Relevant bibliographies by topics / Antibiotic Adverse Events

Academic literature on the topic 'Antibiotic Adverse Events'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Antibiotic Adverse Events"

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Sutter, Raoul, Stephan Rüegg, and Sarah Tschudin-Sutter. "Seizures as adverse events of antibiotic drugs." Neurology 85, no. 15 (September 23, 2015): 1332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002023.

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Tribble, Alison C. "Antibiotic-treated otitis media and adverse events." Journal of Pediatrics 222 (July 2020): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.025.

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Meropol, Sharon B., K. Arnold Chan, Zhen Chen, Jonathan A. Finkelstein, Sean Hennessy, Ebbing Lautenbach, Richard Platt, Stephanie D. Schech, Deborah Shatin, and Joshua P. Metlay. "Adverse events associated with prolonged antibiotic use." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 17, no. 5 (2008): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1547.

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Lovegrove, Maribeth C., Andrew I. Geller, Katherine E. Fleming-Dutra, Nadine Shehab, Mathew R. P. Sapiano, and Daniel S. Budnitz. "US Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Drug Events From Antibiotics in Children, 2011–2015." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 8, no. 5 (August 23, 2018): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piy066.

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Abstract Background Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed medications for children; however, at least one-third of pediatric antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary. National data on short-term antibiotic-related harms could inform efforts to reduce overprescribing and to supplement interventions that focus on the long-term benefits of reducing antibiotic resistance. Methods Frequencies and rates of emergency department (ED) visits for antibiotic adverse drug events (ADEs) in children were estimated using adverse event data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project and retail pharmacy dispensing data from QuintilesIMS (2011–2015). Results On the basis of 6542 surveillance cases, an estimated 69464 ED visits (95% confidence interval, 53488–85441) were made annually for antibiotic ADEs among children aged ≤19 years from 2011 to 2015, which accounts for 46.2% of ED visits for ADEs that results from systemic medication. Two-fifths (40.7%) of ED visits for antibiotic ADEs involved a child aged ≤2 years, and 86.1% involved an allergic reaction. Amoxicillin was the most commonly implicated antibiotic among children aged ≤9 years. When we accounted for dispensed prescriptions, the rates of ED visits for antibiotic ADEs declined with increasing age for all antibiotics except sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Amoxicillin had the highest rate of ED visits for antibiotic ADEs among children aged ≤2 years, whereas sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resulted in the highest rate among children aged 10 to 19 years (29.9 and 24.2 ED visits per 10000 dispensed prescriptions, respectively). Conclusions Antibiotic ADEs lead to many ED visits, particularly among young children. Communicating the risks of antibiotic ADEs could help reduce unnecessary prescribing. Prevention efforts could target pediatric patients who are at the greatest risk of harm.
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Gautam, Sandesh, Rajeev Shrestha, Mohammad R. Ghani, Mahmoud M. Ali, Manish KC, Yomna A. Elfert, Vanessa Chong, and Bayode Romeo Adegbite. "Efficacy and safety of different therapies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against antibiotic monotherapy in the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection: A systematic review." SAGE Open Medicine 10 (January 2022): 205031212211223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221122392.

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This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy (monotherapy or combined with antibiotics) against antibiotics monotherapy to understand the possible role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in managing uncomplicated urinary tract infections and reduce overall antibiotic prescription. We searched four databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We included randomized controlled trials, which had included non-pregnant females above 18 years, published from 2010 to 2020 AD in the English language. We assessed risk of bias (ROB) using COCHRANE ROB version 2.0. We synthesized the conclusion from low ROB studies. Among five included studies, four studies compared non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monotherapy against antibiotics monotherapy, and one study compared non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs + antibiotic therapy against antibiotic monotherapy. All studies with low ROB showed significantly higher events of symptom resolution by day 7 with antibiotic monotherapy compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monotherapy. Overall, adverse events were not significantly different in two of three low risk of bias studies; however, one study reported significantly higher adverse effects with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Non-urinary tract infection–related adverse events were more common than urinary tract infections–related adverse events in both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic groups. Urinary tract infection–related adverse events were higher in the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs group compared to antibiotics. For every 20–60 participants treated, one would develop pyelonephritis additionally in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared to antibiotics. Antibiotics were superior to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. However, further studies regarding the characteristics of patients likely to develop pyelonephritis on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs monotherapy, and the effectiveness and safety of a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics therapy are essential to reduce the burden of antibiotics and their associated problems.
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Shah, Neel B., Beverly L. Hersh, Alex Kreger, Aatif Sayeed, Andrew G. Bullock, Scott D. Rothenberger, Brian Klatt, Brian Hamlin, and Kenneth L. Urish. "Benefits and Adverse Events Associated With Extended Antibiotic Use in Total Knee Arthroplasty Periprosthetic Joint Infection." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz261.

