Academic literature on the topic 'Antibiotic carrier'
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Journal articles on the topic "Antibiotic carrier"
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Winkler, Heinz, and Peter Haiden. "Allograft Bone as Antibiotic Carrier." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbji.17466.
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Abstract. The treatment of chronic bone and joint infections is characterized by obstinate persistency of the causing microorganisms and resulting long term disability to patients, associated with remarkable costs for the health care system. Difficulties derive from biofilm formed on dead bone and eventual implants, with resistance against immunological defences and antimicrobial substances. Biofilm embedded bacteria require up to 1000 times the antibiotic concentration of planktonic bacteria for elimination. Systemic antibiotic treatment alone cannot provide the concentrations required and surgical intervention is always prerequisite for potentially providing a cure. A second issue is that osseous defects are almost always present after surgical debridement, and it is difficult to address their reconstruction. One option is to use bone grafts, either from the patient´s own body or from foreign donors (allografts). Grafts are usually unvascularized and are prone to colonization with bacteria. Loading of allografts with antibiotics may not only protect grafts from bacterial adhesion but, using appropriate processing methods, may also provide high local antibiotic concentrations that may eliminate remaining sessile pathogens. For efficient action as antibiotic carriers, the release of antibiotics should be above the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) for a prolonged period of time. Cleaning the bone from bone marrow opens a large reservoir for storage of antimicrobial substances that, after implantation, may be released to the surrounding in a sustained mode, possibly eliminating remaining biofilm remnants. Removal of bone marrow, leaving a pure matrix, provides increased safety and improved revascularization of the graft. Local provision of antibiotic concentrations above the MBEC may enable simultaneous internal fixation with osteosynthetic material and single stage exchange of infected endoprostheses, resulting in shorter hospital stays with reduced pain and faster rehabilitation of patients.
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Coraça-Huber, Débora C., Stephan J. M. Steixner, Stevo Najman, Sanja Stojanovic, Ronja Finze, Denis Rimashevskiy, Dina Saginova, Mike Barbeck, and Reinhard Schnettler. "Lyophilized Human Bone Allograft as an Antibiotic Carrier: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070969.
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Background: Antibiotics delivered from implanted bone substitute materials (BSM) can potentially be used to prevent acute infections and biofilm formation, providing high concentrations of antibiotics at the surgical site without systemic toxicity. In addition, BSM should allow osteoconductivity supporting bone healing without further surgery. Promising results have been achieved using lyophilized bone allografts mixed with antibiotics. Methods: In this study specially prepared human bone allografts were evaluated as an antibiotic carrier in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of different antibiotic-impregnated bone allografts was measured by drug release tests in vitro and in vivo and bacterial susceptibility tests using four bacterial species usually responsible for implant-associated infections. Results: The loading procedures of allograft bone substitutes with antibiotics were successful. Some of the antibiotic concentrations exceeded the MIC90 for up to 7 days in vitro and for up to 72 h in vivo. The susceptibility tests showed that S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 was the most susceptible bacterial species in comparison to the other strains tested for all antibiotic substances. Vancomycin and rifampicin showed the best results against standard and patient-isolated strains in vitro. In vivo, new bone formation was comparable in all study groups including the control group without antibiotic loading. Conclusions: Human bone allografts showed the capacity to act as customized loaded antibiotic carriers to prevent acute infections and should be considered in the management of bone infections in combination with systemic antimicrobial therapy.
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Kotrange, Harshada, Agnieszka Najda, Aarti Bains, Robert Gruszecki, Prince Chawla, and Mansuri M. Tosif. "Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle as a Novel Antibiotic Carrier for the Direct Delivery of Antibiotics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 9596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179596.
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In addition to the benefits, increasing the constant need for antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance over time. Antibiotic tolerance mainly evolves in these bacteria through efflux pumps and biofilms. Leading to its modern and profitable uses, emerging nanotechnology is a significant field of research that is considered as the most important scientific breakthrough in recent years. Metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers are currently attracting a lot of interest from scientists, because of their wide range of applications and higher compatibility with bioactive components. As a consequence of their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, nanoparticles have been shown to have significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic efficacy in the battle against antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. As a result, this study covers bacterial tolerance to antibiotics, the antibacterial properties of various metal nanoparticles, their mechanisms, and the use of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as novel antibiotic carriers for direct antibiotic delivery.
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Witsø, Eivind, Leif Persen, Kirsti Løseth, Pål Benum, and Kåre Bergh. "Cancellous bone as an antibiotic carrier." Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 71, no. 1 (January 2000): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016470052943955.
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Ferguson, Jamie, Michael Diefenbeck, and Martin McNally. "Ceramic Biocomposites as Biodegradable Antibiotic Carriers in the Treatment of Bone Infections." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jbji.17234.
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Abstract. Local release of antibiotic has advantages in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis and infected fractures. The adequacy of surgical debridement is still key to successful clearance of infection but local antibiotic carriers seem to afford greater success rates by targeting the residual organisms present after debridement and delivering much higher local antibiotic concentrations compared with systemic antibiotics alone. Biodegradable ceramic carriers can be used to fill osseous defects, which reduces the dead space and provides the potential for subsequent repair of the osseous defect as they dissolve away. A dissolving ceramic antibiotic carrier also raises the possibility of single stage surgery with definitive closure and avoids the need for subsequent surgery for spacer removal.In this article we provide an overview of the properties of various biodegradable ceramics, including calcium sulphate, the calcium orthophosphate ceramics, calcium phosphate cement and polyphasic carriers. We summarise the antibiotic elution properties as investigated in previous animal studies as well as the clinical outcomes from clinical research investigating their use in the surgical management of chronic osteomyelitis.Calcium sulphate pellets have been shown to be effective in treating local infection, although newer polyphasic carriers may support greater osseous repair and reduce the risk of further fracture or the need for secondary reconstructive surgery. The use of ceramic biocomposites to deliver antibiotics together with BMPs, bisphosphonates, growth factors or living cells is under investigation and merits further study.We propose a treatment protocol, based on the Cierny-Mader classification, to help guide the appropriate selection of a suitable ceramic antibiotic carrier in the surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
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Rasita, Yoeke Dewi, Kuntaman, and Kartuti Debora. "Description of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Analysis on Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clothing Gene Panton-Valentine Leukocidin from Clinic Isolate." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9140.
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Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of health care acquired infection and has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. S. aureus has a number of virulent factors that facilitate these bacteria to adhesion to the tissues of the host, avoiding the body’s defense system, and damaging the host cell. PVL cytotoxin is one of the virulent factors that causes hypervirulent in S. aureus. The infections caused are varied, ranging from severe skin infections, peneumonia, and sepsis. To obtain a description of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers of the pvl gene that causes infection. Isolate S. aureus derived from clinical isolates of inpatients who have identified and tested phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility using BD Phoenix TM Automated Microbiology System or Vitek2 Compact bioMérieux system followed by genotypic testing using PCR to detect the presence of the pvl gene. Of 85 S. aureus isolates, 65 isolates (76.5%) included MSSA bacterial strains and 20 isolates (23.5%) including strains of MRSA bacteria. Of the 65 isolates of MSSA bacterial strains, 9 isolates (13.84%) had the pvl gene, and of the 20 isolates of the MRSA strain, 1 isolate (5%) had the pvl gene. The susceptibility of non betalactam antibiotics to MSSA virus strains of pvl gene carriers ranged from 77.8%-100%. MSSA bacterial strains that did not carry the pvl gene also showed a non-betallactam antibiotic susceptibility ranging from 69.1%-100%. The susceptibility of tetracycline antibiotics to both MSSA strains of both pvl and non-carriers of pvl genes was 55.6% and 39.3% respectively. There was no significant difference between the antibiotic susceptibility pattern in the MSSA carrier strain of the pvl gene carrier and the proportion of the MRSA carrier strain of the pvl gene carrier.
