Relevant bibliographies by topics / Antibiotic management

Academic literature on the topic 'Antibiotic management'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Antibiotic management"

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Jaspers, Mark T., and James W. Little. "Antibiotic management." Journal of the American Dental Association 112, no. 1 (January 1986): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1986.0027.

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Pandya, Aarti, Emily Burgen, G. John Chen, Jessica Hobson, Mary Nguyen, Arman Pirzad, and Sadia Hayat Khan. "Comparison of management options for specific antibody deficiency." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.200086.

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Background: Specific antibody deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by normal immunoglobulins with an inadequate response to polysaccharide antigen vaccination. This disease can result in recurrent infections, the most common being sinopulmonary infections. Treatment options include clinical observation, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, and immunoglobulin supplementation therapy, each with limited clinical data about their efficacy. Objective: This study aimed to identify whether there was a statistically significant difference in the rate of infections for patients who were managed with clinical observation, prophylactic antibiotics, or immunoglobulin supplementation therapy. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted. Patients were eligible for the study if they had normal immunoglobulin levels, an inadequate antibody response to polysaccharide antigen‐based vaccination, and no other known causes of immunodeficiency. Results: A total of 26 patients with specific antibody deficiency were identified. Eleven patients were managed with immunoglobulin supplementation, ten with clinical observation, and five with prophylactic antibiotic therapy. The frequency of antibiotic prescriptions was assessed for the first year after intervention. A statistically significant rate of decreased antibiotic prescriptions after intervention was found for patients treated with immunoglobulin supplementation (n = 11; p = 0.0004) and for patients on prophylactic antibiotics (n = 5; p = 0.01). There was no statistical difference in antibiotic prescriptions for those patients treated with immunoglobulin supplementation versus prophylactic antibiotics (p = 0.21). Conclusion: Prophylactic antibiotics seemed to be equally effective as immunoglobin supplementation therapy for the treatment of specific antibody deficiency. Further studies are needed in this area.
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McLean-Tooke, Andrew, Catherine Aldridge, Catherine Stroud, and Gavin P. Spickett. "Practical management of antibiotic allergy in adults." Journal of Clinical Pathology 64, no. 3 (December 20, 2010): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2010.077289.

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This review looks at the main issues around immediate hypersensitivity and the role and limitations of testing. The majority of literature on antibiotic hypersensitivity relates to β-lactam antibiotics, mainly because of the heavy usage of this class of drugs. Concerns around cross-reactivity always worry clinicians, particularly in the emergency situation. Reasonable data now exist in relation to β-lactam antibiotics and derivatives, which enable appropriate risk management to be undertaken. The available literature for other classes of antibiotics is also discussed.
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Read, A. F., and R. J. Woods. "Antibiotic resistance management." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2014, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eou024.

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Akhtar, Khaleda, Rehana Begum Chowdhury, and Md Tauhidur Rahman. "Role of antibiotic in bronchiolitis management." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21833.

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Introduction: Bronchiolitis is the most common illness among the patients attending the outpatient departments of CMH. It is predominantly a viral disease affecting the infants and young children. Though Antibiotic has little role, pediatricians frequently use them during bronchiolitis management. Very few randomized control trials without antibiotics in the management of bronchiolitis have so far been done. Objectives: To evaluate the outcome of bronchiolitis with or without antibiotics in a hospital setting. Methods: This prospective randomized control study was done in CMH Savar, during six months from October 2012 to March 2013. All the children below two years admitted in CMH Savar with first attack of Clinical Bronchiolitis were our study population. Exclusion criteria were: (i) atopic condition, (ii) congenital heart disease and/or (iii) known immunodeficiency. Study cases were randomly assigned into one of the two groups, AB group (Erythromycin/Amoxycilin) and NAB group (No Antibiotic).The NAB group was considered as control group. Supportive treatment was given according to the national guideline for management of bronchiolitis. Presenting symptoms and signs were followed-up twice daily while hospitalized and 7 days after discharge to determine the progress of disease. 70 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Outcome was determined by the progress of the variables in the structured follow-up format. Permission of commanding officer CMH Savar and verbal consent of the parents were taken before the study. Results: Fifty-four cases who could be followed up till after seven days of discharge were finally included in the study. Among them about half (25/54) received oral or intravenous antibiotic while rest (29/54) received only supportive therapy but no antibiotic (NAB group). Most of the cases were below six months of age. Male were about double of the female (37:17). The presenting features were cough, wheeze, fever and feeding difficulty. Clinical features of both groups progressed similarly in both the groups. With the given treatment 24 (96%) cases from AB group and 27 (93%) cases from NAB group improved and were discharged safely. 01 from AB and 02 from NAB group deteriorated and were then treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. There was no death. Mean hospital stay of AB group (5.6 days) was little longer than NAB group (4.2 days) and 16% (4/25) of them had respiratory symptoms at seven days follow up, but the difference of outcome between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Antibiotics have no role in acute bronchiolitis management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21833 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013
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Kitsos, Nikolaos, Dimitrios Cassimos, Ioannis Xinias, Charalampos Agakidis, and Antigoni Mavroudi. "Management of antibiotic allergy in children: a practical approach." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v50i5.607.

