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1
Xi, Chuanwu, Yongli Zhang, Carl F. Marrs, Wen Ye, Carl Simon, Betsy Foxman, and Jerome Nriagu. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution Systems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 17 (July 6, 2009): 5714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00382-09.
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ABSTRACT The occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are pressing public health problems worldwide, and aquatic ecosystems are a recognized reservoir for ARB. We used culture-dependent methods and quantitative molecular techniques to detect and quantify ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in source waters, drinking water treatment plants, and tap water from several cities in Michigan and Ohio. We found ARGs and heterotrophic ARB in all finished water and tap water tested, although the amounts were small. The quantities of most ARGs were greater in tap water than in finished water and source water. In general, the levels of bacteria were higher in source water than in tap water, and the levels of ARB were higher in tap water than in finished water, indicating that there was regrowth of bacteria in drinking water distribution systems. Elevated resistance to some antibiotics was observed during water treatment and in tap water. Water treatment might increase the antibiotic resistance of surviving bacteria, and water distribution systems may serve as an important reservoir for the spread of antibiotic resistance to opportunistic pathogens.
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Zhang, Minglu, Mengyao Xu, Shaofeng Xu, Lingyue Zhang, Kaizong Lin, Lei Zhang, Miao Bai, Can Zhang, and He Zhou. "Response of the Bacterial Community and Antibiotic Resistance in Overnight Stagnant Water from a Municipal Pipeline." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061995.
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Although drinking water safety has raised considerable concern, to date, the hidden health risks in newly released overnight water from a municipal pipeline have seldom received attention. In this study, bacterial community composition and the response of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline, penicillin, and cephalosporin in overnight stagnant water were analyzed. With increases in heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) during water stagnation, the numbers of ARB and the ARB/HPC ratios for the five antibiotics in resident water were observed to increase, which illustrated that the prevalence of ARB rose in the pipe network water during stagnation time (ST). Furthermore, during water stagnation for 12 h, an increase in bacteria related to fermentation was also observed. When the ST rose to 48 h, the fermentation bacteria become non-significant, and this was related to the exchange of pipe network water during daytime stagnation within the 48-h period. The antibiotic resistance index (ARI) showed that tetracycline had the highest resistance level in fresh water, and then decreased during water stagnation. When ST increased to 12 h, all ARI values of the five antibiotics were low, which was associated with changes in parameters during water retention and reduced resistance during short-term stagnation. When the ST increased to 24 and 48 h, the resistance to most antibiotics (except for tetracycline) increased, which showed that increasing antibiotic resistance is caused by the formation of biofilms in the pipeline during water stagnation.
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SIEDLECKA, AGATA, MIRELA WOLF-BACA, and KATARZYNA PIEKARSKA. "Antibiotic and Disinfectant Resistance in Tap Water Strains – Insight into the Resistance of Environmental Bacteria." Polish Journal of Microbiology 70, no. 1 (March 2021): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-004.
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Although antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have been isolated from tap water worldwide, the knowledge of their resistance patterns is still scarce. Both horizontal and vertical gene transfer has been suggested to contribute to the resistance spread among tap water bacteria. In this study, ARB were isolated from finished water collected at two independent water treatment plants (WTPs) and tap water collected at several point-of-use taps during summer and winter sampling campaigns. A total of 24 strains were identified to genus or species level and subjected to antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility testing. The investigated tap water ARB belonged to phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. The majority of the isolates proved multidrug resistant and resistant to chemical disinfectant. Neither seasonal nor WTP-dependent variabilities in antibiotic or disinfectant resistance were found. Antibiotics most effective against the investigated isolates included imipenem, tetracyclines, erythromycin, and least effective – aztreonam, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, and ceftazidime. The most resistant strains originate from Afipia sp. and Methylobacterium sp. Comparing resistance patterns of isolated tap water ARB with literature reports concerning the same genera or species confirms intra-genus or even intra-specific variabilities of environmental bacteria. Neither species-specific nor acquired resistance can be excluded.
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Courti, Ibtissam, Cristina Muja, Thomas Maho, Florent P. Sainct, and Philippe Guillot. "Degradation of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Exposure to Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma." Antibiotics 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060747.
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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a major public health problem in recent years. The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment, especially in wastewater treatment plants, has contributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Despite the potential of some conventional processes used in wastewater treatment plants, the removal of ARB and ARGs remains a challenge that requires further research and development of new technologies to avoid the release of emerging contaminants into aquatic environments. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas (NTAPPs) have gained a significant amount of interest for wastewater treatment due to their oxidizing potential. They have shown their effectiveness in the inactivation of a wide range of bacteria in several fields. In this review, we discuss the application of NTAPPs for the degradation of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment.
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Yang, Fang, Yu Wang, Qianwen Liu, Bo Xu, Huan Chen, Yaomen Li, Kun Wang, et al. "High Prevalence and Varied Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Rhizosphere and Rhizoplane of Citrus medica." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091708.
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The plant-associated bacteria, including that in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane, play important roles in human exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). The rhizosphere and rhizoplane represent two distinct environments with different selective pressures for bacterial colonization. However, whether the difference in characteristics between the rhizosphere and rhizoplane can affect the abundance and antibiotic resistance profiles of ARB colonizing, the two environments remain largely unknown. In this study, we obtained 174 bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere (113 isolates) and rhizoplane (61 isolates) of Citrus medica trees grown in a park, where humans could easily and frequently contact the trees. A very high proportion of isolates exhibited resistance to several clinically important antibiotics, including β-lactam class antibiotics and polymyxin, with several known antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogens, such as Micrococcus luteus, being identified. The prevalence of ARB in the rhizoplane was higher than that in the rhizosphere. While the prevalence of polymyxin-resistant isolates was higher in the rhizoplane, the prevalence of amphenicol-resistant isolates was significantly higher in the rhizosphere. In summary, our findings suggest that the rhizosphere and rhizoplane are important media for the spread of ARB, and the different characteristics between the two environments can affect the distribution of ARB.
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Li, Yongqiang, Chongmiao Zhang, Xiao Mou, Peipei Zhang, Jie Liang, and Zhen Wang. "Distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistance bacteria and related genes in urban recreational lakes replenished by different supplementary water source." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 4 (January 22, 2022): 1176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.018.
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Abstract The distribution characteristics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban recreational water from different water-supply sources might be different. In this study, water samples were collected to detect the antibiotic resistance of heterotrophic bacteria to five antibiotics, and the content, phenotype, gene type and species distribution of resistant bacteria were analyzed. The results showed that the changes of bacteria resistance rate in two lakes to five kinds of antibiotics were synchronous with time, and it would reach its maximum in autumn. The detection of ARGs and int I in 80 resistance strains showed that the detection rate of tetG, tetA and int I was high. Here, 51.25% of the bacteria were doubly resistant to AMP-CTX. The 80 isolate strains were of nine genera and 19 species, among which Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas caviae and Raoultella ornithinolytica were the common ARB species in two lakes. Correlation analysis showed that the water temperature was significantly correlated with the content of ARB in sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and cefotaxime (CTX) (p < 0.05), and the total phosphorus (TP) in FQ lake was significantly correlated with the content of AMP-resistant bacteria (p < 0.05), while there were no other correlations between the changes of other water quality indexes and the content of ARB (p > 0.05).
7
Ye, Jinzhou, and Xinhai Chen. "Current Promising Strategies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections." Antibiotics 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010067.