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Dzięcioł, M., W. Niżański, E. Stańczyk, R. Kozdrowski, L. Najder-Kozdrowska, and J. Twardoń. "The influence of antibiotic treatment of bitches in oestrus on their attractiveness to males during mating." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2013-0071.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the antibiotic treatment, including the mode of drugs administration, on bitches’ attractiveness to the stud dogs during mating. Moreover, we tried to estimate the possibility of aversive effect of the drug vehicle on the male behavior. In experiment I, four bitches in oestrus without antibiotic treatment (group A), four bitches treated with intravaginal antibiotic (group B) and four bitches treated with intramuscular antibiotic (group C) were presented to four stud dogs. In experiment II, bitches in oestrus (n=5) were presented to the males (n=2) before and after the application to the females’ vulva the antibiotic carrier - Miglyol 840 (Sasol, Germany). In both experiments the presence of the typical sexual behavior of the males (sniffing, licking the vulva and anal region, mating attempts) was evaluated. In experiment III the reaction of the males to the samples containing oestrual discharge from the bitches untreated and treated with antibiotics was evaluated. In the last part of study the aversion reaction to the samples containing antibiotic and the antibiotic carrier was evaluated. The results of experiments showed that females treated with the antibiotics were less attractive to males than untreated females, regardless of the method of administration. We did not observe adverse effect of the antibiotic carrier but samples from the bitches treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive to the males. We concluded that the reason for reduced attractiveness of the bitches in oestrus after antibiotic treatment was the changes in semiochemical signal emitted by treated females as a consequence of elimination of the vaginal bacterial flora, which seems to be involved in creation of the typical, recognizable by the stud dogs, oestrual signal but also by the possible covering effect of used drugs.
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LACLAIR, J., T. FOLEY, T. SCHEGG, C. REGAN, and M. BURKART. "Manipulation of Carrier Proteins in Antibiotic Biosynthesis." Chemistry & Biology 11, no. 2 (February 2004): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-5521(04)00032-8.
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Marchianò, Verdiana, María Matos, Esther Serrano-Pertierra, Gemma Gutiérrez, and M. C. Blanco-López. "Vesicles as antibiotic carrier: State of art." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 585 (July 2020): 119478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119478.
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La Clair, James J., Timothy L. Foley, Tracy R. Schegg, Conor M. Regan, and Michael D. Burkart. "Manipulation of Carrier Proteins in Antibiotic Biosynthesis." Chemistry & Biology 11, no. 2 (February 2004): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.02.010.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Antibiotic carrier"
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Hu, Ruibo. "CITRIC ACID-MODIFIED HYDROXYAPATITE NANOPARTICLES AS AN ANTIBIOTIC CARRIER." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1619199363230699.
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Li, Xue. ""Cage" Nano and Micro-particles for Biomedical Applications." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS316/document.
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Les systèmes à délivrance de médicaments sont des technologies conçues pour administrer des molécules actives de façon optimisée afin d’améliorer leurs effets thérapeutiques tout en minimisant les effets secondaires. En effet, ces systèmes permettent une libération au niveau d’une cible thérapeutique. Les particules de type «cage» ont récemment attiré une attention particulière en raison de leur capacité accrue à (co)incorporer et à protéger des molécules actives vis-à-vis de dégradations in vivo. Les cyclodextrines (CDs) sont des exemples type de molécules "cage", possédant une cavité hydrophobe et une surface extérieure hydrophile. Nous avons élaboré tout d’abord des assemblages supramoléculaires à base de CDs d'environ 100 nm par une méthode douce consistant à mélanger deux solutions aqueuses de polymères neutres : 1) polymère de β-CD et 2) dextrane greffé avec la benzophénone, molécule invitée formant des complexes d’inclusion avec les CDs. La procédure de préparation « verte» en une seule étape rend la formulation attractive, malgré sa relativement faible capacité d’encapsulation (5%pds). Afin d'améliorer cete charge, nous avons élaboré des particules hybrides organiques-inorganiques (MOFs) à base de CDs. Avantageusement, les CD-MOF comportent non seulement des cavités de CD, mais aussi de larges pores engendrés lors l’auto-assemblage de CDs. Le lansoprazole a été incorporé avec succès (23%pds) dans les CD-MOFs et nous avons montré que chaque CDs était capable d’accueillir une molécule de principe actif. Cependant, l’inconvénient majeur des CD-MOFs est leur faible stabilité en milieu aqueux, limitant leur domaine d’application. Une modification de surface est apparue donc nécessaire pour améliorer leur stabilité. Notre stratégie a été d’incorporer les CD-MOFs dans des matrices d'acide polyacrylique (PAA). Des microsphères composites d’environ 650 nm ont été élaborées avec succès et ont permis une bonne stabilité et une libération prolongée sur plus de 48 h. Avantageusement, ces particules composites n’étaient pas toxiques in vitro même à des concentrations élevées. Ainsi, nous nous sommes orientés vers l’étude comparative de MOFs plus stables dans l’eau, à base de trimesate de fer. Les MIL-100 (Fe) (Material of Institute Lavoisier) figurent parmi les premiers MOF étudiés en tant que nanomédicaments (nanoMOFs). Ces particules, parfaitement stables dans l'eau, se dégradent dans des milieux contenant des phosphates en perdant rapidement leur caractère cristallin et leurs ligands constitutifs. De façon étonnante, nous avons constaté que malgré leur dégradation, ces MOFs conservent leur taille intacte. Une analyse approfondie basée sur la microscopie de Raman a permis d’obtenir des informations pertinentes sur la morphologie et la composition chimique de particules individuelles. Ainsi, il a été montré qu’un front d'érosion délimitait nettement un cœur intact et une coquillé inorganique érodée. Cependant, ni l’encapsulation ni la modification de surface des MOFs n’altérait leur intégrité. Enfin, nous avons étudié la co-encapsulation de deux molécules actives utilisées en combinaison (amoxicilline et clavulanate de potassium) dans les nanoMOFs stables à base de MIL-100 (Fe). Les antibiotiques ont été incorporées par imprégnation et chaque molécule s’est localisée préférentiellement dans un compartiment (large ou petite cage) corroborant parfaitement les simulations par modélisation moléculaire. De plus, il a été découvert, de manière surprenante, qu’un grand nombre de nanoMOFs se localisait au voisinage des bactéries (S.aureus) dans des cellules infectées. En se dégradant dans ces cellules, les nanoMOFs contenant les antibiotiques ont réduit de manière importante la charge bactérienne intracellulaire. Ces études révèlent le potentiel des particules de type «cage» pour une incorporation efficace de molécules actives et leur libération contrôlée et ouvrent de nombreuses possibilités d’applicationDrug delivery systems are engineered technologies to administer pharmaceutical ingredients to improve their therapeutic effects, aiming at minimizing their side effects by means of targeted delivery and/or controlled release. “Cage” particles recently drew special attention since they could act as “drug containers” which potentially load large amount of drugs, improve their stability and offer the possibilities to co-encapsulate synergetic drugs. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are typical “cage” molecules with a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic outer surface. Taking advantage of the host-guest interactions between β-CD and benzophenone (Bz), CD based nanoparticles (CD-NPs) were the first formulation investigated. CD-NPs of around 100 nm were instantaneously produced by mixing two aqueous solutions of neutral polymers: 1) poly-CD containing β-CDs, and 2) Bz grafted Dex (Dex-Bz). The “green” and facile preparation procedure makes it attractive formulation, whereas its limitation lies on the low drug payloads (~ 5 wt%). In order to improve the drug loading capacity of CDs, porous CD based metal organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) were synthesized, which contain not only CD cavities, but also large pores built up by CDs self-assembly. Lansoprazole (LPZ) was incorporated in CD-MOF microcrystals (~ 6 µm) reaching payloads as high as 23.2 ± 2.1% (wt). Remarkably, each CD cavity was able to host a drug molecule, offering new opportunities for the use of CD-MOFs for drug delivery purposes. However, these particles disassembled in aqueous media, which limits their application for oral and intravenous administration. Surface modification is therefore necessary to improve their stability in water. The drug loaded CD-MOF nanocrystals (~ 650 nm) were successfully embedded in polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymer matrices. The composite microspheres exhibited spherical shapes and sustained drug release over a prolonged period of time (over 48 h). Drug loaded MOF/PAA composite microspheres were not toxic in vitro (cell viability ~ 90%) even at very high concentrations up to 17.5 mg/mL. MOF/PAA composite microspheres constitute an efficient and pharmaceutically acceptable MOF-based carrier for sustained drug release. However, the process of surface modification was complicated and lead to larger particles and reduced drug payloads. Water-stable MOFs are a novel type of hybrid particles, showing a high potential as drug carriers. Iron trimesate MOFs, namely, MIL-100 (Fe) (MIL stands for Material of Institute Lavoisier) was among the first nano-scaled MOFs used for drug delivery. These particles were stable in water but degraded in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) losing their crystallinity and constitutive trimesate linkers. However, it was discovered that they kept their morphology intact. A thorough analysis based on Raman microscopy was carried on to gain insights on both the morphology and chemical composition of individual particles. It was evidenced the formation of a sharp erosion front during particle degradation. Noteworthy, the MOFs did not degrade during drug loading nor surface modification. Co-encapsulation of two synergic antibiotics (amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate) in MIL-100 (Fe) nanoMOFs was achieved following a “green” procedure by soaking nanoMOFs in aqueous solutions of both drugs. Molecular modelling showed that each drug preferentially located in a separate nanoMOF compartment. Surprisingly, nanoMOFs were prone to co-localize with bacteria once internalized in infected macrophages. NanoMOFs acted synergistically with the entrapped drugs to kill intracellular S. aureus, in vitro. These results pave the way towards the design of engineered nanocarriers in which each component synergistically plays a role in fighting the disease. These studies unravel the potential of “cage” particles for efficient drug entrapment and controlled release and open numerous possibilities for applications
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Escher, Geraldine. "Cellular delivery using peptoid carriers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12260.