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Background: About 10% of children are declared as allergic to antibiotics, with beta(β)-lactams being the most common perpetrators. However, few of these are confirmed by allergy tests. This characteristic of being allergic follows a child well into adulthood, leading to alternative, usually more expensive broad-spectrum antibiotics, contributing to antibiotic resistance and increasing healthcare expenses. Objective: This review presents a practical approach to managing pediatric patients with antibiotic hypersensitivity reactions. Material and methods: We updated the guidelines on antibiotic allergy in children by conducting systematic literature research using the best available evidence from PubMed search by entering the keywords “antibiotic allergy” and “children.” The search output yielded 5165 citations. Results: Management of antibiotic allergy depends on the culprit antibiotic, and it includes confirmation of the diagnosis and finding a safe alternative to the culprit antibiotic. In particular patients with a history indicative of penicillin allergy can be treated with cephalosporins as an alternative to penicillin, especially with third-generation cephalosporins, except for those with similar R1 side chains. In patients with a history of immediate-type reactions to cephalosporins who require treatment with cephalosporins or penicillin, skin tests with cephalosporin or penicillin with different side chains should be performed. If allergy to macrolides is suspected, challenge tests are currently the only reliable diagnostic tool. The best strategy for managing patients with sulfonamide hypersensitivity is an alternative antibiotic. The skin prick tests and intradermal tests are not recommended for diagnosis of quinolone allergy, as they can activate dermal mast cells leading to false-positive results. Quinolone challenge test is the most appropriate test for diagnosing quinolone hypersensitivity. Conclusion: Although adverse drug reactions to antibiotics are frequently documented, immunologically mediated hypersensitivity is unusual. In the event of an reaction, an appropriate diagnostic workup is required to identify the drug’s causal role. It is critical to avoid “labeling” a child as allergic without first conducting a proper diagnostic workup.
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Kaplan, Sheldon L. "Current Management of Common Bacterial Meningitides." Pediatrics In Review 7, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.7.3.77.

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Bacterial meningitis is one of the most important, relatively frequent life-threatening infections encountered in children; thus physicians caring for children must be familiar with the current recommendations concerning its management. Newer antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporins, have provided satisfactory alternatives to the standard antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis in children but present the pediatrician with a baffling array of potential choices that can lead to confusion and indecision when selecting an agent to administer. At the present time, none of these newer agents has emerged as clearly superior to the others, and, therefore, a particular agent cannot be recommended as the single drug of choice for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in the pediatric age group. This review will focus on the antibiotic treatment and supportive care of the child with bacterial meningitis due to the most common pathogens ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN The principles of the antibiotic therapy of bacterial meningitis have been derived from both clinical studies and animal models.1 It is clear that an antibiotic must be bactericidal in vitro against a particular microorganism in order to be most effective in vivo. Antibiotics that only inhibit growth of an organism frequently do not result in sterility of CSF in animal models or in the human host.
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Balaji, Ragupathy Vikram. "Blood Culture Reports Utilization in Management of Blood Stream Infections in Tertiary Care Hospital, South India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1105.002.

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The choice of antimicrobial therapy for bloodstream infection is often empirical and based on the knowledge of local antimicrobial activity profiles of the most common bacteria causing infections. This study was conducted at Government Vellore Medical College Hospital to correlate the antibiotic sensitivity pattern with the empirically chosen antibiotics by the clinicians to treat blood stream infections and the change of antibiotic according to the sensitivity pattern. The aim of this work to assess whether antibiotics were changed after receiving blood culture reports by the clinicians. Out of 122 patients included in the study, antibiotics were changed in 107 patients (88%) after the issue of the sensitivity report. The clinical condition of the patient improved with the administration of antibiotics recommended as per the sensitivity report. Mortality was significantly reduced in strictly following the sensitivity pattern. Action plan to educate about Antibiotic choice of bloodstream infections as per Hospital Antibiotic policy of the Hospital, to implement change of antibiotics following reports as per Hospital policy and periodic surveillance regarding sustenance of the Antibiotic policy norms.
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Osei Sekyere, John. "Antibiotic Types and Handling Practices in Disease Management among Pig Farms in Ashanti Region, Ghana." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (September 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/531952.