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Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the major global health challenges of our time. In addition to developing new antibiotics to combat ARB, sensitizing ARB, or pursuing alternatives to existing antibiotics are promising options to counter antibiotic resistance. This review compiles the most promising anti-ARB strategies currently under development. These strategies include the following: (i) discovery of novel antibiotics by modification of existing antibiotics, screening of small-molecule libraries, or exploration of peculiar places; (ii) improvement in the efficacy of existing antibiotics through metabolic stimulation or by loading a novel, more efficient delivery systems; (iii) development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics such as bacteriophages and their encoded endolysins, anti-biofilm drugs, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody therapies. Clinical or preclinical studies show that these treatments possess great potential against ARB. Some anti-ARB products are expected to become commercially available in the near future.
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Kwok, Annie, Michael C. Davis, and Sanghoon Kang. "Antibiotic resistant bacteria in an urban freshwater ecosystem in central Texas." Fine Focus 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/ff.3.2.113-126.
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Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern for the human population and is becoming prevalent in many environments. For example, increasing occurrences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems elevates the risk of pathogenic microbes acquiring those resistance genes. There is an urgent need to more closely examine the relationship between antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic residues in urban freshwater environments. Thus, our main objective was to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and effluent leading into the Brazos River using several commonly used antibiotics: penicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin. An additional aim was to explore possible mechanisms of resistance emergence to these antibiotics using techniques such as replica plating, the Luria-Delbrück Fluctuation Test, the Newcombe Test, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Four samples of influent and treated effluent wastewater were collected from the WWTP to enumerate resistant bacteria in the community and to investigate whether mutations causing resistance in ARB might be induced or spontaneous. We found that penicillin had the highest rate of resistance in all samples and that a similar trend of resistance appeared across all four samples. According to the Luria–Delbrück Fluctuation Test and the Newcombe Test, different antibiotics appear to be associated with different tendencies of resistance emergence, with certain groups of antibiotics producing different results, which raises evolutionary questions about the roles of random mutation and induction. Most ARB detected from the Luria–Delbrück Fluctuation Test belong to the Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Aeromonas genera. This study provides a baseline understanding of the urban freshwater ecosystem status in central Texas and quantitatively examines the degree of resistance emergence.
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Potorski, Jacek, Izabela Koniuszewska, Małgorzata Czatzkowska, and Monika Harnisz. "Drug resistance in airborne bacteria isolated from waste management and wastewater treatment plants in Olsztyn." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000066.
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and municipal waste management plants (MWMPs) emit bioaerosols containing potentially pathogenic biological components which post a threat for human health. Microbiological monitoring supports evaluations of the antibiotic resistance (AR) of airborne microorganisms and the relevant health risks. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiological quality of air sampled in a WWTP and MWMP in Olsztyn based on total bacterial counts, the presence of bacteria resistant to three antibiotic classes (beta-lactams, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol) and genes encoding resistance to these antibiotics (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-2, blaAmpC, tet(M), tet(A), tet(X), tet(B), cmlA, floR, fexA, fexB and catA1 ). Bacterial counts were higher in air samples collected from the MWMP (~104 CFU/m3) than from the WWTP (101–103 CFU/m3). A similar trend was noted in the counts of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). The abundance of ARB did not exceed 1.7 x 102 CFU/m3 in WWTP samples, but was higher at up to 4.2 x 103 CFU/m3 in MWMP samples. Bacteria resistant to doxycycline were least prevalent in the analyzed ARB. In the group of 49 tested bacterial strains, 44 harbored at least one of the analyzed antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). A comparison of ARGs in all bacterial strains isolated from WWTP and MWMP air samples revealed the highest diversity and prevalence of ARGs in the samples collected in the mechanical segment of the waste processing line in MWMP and the biological segment of the wastewater processing line in WWTP. The results of this study point to high microbiological contamination of air in MWMPs and WWTPs which are reservoirs of ARB and ARGs and potential sources of AR.
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Scott, Laura C., Nicholas Lee, and Tiong Gim Aw. "Antibiotic Resistance in Minimally Human-Impacted Environments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 3939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113939.
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Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) have become contaminants of concern in environmental systems. Studies investigating environmental ARB have primarily focused on environments that are greatly impacted by anthropogenic activity. Background concentrations of ARB in natural environments is not well understood. This review summarizes the current literature on the monitoring of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environments less impacted by human activity. Both ARB and ARGs have been detected on the Antarctic continent, on isolated glaciers, and in remote alpine environments. The methods for detecting and quantifying ARB and ARGs from the environment are not standardized and warrant optimization. Further research should be focused on the detection and quantification of ARB and ARGs along human gradients to better characterize the factors leading to their dissemination in remote environments.
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Obayiuwana, Amarachukwu, and Abasiofiok M. Ibekwe. "Antibiotic Resistance Genes Occurrence in Wastewaters from Selected Pharmaceutical Facilities in Nigeria." Water 12, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071897.
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The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewaters are well-established factors that contribute to the reduced potency of antibiotics used in healthcare worldwide. The human health risk associated with the proliferation of ARB and ARGs need to be understood in order to design mitigation measures to combat their dissemination. Using the PCR analysis of genomic DNA, the prevalence of 41 ARGs active against the commonly used six classes of antibiotics was evaluated in 60 bacterial isolates obtained from pharmaceutical wastewaters in Nigeria. The ARGs most frequently detected from the bacterial isolates in each of the antibiotic classes under study include catA1 (58.3%); sulI (31.7%); tet(E) (30%); aac(3)-IV (28.3%); ermC (20%); blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaNDM-1 at 18.3% each; which encode for resistance to chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin and β-lactams and penicillins, respectively. Acinetobacter spp., accession number MH396735 expressed the highest number of ARGs of all the bacterial isolates, having at least one gene that encodes for resistance to all the classes of antibiotics in the study. This study highlights wide distribution of ARB and ARGs to the antibiotics tested in the wastewater, making pharmaceutical wastewater reservoirs of ARGs which could potentially be transferred from commensal microorganisms to human pathogens.
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Chatterjee, Rudrangshu, Dushyant Singh, M. L. Aggarwal, Ajit Varma, Abhishek Chauhan, and Swati Tripathi. "Assessment of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extract against New Multiple Drug Resistance Human Enteric Pathogens." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 10 (2020): 2647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22869.
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Sewage waters are the primary habitats to harbour antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) especially multi-drug resistance (MDR) human enteric pathogens. Microorganisms acquire resistance towards many commercial antibiotics due to their inappropriate use. In this study, human enteric pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized and shows the resistance against five different clinically significant commonly prescribed antibiotics. The bacterial strains were isolated from different sewage treatment plants located in Delhi city, India. Samples were analyzed for the detection of pathogenic human enteric bacteria through morphological, biochemical and molecular analysis. Methanolic leaf extract of Murraya koenigii showed the significant antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant human enteric pathogens. Thus, Murraya koenigii leaves would be a potential alterantive to antibiotic regimens for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections.
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McNulty, Cliodna, Brieze Read, Anna Quigley, Neville Q. Verlander, and Donna M. Lecky. "What the public in England know about antibiotic use and resistance in 2020: a face-to-face questionnaire survey." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e055464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055464.