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Efficient delivery into cells is essential for many applications. However, cellular access of “cell-impermeable” molecules, such as drugs, sensors, proteins and oligonucleotides, can often be severely limited due to the plasma membrane which protects cells from unregulated influx of hydrophilic materials. In order to solve this issue, several physical techniques and bio-chemical products are today available. One of them is called peptoids (N-alkylglycines). These compounds are peptidomimetics which are resistant to enzymatic degradation, non-immunogenic and are readily prepared by an Fmoc chemical approach. Peptoids based on the "TAT"-peptide (RKKRRQRRR) offer rapid cellular uptake/delivery and low cytotoxicity. In this thesis, based on previous works using fluorescein-cationic peptoids, various fluorescent N-substitued glycines (lysine-like) were prepared by the monomer method followed by solid-phase synthesis. Their cellular uptakes in vitro into several cell lines (such as HeLa, B16F10, HEK293T and primary immune cells) were examined via flow cytometry and microscopy. The cellular delivery of small molecules mediated by the 9mer polymer achieved an efficient and rapid penetration. These results open up a vast number of applications for delivery of macromolecules using nonalysine-like peptoid. In order to demonstrate this ability, the nonalysinelike carrier was used to deliver various biopolymer molecules such as peptides, GFP protein and DNA (in collaboration with Dr. Stefano Caserta). In addition, thanks to the non-cytotoxicity of this cellular transpoter (MTT assays); experiments were carried out in vivo in mice using peptoids labelled near-infrared dyes. The first results have shown that the peptoid is not toxic for the mouse and does not block cell movements. These results allowed the use of 9mer-peptoid as a cellular tracking agent. Based on the development on antimicrobial peptides, the polylysine-like peptoid was also tested as an antibiotic. Recent experiments carried out in collaboration with Dr. Kevin Dhaliwal have revealed a new antimicrobial property of the peptoids. In vitro and in vivo studies have been carried out using both gram positive and negative bacteria. These results present a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
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Dallal, Bashi Yahya Haseeb Yahya. "Development of liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers for antibiotic and gene delivery." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.725746.
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An inhaled dry powder azithromycin liposomal formulation for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infection was developed based on a previously developed liposome composition by Yusuf (2014). The formulation contains liposomes composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, soy-phosphatidylcholine, tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, antibiotic drug azithromycin and pharmaceutical excipients trehalose and L-leucine. A spray-drying method was. optimized and used to produce adry respirable powder product with a low range of water content, a high glass transition (Tg) value. After spray drying the liposomes within the formulation exhibited an average liposome size of less than 120 nm, a size uniformity of 0.3, a zeta potential value of more than +60 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of more than 50% and a prolonged drug release profile. This liposomal formulation enhanced the anti-biofilm activity of azithromycin by 2- to 8-fold against pseudomonal biofilms grown from bacterial strains obtained from the sputum of CF patients. The most promising formulation exhibited good stability profiles over two months at 40 C and one year at 20 C. The formulation showed rapid delivery into bacterial cells, and fast interaction with human cells with no cytotoxic effect in an in vitro setting. The dry-loaded liposomal formulation showed a good cellular uptake following administration to mice via various routes of administration. The in vitro respiratory deposition pattern for this powder formulation was evaluated by performing a next generation impactor (NGI) deposition test using the Aerolizer dry powder inhaler device. The parameters of NGI test were adjusted to mimic the inhalation profile in CF patients. Together, NGI results and the above data indicated that this formulation could potentially be a good inhaled azithromycin delivery system to improve the lung function in CF patients. For gene therapy purpose, a freeze-dried formulation was developed using the same liposome components but loaded with plasmid DNA (pDNA). Following the optimzation of liposome to pDNA ratio, in vitro transfection at lipid to pDNA ratios of 4.7:1 to 9.4:1 was conducted with no cytotoxic effect. In mice, the liposome-pDNA complexes showed local and systemic gene expression that was detectable 48 hours post administration via the intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous and intranasal route. The lyophilized liposome-pDNA complexes exhibited accepted Tg and water content values, that could be optmized further. Finally, these results support the possibility of using this efficient, safe and affordable liposomal formulation in delivering different active compounds for both antibiotic and gene delivery purposes.
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Pons, Maria J., Cláudia Gomes, Valle-Mendoza Juana del, and Joaquim Ruiz. "Carrion’s Disease: More Than a Sand Fly–Vectored Illness." Public Library of Science, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655487.
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Revell, Kevin David. "Mode of action and structure-activity studies of N-alkylthio beta-lactams and N-alkylthio-2-oxazolidinones, and synthesis of second-generation disulfide Inhibitors of beta-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrer Protein Synthase III (FabH) as potent antibacterial agents." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001453.
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ANGELLOTTI, Giuseppe. "Sviluppo di spugne bioerodibili multifunzionali per la promozione di processi riparativi mediante il rilascio controllato di agenti antibiotici e antiossidanti. Utilizzo in chirurgia orale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10447/580944.
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La salute delle strutture molli e dure del cavo orale è essenziale non solo per preservare le funzioni ad esse direttamente associate, ma anche per promuovere la salute generale dell’organismo. Tra le problematiche di maggiore interesse clinico a carico della cavità orale ritroviamo: i) le complicazioni post-operatorie che possono verificarsi a seguito di comuni avulsioni dentali che, se non trattate tempestivamente, possono sfociare in gravi parodontiti; ii) i fenomeni di osteonecrosi a carico di mascella e mandibola associate a trattamenti farmacologici nonché alla radioterapia; iii) il carcinoma orale a cellule squamose (OSCC) che è tra i più aggressivi tumori del collo e della testa, caratterizzato dal più basso tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni. Va inoltre presa in considerazione la posizione anatomica del cavo orale che, essendo facilmente accessibile dall’esterno, è suscettibile ad infezioni batteriche che possono compromettere uno stato di salute già debilitato e/o peggiorare la condizione clinica delle problematiche sopra citate. Nel trattamento delle affezioni del cavo orale è di fondamentale importanza ottenere una rapida remissione della sintomatologia, favorendo la rigenerazione del tessuto leso e prevenendo le complicazioni infettive mediante una terapia mirata, efficace e localizzata. Tuttavia, le strategie terapeutiche attualmente in uso sono spesso invasive e in alcuni casi meramente palliative (es. rimozione chirurgica del tessuto necrotico anche osseo), o spesso la necessità di ricorrere a terapie farmacologiche aggressive non scevre da effetti avversi anche gravi può contribuire ad un peggioramento di una condizione patologica preesistente.
Per superare gli inconvenienti dati dai trattamenti convenzionali, recentemente è stato proposto l’utilizzo di sostanze naturali di origine vegetale aventi comprovate proprietà terapeutiche benefiche (es. antiossidanti, antinfiammatorie, antitumorali, antibatteriche), capacità di stimolazione dei processi di rigenerazione tissutale, e soprattutto, effetti collaterali trascurabili. Tra le varie classi di composti naturali che potrebbero rispondere a tali requisiti, i polifenoli sono quella di maggiore interesse scientifico. Si tratta di un gruppo di molecole molto eterogeneo accomunato chimicamente dalla presenza di uno o più gruppi fenolici. Sebbene i polifenoli si trovino in molteplici fonti alimentari e le loro svariate proprietà benefiche siano ben note, il loro utilizzo in ambito clinico è ancora una sfida aperta a causa delle loro caratteristiche chimico-fisiche e farmacocinetiche generalmente sfavorevoli, quali instabilità chimica e fisica, quando soggette ai fenomeni ambientali come le radiazioni ultraviolette, temperatura elevata o pH fortemente acido o alcalino, scarsa solubilità in ambiente acquoso, elevata suscettibilità al metabolismo epatico e, quindi, bassa biodisponibilità a seguito di somministrazione orale. Per superare tali limiti e rendere somministrabili ed efficaci i polifenoli è quindi auspicabile la realizzazione di drug delivery platform o carrier in grado di incorporare efficacemente tali attivi, preservarne l’integrità strutturale e funzionale e modularne il rilascio al sito target. Inoltre, per promuovere la guarigione dagli stati patologici sopra elencati, può risultare utile la co-somministrazione di polifenoli ed antibatterici tra quelli già utilizzati in chirurgia orale. Tenendo in considerazione queste premesse nel presente lavoro di dottorato sono stati realizzati innovativi sistemi di veicolazione capaci di incorporare polifenoli quali Curcumina, Quercetina e Resveratrolo da soli o in co-somministrazione con antibiotici quali il Metronidazolo e la Ciprofloxacina, per il trattamento localizzato delle suddette patologie associate al cavo orale.