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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is affected by the type of antibiotics used and how they are handled. The types of antibiotics used by 110 pig farms in the Ashanti region and the handling practices of the farmers during disease management were assessed. Injectable tetracycline, sulphadimidine, benzylpenicillin, and dihydrostreptomycin containing antibiotics were overly used by the farmers especially in the management of diarrhea, rashes, and coughs. Unsafe storage and disposal practices observed among the farms reflected the abysmal knowledge on appropriate use of antibiotics. Misdiagnosis and inadequate protection during antibiotic handling in the farms increased the risk of antibiotic resistance development and spread. The factors affecting antibiotic resistance development and spread are rife in pig farms in Ashanti region and appropriate education and veterinary interventions are needed to prevent resistant bacteria from becoming endemic in pork and pig farm communities.
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Sundin, George W., and Nian Wang. "Antibiotic Resistance in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045946.

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Antibiotics have been used for the management of relatively few bacterial plant diseases and are largely restricted to high-value fruit crops because of the expense involved. Antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria has become a problem in pathosystems where these antibiotics have been used for many years. Where the genetic basis for resistance has been examined, antibiotic resistance in plant pathogens has most often evolved through the acquisition of a resistance determinant via horizontal gene transfer. For example, the strAB streptomycin-resistance genes occur in Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Xanthomonas campestris, and these genes have presumably been acquired from nonpathogenic epiphytic bacteria colocated on plant hosts under antibiotic selection. We currently lack knowledge of the effect of the microbiome of commensal organisms on the potential of plant pathogens to evolve antibiotic resistance. Such knowledge is critical to the development of robust resistance management strategies to ensure the safe and effective continued use of antibiotics in the management of critically important diseases.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antibiotic management"

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Ansari, Faranak. "Evaluation and management of hospital antibiotic use." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/917390eb-a8ea-477a-8cc8-58b6babac813.

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Antimicrobials are unique drugs in that they target "infectious" or "transferable" diseases. There is considerable evidence linking increasing antimicrobial use withincreasing resistance. Resistant bacteria do not know the boundaries, either between countries or within a society between hospital and primary care. Inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials in hospitals therefore has consequences for whole communities and problems may spread both nationally and internationally. The gathering of reliable measurements of antibiotic use in hospitals employing standardised methods is essential to building an evidence base and highlighting inconsistencies at national and international levels. In this study, after data processing, validating and record linkage, a method forelectronic conversion of drug supply data to the ATC/DDD classification and forlongitudinal analysis was established for Tayside and then for a set of Europeanhospitals. Time series analysis and interrupted time series analysis were described and used for longitudinal surveillance and interventional study of antimicrobial use. This thesis explores issues concerning the evolution and management of hospital antimicrobial use using a wide range of methods. A series of drug utilisation research studies were implemented as the basis of research methods that, in combination of previously described methods, provided novel studies. No single measure can currently capture all of the aspects of hospital antibiotic use. However, a combination of detailed, point prevalence data from individual patients with longitudinal analysis of total consumption can provide meaningful data for comparison between hospitals and for analysis of the relationship between use and outcome. Additionally, there is a need to apply standard processes and novel methods to produce more meaningful surveillances. Longitudinal and point prevalence surveillances together with an explanation ofvariations in hospital characteristics are used to produce a set of coherent measurements of hospital antimicrobial use. Administrative data for longitudinal surveys requires continuous quality control.Whereas drug utilisation researchers and clinicians should target a set of indicators for interventional studies, large studies at national or international level need central data processing by country to identify targets for evaluation and for interventional studies. Support from experts in other fields is needed to address any shortcomings that may be experienced during continuous antibiotic drug utilisation monitoring at national and international levels.
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Dhillon, Harpal. "Medicines management strategies to improve antibiotic prescribing." Thesis, Aston University, 2012. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/18791/.

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A systematic review was conducted to explicitly identify interventions that alone, or in combination, were effective in improving antibiotic prescribing. The citation search strategy used in the present review provided a database of 365077 studies, of which only twenty-five were included in the final review (“review studies”). Analysis of the interventions used within the review studies indicated that a combination of “guidelines” and “pharmacy” interventions have the greatest potential to improve antibiotic prescribing. Two types of qualitative research were conducted, semi-structured interviews and the collection of naturally occurring data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to determine NHS managers? perceptions of current policies used to improve antibiotic prescribing within selected Primary Care Trusts and highlighted the importance of pharmacy intervention, formularies or guidelines and improved prescribing analysis (IT based intervention) on improving antibiotic prescribing. This was supported by the collection of naturally occurring data, which was used to provide further insight into interventions used to improve antibiotic prescribing. The Specialist Antibiotic Pharmacist (HD) produced and implemented an innovative electronic antibiotic prescribing analysis tool (the Antibiotic Database) to analyse and improve antibiotic prescribing in a consistent manner. The key advantage of the Antibiotic Database was the time and money saved on producing visual electronic outputs containing an inaccurate outcome measure or time period for analysis. The results concluded that an IT based intervention, such as the Antibiotic Database should be used, in addition to the use of antibiotic guidelines and pharmacy intervention, within all sectors of the NHS in order to improve antibiotic prescribing and its analysis.
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Bergfeldt, Vendela. "Microbes that never sleep : A multidisciplinary study of the antibiotic resistance management in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30623.