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ObjectivesTo describe public attitudes and knowledge around antibiotic activity, resistance and use.DesignFace-to-face household 18 question survey using computer-assisted data collection undertaken by Ipsos Market and Opinion Research International.SettingRandomly selected households across England, January–February 2020.Participants2022 adults (aged 15+,) including 521 black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) participants, and 406 aged 15–25 years olds.Main outcome measuresResponses to questions about antibiotic activity, resistance and expectations for antibiotics and trust in healthcare professionals. Analyses were weighted to obtain estimates representative of the population with multivariable analysis undertaken for questions with five or more significant univariate variables.Results84% stated they would be pleased if their general practitioner (GP) said they did not need antibiotics. Trust in GPs to make antibiotic decisions remains high (89%) and has increased for nurses (76%) and pharmacists (71%). Only 21% would challenge an antibiotic decision; this was significantly greater in BAME participants (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.89 to 3.35). 70% reported receiving advice when prescribed antibiotics. Belief in benefits of antibiotics for ear infections was very high (68%). Similar to 2017, 81% agreed that antibiotics work for bacterial, 28% cold and influenza viruses. 84% agreed antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are increasing, only 50% agreed healthy people can carry ARB and 39% agreed there was nothing they personally could do about ARB. Social grade DE and BAME participants, and those with less education had significantly less understanding about antibiotics and resistance.ConclusionsAs trust in healthcare practitioners is high, we need to continue antibiotic education and other interventions at GP surgeries and community pharmacies but highlight that most ear infections are not benefitted by antibiotics. Targeted interventions are needed for socioeconomic DE, BAME groups and previous antibiotic users. We need to explore if increasing perceived personal responsibility for preventing ARB reduces antibiotic use.
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Sorgen, Alicia, James Johnson, Kevin Lambirth, Sandra M. Clinton, Molly Redmond, Anthony Fodor, and Cynthia Gibas. "Characterization of Environmental and Cultivable Antibiotic-Resistant Microbial Communities Associated with Wastewater Treatment." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040352.
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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing global concern, threatening human and environmental health, particularly among urban populations. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are thought to be “hotspots” for antibiotic resistance dissemination. The conditions of WWTPs, in conjunction with the persistence of commonly used antibiotics, may favor the selection and transfer of resistance genes among bacterial populations. WWTPs provide an important ecological niche to examine the spread of antibiotic resistance. We used heterotrophic plate count methods to identify phenotypically resistant cultivable portions of these bacterial communities and characterized the composition of the culturable subset of these populations. Resistant taxa were more abundant in raw sewage and wastewater before the biological aeration treatment stage. While some antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) were detectable downstream of treated wastewater release, these organisms are not enriched relative to effluent-free upstream water, indicating efficient removal during treatment. Combined culture-dependent and -independent analyses revealed a stark difference in community composition between culturable fractions and the environmental source material, irrespective of culturing conditions. Higher proportions of the environmental populations were recovered than predicted by the widely accepted 1% culturability paradigm. These results represent baseline abundance and compositional data for ARB communities for reference in future studies addressing the dissemination of antibiotic resistance associated with urban wastewater treatment ecosystems.
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Siedlecka, Agata, Mirela Wolf-Baca, and Katarzyna Piekarska. "Spatiotemporal Changes of Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Communities in Drinking Water Distribution System in Wrocław, Poland." Water 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092601.
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Antibiotic resistance of bacteria is an emerging problem in drinking water treatment. This paper presents the comparison of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) prevalence during the summer and winter season in a full-scale drinking water distribution system (DWDS) supplied by two water treatment plants (WTPs). The effect of distance from WTP and physical–chemical water parameters on its microbial properties was also tested. Bacterial consortia dwelling in bulk tap water were additionally compared by means of denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that among ARB, bacteria resistant to ceftazidime (CAZ) were the most abundant, followed by bacteria resistant to amoxicillin (AML), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and tetracycline (TE). Numerous ARGs were detected in tested tap water samples. Only CAZ resistant bacteria were more prevalent in the season of increased antibiotic consumption, and only AML resistant bacteria relative abundances increase was statistically significant with the distance from a WTP. The investigated tap water meets all legal requirements. It is therefore safe to drink according to the law. Nevertheless, because antibiotic resistance could pose a threat to consumer health, it should be further monitored in DWDSs.
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Gao, Rui, and Minghao Sui. "Antibiotic resistance fate in the full-scale drinking water and municipal wastewater treatment processes: A review." Environmental Engineering Research 26, no. 4 (September 11, 2020): 200324–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.324.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been widely identified as emerging pollutants in various aquatic compartments. Concerns have been raised that the antibiotic resistance determinants may occur in treated drinking water and wastewater, weakening the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics and so posing threat to public health. Most often, laboratory trials are conducted to assess the removal efficiency of ARB and ARGs in individual treatment processes (e.g., disinfection). However, the random variations of microbial distribution and chemical compositions in real-world environments cannot be entirely simulated, presumably leading to false-positive results as a consequence. It is therefore useful to provide a summary of recent advancements regarding the antibiotic resistance attenuation during full-scale water/wastewater treatments, which has not been adequately evaluated so far. In this review, the prevalence, proliferation and transmission of ARB and ARGs in urban water cycle, coupled with corresponding detection methods are presented as a short overview. The fate of ARB and ARGs in the sequential drinking water and wastewater processing units is critically summarized, the aim of which is to provide guidance for improving the current water treatment facilities to further reduce the antibiotic resistance in finished water.
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Laws, Mark, Ali Shaaban, and Khondaker Miraz Rahman. "Antibiotic resistance breakers: current approaches and future directions." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 43, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 490–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuz014.
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ABSTRACTInfections of antibiotic-resistant pathogens pose an ever-increasing threat to mankind. The investigation of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis must be part of any global response to this problem if an untimely reversion to the pre-penicillin era of medicine is to be avoided. One such promising avenue of research involves so-called antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs), capable of re-sensitising resistant bacteria to antibiotics. Although some ARBs have previously been employed in the clinical setting, such as the β-lactam inhibitors, we posit that the broader field of ARB research can yet yield a greater diversity of more effective therapeutic agents than have been previously achieved. This review introduces the area of ARB research, summarises the current state of ARB development with emphasis on the various major classes of ARBs currently being investigated and their modes of action, and offers a perspective on the future direction of the field.
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Chen, Lei, Zhi Zhou, Chaofeng Shen, and Yilu Xu. "Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by electrochemical oxidation/electro-Fenton process." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.282.
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Abstract Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment are of great concern due to their potential risk to human health. The effluents from wastewater treatment plants and livestock production are major sources of ARB and ARGs. Chlorination, UV irradiation, and ozone disinfection cannot remove ARGs completely. In this study, the potential of electrochemical oxidation and electro-Fenton processes as alternative treatment technologies for inactivation of ARB and ARGs in both intracellular and extracellular forms was evaluated. Results showed that the electrochemical oxidation process was effective for the inactivation of selected ARB but not for the removal of intracellular ARGs or extracellular ARGs. The electro-Fenton process was more effective for the removal of both intracellular and extracellular ARGs. The removal efficiency after 120 min of electro-Fenton treatment under 21.42 mA/cm2 was 3.8 logs for intracellular tetA, 4.1 logs for intracellular ampC, 5.2 logs for extracellular tetA, and 4.8 logs for extracellular ampC, respectively in the presence of 1.0 mmol/L Fe2+. It is suggested that electrochemical oxidation is an effective disinfection method for ARB and the electro-Fenton process is a promising technology for the removal of both intracellular and extracellular ARGs in wastewater.
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Almeida, Ana Rita, Marta Tacão, Joana Soares, Inês Domingues, and Isabel Henriques. "Tetracycline-Resistant Bacteria Selected from Water and Zebrafish after Antibiotic Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063218.
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The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens due to worldwide antibiotic use is raising concern in several settings, including aquaculture. In this work, the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was evaluated after exposure of zebrafish to oxytetracycline (OTC) for two months, followed by a recovery period. The selection of ARB in water and fish was determined using selective media. The abundance of tetA genes was estimated through qPCR. Higher prevalence of ARB was measured in all samples exposed to the antibiotic when compared to control samples, although statistical significance was only achieved five days after exposure. Isolates recovered from samples exposed to the antibiotic were affiliated with Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas. Various antibiotic susceptibility profiles were detected and 37% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistance (MDR). The selection of the tetA gene was confirmed by qPCR at the highest OTC concentration tested. Two MDR isolates, tested using zebrafish embryos, caused significant mortality, indicating a potential impact on fish health and survival. Overall, our work highlights the potential impact of antibiotic contamination in the selection of potential pathogenic ARB and ARGS.
