgical operations, systemic diseases and losing commensal flora). Ocular pathogens could be healed by a group of topical antibiotics, but with time, drug resistance had been developed, which more magnified by wrong diagnosis and random use of antibiotics leading to unexpected complications e.g. visual problems, leading to blindness at last . Alternative therapy had been used to treat such infections including plant extracts like Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) . Eye swabs about (50) samples were gathered from people had ocular infections,then biochemical tests diagnosed (30) bacterial isolates. There were (17) isolates (6 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and 11 isolates were Enterococcus) out of the (30) isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance to nine antibiotics by disc-diffusion method,there were high complete resistance to Moxifloxacin and Bacitracin, in contrast to Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol. The antibacterial effects of hot water, cold water,Acetone, Ethanol and Methanol Green tea extracts was examined against the (17) multiple antibiotic resistant isolates by agar-well diffusion method using. Only the Ethanol and Methanol green tea extract showed promising results, without any effect of the remaining green tea extracts. Green tea extracts were equal to Ciprofloxacin and Sulphamethoxazole in effectiveness against antibiotic resistant isolates . The (17) isolates were tested for production of biofilm and protease. (12) isolates were biofilm-producer but after subjection to Ethanol Green tea extract changed into non biofilmformer. (13) isolate were protease-producer but after subjection to Ethanol Green tea extract changed into non protease-former. Key words: Eye Swabs, Antibiotic Resistance, Alternative Therapy, Green Tea Extracts, Biofilm and Protease.
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AlBERMANI, Oruba K., Isrra Adnan Auda KHADHIM, and Nebras Mohammed SAHI. "ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND THE ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF LACTOBACILLUS IN FIGHTING SHIGELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM DIARRHEIC CHILDREN." In III.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress3-9.
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Background: Shigella is an major source of bacterial gastroenteritis in lack of health awareness in society. The handling of shigellos is mostly requires antibiotics. The using of probiotic of Lactic acid bacteria possess the counter effect against many dangerous bacterial pathogens which associated with gastroenteritis like Shigella spp. Aim: the purpose of this study to estimate the influence of lactic bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus on the population Shigella as a main pathogen involved in gastroenteritis in children. Patients and methods: A total of 50 stool specimens were collected during the period September2019 to January 2020 from diarrheic children patients age range(1-3)years. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate, identify, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigellaisolates, and we used fresh culture of Lactobacillus 24 h (previously isolated as member of fecal microbiota from healthy person and identified by molecular assay). Then we done centrifugation to obtain supernatant which have test bioactive materials like bacteriocin. These bacteriocin materials subjected to own antibacterial activity against other bacterial pathogen like Shigella spp. By using agar diffusion method . Results: All the 14 Shigella spp. isolates show 100% resistance to nalidixic acid,. cotrimoxazole , and High resistance to ciprofloxacin (85%), and moderate resistant of ampicillin (64%). In agar- well diffusion method indicated the high antagonistic activity of the strains of Lactobacillus 2, 3, and 4 isolated from health GI tract against all Shigella spp., as a result of their activity the total elimination of Shigella within 24 h was observed. conclusion: the Shigella spp. Strains exhibited antibiotic resistant against more one type of antiobiotic The lactobacilii strains tested during this study showed strong antimicrobial activity against Shigella spp. Key words: Shigellos is, Lactobacillus, 16S Rrna.
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Shams, Noora, Hanin AlHiraky, Nabila Moulana, Maissa Riahihi, Kaltham Alsowaidi, Khawlah Albukhati, Susu Zughair, and Nahla Eltai. "Comparison of Available Methods for Investigating The in vitro Activity of Colistin Against Different Gram-Negative Bacilli." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0121.
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Background: The surge in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections with limited treatment options and the decrease in the development of new antibiotics are challenges that lead to the reuse of colistin to treat infections caused by MDR pathogens. This study aimed to determine economical, simple, and reliable colistin susceptibility testing methods as an alternative to the time and effort-consuming microdilution technique and identify the colistin resistance's genetic determinants to find if it affects the testing method. Material and Methods: Seven colistin susceptibility testing methods, namely, Disk diffusion, E-test, ComASPTM SensiTest, broth disk elution, colistin agar test, CHROMagarTM COL-APSE, and BD Phoenix ID/AST, were compared to the gold standard broth microdilution. Data of the 63 studied isolates were analyzed using very major error (VME), major error (ME), categorical agreement (CA), sensitivity, specificity, Kappa, positive and negative predictive values. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all isolates to determine if the genetic resistant factors affect the accuracy of the specific colistin susceptibility testing method. Results: Our results revealed that disk diffusion is still an ineffective method for measuring colistin susceptibility with the highest ME (31.75%), the lowest Kappa 0 (0%), and CA (68.25%) values. In contrast, the highest sensitivity, specificity, CA, kappa value, positive and negative predictive values were reported on Phoenix, ComASPTM sensitest, and E-test methods compared with the microbroth dilution reference method. Our study did not ensure any relation between the type of colistin resistance genetic determinant (chromosomal/plasmid-mediated) and the performance of the specific colistin susceptibility test Conclusions: Phoenix, E-test, and CompASPT SensiTest methods have remained superior in reproducibility, sturdiness, simplicity of use with a performance similar to the current recommended BMD procedure. These methods can be an alternative to the current laborious, impractical broth microdilution technique, especially in microbiology laboratories with a large workload.