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The hypotheses of this study are that reduction and rational usage of antibiotics reduces development of antibiotic resistance. In Sweden, the trends do not follow this pattern. Despite a decrease in prescriptions of antibiotics, there is an increase in the number of patients infected with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and ESBL selecting for carbapenem-resistance (ESBLCARBA). This study aims to study factors affecting antibiotic resistance management. An additional aim is to use a multidisciplinary approach for a subject that has mostly been studied with quantitative methods. First, linear regressions investigated any possible significant changes of prescription rates in outpatient care, hospital usage of antibiotic groups and antibiotic resistance. After this, nine interviews were conducted with physicians in outpatient care, hospital care and with representatives from the Swedish Strategic Programme for the Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Surveillance of Resistance (Strama), a network working for Swedish prevention against antibiotics resistance. There was a significant decrease in the number of prescriptions of antibiotics in outpatient care among all Swedish counties and a small, but significant increase of antibiotics used in hospitals. The number of patients infected with multidrug resistant bacteria also show a significant increase. The interviews revealed that health care workers in all counties follow the same guidelines and try to be as specific as possible in choosing antibiotics to hit specific bacteria. The respondents suggested migration and extended travelling as explanations to the growing number of cases of multidrug resistant bacteria. Further, two major factors emerged as important for an efficient antibiotic resistance management; Education/knowledge and Discussion. The results indicate a need for further research on rational usage of antibiotics and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospital care, rather than the reduction through prescriptions. The results indicate that rational usage has a bigger impact than reduction. Using a multidisciplinary approach gave a broader perspective on the issue and future studies should see the possibilities of mixing quantitative and qualitative studies.
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Hiliare, Sheldon. "Impact of Manure Land Management Practices on Manure Borne Antibiotic Resistant Elements (AREs) in Agroecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102218.

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Rising global antibiotic resistance has caused concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Majority of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, primarily with livestock rearing. Animal manure land application integrates livestock farming and agroecosystems. This manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) (resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics) that contribute towards antimicrobial resistance. Altering manure application techniques can reduce surface runoff of other contaminants such as excess N and P, pesticides, and hormones, that can impact water quality. Conventional tillage practices in the U.S. has reduced or stopped, making subsurface injection of manure a promising option when compared to surface application. Our research compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping system, and manure-rainfall time gaps to gauge the impact on AREs in the environment. Two field-scale rainfall simulation studies were conducted along with one laboratory study. Using the injection method lowered concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, 9-30 times less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to 1 d time gap for that broadcast method. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other based on manure application and soil ARG richness in all manure-amended soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained 52 ARGs with higher abundance compared to runoff from surface applied plots. ARGs in the former were more correlated to soil and more correlated to manure in the latter. The highest antibiotic concentrations were in the injection slit soil of those plots. Antibiotic concentrations in samples corresponded positively to concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and there was a positive correlation between resistant FCB and their associated ARGs (Spearman's ρ = 0.43-0.63). A CRIISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for in-situ detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.
Doctor of Philosophy
Rising global antibiotic resistance cause concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Most of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, especially with livestock rearing. Overuse of antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine compromises the effectiveness of our medicines. Animal manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) such as resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics) that contribute towards resistance issues. Once these AREs enter the environment, they can be taken up by crops, runoff into surface water or leached into ground water, or even reside within the animal products we consume. Altering manure application techniques is beneficial for nutrient conservation but also potentially for reducing ARE spread. With our research, we compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping systems, and manure-rainfall time gaps to find ways to balance the need for manure application and the spread of resistance. We used two field-scale rainfall simulation studies along with one laboratory study. Overall, using the injection method resulted in significantly lower concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to the 1 d time gap for broadcast methods. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other and soil ARG totals in all manure applied soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained more soil ARGs and runoff from surface applied plots containing more manure associated ARGs. The subsurface injection method also caused highest antibiotic concentrations in the injection slit soil of those plots. High antibiotic concentrations in samples generally meant high concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and resistant FCB were also found with their associated ARGs as well. A CRISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for onsite detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.
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Alahmadi, Yaser Masuod. "Management of antibiotic use and infection-related issues in clinical practice." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598027.