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Kong, Cen, Xin He, Meiting Guo, Shunjun Ma, Bin Xu, and Yulin Tang. "The Impacts of Chlorine and Disinfection Byproducts on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and Their Conjugative Transfer." Water 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193009.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants leading to severe worldwide health problems. Chlorination, a widely used procedure, was extensively explored as one of the main methods to remove ARB and ARGs in recent years. In this study, to enrich the analyses of chlorination, several comprehensive effects of the chlorine disinfection system on ARB and their conjugative transfer ability were explored. The results presented that the low dose of chlorine (<3-log inactivation rate) had little influence on the survival of bacteria in terms of their capacity for conjugative transfer and antibiotic resistance. The high dose of chlorine (>3-log inactivation rate) triggered cell membrane changes, with little influence on the bacteria in terms of their antibiotic resistance. However, their capacity for conjugative transfer sharply decreased. Minor consumption of chloramphenicol was achieved with the chlorine dose applied in the disinfection system. Monochloroacetonitrile (MCAN) had limited effects on the frequency of conjugative transfer, indicating that the existence of MCAN would not aggravate the dissemination of ARGs by conjugative transfer. The overall impacts of the chlorine disinfection system with different containments on antibiotic resistance need further investigation.
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Triggiano, Francesco, Carla Calia, Giusy Diella, Maria Teresa Montagna, Osvalda De Giglio, and Giuseppina Caggiano. "The Role of Urban Wastewater in the Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance: The Current Situation in Italy (2010–2019)." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101567.
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Scientific studies show that urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP) are among the main sources of release of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) into the environment, representing a risk to human health. This review summarizes selected publications from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019, with particular attention to the presence and treatment of ARG and ARB in UWWTPs in Italy. Following a brief introduction, the review is divided into three sections: (i) phenotypic assessment (ARB) and (ii) genotypic assessment (ARG) of resistant microorganisms, and (iii) wastewater treatment processes. Each article was read entirely to extract the year of publication, the geographical area of the UWWTP, the ARB and ARG found, and the type of disinfection treatment used. Among the ARB, we focused on the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococci in UWWTP. The results show that the information presented in the literature to date is not exhaustive; therefore, future scientific studies at the national level are needed to better understand the spread of ARB and ARG, and also to develop new treatment methods to reduce this spread.
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Tsvetanova, Zvezdimira, Iva Tsvetkova, and Hristo Najdenski. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Drinking Water-Associated Biofilms." Water 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060944.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major threats to human health and is becoming an environmental challenge for water resources too. Our study’s aim was: to assess the AMR of heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water-associated biofilms against six clinically important antibiotics; to compare the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in drinking water and in the associated biofilms; to estimate biofilm formation ability of selected isolates. Culture-dependent methods were used in the population-based study of the biofilms and in assessment of the single-species biofilm formation ability and the AMR phenotype of the isolated strains. The population proportion of the bacteria resistant to each tested antibiotic significantly differed in the biofilms formed in drinking water from different sampling points. In all biofilms, the abundance of tetracycline- and ampicillin-resistant bacteria was low, and of streptomycin-resistant bacteria was high. An increased proportion of the bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin was detected in the biofilms compared to those found in the drinking water. The prevalence of ARB in the biofilms implies an impact on the drinking water quality and an assessment of the attached and the planktonic bacteria is needed to clarify the prevalence of AMR in the drinking water distribution system.
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Buriánková, Iva, Peter Kuchta, Anna Molíková, Kateřina Sovová, David Výravský, Martin Rulík, David Novák, Jan Lochman, and Monika Vítězová. "Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater and Its Impact on a Receiving River: A Case Study of WWTP Brno-Modřice, Czech Republic." Water 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162309.
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Antibiotic resistance has become a global threat in which the anthropogenically influenced aquatic environment represents not only a reservoir for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) among humans and animals but also an environment where resistance genes are introduced into natural microbial ecosystems. Wastewater is one of the sources of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this research was the evaluation of wastewater impact on the spread of antibiotic resistance in the water environment. In this study, qPCR was used to detect antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)—blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-32, ampC, blaTEM, sul1, tetM and mcr-1 and an integron detection primer (intl1). Detection of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli was used as a complement to the observed qPCR results. Our results show that the process of wastewater treatment significantly reduces the abundances of ARGs and ARB. Nevertheless, treated wastewater affects the ARGs and ARB number in the receiving river.
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Hobeika, Wadad, Margaux Gaschet, Marie-Cécile Ploy, Elena Buelow, Dolla Karam Sarkis, and Christophe Dagot. "Resistome Diversity and Dissemination of WHO Priority Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens in Lebanese Estuaries." Antibiotics 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030306.
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Anthropogenic pressure is known to be a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination in the environment. Especially in lower income countries, with poor infrastructure, the level of AMR dissemination is high. Therefore, we assessed the levels and diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Lebanese rivers at estuaries’ sites (n = 72) of the Mediterranean Sea in spring 2017 and winter 2018. Methods: A combined approach using culture techniques and high throughput qPCR were applied to identify ARB and ARGs in rivers along the Lebanese coast. Results: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative (Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas spp.) and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens were isolated. Levels of ARGs were highest in the winter campaign and areas with high anthropogenic activities and population growth with an influx of refugees. Conclusion: Qualitative analysis of ARB and the analysis of the Lebanese estuaries’ resistome revealed critical levels of contamination with pathogenic bacteria and provided significant information about the spread of ARGs in anthropogenically impacted estuaries.
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Carstens, Alewyn, Catheleen Bartie, Rainier Dennis, and Carlos Bezuidenhout. "Antibiotic-resistant heterotrophic plate count bacteria and amoeba-resistant bacteria in aquifers of the Mooi River, North West province, South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 4 (April 25, 2014): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.226.
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Groundwater in the Mooi River catchment is prone to mining, agricultural, municipal and septic tank pollution. In this study physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were determined using appropriate methods. Bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing (heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria and amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB)) and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Escherichia coli). Antibiotic resistance tests were also performed. Physico-chemical parameters were generally within target water quality ranges for drinking water. HPC bacteria ranged between 105 and 107 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml. E. coli were enumerated from Trimpark, School and Cemetery. The Blaauwbank borehole was negative for faecal streptococci. Pseudomonas spp. were most abundant in the bulk water. Opportunistic pathogens isolated included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium spp. Varying patterns of antibiotic resistance were observed. Most HPC bacterial isolates were resistant to cephalothin and/or amoxicillin and a few were resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin. Pseudomonas spp. was also the most abundant ARB. Other ARBs included Alcaligenes faecalis, Ochrobactrum sp. and Achromobacter sp. ARBs were resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and/or amoxicillin compared to HPCs. The presence of E. coli and ARB in these groundwater sources indicates potential human health risks. These risks should be further investigated and quantified, and groundwater should be treated before use.
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Aali, Rahim, Sepideh Baragh, Esrafil Asgari, Reza Fouladi Fard, Hassan Izanloo, Saeed Hosseinpoor, Jalhe Bagheri Hamzyan Olia, Roya Naseri, and Mohsen Mehdipour Rabori. "Tracking of chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole antibiotic-resistant bacteria from untreated wastewater effluents to receiving river." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 6, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2019.10.