Una strategia per la veicolazione dei polifenoli consiste nella loro incapsulazione in sistemi micro e nanoparticellari. A tal fine sono state realizzate microparticelle polimeriche contenenti Resveratrolo con la tecnica dello Spray Drying, ottimizzando accuratamente i parametri operativi al fine di ottenere particelle sferiche, di dimensione omogenea ed uniformi in termini di contenuto in attivo. Tale strategia ha consentito la completa amorfizzazione del Resveratrolo, incrementandone notevolmente la solubilità in ambiente acquoso, e promuoverne la permeabilità attraverso la mucosa sublinguale.
I Carrier Lipidici Nanostrutturati (NLC), costituiti da particelle di dimensioni nanometriche, si sono rivelati un altro sistema di veicolazione dei polifenoli particolarmente promettente, proprio grazie alla loro natura lipidica che ben si è adattata alle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche dei polifenoli. Un’attenta selezione dei componenti lipidici e del bilanciamento degli stessi in relazione al tipo ed alla quantità di polifenolo da incapsulare, ha consentito la preparazione di miscele omogenee, aventi temperatura di rammollimento opportuna (stabilità, storage e maneggevolezza) ma soprattutto contenenti il polifenolo nella sua forma amorfa. Sono stati pertanto preparati e caratterizzati diversi sistemi NLC contenenti rispettivamente Curcumina, Quercetina e Resveratrolo. L’ottimizzazione della tecnica di preparazione top-down ad alta energia caratterizzata da omogeneizzazione seguita da sonicazione ad alte frequenze, ha portato alla produzione di nanoparticelle riproducibili ed omogenee (<500 nm, PDI < 0.600), caratterizzate da un’elevata efficienza di incapsulazione (>95%) ed in grado di controllare il rilascio degli attivi secondo cinetiche ben definite. Per consentire la co-somministrazione dei polifenoli (lipofili) con gli antibiotici precedentemente menzionati (idrofili), sono stati ulteriormente realizzati dei sistemi nanocompositi sotto forma di spugne bioerodibili, costituite da una matrice polimerica biocompatibile e bioerodibile (a base di Chitosano o Acido Ialuronico, e PVP K90) all’interno della quale sono state intrappolate le nanoparticelle lipidiche. I nanocompositi, essendo formulazioni polverulente, hanno mostrato diverse caratteristiche favorevoli, tra cui: omogeneità, elevata porosità, capacità di promuovere l’accumulo degli attivi nei tessuti del cavo orale ed elevata stabilità nel tempo, preservando così i polifenoli dalla degradazione. Inoltre, la “trasformazione” delle dispersioni acquose di NLC in un sistema anidro porta all’ottenimento di una polvere secca estremamente semplice da manipolare ed applicare, consentendo di dosare i principi attivi in modo accurato e riproducibile. Studi in vitro, hanno dimostrato, inoltre, la citocompatibilità delle spugne bioerodibili a base di Curcumina, coì come la citocompatibilità delle NLC cariche di Resveratrolo con i fibroblasti murini, mentre le spugne a base di Quercetina e Ciprofloxacina hanno evidenziato proprietà antibatteriche e antibiofilm nei confronti dello Staphilococcus aureus superiori all’antibiotico in forma libera.Parallelamente, è stata impiegata la tecnica della stampa 3D per la realizzazione di scaffold polimerici carichi sia di Curcumina, in cui l’aggiunta di beta-tricalcio fosfato (bioceramica), è stata in grado di influenzare positivamente le caratteristiche dello scaffold, aumentandone la porosità e promuovendo la stabilità della Curcumina in fase di preparazione.
In conclusione, il lavoro di ricerca svolto ha portato allo sviluppo tecnologico, da una parte, di valide ed efficienti delivery platform nano- e micrometriche per la veicolazione dei polifenoli e, dall’altra, alla produzione di sistemi di drug delivery macroscopici (nanocompositi e scaffold) potenzialmente utili per il trattamento delle patologie del cavo orale.
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CHEN, GENG-MIN, and 陳耕民. "Application of PEGylated Nanodiamond as Antibiotic Carrier Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zs4v2z.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
應用化學系
107
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, especially multidrug resistance (MDR), has become a global medical concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned of multiple drug resistance in bacteria, and the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria has become one of the pressing problems facing humans. Therefore, it is important to explore alternatives such as the identification of new antibiotics and the efficient use of nanostructured materials. Among them, Nanodiamond (ND), which has high chemical stability, easy surface modification and good adsorption to biomolecules, has become a new nanomaterial. In the past few years, there have been some studies on ND surface modification. ND can be modified with various polymers, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has been successfully combined with various nanoparticles (quantum dots and gold nanoparticles), has enhanced biological properties, and is highly biocompatible. It enhances their solubility, permeability, and stability while avoiding rapid recognition and elimination by the immune system, thereby prolonging circulation in the body. Therefore, in this work, we used PEGylated nanodiamond (ND@PEG) as a drug delivery platform. After the polymer-modified nanodiamond was physically adsorbed with Ciprofloxacin (CFX), a nanodiamond-drug complex (ND@PEG-CFX) was formed to resistance MDR bacteria. The experimental results show that in a neutral aqueous solution (pH 7.0), the surface of the ND@PEG can adsorb about 1% (w/w) of ciprofloxacin and can be slowly released for more than 24 hours. In the analysis of cell viability, ND@PEG-CFX showed excellent biocompatibility when the cell viability reached 100% even at a high concentration of 40 (g/mL). In the antibacterial experiment, the bactericidal effect of ND@PEG-CFX reached 97.17%, which was greater than 72.27% of CFX alone. The results showed that MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli) were more susceptible to death by ND@PEG-CFX than the experimental control group using only ciprofloxacin alone, which confirmed that ND@PEG-assisted drug delivery mechanism can kill MDR E. coli more effectively. We speculate that this significantly improved antibacterial ability is attributed to the auxiliary drug delivery properties of the nanodiamond complex, which allows the drug to continued and slowly release outside the bacterial cell membrane. ND@PEG-CFX can not only prolong the effective time of the bacteria and can also bypass the action mechanism of the efflux pump protein to improve the antibacterial efficacy. These results show that the ND@PEG has a slow release property as a drug delivery platform and is low-toxic to human cells. It can carry ciprofloxacin on MDR E. coli, bypassing the drug resistance mechanism of bacterial efflux pumps, enhances the bactericidal effect and has the opportunity to be applied to the clinical treatment of pathogenic drug-resistant bacterial infection in the future.