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The research presented in this thesis explores antibiotic use and strategies to manage infection related issues within the hospital setting. In Chapter 2, the prevalence of the use of antibiotics and of HAl in hospitalised patients within Northern Ireland was explored using a point prevalence study design. This research provided details on the rate of antibiotic use and prevalence af HAI in the study sites as well as helped in the identification of targets for quality improvement of antibiotic prescribing and allowed the explanation of potential risk factors of HAl. In Chapter 3, the impact of an enhanced antibiotic stewardship programme on reducing MRSA and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalised patients was evaluated using segmented regression analysis within an interrupted time series. This work also involved evaluating the impact of antibiotic stewardship on the use of hi gh-risk antibiotics in the study setting. This study showed that the restriction of high-risk antibiotics contributed to both a reduction in their use and a reduction in the incidence of MRSA and CDJ in the study site hospital. Chapter 4 includes a report on the evaluation of the clinical and cost implications of blood culture contamination (Bee) within the hospital setting utilising a case-control study, comparing case samples with control samples. Length of hospital stay and total hospital resource utilisation were the main outcome measures. The results of this study indicated that BCC increased the length of hospital stay and incurred significant additional hospital costs including needless antibiotic use and extra laboratory tests. Finally, in Chapter 5, a prospective investigation was performed to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention in tackling the problem of BCC in an intensive care unit (leU). This study confinns the benefit (lower BeC rates) of continuous training and education on the proper technique for taking blood cultures in critically ill, ICU patients.
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Cazares, Robert. "Pneumonia antibiotic timing within six hours after arrival and mortality rates." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1523080.

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Pneumonia is a serious clinical problem with associated high mortality and morbidity. It can be potentially life threatening in the elderly and in patients with other comorbid diseases. Its clinical spectrum ranges from rapid resolution of symptoms to severe medical complications and death.

At least 1.2 million people are admitted to the hospital with pneumonia each year in the United States, and approximately 10% of these patients will die within 30 days of admission. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, the majority of pneumonias respond well to treatment, but the infection kills 40,000–70,000 people each year. Given its public health significance, pneumonia has been the target of quality improvement activities for nearly 2 decades. This began with the publication of clinical practice guidelines in the early 1990s, was followed by a series of statewide and national quality improvement initiatives, and more recently has included public reporting and pay-for-performance programs led by the Joint Commission and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and other payers. The aim of the study was to examine the association of antibiotic timing and reduced mortality. Data from a retrospective cohort of 550 patients hospitalized and discharged with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia was collected from a community hospital located in Southern California. It was hypothesized that antibiotics administered within the first six hours of hospital arrival for patients discharged with a principal diagnosis of pneumonia is associated with decreased inpatient mortality. It was noted that this association was not supported.

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Dickson, Catherine. "The Management of Gonococcal Infections and the Development and Use of Treatment Guidelines." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34862.

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N. Gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern due to its capacity to develop antibiotic resistance and its potential complications including pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, infertility, and disseminated infection. In order to keep up with resistance trends, the treatment recommendations for gonorrhea have changed frequently. In other areas of medicine, guideline adherence has been shown to be limited, even without frequent guideline changes. In the case of gonorrhea, inappropriate treatment can have serious individual and public health implications, making the quality of and compliance with clinical guidelines critical. This thesis is a three-part mixed methods research project assessing the development and uptake of gonorrhea treatment guidelines. We conducted a systematic review of current gonorrhea treatment guidelines and used the AGREE II tool to assess the quality of guideline development (Chapter 2). We observed that guideline quality varied greatly with many guidelines having weaknesses in their use of existing evidence to develop recommendations, their reporting of potential conflicts of interest and how they were addressed, and their consideration of barriers to the implementation of their recommendations. We then assessed physician adherence to first-line treatment recommendations in Ontario by conducting a segmented time series analysis of Ontario gonorrhea treatment data from iPHIS, the province’s reportable disease database (Chapter 3). Following the introduction of new guidelines that recommended substantial changes from current practice, we found very dramatic drops in guidelines adherence that then improved slowly over time. We then explored the use of process mapping as a tool to look at the local management of cases in the City of Ottawa by following them across the various possible treatment pathways (Chapter 4). Here, we noted differences in practice between the management of cases at Ottawa Public Health’s Sexual Health Clinic and the management of cases elsewhere in the community.
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Kyu, Pye. "Antibiotic Use by Members of the American Association of Endodontics: A National Survey for 2009- A Follow up from the Report in 1999." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2006.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in prescribing habits of active members of American Association of Endodontics (AAE) with regards to antibiotics in comparison to the findings reported by Yingling et al. in 1999. The invitations to take the online survey were sent via email to 2593 active members. A response rate of 37.75% was obtained. It was determined to be adequate for analysis and for comparison to the results obtained by Yingling et al. Comparisons between the percentages shown in this survey and the previous survey were tested using a z-test. An ANOVA model was used to determine the relationships between predictive factors and the number of prescriptions written. The change in distribution of respondents was notable with an increase in younger clinicians (25% in 1999 to 36% at present). They were more likely to be in private practice and much less in part-time academic and private practice setting. The number of patients being seen per week and the number of prescriptions written per week also decreased in comparison (p<0.001). For all the considered factors, it was also noted that board certified endodontists were prescribing less antibiotics per week. A positive correlation was noted for number of years in practice (p=0.0006), type of practice (p<0.001) and number of prescriptions written per week. Changes in choice of antibiotics were also noted. There was a decrease in use of Penicillin (61.48% to 43%), an increase in the use of Amoxicillin (27.5% to 37.6%), and an increase in use clindamycin (45.3% to 64%) for patients with no medical allergies. As for patients with medical allergies, there was a steep incline in the use of clindamycin (56.03% to 90.3%) as first choice to an increase in azithromycin (7.4% to 38%) as a second choice. An improved trend was noted with a significant decrease in use of antibiotics in managing most of the endodontic scenarios given. Antibiotic use in cases of irreversible pulpitis significantly dropped from 16.76% to 12% (p<0.05); in necrotic pulps with acute apical periodontitis with no swelling, a significant decline from 53.9% to 28.3% (p<0.001); significant decreases were also noted for necrotic pulp with chronic apical periodontitis with no/mild symptoms, 18.8% to 16.1% (p=0.029), and necrotic pulp with acute apical periodontitis with swelling and mod/severe symptoms, 99.2% to 92.4% (p<0.001). An exception was noted for necrotic pulp with chronic apical periodontitis with a sinus tract where there was a significant increase in antibiotic use from 11.9% to 29.1% (p<0.001). Many clinicians (19%) were still giving antibiotics due to soliciting of patients and referring general dentists in fear of losing referrals. A disturbing find is that 50% of the respondents were using antibiotics to manage post treatment flare-ups and pain, while 13% were using antibiotics for inter-appointment pain. As for prophylactic antibiotics, most clinicians were aware of the new AHA/ADA guidelines and were abiding by them. Most of the clinicians responding to survey were choosing the appropriate antibiotics and regimen (i.e. dosage, loading dose, and duration). Although there is an improvement in trends, it has to be noted that there is still an indiscriminate and overuse of antibiotics at large. There needs to be greater improvement in the use of antibiotics in endodontics, and a group effort as a specialty is needed in halting this alarming problem of antibiotic resistance globally.
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Berge, Anna Catharina Björnsdotter. "Spatial, temporal and management-specific factors influencing antibiotic resistance and carbohydrate fermentation patterns in bovine enteric Escherichia coli and the clinical consequences of limiting antibiotic use in pre-weaned calves /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis, 2004.
Degree granted in Comparative Pathology. Library does not have original title page. Also available via the World Wide Web. (Restricted to UC campuses)
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McKay, Rachel Margaret. "In search of improved approaches to antibiotic stewardship : can we explain variations in physician practice patterns related to outpatient infection management?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63396.