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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and type of bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol (CHL), erythromycin (E), and sulfamethoxazole (SXT) antibiotics from untreated wastewater effluents to receiving river. Methods: In total, 32 samples were taken from eight sites located in the raw wastewater to the downstream of the receiving Ghotor river in Khoy city. Resistant microorganisms were studied through modified HPC method and CLSI standards. Different and specific colonies were selected and re-cultured in R2A culture medium and enough colonies were used for DNA extraction. Bacterial 16sr RNA target gene was amplified and sequenced. Pseudomonas sp., Comamonas sp., and Thiobacillus sp. were predominant bacterial species identified in water samples. Also, antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) including sul1, ermB, and cmlA1 were tracked by PCR. Results: The average total number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) increased in the downstream (2.4×102 to 2.6×104 CFU/100 mL). The comparison of the results related to the river’s upstream and downstream also indicated a significant difference between ARB and ARGs contents (P<0.05). The average number of bacteria resistant to SXT, E, and CHL antibiotics was obtained to be 2.3×104 , 2.3×104 , and 3.4×104 CFU/mL, respectively. Finally, the evaluation of water revealed that only the aeration lagoon was able to decline the number of CHL-resistant bacteria (88.9%) while this process increased the number of SXT- (51%) and E- (16%) resistant bacteria. The lowest and highest percentages of the identified genes were related to ermB (12.5%) and sul1 (81.25%), respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, wastewaters play an important role in releasing ARB and their antibiotic resistance genes to downstream of Ghotor rivers in Khoy city.
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Zhao, Fuzheng, Bo Wang, Kailong Huang, Jinbao Yin, Xuechang Ren, Zhu Wang, and Xu-Xiang Zhang. "Correlations among Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Mobile Genetic Elements and Microbial Communities in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 3593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043593.
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Municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs) are environmental pools for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which is cause for growing environmental-health concerns. In this study, the effects of different wastewater treatment processes on microbial antibiotic resistance in four MSTPs were investigated. PCR, q-PCR, and molecular cloning integrally indicated that the tetracycline resistance (tet) genes significantly reduced after activated-sludge treatment. Illumina high-throughput sequencing revealed that the broad-spectrum profile of ARGs and mobile element genes (MGEs) were also greatly decreased by one order of magnitude via activated sludge treatment and were closely associated with each other. Correlations between ARGs and bacterial communities showed that potential ARB, such as Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, and Cloaibacterium, were removed by the activated-sludge process. Sedimentation processes cannot significantly affect the bacterial structure, resulting in the relative abundance of ARGs, MGEs, and ARB in second-clarifier effluent water being similar to activated sludge. A comprehensive study of ARGs associated with MGEs and bacterial structure might be technologically guided for activated sludge design and operation in the MSTPs, to purposefully control ARGs carried by pathogenic hosts and mobility.
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Waśko, Izabela, Aleksandra Kozińska, Ewa Kotlarska, and Anna Baraniak. "Clinically Relevant β-Lactam Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113829.
Full textAbstract:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the largest global concerns due to its influence in multiple areas, which is consistent with One Health’s concept of close interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environments. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) circulate constantly in various niches, sediments, water sources, soil, and wastes of the animal and plant sectors, and is linked to human activities. Sewage of different origins gets to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where ARB and ARG removal efficiency is still insufficient, leading to their transmission to discharge points and further dissemination. Thus, WWTPs are believed to be reservoirs of ARGs and the source of spreading AMR. According to a World Health Organization report, the most critical pathogens for public health include Gram-negative bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems (last-choice drugs), which represent β-lactams, the most widely used antibiotics. Therefore, this paper aimed to present the available research data for ARGs in WWTPs that confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, with a particular emphasis on clinically important life-threatening mechanisms of resistance, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases (KPC, NDM).
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Baghal Asghari, Farzaneh, Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Reza Dehghanzadeh, Davoud Farajzadeh, Kamyar Yaghmaeian, Amir Hossein Mahvi, and Akbar Rajabi. "Antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistance genes of Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from untreated hospital wastewater." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.207.
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Abstract Hospitals are considered an important factor in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this research was to characterize the microbial populations in hospital wastewater and investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase, SulІ and QnrS resistance genes. In the first step, culture method was used to isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In the next step, accurate identification of isolated bacteria was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, then the resistance of the bacteria at different concentrations of antibiotics (8–128 μg/mL) was examined. Finally the ARGs were detected using the PCR method. The averages of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and ARB concentration in wastewater samples were 1.8 × 108 and 4.3 × 106 CFU/100 mL, respectively. The highest resistance rates were found for sulfamethoxazole and the highest resistance rates in the β-lactamase group were for ceftazidime, while highest sensitivity was for gentamicin and there was no isolate that was sensitive to the studied antibiotics. SulІ and QnrS were the highest and lowest abundance of all ARGs in samples respectively and blaSHV was the highest β-lactam resistance gene. Our results indicated an increase in the resistance of identified bacteria to several antibiotics. So it can be concluded that numerous antibiotic-resistant pathogens and vast numbers of ARGs exist in the human body so that their release from hospitals without effective treatment can cause many dangers to the environment and human health.
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Mitchell, Mark, Emily Dahlgran, and Alma Roy. "Characterizing the Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Microbes Isolated from Wildlife Presented to the Wildlife Hospital of Louisiana (Baton Rouge, LA)." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2004): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v22.227.
Full textAbstract:
The isolation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) from humans and livestock is a special concern for public health officials. Although research has been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of ARB in human and veterinary hospitals, there has been limited research evaluating the potential for ARB in wildlife and wildlife hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ARB in wildlife presented to the Wildlife Hospital of Louisiana (WHL). Seventy percent (19/27) of the wildlife presented to the WHL during the summer of 2002 had ARB bacteria. In addition, 40 percent (15/37) of the samples collected from within the hospital environment also were found to harbor ARB. Antibiotic resistant bacteria pose a health risk for compromised patients and their human caretakers in a wildlife hospital. Management plans should be developed within wildlife rehabilitation facilities to decrease the likelihood of creating and disseminating ARB.
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Gamoń, Filip, Grzegorz Cema, and Aleksandra Ziembińska-Buczyńska. "The influence of antibiotics on the anammox process — a review." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 6 (November 29, 2021): 8074–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17733-7.
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AbstractAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is one of the most promising processes for the treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater. It is more effective, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than the conventional process currently in use for nitrogen removal. Unfortunately, anammox bacteria are sensitive to various substances, including heavy metals and organic matter commonly found in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Of these deleterious substances, antibiotics are recognized to be important. For decades, the increasing consumption of antibiotics has led to the increased occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, including wastewater. One of the most important issues related to antibiotic pollution is the generation and transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we will discuss the effect of short- and long-term exposure of the anammox process to antibiotic pollutants; with a special focus on the activity of the anammox bacteria, biomass properties, community structures, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and combined effect of antibiotics with other substances commonly found in wastewater. Further, the defense mechanisms according to which bacteria adapt against antibiotic stress are speculated upon. This review aims to facilitate a better understanding of the influence of antibiotics and other co-pollutants on the anammox process and to highlight future avenues of research to target gaps in the knowledge.
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Banciu, Alina R., Daniela L. Ionica, Monica A. Vaideanu, Dragos M. Radulescu, Mihai Nita-Lazar, and Cristina I. Covaliu. "The Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from the Danube Delta Ecosystem." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073955.