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LO, YU-CHI, and 羅宇琪. "Development of a Nanodiamond-Based Antibiotic Carrier for Killing Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r429k8.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
應用化學系
106
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has become one of the most pressing issues that threaten the health of human. Nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery has shown great promise for treating MDR. Recently, interest in using nanoparticle-based approaches to combat difficult infections has rapidly grown due to the many advantages offered over conventional treatment with free antibiotics. Nanodiamond (ND) is a promising biomedical material for drug delivery due to their excellent physiological properties including high biocompatibility, narrow size distribution, high surface area-to-volume ratio, and facile surface functionalization for drug loading. NDs have shown the ability to overcome drug efflux in several multidrug-resistance (MDR) cancer cell lines and shown increased apoptosis in liver and mammary tumors in vivo. Here, ND is immobilized with ciprofloxacin (CFX) to form a ND-CFX nanodrug for combating MDR bacteria. The composites were prepared by adsorption ciprofloxacin on the surface of nanodrug. Results showed that ND-CFX not only achieve 1.84% loading capacity and biocompatibility, but also sustainable releases CFX in a pH-dependent manner over 5 days. Compared to free CFX drug, ND-CFX can more effectively inhibit the growth of MDR E. coli., leading to a lower specific growth constant. Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption /Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis of bacteria lysates confirmed that ND-CFX is a more effective bactericidal drug than free CFX. 4 μg/mL of ND-CFX can kill 91.5% of MDR E. coli cells in a culture with a density of 105 CFU/mL in 2 h. The improved bactericidal performance was attributed to the effective ND-assisted drug delivery, which bypasses multidrug efflux pumps and improve therapeutic efficacy. NDs with excellent physiological properties can serve as an excellent nanocarrier for drug delivery in the treatment of MDR E. coli. These results show that the NDs can serve as an effective antibiotic carrier in the MDR E. coli. It can be potentially useful for clinical treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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Everhart, Adam R. "The Effects of Nano-Hydroxyapatite in a Double Antibiotic Paste-Loaded Methycellulose Carrier on Dental Pulp Stem Cells." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/19683.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)The effects of hydroxyapatite in a DAP-loaded MC carrier on dental pulp stem cells Introduction: Regenerative endodontic procedures (REP) require disinfection techniques to eliminate bacteria from the infected immature root canal system and promote new growth of the pulp-dentin complex. Double antibiotic paste (DAP), a mixture of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole, has shown efficacy in doing so while minimizing cytotoxicity on dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Stem cells, scaffolding, and growth factors are necessary in the maturation, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the root canal system. Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) has a history of biocompatibility and, in addition, has shown promising effects as a tissue bioengineering material. Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the proliferation and mineralization of DPSC in the presence of 1% DAP and methylcellulose (MC) with varying concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite. Materials and Methods: DPSC were plated in 24-well plates containing culture media. The next day, semi-permeable 0.1 mm Transwell chambers were inserted into the wells to separate the reservoirs for medicaments. Treatment paste composed of methylcellulose containing 1% DAP with either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.0% nano-hydroxyapatite was added along with culture media. Methylcellulose alone and calcium hydroxide (Ultracal) were used as control groups. After 3 days, cells were evaluated for cytotoxic effects using an MTS proliferation assay (n = 10, in triplicate). DPSCs were also cultured with these medicaments for 7 days in osteogenic media and evaluated for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization activity (n = 13, in triplicate). Comparisons between groups for differences in mineralization, BSA, and ALP activity were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with different variances allowed for each group and a random effect included in the model to account for correlation within each of the three trials. A simulation-based model was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results: Addition of n-HA treatment groups increased mineralization significantly greater than calcium hydroxide, with MC alone and MC+DAP+0.5% HA providing the greatest effect. Regarding ALP, all HA concentrations performed significantly greater than MC and DAP concentrations. Proliferation demonstrated similar metabolic activity in all experimental groups with few comparisons significant. Conclusion: The challenge in REPs is to maintain survival, and preferably promote the proliferation and development of DPSCs into the pulp-dentin complex with a consistent treatment outcome. The combination of DAP with hydroxyapatite may allow for both disinfection and improved mineralization and cellular differentiation. This contribution has shown significant ability to increase stem cell differentiation into an osteogenic lineage as well as calcium deposition, indicating end goal results of regenerative procedures.
Books on the topic "Antibiotic carrier"
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Ecker, Gerhard, and Peter Chiba. Transporters as drug carriers: Structure, function, substrates. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009.
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Emerging epidemics: The menance of new infections. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books, 2010.
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Gilsdorf, Janet R. Continual Raving. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677312.001.0001.
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This book explores the lives and work of scientists who unraveled the mysteries of meningitis and describes the steps (and sometimes missteps) they used to accomplish their splendid achievements. Although symptoms of meningitis were recorded as early as the time of Hippocrates, its origin remained obscure. Then, in 1892, one of the bacteria that cause meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae, was discovered when Richard Pfeiffer saw it in material coughed up by a patient with influenza. Pfeiffer mistakenly thought the bacteria caused influenza, and it has carried that unfortunate, erroneous name since that time. Discovery, however, marched forward, and Quincke discovered how to obtain spinal fluid by inserting a needle between two bones in the patient’s back. Pittman discovered the sugar overcoat that protects H. influenzae from being eaten by white blood cells. Flexner managed epidemics of meningitis with serum from a horse. Griffith unknowingly stumbled on DNA, the master of all life. Weech gave the first antibiotic used in America to a little girl with meningitis. Alexander learned why antibiotics sometimes fail in such patients. Smith won the Nobel Prize for showing how DNA invades bacteria, the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. And four scientists, in two teams, vied to be the first to create the best vaccine to prevent meningitis in infants.
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Elwood, Mark. Critical appraisal of a randomized clinical trial. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0012.
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This chapter presents a randomised trial carried out in primary care in the UK, assessing the use of an antibiotic, chloramphenicol, for acute eye infections (conjunctivitis) in children. This study shows the challenges of conducting a high quality randomised trial in primary care, including issues of the appropriate assessment of outcome. The critical assessment follows the scheme set out in chapter 10: describing the study, assessing the non-causal explanations of observation bias, confounding, and chance variation; assessing time relationships, strength, dose-response, consistency and specificity, and applying the results to the eligible, source, and target populations; and then comparing the results with evidence from other studies, considering consistency and specificity, biological mechanisms, and coherence with the distribution of exposures and outcomes. The chapter gives a summary and table of the critical assessment and its conclusions; and comments on the impact of the study and research carried out since.
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Keoghane, Stephen, and Mark Sullivan. The principles of endourology. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0032.
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The chapter discusses the principles of endourology outlining the principles behind the sub-specialty. Topics disused include endoscopes, cystoscopes, rigid and semi-rigid ureteroscopes, flexible ureterorenoscopes, rigid and flexible nephroscopes, disposable equipment, integrated operating theatres, narrow band imaging (NBI), theatre ergonomics, and antibiotics. Urologic endoscopes are generally of two optical designs: the rigid, rod lens system described by Hopkins, while fibre-optic imaging bundles are used in both rigid and flexible endoscopes. The rod lens system consists of a series of glass rods with polished ends with the key feature of air gaps that act as a lens. Light is carried efficiently along the rod, resulting in a clear and bright image.
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Chanmugam, Arjun S., and Gino Scalabrini. Urinary Tract Infections in Women. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0037.
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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) refer to a urine culture yielding a minimum of 100 to 10,000 bacteria units/mm of urine usually from a clean catch midstream sample. This can result from infection of the lower urinary tract involving the bladder (cystitis) or an infection of the upper urinary tract involving the kidneys (pyelonephritis). Uncomplicated UTIs occur in healthy, pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women with a normal urinary tract who have a high likelihood to respond favorably to treatment, but consider local antibiotic resistance patterns. Complicated UTIs occur in women with coexisting pathology, anatomical abnormality, underlying comorbidity, or immunocompromise. Untreated UTIs can progress to pyelonephritis and urosepsis. Asymptomatic bacteriuria for pregnant women can progress very quickly; pyelonephritis carries increased risk of perinatal and neonatal mortality. Pregnant patients should be treated with cephalexin, amoxicillin, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (avoiding fluoroquinolones).
Book chapters on the topic "Antibiotic carrier"
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Bouaziz, Amira, Aicha Asma Houfani, Mounia Arab, and Hafida Baoune. "Microplastics as a Carrier of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Revision of Literature." In Micro and Nanoplastics in Soil, 147–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21195-9_7.
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Jamrozik, Euzebiusz, and Michael J. Selgelid. "Surveillance and Control of Asymptomatic Carriers of Drug-Resistant Bacteria." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 183–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_12.
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Abstract Drug-resistant bacterial infections constitute a major threat to global public health. Several key bacteria that are becoming increasingly resistant are among those that are ubiquitously carried by human beings and usually cause no symptoms (i.e. individuals are asymptomatic carriers) until a precipitating event leads to symptomatic infection (and thus disease). Carriers of drug-resistant bacteria can also transmit resistant pathogens to others, thus putting the latter at risk of infections that may be difficult or impossible to treat with currently available antibiotics. Accumulating evidence suggests that such transmission occurs not only in hospital settings but also in the general community, although much more data are needed to assess the extent of this problem. Asymptomatic carriage of drug-resistant bacteria raises important ethical questions regarding the appropriate public health response, including the degree to which it would be justified to impose burdens and costs on asymptomatic carriers (and others) in order to prevent transmission. In this paper, we (i) summarize current evidence regarding the carriage of key drug-resistant bacteria, noting important knowledge gaps and (ii) explore the implications of existing public health ethics frameworks for decision- and policy-making regarding asymptomatic carriers. Inter alia, we argue that the relative burdens imposed by public health measures on healthy carriers (as opposed to sick individuals) warrant careful consideration and should be proportionate to the expected public health benefits in terms of risks averted. We conclude that more surveillance and research regarding community transmission (and the effectiveness of available interventions) will be needed in order to clarify relevant risks and design proportionate policies, although extensive community surveillance itself would also require careful ethical consideration.