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Abstract Background Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be managed with debridement, antibiotic therapy, and implant retention (DAIR). Oral antibiotics can be used after DAIR for an extended time period to improve outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare DAIR failure rates and adverse events between an initial course of intravenous antibiotic therapy and the addition of extended treatment with oral antibiotics. Methods A multicenter observational study of patients diagnosed with a TKA PJI who underwent DAIR was performed. The primary outcome of interest was the failure rate derived from the survival time between the DAIR procedure and future treatment failure. Results One hundred eight patients met inclusion criteria; 47% (n = 51) received an extended course of oral antibiotics. These patients had a statistically significant lower failure rate compared to those who received only intravenous antibiotics (hazard ratio, 2.47; P = .009). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that extended antibiotics independently predicted treatment success, controlling for other variables. There was no significant difference in failure rates between an extended course of oral antibiotics less or more than 12 months (P = .23). No significant difference in the rates of adverse events was observed between patients who received an initial course of antibiotics alone and those who received a combination of initial and extended antibiotic therapy (P = .59). Conclusions Extending therapy with oral antibiotics had superior infection-free survival for TKA PJI managed with DAIR. There was no increase in adverse events, demonstrating safety. After 1 year, there appears to be no significant benefit associated with continued antibiotic therapy.
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Shehab, Nadine, Priti R. Patel, Arjun Srinivasan, and Daniel S. Budnitz. "Emergency Department Visits for Antibiotic‐Associated Adverse Events." Clinical Infectious Diseases 47, no. 6 (September 15, 2008): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/591126.

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Principi, Nicola, and Susanna Esposito. "Antibiotic-related adverse events in paediatrics: unique characteristics." Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 18, no. 9 (July 15, 2019): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2019.1640678.

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Güzeloğlu, Eren, and Mehmet Karacı. "Antibiotic-associated Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Children." Journal of Pediatric Infection 16, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.20229714.

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Mulligan, Patrick, Nirav Shah, Mary Acree, Jennfer Grant, Urmila Ravichandran, and Nader Ismail. "Adherence to Antibiotic Stewardship Program Associated with Shorter Course of Treatment and Fewer Adverse Events." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 1, S1 (July 2021): s30—s31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2021.55.

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Group Name: NorthShore University HealthSystemBackground: Prolonged antibiotic use has been attributed to an increased incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs). Cessation of unnecessary antibiotics would decrease length of treatment and may help prevent these adverse events. We evaluated whether an antibiotic stewardship intervention aimed at stopping unnecessary antibiotic usage would both shorten the duration of treatment and reduce ADEs. Methods: At NorthShore University HealthSystem, a 4-hospital, 832-bed system, we identified patients who were started on empiric antibiotics during a hospital admission between May 2, 2016, and June 30, 2018. Within 24 hours of antibiotic initiation, an infectious disease (ID) physician reviewed each patient chart. If the patient was unlikely to have a symptomatic bacterial infection, the ID physician left a note in the electronic medical record (EMR) recommending antibiotic cessation. Two physician reviewers retrospectively reviewed whether the treatment team accepted these recommendations and assessed potential ADEs for 30 days after the recommendation through inpatient and outpatient notes in the EMR. These ADEs were defined using previously published criteria. If the 2 reviewers disagreed on the presence of an ADE, an ID physician acted as the tie breaker. We compared the number of antibiotic days and the number of ADEs between cases in which the recommendations were followed and cases in which they were not. Results: We reviewed 168 cases: 78 (46.43%) followed recommendations and 90 (53.57%) did not. There were no significant differences in baseline patient characteristics between the 2 groups. There was a significant difference in total ADEs between the 2 groups: in 6 cases (7.69%) the recommendations were followed, and 21 (23.33%) they were not followed (P = .011). There was also a significant difference in antibiotic days between cases in which recommendations were followed (1.40 days) versus those in which they were not followed (1.99 days) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Antibiotic-associated adverse events can cause harm to patients and increase healthcare costs, particularly when used for patients who are unlikely to have a bacterial infection. An antibiotic stewardship program to identify patients in an EMR who are unlikely to benefit from antibiotic use can decrease the length of total antibiotic usage and help prevent adverse events.Funding: NoDisclosures: None
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antibiotic Adverse Events"

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Ferrarotto, Felicia. "Signaling potential gender effect in a spontaneous reporting system : cardiac effects associated with the use of antibiotics." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8079.

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Books on the topic "Antibiotic Adverse Events"

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Raine, Tim, James Dawson, Stephan Sanders, and Simon Eccles. Prescribing. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199683819.003.0004.