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The spread of a growing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) outside the clinical setting into the environment has been observed. The surface water plays an important role in ARB dissemination by being both habitats and transport systems for microorganisms. The ecological and touristic importance of the Danube Delta make it a European priority for close monitoring of its freshwater system. The main goal of this paper was to analyze how the St. Gheorghe branch of the Danube Delta microbiological contamination and their antibiotic-resistant profile were influenced by climate change, especially the global warming from 2013 up to 2019. In the surface water from all sampling points, total and fecal coliform bacteria showed a constant colony forming units (CFU) increase tendency during the years, with a sharp rise from 1500 CFU/mL in 2015 to more than 20,000 CFU/mL in 2019. The bacterial population’s analyses revealed an indirect proportionality between coliform bacteria density in water and sediment during the years in accordance with global warming. The most commonly identified bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii and Proteus mirabilis have been shown a resistance rate of approximatively 70% to beta-lactam antibiotics, especially to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate.
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Alam, Mahbub-Ul, Sharika Ferdous, Ayse Ercumen, Audrie Lin, Abul Kamal, Sharmin Khan Luies, Fazle Sharior, et al. "Effective Treatment Strategies for the Removal of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Antibiotic-Resistance Genes, and Antibiotic Residues in the Effluent From Wastewater Treatment Plants Receiving Municipal, Hospital, and Domestic Wastewater: Protocol for a Systematic Review." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 11 (November 26, 2021): e33365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/33365.
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Background The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics has led to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic residues in the environment. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed for effective and adequate removal of ARB, ARGs, and antibiotic residues, and therefore, they play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the natural environment. Objective We will conduct a systematic review to determine the most effective treatment strategies for the removal of ARB, ARGs, and antibiotic residues from the treated effluent disposed into the environment from WWTPs that receive municipal, hospital, and domestic discharge. Methods We will search the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, World Health Organization Global Index Medicus, and ProQuest Environmental Science Collection databases for full-text peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2001 and December 2020. We will select only articles published in the English language. We will include studies that measured (1) the presence, concentration, and removal rate of ARB/ARGs going from WWTP influent to effluent, (2) the presence, concentration, and types of antibiotics in the effluent, and (3) the possible selection of ARB in the effluent after undergoing treatment processes in WWTPs. At least two independent reviewers will extract data and perform risk of bias assessment. An acceptable or narrative synthesis method will be followed to synthesize the data and present descriptive characteristics of the included studies in a tabular form. The study has been approved by the Ethics Review Board at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (protocol number: PR-20113). Results This protocol outlines our proposed methodology for conducting a systematic review. Our results will provide an update to the existing literature by searching additional databases. Conclusions Findings from our systematic review will inform the planning of proper treatment methods that can effectively reduce the levels of ARB, ARGs, and residual antibiotics in effluent, thus lowering the risk of the environmental spread of AMR and its further transmission to humans and animals. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/33365
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Pazda, Magdalena, Magda Rybicka, Stefan Stolte, Krzysztof Piotr Bielawski, Piotr Stepnowski, Jolanta Kumirska, Daniel Wolecki, and Ewa Mulkiewicz. "Identification of Selected Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Two Different Wastewater Treatment Plant Systems in Poland: A Preliminary Study." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122851.
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Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance determinants have led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health endangering. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in this phenomenon since antibacterial drugs introduced into wastewater can exert a selection pressure on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Therefore, WWTPs are perceived as the main sources of antibiotics, ARB and ARG spread in various environmental components. Furthermore, technological processes used in WWTPs and its exploitation conditions may influence the effectiveness of antibiotic resistance determinants’ elimination. The main aim of the present study was to compare the occurrence of selected tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes in raw influent and final effluent samples from two WWTPs different in terms of size and applied biological wastewater treatment processes (conventional activated sludge (AS)-based and combining a conventional AS-based method with constructed wetlands (CWs)). All 13 selected ARGs were detected in raw influent and final effluent samples from both WWTPs. Significant ARG enrichment, especially for tet(B, K, L, O) and sulIII genes, was observed in conventional WWTP. The obtained data did not show a clear trend in seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of selected resistance genes in wastewaters.
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Choi, Jong-Yun, and Seong-Ki Kim. "Changes in Antibiotic-Resistance Genes Induced by the Grazing Effect in Three Cladoceran Species." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091959.
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The acquisition of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes (ARGs) by natural bacteria caused by antibiotic abuse is causing serious problems for human and animal welfare. Here, we evaluated the influence of three cladoceran species on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and tetracycline-resistance gene (tet(A)) copies, and discussed the effect of these biological interactions on the distribution and diffusion of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems. Bacterial community and tet(A) abundances in water samples collected from wetlands were strongly influenced by cladoceran presence. The presence of Daphnia obtusa dramatically decreased ARB and tet(A) abundance compared to that with other cladoceran species (Chydorus sphaericus and Simocephalus vetulus). Interestingly, we found a high abundance of Flavobacteriales in the microbiomes of cladoceran species. Considering that Flavobacteriales species are potential carriers of the tet(A) gene, their adsorption and assimilation with cladocerans could significantly impact the reduction of tet(A) in water. Field surveys also showed that tet(A) abundance could be low if the dominance of D. obtusa in each wetland was high. This study highlighted the need for ecological interactions and a broad range of niches in the food web when discussing the fate of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems.
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Vassallo, Alberto, Steve Kett, Diane Purchase, and Massimiliano Marvasi. "The Bacterial Urban Resistome: Recent Advances." Antibiotics 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040512.
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Cities that are densely populated are reservoirs of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). The overall presence of all resistance genes in a specific environment is defined as a resistome. Spatial proximity of surfaces and different hygienic conditions leads to the transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) within urban environments. Built environments, public transportation, green spaces, and citizens’ behaviors all support persistence and transfer of antimicrobial resistances (AMR). Various unique aspects of urban settings that promote spread and resilience of ARGs/ARB are discussed: (i) the role of hospitals and recreational parks as reservoirs; (ii) private and public transportation as carriers of ARGs/ARB; (iii) the role of built environments as a hub for horizontal gene transfer even though they support lower microbial biodiversity than outdoor environments; (iv) the need to employ ecological and evolutionary concepts, such as modeling the fate of a specific ARG/ARB, to gain enhanced health risk assessments. Our understanding and our ability to control the rise of AMR in an urban setting is linked to our knowledge of the network connecting urban reservoirs and the environment.
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Matok, Lital Ashtamkar, Maya Azrad, Tamar Leshem, Anan Abuzahya, Thanaa Khamaisi, Tatiana Smolkin, and Avi Peretz. "Mother-to-Neonate Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Cross-Sectional Study." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061245.
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We evaluated carriage rates of extended spectrum β-lactam-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapeneme-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among pregnant women and determined the maternal-to-neonate transmission rates of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Pregnant women provided rectal and vaginal samples, proximal to delivery. Stool samples were collected from newborns within 48 h of birth. All samples were cultured on selective media for ARB identification. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the participants’ medical files. We performed molecular and phenotypic characterization of the different resistance mechanisms, and determined the isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability. The prevalence of ESBL-E, MRSA and VRE among pregnant women were 16%, 6% and 1%, respectively. The prevalence of ESBL-E and MRSA among neonates were 7.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Maternal-to-neonate transmission rates of ESBL-E and MRSA were 48% and 27.8%, respectively. Maternal and neonatal isolates shared similar characteristics. Maternal-to-neonate transmission of ARB plays an important role in bacterial colonization in newborns. Future studies should investigate the outcomes of the high ESBL-E transmission rate. The biofilm-forming ability of ARB was found to affect transmission. Additional factors should be investigated in order to understand the differences between transmitted and non-transmitted bacteria.
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Barlam, Tamar F., and Kalpana Gupta. "Antibiotic Resistance Spreads Internationally Across Borders." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S3 (2015): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12268.
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Antibiotic resistance (ABR) poses an urgent public health risk. High rates of ABR have been noted in all regions of the globe by the World Health Organization. ABR develops when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics either during treatments in humans or animals or through environmental sources contaminated with antibiotic residues (Figure, Panel A). Spread beyond those administered antibiotics occurs through direct contact with the infected or colonized person or animal, through contact or ingestion of retail meat or agricultural products contaminated with ABR organisms, or through the environment. ABR bacteria spread from individuals to populations and across countries (Figure, Panel B).