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Perez-Soler, Roman, Steven Sugarman, Yiyu Zou, and Waldemar Priebe. "Use of Drug Carriers To Ameliorate the Therapeutic Index of Anthracycline Antibiotics." In ACS Symposium Series, 300–319. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0574.ch019.
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Hosseini, S. M., N. Morovati Moez, and M. R. Arabestani. "Antibacterial and Antifungal Materials." In Carrier-mediated Gene and Drug Delivery for Dermal Wound Healing, 86–120. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837671540-00086.
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Over recent decades, the morbidity and mortality rate of infectious diseases with bacterial and fungal etiology has increased greatly. This may be due to overuse and abuse of prescription antifungal and antibacterial drugs, which causes organisms to gradually acquire the ability to overcome the drug and develop resistance. Moreover, many antimicrobials display a variety of toxicities for human use. Also, multiple resistance of bacteria to different antibiotics has caused many problems. Nowadays, the greatest challenges in hospital burn wards is Pseudomonas infection as this bacterium has become multiply resistant to commercial antibiotics. So that, the World Health Organization stated the most concerning condition in the 21st century relates to the most pan-drug-resistant strains, which are extremely resistant to most current antibiotics. As an example, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the first ranks of antibiotic discovery priority as strains are resistant to the Carbapenem family. Also, annual rises to the number of drug resistant strains of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV and malaria parasites are considered to be major concerns. Despite the efforts conducted in antimicrobial discovery, multiple-drug-resistant strains are still increasing much faster than novel antimicrobial innovations, resulting in demand for new antimicrobial therapies with the hope of overcoming infectious disease. This chapter will review most traditional and novel antibacterial and antifungal materials from the first discoveries to the latest antimicrobial techniques.
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Ramalingam, Karthikeyan, and Mohd Hashim Khan. "Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Mode of Actions of Nanoemulsion Against Drug-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens." In Handbook of Research on Nanoemulsion Applications in Agriculture, Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 142–68. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8378-4.ch007.
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An enhancement of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health infrastructure and hospital care charges. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has highlighted a section of antibiotic resistant bacteria termed as ESKAPE pathogens. These pathogens are proficient in ‘escaping' the biocidal effect of antibiotics and mutually representing new paradigms in transmission of diseases, pathogenesis, and resistance in their genetic materials. Essential oil-based nanoemulsions (NEs) have great interest towards the “natural” therapies as potential antimicrobial agents. Thermodynamic properties and kinetically stable potential of biphasic system of nanoemulsion enable them to be used as an effective nano-carrier with controlled release at the targeted point. This chapter describes the mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens and the mode of the mechanisms of antimicrobial action of nanoemulsions for the treatment of MDR human pathogens.
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Ahmad, Asmara, Shoukat Hussain, Rizwan Mehmood, Amna Rana, and Ghulam Mustafa. "Antibiotic Resistance Breakers and Nano-Antibiotics in Mediating Antimicrobial Resistance." In Antibiotic Resistance - New Insights [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111761.
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Antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate and is now widely recognized as a global issue that requires urgent attention. Globally, the demand for new drugs has increased due to multidrug-resistant pathogens and emerging viruses. One promising avenue of research involves antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs), which may or may not have direct antibacterial effects and can either be co-administered with or conjugated with failing antibiotics. This strategy may increase an antibiotic’s spectrum and its efficacy against bacteria that have acquired resistance against it and reduce the dosage necessary for an antibiotic. In this chapter, we have discussed antibiotic resistance breakers, their classification, and mechanisms of action in combating microbial resistance. Moreover, this chapter will also focus on the nanotechnological approach, a novel delivery platform using nano-carriers used to overcome the permeability barrier encountered in resistant bacteria. Nano-carriers are also used to selectively deliver high concentrations of antibiotics locally, thus avoiding systemic side effects. Several strategies have been studied to deliver antibiotics such as the use of antimicrobial polymers, nanoparticles, and liposomes. The current study will help to understand how the resistance ability of bacteria can be overcome or reversed through antibiotic resistance breakers and nano-antibiotics.
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"Local Surgical Treatment of Osteomyelitis with a Resorbable, Osteoconductive Antibiotic Carrier: Introduction." In Septic Bone and Joint Surgery, edited by Reinhard Schnettler and Hans-Ulrich Steinau. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0034-88127.
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"2 Antibiotics for Orthopaedic Infections." In Management of Orthopaedic Infections, edited by Antonia F. Chen. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0041-181977.
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Antibiotics play a critical role in the treatment of bone and joint infections. In clinical practice, antibiotics may be delivered intravenously, orally, or topically, alone or as part of a delivery mechanism. This chapter will discuss the most commonly used oral and intravenous antibiotics in orthopaedic infections, their efficacy and bioavailability, and important considerations when using these antibiotics for patient care. This chapter will additionally focus on the use of topical antibiotics and nondegradable/biodegradable carriers for antibiotic delivery, such as the use of heat-stable antibiotics in cement spacers. The information presented here is designed for use as a clinical reference to provide guidance on the care of patients with orthopaedic infections including osteomyelitis, septic joints, and periprosthetic joint infections.
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Azizi, Seyed Mohammad Mirsoleimani, Nervana Haffiez, Basem S. Zakaria, Elsayed Elbeshbishy, and Bipro Ranjan Dhar. "Nano- and microplastics as carriers for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes." In Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 361–85. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99908-3.00005-1.
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Palem, V. V. "Processes of Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Action and their Future Prospective." In Materials Research Foundations, 131. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902370-5.
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The discovery of novel therapies is required due to the stark rise in microbial resistance to currently available conventional antibiotics, which poses a significant obstacle to the effective management of infectious diseases. Nanomaterials between 1 and 100 nm in size have recently become effective antibacterial agents. In particular, several classes of antimicrobial nanomaterials and nanosized carriers for antibiotic delivery have demonstrated their efficacy for treating infectious diseases, including antibiotic-resistant ones, in vitro and in animal models. Because of their high surface area-to-volume ratios, these materials can provide better therapy than conventional drugs and have new mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, magnetic, electro-optical, and magneto-optical properties. So, nanoparticles have been proven to be fascinating in the fight against bacteria. In this chapter, we will go into detail about the various characteristics of microorganisms and how they differ across each strain. The toxicity mechanisms change depending on the stain. Even the effectiveness of nanomaterials to treat different bacteria and their defence mechanisms varies depending on strains, particularly the composition of cell walls, the makeup of the enzymes, and other factors. As a result, a perspective on nanomaterials in the microbial world, a method to combat drug resistance by tagging antibiotics in nanomaterials, as well as predictions for their future in science.
Conference papers on the topic "Antibiotic carrier"
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A. TAHER, Nehad, Batool Abd Al Ameer BAQER, and Ruaa Ali JASIM. "EFFECT OF ETHIDIUM - BROMIDE ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT OF UROPATHOGENIC E. COLI ISOLATES." In DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL INTENSITY BY CORRECTION OF THE EMISSION SPECTRUM LINES OF HEAVY METALS CONTAINED IN CRUDE OIL USING LASER INDUCED PLASMA –TECHNIQUE. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress4-7.