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The discovery of antibiotics was one of the most significant advances in modern medicine; however, our reliance on antibiotics is threatened by the spread of resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon that is exacerbated by selection pressure from antibiotic use. Where prescriptions are required for antibiotics, understanding prescribing behaviour is paramount. Guidelines recommend antibiotics for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) only when pneumonia or other serious complications are suspected. Urine cultures are recommended for complicated, but not uncomplicated, urinary tract infections (UTIs). The objectives of this thesis were to identify factors related to patients, physicians, and geographic regions associated with antibiotic use for RTIs, and urine culturing for UTI; and to explore the extent of variations in these practices across physicians. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess factors that have previously been empirically associated with antibiotic prescribing. Then, using linked administrative datasets, factors associated with antibiotic prescriptions for paediatric respiratory tract infection were analyzed. Urine culture data was subsequently linked in, to explore urine culturing practices. These analyses demonstrated that observed physician characteristics had a stronger influence on practice patterns that did differences in patient characteristics. In particular, physicians who had been in practice for longer tended to be more likely to prescribe antibiotics, and to order urine cultures. Physicians trained outside of Canada were more likely to prescribe, but less likely to order a urine culture. Female physicians were less likely to prescribe antibiotics, and more likely to order urine cultures. The variation between physicians that remained after accounting for observed characteristics was substantial. This research demonstrates some common features of physicians that are associated with antibiotic prescribing and urine culture use. However, the variation between physicians in practice styles is greater than the effects of these characteristics. These findings have implications for the design and implementation of antibiotic stewardship efforts to improve antibiotic use. For example, audit and feedback interventions and academic detailing have shown some promise, and may be particularly effective if targeted to physicians with higher prescribing or culturing practices. This thesis demonstrates the utility of administrative datasets in identifying such physicians.
Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Antibiotic management"

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III, Arch G. Mainous. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. 2nd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010.

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Serrano, Pilar Hernández. Responsible use of antibiotics aquaculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005.

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Pak, Yong-ho. Insu kongyong hangsaengje ŭi wihae kwalli: Chuyo chʻuk, susanyong hangsaengje yŏnghyang pʻyŏngka = Risk management of critically important veterinary antibiotics. [Seoul]: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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Olisa, Nzedegwu Robert. Biological agents index: Quality management of infectious disease intervention programs : achieving cost-effective outcomes using macroeconomics and microbiology, in additions to new public management concepts for implementation and evaluation of best practices in community based sanitation, health promotion, large scale antibiotics and vaccines manufacturing, and laboratory analytical platforms. 3rd ed. El Paso, Tex: American Journal of Biological Defense Press, 2008.