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Li, Zhe, Jiaqi Li, Jiaqi Liu, Yao Peng, Zhenpeng Li, Mengyu Wang, Ge Zhang, et al. "High Carriage of Extended-Spectrum, Beta Lactamase-Producing, and Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Tibetan Outpatients with Diarrhea." Antibiotics 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040508.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in human-impacted habitats, especially in densely populated cities. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is located far from the heavily populated regions of China, and Tibetan residents have distinct dietary habits and gut microbes. Antibiotic-resistance monitoring in the Tibetan population is rare. Here, we collected stool samples from Tibetan outpatients with diarrhea. From 59 samples, 48 antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained, including 19 extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates from 16 patients and 29 polymyxin-resistant isolates from 22 patients. Either ESBL or mcr genes were found in 17 Escherichia coli isolates, approximately 58.8% of which were multidrug-resistant, and ten incompatible plasmid types were found. The gene blaCTX-M was a common genotype in the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Four E. coli isolates contained mcr-1. The same mcr-1-carrying plasmid was found in distinct E. coli isolates obtained from the same sample, thus confirming horizontal transmission of mcr-1 between bacteria. Genomic clustering of E. coli isolates obtained from Lhasa, with strains from other regions providing evidence of clone spreading. Our results reveal a strong presence of ARB and ARGs in Tibetan outpatients with diarrhea, implying that ARB and ARGs should be monitored in the Tibetan population.
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Bairán, Gabriela, Georgette Rebollar-Pérez, Edith Chávez-Bravo, and Eduardo Torres. "Treatment Processes for Microbial Resistance Mitigation: The Technological Contribution to Tackle the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 8866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238866.
Full textAbstract:
Advances generated in medicine, science, and technology have contributed to a better quality of life in recent years; however, antimicrobial resistance has also benefited from these advances, creating various environmental and health problems. Several determinants may explain the problem of antimicrobial resistance, such as wastewater treatment plants that represent a powerful agent for the promotion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), and are an important factor in mitigating the problem. This article focuses on reviewing current technologies for ARB and ARG removal treatments, which include disinfection, constructed wetlands, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), anaerobic, aerobic, or combined treatments, and nanomaterial-based treatments. Some of these technologies are highly intensive, such as AOP; however, other technologies require long treatment times or high doses of oxidizing agents. From this review, it can be concluded that treatment technologies must be significantly enhanced before the environmental and heath problems associated with antimicrobial resistance can be effectively solved. In either case, it is necessary to achieve total removal of bacteria and genes to avoid the possibility of regrowth given by the favorable environmental conditions at treatment plant facilities.
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Obayiuwana, Amarachukwu, Adeniyi Ogunjobi, and Abasiofiok Ibekwe. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Pharmaceutical Wastewaters." Water 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131731.
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Pharmaceutical wastewaters are recognized as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and also as hotspots for their horizontal gene transfer (HGT) using mobile genetic elements. Our study employed the use of PCR analysis of metagenomic DNA samples obtained from four pharmaceutical wastewaters using known primers to study the prevalence of thirty-six ARGs and four MGEs active against the commonly used antibiotics in Nigeria. The ARGs most frequently detected from the metagenomic DNA samples in each of the antibiotic classes under study include tetracycline [tet(G)], aminoglycoside [aadA, strA and strB], chloramphenicol [catA1], sulphonamides [sulI and sulII], and β-lactams and penicillins [blaOXA]. The ARGs showed a 100% prevalence in their various environmental sources. The pharmaceutical facility PFIV showed the highest concentration of ARGs in this study. The highest concentration for MGEs was shown by pharmaceutical facility PFIII, positive for intl1, intl2, and IFS genes. This study highlights the wide distribution of ARGs to the antibiotics tested in the wastewater, making pharmaceutical wastewater reservoirs of ARGs which could potentially be transferred from commensal microorganisms to human pathogens.
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Wallmann, Lina, Jörg Krampe, Josef Lahnsteiner, Elena Radu, Pierre van Rensburg, Katarzyna Slipko, Markus Wögerbauer, and Norbert Kreuzinger. "Fate and persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes through a multi-barrier treatment facility for direct potable reuse." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 11, no. 3 (January 5, 2021): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.097.
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Abstract Given the availability of technological solutions and guidelines for safe drinking water, direct potable reuse of reclaimed water has become a promising option to overcome severe lack of potable water in arid regions. However, the growing awareness of the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in corresponding raw wastes has led to new safety concerns. This study investigated the fate of ARB and intracellular and extracellular ARG after each treatment step of an advanced water treatment facility in Windhoek, Namibia. The New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) produces drinking water from domestic secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent and directly provides for roughly a quarter of Windhoek's potable water demand. Procedures to study resistance determinants were based on both molecular biology and culture-based microbiological methods. TaqMan real-time PCR was employed to detect and quantify intracellular resistance genes sul1, ermB, vanA, nptII and nptIII as well as extracellular resistance gene sul1. The NGWRP reduced the amount of both culturable bacterial indicators as well as the resistance genes to levels below the limit of detection in the final product. The main ozonation and the ultrafiltration had the highest removal efficiencies on both resistance determinants.
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MANOLE, Alina, Mihaela Ioana JAGǍ, Ecaterina SÂRBU, Mariana Carmen CHIFIRIUC, Carmen POSTOLACHE, and Luminița Gabriela MĂRUȚESCU. "Contribution of the Antropically – Impacted Aquatic Ecosystems to the Resistance Reservior." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Biological Sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscibio.2021.2.142.
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Aquatic ecosystems are reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), having a major role in their occurrence, accumulation and dissemination. The purpose of this review is to highlight the influence of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents, manure and biosolids use in agriculture as well as of aquaculture upon the development of antibiotic resistance (AR). Research indicates the need to streamline treatment strategies in order to minimize the risk of AR spread in the aquatic environment through wastewater.
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Aromolaran, O., and O. A. Amodu. "Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from some drinking wells in Ondo town southwest Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i1.8.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) strains have become a global health threat. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wells in Ondo town, Southwest Nigeria. Twenty-eight well water samples were analyzed for the presence of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa by standard pour plate technique. The bacterial isolates were tested against eight commonly use antibiotics using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The percentage occurrence of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in the well water samples were 17.86% and 21.43%, respectively. Two multi-drug resistant strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated, which were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. Fifty percent of the P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to caftazidime, cefuroxime, nitrofurantoin, and ampicillin. None of the isolates was fully susceptible to cefuroxime, but have all showed resistance to β-lactam (ceftazidime, cefuroxime augmentin, and ampicillin) antibiotics. Cefuroxime may not be effective an effective drug in the treatment of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa implicated infections in these communities in Ondo. Also, the over-use of antibiotics should be discouraged in order to curtail the menace of antibiotic resistance
Keywords: Well water, Antibiotics, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Tripathi, Vijay, and Eddie Cytryn. "Impact of anthropogenic activities on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries." Essays in Biochemistry 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20160054.
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Antibiotics are considered to be one of the major medical breakthroughs in history. Nonetheless, over the past four decades, antibiotic resistance has reached alarming levels worldwide and this trend is expected to continue to increase, leading some experts to forecast the coming of a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. Although antibiotic resistance in pathogens is traditionally linked to clinical environments, there is a rising concern that the global propagation of antibiotic resistance is also associated with environmental reservoirs that are linked to anthropogenic activities such as animal husbandry, agronomic practices and wastewater treatment. It is hypothesized that the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) within and between environmental microbial communities can ultimately contribute to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Nonetheless, the scope of this phenomenon is not clear due to the complexity of microbial communities in the environment and methodological constraints that limit comprehensive in situ evaluation of microbial genomes. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in non-clinical environments, specifically focusing on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries and the contribution of this phenomenon to global antibiotic resistance.