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Antimicrobial Resistance among commonly –acquired uropathogens is an emerging concern over the past decades that warrants a continuing reevaluation of the appropraitens of recomended empiric antimicrobial Regimens for treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (U.T.I.s). Most of the Antibiotic Resistance Genes were plasmid determined, so it was, the first attempt to study the effect of curing agent (Ethidium-Bromide ) on Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogenic E. coli isolates. (106) samples were collected from patients suffering from Urinary Tract Infection (U.T.I.). Samples were implanted on the culture media Eosinmethylene Blue (EMB) medium and MacConkey agar to isolate the bacteria and to diagnose them using microscopic, culture and biochemical tests and confirmed by the Vitck-2 system. Of the total, 45(42%) isolates were selected which belong to Escherichia coli. The susceptibility test towards eight antibiotics were carried out and the results showed that Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Norfloxacin, Ceftrixon and Amikacin were the most effective antibiotics and their resistance percentages were 20%, 20%, 20%, 20%, 30% and 30% respectively, Co-trimazole and Chloramphenicol were less effective and their resistance percentage were 90% both of them. Three isolates of E. coli (5,8,17) were selected depending on results of antibiotic sensitivity tests as showed multiple –antibiotic resistance (100%). First attempt made on the effect of Ethidium –Bromide (0.1%) as a curing agent on these three –multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates which used at concentration (0, 10-1 , ------ -, 10-10 ) and the results showed E.coli (MDR) were sensitive to a ( Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and ceftriaxone ) at Et.-Br. of concentration at (10-1 , 10-2 , 10-3 , 10-4 , 10-5 , 10-6 )while normal activity were observed at concenteation of (10-7 , 10-8 , 10-9 , 10-10 ) 0f Et.-Br. The results of Agarose – Gel Electrophoresis of both normal E. coli (MDR) and cured isolates showed the presence of chromosomal and plasmide DNA bands in the normal case while only chromosomal DNA bands with E. coli isolate no.(8) treated with an Ethidium –Bromide at concentration of (10-2 , 10-5 .
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Lutphy Ali, Noor, Mustafa D. Younus, Omar F. Bahjat, Lina Sordash Hassan, Mohamad Hawar Rahman, Kawa Kamal Kareem, Darya Emad, and Hataw Ali. "Identification of Pharyngitis Bacteria in Patients with Sore Throat Features in Rizgary Teaching Hospital and Overuse of Antibiotics." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.745.
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This research is designed to study sore throat (pharyngitis) and its causes, which is considered to be one of the serious health problems that affect many individuals annually. The research included an infected study status of 81 cases suspected of pharyngitis attending Rzgary Hospital department of ENT, in Erbil city. Infection was diagnosed by culturing the throat swab and collecting data about individual gender, age, occupation and residency. Also, this study deals with acute and chronic pain of sore throat (pharyngitis) and describes their causes. As well as the diagnosis was also achieved. Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus sp., were isolated from the pharyngitis patients. The antibiotic susceptibility test was carried on the isolated bacteria using different types of antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Penicillin, Streptomycin, Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime. The results indicated that most of the bacteria were resistant to the antibiotics. The highest sensitivity of pathogenic bacterial species was found towards streptomycin, while Ampicillin and Penicillin had the highest resistance; hence antimicrobial treatment should be recommended only after culturing and sensitivity testing. This would aid in the appropriate treatment, discourage the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, and avoid further development of drug resistance. It has been found that males are more vulnerable to getting pharyngitis than females. Age has a significant influence on increasing or decreasing the number of infected people. Also, the individuals living in Erbil city are more prone to be infected than those in the villages.
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Iancu, Ionica, Viorel Herman, Ileana Nichita, Alexandru Gligor, and Anca Hulea. "RESEARCH ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF ALLIUM SATIVUM EXTRACT ON SOME STRAINS OF SALMONELLA SPP ISOLATED FROM DOGS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s29.90.
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In recent years, the development of resistance to various antibiotics frequently used in veterinary practice has been observed. The cause seems to be the excessive use of antibiotics without doing an antibiogram. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of different garlic extracts on Salmonella strains isolated from dogs. The research was carried out on a number of 19 strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from fecal samples from dogs. Salmonella spp is a bacterium with zoonotic risk. Different concentrations of alcoholic extract of Allium Sativum (100%, 50%, 25%), aqueous extract of garlic, and oil extract of garlic were tested on the 19 strains of Salmonella spp., isolated from fecal samples from dogs. Antimicrobial effect testing of Allium Sativum extract was performed on Mueller Hinton agar. In the case of the alcoholic extract of Allium Sativum 100% and in the case of garlic oil (25 mg Allicin), the highest value of the diameter of the inhibition zone (30 mm) was recorded. The lowest value of the zone of inhibition was recorded, in the case of the 25% alcoholic extract of garlic, approximately 11 mm. The aqueous extract of Allium Sativum had the diameter of the zone of inhibition variable from one strain to another, with values between 22 mm and 29 mm. We recommended the use of the alcoholic extract of Allium Sativum 100 % and the same amount of garlic oil with a concentration of 25 mg Allicin, in case of infection with Salmonella spp. with multiple resistance to antibiotics.
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Saeed MOHAMMED, Luma. "STUDY THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ALLIUM SATIVUM ON PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND COMPARE WITH SOME ANTIBIOTICS." In V. International Scientific Congress of Pure, Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress5-3.
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Twenty isolate of P.aerugiosa isolated from Baghdad hospitals identified morphologically and biochemical tests then vitek system.Disk diffusion method carried out to determined the sensitivity of bacterial isolates to different antibiotics like amoxicillin,ciprofloxacin, meropenem and cefotaxim by using Muller-Hinton agar, the results showed that 100% of isolates had resistance to amoxicillin,40% of resistance to cefotxim, 20% of resistance to ciprofloxacin and meropenem. Agar well method used to determined the minimal inhibitory concentrations for alcoholic extract of Allium sativum which prepared by using aqueous ethanol by soxhlet extractor ,it had inhibition effect in 50, and 25 mg/ml, the diameter of inhibition zone on agar were 15-9 mm.
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Costa, Gustavo Carvalho, Alicia Carolina Coraspe Gonçalves, Thayse Indira Bonadio Simões, and Flavia Andrade Rocha Borrelli. "Epstein-Barr virus meningoencephalitis in a immunocompetent child." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.105.
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Introduction: Meningoencephalitis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a rare neurological entity, most often related to the latent reactivation of thevirus associated with immunosuppression. The clinic varies between encephalitis, meningitis, cerebellitis, neuritis and transverse myelitis. The prognosis is good, with 85% of patients returning to baseline levels. Case report: We attend to a 11-month-old male patient, proper neuropsychomotor development, with reports of fever and odynophagia, without improvement with antibiotic therapy. He had a focal epileptic seizure. Upon admission, he presented a new similar event, with control after use of diazepam and intravenous phenobarbital. At the neurological examination carried out after improving the level of consciousness, the patient was alert. He presented axial hypotonia, dystonic posture in flexion of the right upper limb, with preserved strength. He showed no meningeal signs. The cerebrospinal fluid revealed 61 mg/dL of glucose, 57 mg/dL of proteins and 65/mm³ of leukocytes (90% of lymphocytes). Acyclovir, ceftriaxone, and dexamethasone were started, with improvement. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed: FLAIR hyper signal injury, with diffusion restriction, in the left caudate nucleus, left lentiform and ipsilateral anterior midbrain region. Electroencephalogram with diffuse attenuation of baseline electrical activity. The main diagnostic hypothesis was meningoencephalitis secondary to EBV infection, with confirmatory PCR-DNA. Conclusion: The report illustrates the need for attention to a rare infectious etiology in atypical presentation of meningoencephalitis.
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Amer, Samar A., and Sami I. Almudarra. "Assessment of Drug Use Pattern among Hajj Pilgrims Saudi Arabia, 1439h (2018)." In 2nd International Conference on Public Health and Well-being. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/publichealth.2021.1009.
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Hajj pilgrimage is the biggest and longest mass gathering, thus increasing the risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases, so this study aimed to promote rational drug use and optimum provision of drugs among Hajj 1439 Pilgrims through the following objectives: To determine the prevalence and the context of the drug's use and to assess the drug use patterns among pilgrims. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on randomly selected 785 Hajj Pilgrims, stratified according to their countries before their retrial in King Abdul Aziz Airport in Jeddah: The studied pilgrims were 52.4 % male,43.9% had chronic diseases, only 70.4% of studied pilgrims received medications, most of them were antibiotics 248 (33.8%), administrated orally 470 (90.6%), for managing chronic diseases 341 (61.66%), only 50% had written prescription. Patient care indicators; more than 80% of pilgrims knowing the drug/s correct dose, and 69.4 knowing the expired date. Facility indicators; 77% of studied pilgrims reported accessibility of medications, and only 12.4% of the bought drugs had been checked, and 20.3% complained of drug side effects mainly due to drugs unavailability. Conclusions; the drug use pattern is a prevalent and problematic issue among pilgrims due to many factors.
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Krebsbach, Meaghen A., and Karim H. Muci-Ku¨chler. "Effect of Initial Surface Concentration on Bacterial Distribution in a Surrogate Ballistic Wound." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64243.