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Amyes, Sebastian G. B. Magic Bullets, Lost Horizons. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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Gilchrist, Francis J., and Alex Horsley. Management of respiratory exacerbations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0005.

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Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by chronic infection, inflammation and a progressive loss of lung function. Patients are also affected by recurrent episodes of increased respiratory symptoms, called exacerbations which have a detrimental effect on quality of life, the rate of lung function decline, and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Diagnosis relies on a combination of symptoms, examination findings, the results of laboratory tests, and lung function. Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment but airway clearance, nutrition, and glucose homeostasis must also be optimized. Mild exacerbations are usually treated with oral antibiotics and more severe exacerbations with intravenous antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic is guided by the patient’s chronic pulmonary infections, the in-vitro antibiotic sensitivities, known antibiotic allergies, and the previous response to treatment. In patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, antibiotic monotherapy is thought to increase the risk of resistance and treatment with 2 antibiotics is therefore suggested (usually a β‎-lactam and an aminoglycoside). Although there is a lack of evidence on the duration of treatment, most patients receive around 14 days. This can be altered according to the time taken for symptoms and lung function to return to pre-exacerbation levels. If patients are carefully selected and receive appropriate monitoring, home intravenous antibiotics can be as effective as in-patient treatment. They are also associated with decreased disruption to patients / family life, decreased risk of cross infection and decreased costs.
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Antibiotic Development and Resistance. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.

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Nadel, Simon, and Johnny Canlas. Management of meningitis and encephalitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0241.

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Management of CNS infections requires specific antimicrobial agents, as well as specific supportive treatment targeted at reducing raised intracranial pressure and other life-threatening complications. It is important that the need for management in an intensive care setting is considered early in the illness. Antibiotic resistance amongst the most common organisms causing bacterial meningitis is becoming more common and antibiotic therapy should be adjusted accordingly. Anti-inflammatory treatment such as steroids should be started as soon as possible in patients with proven acute bacterial meningitis. Optimally, this should be before or with the first dose of antibiotics. Vaccine research is progressing so that effective vaccines should be available in the future against all the common causes of bacterial meningitis and encephalitis, including Neisseria meningitidis serogroup b.
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III, Arch G. Mainous, and Claire Pomeroy. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. Humana, 2012.

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III, Arch G. Mainous, and Claire Pomeroy. Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. Humana Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antibiotic management"

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Knox, Karen, W. Lawson, and A. Holmes. "Multidisciplinary Antimicrobial Management Teams and the Role of the Pharmacist in Management of Infection." In Antibiotic Policies, 227–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22852-7_13.

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Outterson, Kevin, and Olga Yevtukhova. "Germ Shed Management in the United States." In Antibiotic Policies, 163–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1734-8_13.

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Leung, Wesley, and Andres Gelrud. "Antibiotic Therapy." In Prediction and Management of Severe Acute Pancreatitis, 115–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0971-1_9.

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Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J. "The Control of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas: Insights into Epidemiology and Management." In Antibiotic Policies, 127–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1734-8_11.

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Kühn, Klaus-Dieter. "Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Cement." In Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infection, 215–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54469-3_7.

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Sriaroon, Panida. "Management of Immunodeficiency, Antibiotic Therapy." In Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology, 456–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8678-7_79.

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Carlet, J., J. P. Blériot, and F. Bahloul. "Antibiotic Management of Severe Peritonitis." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 107–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70309-6_22.

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Geddes, A. M. "Antibiotic Management of Serious Infections." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 279–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82801-0_47.

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Sriaroon, Panida. "Management of Immunodeficiency, Antibiotic therapy." In Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology, 1–3. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9209-2_79-1.

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Sartelli, Massimo, and Fikri M. Abu-Zidan. "Antibiotic Management in Acute Care Surgery." In Acute Care Surgery Handbook, 309–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15341-4_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antibiotic management"

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Khudadad, Hanan, and Lukman Thalib. "Antibiotics Prescription Patterns in Primary Health Care in Qatar – A Population based study from 2017 to 2018." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0169.