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Yan, Xu, Jiahui Ma, Jingyuan Ren, Mengjia Cui, Xinqing Chen, Dezhi Qiu, Miao Lei, et al. "Concentrations, Size Distribution, and Community Structure Characteristics of Culturable Airborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Xinxiang, Central China." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081077.
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Antimicrobial resistance is considered an important threat to global health and has recently attracted significant attention from the public. In this study, the concentrations and size distribution characteristics of culturable airborne total bacteria (TB) and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria (tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB), ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria (CRB), erythromycin-resistant bacteria (ERB), and ampicillin-resistant bacteria (ARB)) were investigated for approximately one year to explore their variations under different seasons, diurnal periods, and air quality levels. The concentrations of TB and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria in winter and night were higher than during other seasons and diurnal periods. Their maximum concentrations were detected from air under moderate pollution or heavy pollution. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 were positively related to TB and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria (p < 0.01), whereas O3 and wind speed were negatively related to them (p < 0.05). The particle size of TB and four antibiotic-resistant bacteria were mainly distributed in stage V (1.1–2.2 µm). Bacillus was the dominant genus of ARB (75.97%) and CRB (25.67%). Staphylococcus and Macrococcus were the dominant genera of TRB (46.05%) and ERB (47.67%), respectively. The opportunistic pathogens of Micrococcus, Sphingomonas, Enterococcus, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas were also identified. This study provides important references for understanding the threat of bioaerosols to human health.
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van Duijn, Pleun J., Walter Verbrugghe, Philippe G. Jorens, Fabian Spöhr, Dirk Schedler, Maria Deja, Andreas Rothbart, et al. "The effects of antibiotic cycling and mixing on acquisition of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the ICU: A post-hoc individual patient analysis of a prospective cluster-randomized crossover study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): e0265720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265720.
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Background Repeated rotation of empiric antibiotic treatment strategies is hypothesized to reduce antibiotic resistance. Clinical rotation studies failed to change unit-wide prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) carriage, including an international cluster-randomized crossover study. Unit-wide effects may differ from individual effects due to “ecological fallacy”. This post-hoc analysis of a cluster-randomized crossover study assesses differences between cycling and mixing rotation strategies in acquisition of carriage with Gram-negative ARB in individual patients. Methods This was a controlled cluster-randomized crossover study in 7 ICUs in 5 European countries. Clinical cultures taken as routine care were used for endpoint assessment. Patients with a first negative culture and at least one culture collected in total were included. Community acquisitions (2 days of admission or less) were excluded. Primary outcome was ICU-acquisition of Enterobacterales species with reduced susceptibility to: third- or fourth generation cephalosporins or piperacillin-tazobactam, and Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with reduced susceptibility for piperacillin-tazobactam or carbapenems. Cycling (altering first-line empiric therapy for Gram-negative bacteria, every other 6-weeks), to mixing (changing antibiotic type every empiric antibiotic course). Rotated antibiotics were third- or fourth generation cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam and carbapenems. Results For this analysis 1,613 admissions were eligible (855 and 758 during cycling and mixing, respectively), with 16,437 microbiological cultures obtained. Incidences of acquisition with ARB during ICU-stay were 7.3% (n = 62) and 5.1% (n = 39) during cycling and mixing, respectively (p-value 0.13), after a mean of 17.7 (median 15) and 20.8 (median 13) days. Adjusted odds ratio for acquisition of ARB carriage during mixing was 0.62 (95% CI 0.38 to 1.00). Acquired carriage with ARB were Enterobacterales species (n = 61), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 38) and Acinetobacter species (n = 20), with no statistically significant differences between interventions. Conclusions There was no statistically significant difference in individual patients’ risk of acquiring carriage with Gram-negative ARB during cycling and mixing. These findings substantiate the absence of difference between cycling and mixing on the epidemiology of Gram-negative ARB in ICU. Trial registration This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, registered 10 January 2011, NCT01293071.
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Honda, Ryo, Chihiro Tachi, Mana Noguchi, Ryoko Yamamoto-Ikemoto, and Toru Watanabe. "Fate and seasonal change of Escherichia coli resistant to different antibiotic classes at each stage of conventional activated sludge process." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 6 (August 17, 2020): 879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.013.
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Abstract This study investigated the impact of each treatment stage of the activated sludge process on the fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Wastewater and sludge samples were collected monthly at each stage of a commercial-scale WWTP. After 20–25 strains of indicator Escherichia coli were isolated from each sample on Chromocult Coliform Agar, antibiotic resistance of the isolates to amoxicillin (AMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NFX), kanamycin (KM), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (ST) and tetracycline (TC) were tested with the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. As a result, activated sludge in the aeration tank and return sludge had higher abundance of antibiotic resistant E. coli than influent wastewater and secondary treatment effluent. AMX resistant E. coli was enriched in return sludge at the secondary clarifier. Higher temperature was also likely to cause an increase of AMX resistant E. coli in sludge. The antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli in secondary treatment effluent was more dependent on activated sludge than influent wastewater. These results suggested that activated sludge in WWTP possibly serves as a reservoir of ARB, and that behavior of ARB in WWTP differs by antibiotic classes.
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Selvarajan, Ramganesh, Chinedu Obize, Timothy Sibanda, Akebe Luther King Abia, and Haijun Long. "Evolution and Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Given Ecosystems: Possible Strategies for Addressing the Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance." Antibiotics 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010028.
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Antibiotics were once considered the magic bullet for all human infections. However, their success was short-lived, and today, microorganisms have become resistant to almost all known antimicrobials. The most recent decade of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century have witnessed the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in different pathogenic microorganisms worldwide. Therefore, this narrative review examined the history of antibiotics and the ecological roles of antibiotics, and their resistance. The evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance in different environments, including aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and modern tools used for the identification were addressed. Finally, the review addressed the ecotoxicological impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and public health concerns and concluded with possible strategies for addressing the ABR challenge. The information provided in this review will enhance our understanding of ABR and its implications for human, animal, and environmental health. Understanding the environmental dimension will also strengthen the need to prevent pollution as the factors influencing ABR in this setting are more than just antibiotics but involve others like heavy metals and biocides, usually not considered when studying ABR.
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Vivant, Anne-Laure, Catherine Boutin, Stéphanie Prost-Boucle, Sandrine Papias, Christine Ziebal, and Anne-Marie Pourcher. "Fate of two strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in constructed wetland microcosm sediments: survival and change in antibiotic resistance profiles." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.153.
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Abstract Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWS CW) are efficient technologies to limit the transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) originating from urban effluents into the aquatic environment. However, the decrease in ARB from inflow to outflow through the FWS CW may be explained by their transfer from the water body to the sediment. To investigate the behavior of ARB in the sediment of a FWS CW, we inoculated three microcosms with two strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) belonging to two genotypes. Microcosms were composed of two sediments collected at two locations of an FWS CW from which the strains were isolated. Phragmites were planted in one of the microcosms. The survival curves of the two strains were close regardless of the genotype and the type of sediment. After a rapid decline, both strains were able to survive at low level in the sediments for 50 days. Their fate was not affected by the presence of phragmites. Changes in the bla content and antibiotic resistance of the inoculated strains were observed after three weeks of incubation, indicating that FWS CW sediments are favorable environments for spread of antibiotic resistance genes and for the acquisition of new antibiotic resistance.