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In ballistic injuries, contamination can be carried from the environment, clothing, and skin surface into the wound track. Bacteria and contaminated debris can be introduced into the wound by several means, including physical transport by the projectile or by the suction caused by the formation and collapse of the temporary wound cavity. In this paper, the relationship between initial bacterial concentration on the surface and resultant bacterial distribution along the wound channel is examined using a leg surrogate. Escherichia coli strain K-12 was used to represent skin surface contamination. In order to reduce the possibility of contamination by outside bacteria and assist in colony visualization, the E. coli first underwent a transformation protocol to express Green Fluorescent Protein and to be resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin. Different concentrations of bacteria were pipetted onto circular filter paper and placed onto the surface of a ballistic gelatin leg surrogate, and an 11.43-mm (0.45-in) caliber projectile was shot through the contaminated area into the gel. The “wound track” was sliced into small, evenly spaced samples and the permanent cavity was removed using a biopsy punch, liquefied, and grown on selective lysogeny broth media containing ampicillin. Examination of a normalized bacterial colony count and normalized area covered per segment allowed comparison of variations in the initial concentration, and confirmed that within a range the normalized contamination distribution trend along the “wound track” remained similar. This verification allowed additional confidence in results obtained using this bacteria distribution methodology by eliminating concerns over small variations in initial bacterial concentration.
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Lehmanna, Ricarda, Kerstin Thurowa, Regina Stollb, and Matthias Weippertab. "Human vs. Machine in Life Science Automation: Comparing Effectiveness of Manual and Automated 3-D Cell Culturing Processes." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference (2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001219.
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There is an ongoing shift from 2-D cell culturing to 3-D approaches, particularly because three dimensional cell cultures better simulate in vivo conditions. Thus, automation of 3-D culturing processes is a current issue in life science automation, as it is supposed to provide standard qualities and the potential of large-scaled production of 3-D tissues. In the traditional production process, human sensory-motor and evaluation skills are essential for successful 3-D cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of an semi-automated HeLa-cell culturing process compared to traditional manual processing. HeLa cells were manually and automatically encapsulated in alginate matrices and cultivated in media with (+P/S) and without antibiotic (-P/S). The manual steps were carried out by skilled laboratory staff. The automated procedures were performed by the Biomek® Cell Workstation. The proliferation rates and toxicities were evaluated on day 1, 14 and 35. Further, measurements of the duration of the processes and an expert interview as well as process observation of novice and expert staff have been carried out. The proliferation rates of manual produced alginate beads +P/S were significantly higher compared to the rates of the semi-automated produced beads. Average proliferation rates of the manually and semi-automatically produced alginate beads –P/S were similar on all post production days. Further, our results showed a significant increase of the cytotoxicity +P/S and –P/S from day 1 to day 35 for both types of production. On day 1, the cytotoxicity of manual produced beads was significantly higher compared to semi-automated produced beads. Particularly on day 35 toxicity of alginate beads +P/S was significantly increased compared to beads –P/S. Concluding, single process duration of the automated alginate bead production is higher and effectiveness and efficiency of the manual bead production is slightly worse compared to manual processing. However, the main benefits of automated processes are a stable quality, high reproducibility and increased absolute sample production (24/7-operation).
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Queiroz, Nayhara B. D. F., and M. S. Amaral. "EFEITOS DE MICRO-HIDRATAÇÃO EM PROPRIEDADES CONFORMACIONAIS E ESPECTROSCÓPICAS DO ANTIBIÓTICO MARBOFLOXACINO." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol2020177.
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Marbofloxacin (MRB) is a fluoroquinolone used as a veterinary antibiotic. Some analytical methods of optical absorption are used for their determination in pharmaceutical formulations. Thus, we decided to study the electronic absorption spectrum of MRB in the UV-Vis region. For this, we use the TD-DFT, COSMO methods - based on the solvation continuum model - and micro-hydration. The interactions of MRB in both water and vacuum were simulated using computational modeling techniques. Ab initio quantum calculations were used to optimize the geometry of the isolated molecule and in the optical transition energy calculations. The solute-solvent simulation was performed with the Molecular Dynamics technique in the NpT ensemble using a temperature of 300 K in the Amber computer package. The system balance was monitored by Root Mean Square Deviation. The analyzes of the absorption spectra were carried out using the micro-hydration method. This method involved the use of different numbers, from 2 to 8, of the water molecules of the first solvation layer to calculate transition energies. The transition energies were calculated using the TD-DFT method at the theory level B3LYP / 6-311G using together the Conductor-like Screening Model solvation model that assesses the effect of the solvent implicit in the system. For all micro-hydration systems, energy absorption decreases as the wavelength increases. Observing the values it is noticed that there was a deviation in the absorption spectrum 325.4 nm (in the isolated molecule) to 274.1 (with the addition of water). These values are within the experimental ones where we have the bands with maximum absorption at 268 nm and 335 nm.
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Marques, Lícia Apoline Santos, Iago Antunes Macedo de Souza, Luís Gustavo Miranda Cavalcante Farias, Ellem Silva Pestana, Paula Sabrina Martins Gomes da Rocha, Jailson de Sousa Oliveira Júnior, Rafaela Machado Dias de Oliveira, and Frederico Maia Prado. "Cavernous sinus thrombosis as a serious complication of sphenoid sinusitis in children." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.232.
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Introduction:The cavernous sinus is a venous plexus delimited by the dura mater and sited at the base of skull, laterally to the sella turcica and to the sphenoid sinus. The cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a serious illness that may result from infection of any tissue drained by the cavernous sinus (septic thrombosis). Septic thrombosis (ST) may occur through the suppurative process by the level of the orbit, of the upper half of the face or paranasal sinuses , constituting a critical complication of sinusitis. Objectives: To verify the association between cavernous sinus thrombosis and sphenoid sinusitis in children, in the bibliographic productions of the last 10 years. Methods:This is an integrative literature review, with a search carried out in the database of the Medical Literature and Retrieval System onLine (MEDLINE), using a combination of the following Health Sciences Descriptors (DECS): “Sphenoid Sinusitis” and “Thrombosis” And “ Cavernous sinus” in “ Children ”. Incomplete studies were excluded from the research, carried out before 2012, totaling 7 bibliographic studies for detailed analysis. Results:CST can result from infection of any tissue drained from the cavernous sinus. This includes the face, tonsils, soft palate, teeth and ears.Only 15% of cases of CST in patients up to 12 years of age, originated from the paranasal sinuses. However, more recent studies advance that sinusitis is currently the most common etiology. When the sinuses are the cause of CST, the sphenoid sinus emerged as the most common primary source of infection predisposing to CST, since it has important anatomical relationships with the cavernous sinus. Streptococcus has been reported as the most common organism associated with sphenoid sinusitis. Conclusion:Although CTS is a rare clinical condition, acute and persistent sphenoid sinusitis can progress to such a condition, despite medical treatment. The main support of treatment includes early diagnosis, aggressive intravenous antibiotics and appropriate surgical treatment.
Reports on the topic "Antibiotic carrier"
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.
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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Haynes, Dr Edward, Chris Conyers, Dr Marc Kennedy, Roy Macarthur, Sam McGreig, and Dr John Walshaw. What is the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Selected Ready-to-Eat Foods? Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bsv485.
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This study was designed to get a broad estimate of the presence and the types of antimicrobial resistance genes across 52 simple ready-to-eat foods. It was also carried out to understand the benefits and drawbacks of using metagenomic sequencing, a fairly new technology, to study AMR genes. An antimicrobial is any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. It includes antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Given the relevant selective pressures, the bacteria itself can change and find ways to survive the effects of an antimicrobials. This results in the bacteria becoming resistant to the ‘killing’ effects of antimicrobials and is known as ‘antimicrobial resistance’. The more we use antimicrobials and antibiotics and the way that we use them can increase the chance that bacteria will become resistant to antimicrobials. This is important as it can lead to infections that become more difficult to treat with drugs and poses a risk to the public health. T Addressing AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK Government which has led to the development of a new 20-year Vision for AMR and the 5-year National Action Plan (NAP), which runs until 2024. The NAP lays out how the UK will address the AMR challenge and takes a ‘One-Health’ approach which spans people, animals, agriculture, food and the environment. The NAP includes a specific section on the importance of better food safety to limit the contamination of foods and spread of AMR. This section emphasises the need to strengthen the evidence base for AMR and food safety through research, surveillance and promoting good practice across the food chain. The FSA is playing its part by continuing to fill evidence gaps on the role that food plays in AMR through the commissioning of research and surveillance. We are also promoting and improving UK food hygiene (‘4Cs’ messages) across the food chain that will help reduce exposure to AMR bacteria.
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Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood, and Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.
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Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.