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Background: Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They played a pivotal role in achieving major advances in medicine and surgery (1). Yet, due to increased and inappropriate use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a growing public health problem. Information on antibiotic prescription patterns are vital in developing a constructive approach to deal with growing antibiotic resistance (2). The study aims to describe the population based antibiotic prescriptions among patients attending primary care centers in Qatar. Methodology: A population based observational study of all medications prescribed in the all Primary Health Care Centers during the period of 2017-2018 in Qatar. Records with all medication prescriptions were extracted and linked to medical diagnosis. Antibiotics prescriptions records were compared to non- antibiotics records using logistic regression model in identifying the potential predictors for antibiotic prescriptions. Results: A total of 11,069,439 medication prescriptions given over a period of two-years, we found about 12.1% (n= 726,667) antibiotics prescriptions were antibiotics, and 65% of antibiotics are prescribed and received by the patients at the first visits. Paracetamol (22.3%) was the first highest medication prescribed followed by antibiotics (12.1 %) and vitamin D2 (10.2 %). More than half of all antibiotics prescribed during the period of January 2017 to December 2018 were Penicillin (56.9%). We found that half of the antibiotics (49.3 %) have been prescribed for the respiratory system comparing to the other body system. We found that males were 29% more likely be given an antibiotic compared to females (OR=1.29, 95% CI= 1.24- 1.33). Implications: The study provides a baseline data to enable PHCC management to design effective intervention program to address the problem of antibiotics resistance. Furthermore, it will help the policymakers to comprehend the size of the issue and develop a system to manage the antibiotics therapy. Conclusion: Antibiotics was the second highest medication prescribed in the Primary Health Care Centers in Qatar after paracetamol and most of the patients received it at the first visit. Most of the prescriptions in Primary Health Care Centers in Qatar were for the respiratory system, and Penicillin was the highest class prescribed. Male visitors were prescribed antibiotics more than female visitors.
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Miron, Oana, Anca Ivanov, Adriana Mocanu, Magdalena Stârcea, Laura Trandafir, and Ingrith Miron. "DIFFICULTIES IN THE THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN." In The European Conference of Psychiatry and Mental Health "Galatia". Archiv Euromedica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2022/12/psy.ro.12.

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Background: Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality at pediatric age (estimated by UNICEF at 3 million child deaths per year worldwide). Although the etiology of pneumonia is well known, in many patients the exact pathogen is not identified after routine diagnostic workup. We present three cases with complications. that were diagnosed and treated in our Pneumology Clinic. The aim of this case series is to point out the challenges in diagnosing and managing such diseases in children. The evolution of the three cases was difficult, all children needed ICU care. Cultures collected for all of them were negative, probably secondary to the fact that they received antibiotic treatment at home, before carrying out tests. Yet, after receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive treatment the evolution was favorable in the end. Conclusion: Despite progresses that were made in the last century concerning the antibiotic treatment in pneumonia there are still cases that develop severe complications that require multidisciplinary approach.
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Del Re, G., A. Di Donato, R. Volpe, and M. G. Perilli. "Urban wastewater reuse: water treatment and effectiveness on antibiotic-resistant bacteria abatement." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IV. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm070411.

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Gou, X. L., J. Li, L. Wang, H. L. Zhao, and Y. Q. Su. "Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Yersinia Entrocolitica Strains Isolated from Fish." In International Workshop on Environmental Management, Science and Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007564206540662.

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Li, Mu, and Pitipong Yodmongkol. "Change Management Model to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing in a Small Chinese Hospital." In 2019 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (ECTI DAMT-NCON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecti-ncon.2019.8692284.

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"ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT SCIENCE AND POLICY CONCERNS." In Animal Agriculture and the Environment, National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management White Papers . St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20248.

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Khomyakova, T. I., and Yu N. Khomyakov. "PATHOBIOM: STAGES OF FORMATION AND WAYS OF MANAGEMENT." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.306-310.

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An increase in the incidence and mortality of the population from pathologies associated with the formation of the pathobiome as a stable community of microorganisms occurs simultaneously with an increase in the proportion of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in these communities. The formation of a pathobiome inevitably leads to the development of an immunodeficiency state and an increase in sensitivity to viral infections. The paper describes the stages of pathobiome formation and its main characteristics. Approaches have been formulated to prevent its pathobiome formation or reduce its stability, ensuring the effectiveness of correction. Experimental studies of pathobiome formation are described.
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Portales, María Fernandez. "Efficacy of Homeopathic Herd Health Management in Antibiotic Resistant Dairy Cattle in Northern Spain." In HRI London 2019—Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: Presentation Abstracts. The Faculty of Homeopathy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702105.

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Kalyanaraman, Supraja, Rohit Anusha, Durairajan Suresh, Soundar Sharmila, and Kangusamy Bhoopathi. "Major infections after cardiac surgery and antibiotic management practises in a tertiary care centre." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4705.

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Backere, Femke De, Kristof Steurbaut, Filip De Turck, Kirsten Colpaert, and Johan Decruyenaere. "On the Design of a Management Platform for Antibiotic Guidelines in the Intensive Care Unit." In 2010 Fifth International Conference on Software Engineering Advances (ICSEA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsea.2010.69.

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Reports on the topic "Antibiotic management"

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Ciapponi, Agustín. Does community case management of pneumonia reduce mortality from childhood pneumonia? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170210.

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Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children worldwide and the great majority of these deaths occur in resource-limited settings. Effective case management is an important strategy to reduce pneumonia related morbidity and mortality in children. Pneumonia case management includes appropriate choice of antibiotic and additional supportive treatments, prompt and appropriate referral for inpatient care, and management of treatment failure
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.

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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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