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Prescribing – general considerationsHow to prescribe – best practiceDrug interactionsReporting adverse drug reactionsSpecial considerationsControlled drugsEnzyme inducers and inhibitorsEndocarditis prophylaxisNight sedationSteroid therapyTopical corticosteroidsEmpirical antibiotic treatmentClostridium difficile (C. diff)Prescribing medicines is rarely taught well in medical school, yet it is one of the first tasks you’ll be asked to do on day one. Even the most experienced of doctors will only know by heart the dose and frequency of a maximum of 30–40 drugs, so do not worry if you cannot even remember the dose of paracetamol; for adults it’s 1g/4–6h PO max 4g/24h in divided doses (...
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Book chapters on the topic "Antibiotic Adverse Events"

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Magalhães Silva, Tânia, Eva Rebelo Gomes, Inês Ribeiro-Vaz, Fátima Roque, and Maria Teresa Herdeiro. "Prevalence and Significance of Antibiotic-Associated Adverse Reactions." In New Insights into the Future of Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98673.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Pharmacovigilance as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug effects. The aim is to promote the safety and effective use of medicines through an early detection and evaluation of drug safety risks. The pharmacovigilance system is essentially based in spontaneous reports of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR). ADR can be associated with severe outcomes and significant mortality, besides, most of them are deemed to be preventable events. Globally, antibiotics are among the most widely prescribed medications and their extensive use is linked to antibiotic-associated ADR. This chapter aims to summarize available epidemiological data concerning antibiotic use related ADR and analyze the reports received by the EudraVigilance system regarding the exclusive usage of antibiotics.
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Lachman, Peter, John Brennan, John Fitzsimons, Anita Jayadev, and Jane Runnacles. "Sepsis and antimicrobial stewardship." In Oxford Professional Practice: Handbook of Patient Safety, edited by Peter Lachman, John Brennan, John Fitzsimons, Anita Jayadev, and Jane Runnacles, 251–64. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192846877.003.0023.

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Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are the second most common type of patient safety adverse events. The application of preventive measures such as hand hygiene and aseptic techniques decreases the incidence of HAIs. Of all HAIs, sepsis is one of the most dangerous, probably owing to the delayed detection of signs of the condition. Interventions to improve the early detection and treatment of sepsis include the application of reliability theory in the form of care bundles. These allow for early interventions and can decrease mortality. Overuse of antibiotics has become a worldwide problem through overprescribing, prescribing of the wrong antibiotic, and failure to end an antibiotic treatment at the right time. Overuse can result in resistance to antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardships provide a rational approach to improving antibiotics prescribing. This approach involves standardizing the antibiotics to be prescribed and monitoring the use of antibiotics in all settings.
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Turner, R. Brigg, and Jacqueline Schwartz. "Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis." In Emerging Applications, Perspectives, and Discoveries in Cardiovascular Research, 175–93. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2092-4.ch010.

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Infective endocarditis is a relatively uncommon infectious disease that leads to substantial mortality and morbidity. This disease primarily involves bacterial infection of the heart valves. Diagnosis is contingent upon excellent physical examination and radiological and microbiological evidence. While failure to identify the causative microorganism does not preclude the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, management is more difficult. Recent advances have improved the etiological identification and allowed for shorter time to optimal antibiotic therapy. Advances in treatment have focused on therapies to combat drug-resistant microorganisms as well as mitigate adverse events. While new therapies are available, there exists a paucity of clinical evidence and further studies are required.
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Ameen, Sarfaraz, and Caoimhe NicFhogartaigh. "Antimicrobial Stewardship." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0028.

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Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a healthcare- system- wide approach to promoting and monitoring the judicious use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics) to preserve their future effectiveness and optimize outcomes for patients. Put simply, it is using the right antibiotic, at the right dose, via the right route, at the right time, for the right duration (Centres for Disease Control, 2010). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious and growing global public health concern. Antibiotics are a unique class of drug as their use in individual patients may have an impact on others through the spread of resistant organisms. Antibiotics are essential for saving lives in conditions such as sepsis, and without effective antibiotics even minor operations could be life-threatening due to the risk of resistant infections. Across Europe approximately 25,000 people die each year as a result of hospital infections caused by resistant bacteria, and others have more prolonged and complicated illness. By 2050, AMR is predicted to be one of the major causes of death worldwide. Protecting the use of currently available antibiotics is crucial as discovery of new antimicrobials has stalled. Studies consistently demonstrate that 30–50% of antimicrobial prescriptions are unnecessary or inappropriate. Figure 18.1 shows some of the reasons behind this. As well as driving increasing resistance, unnecessary prescribing leads to unwanted adverse effects, including avoidable drug reactions and interactions, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, and healthcare-associated infections with resistant micro-organisms, all of which are associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including increased length of hospital stay and mortality, with increased cost to healthcare systems. Prudent use of antibiotics improves patient care and clinical outcomes, reduces the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and saves money. There are a number of global and national guidelines outlining what a robust AMS programme should consist of (see Further reading and useful resources), including: ● Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): Guidelines for Developing an Institutional Programme to Enhance Antimicrobial Stewardship. ● National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Antimicrobial Stewardship: Systems and Processes for Effective Antimicrobial Medicine Use [NG15]. ● Department of Health (DoH): Start Smart Then Focus, updated 2015. ● DoH: UK 5- Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013 to 2018.
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Patriquin, Glenn. "Fever." In Acute Care Casebook, edited by Allen Tran, 217–20. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865412.003.0044.

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This case illustrates one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in a patient who is admitted to hospital. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) can be prevented by eliminating unnecessary urinary catheter use. Furthermore, non-specific symptoms are frequently erroneously attributed to a presumed urinary tract infection (UTI) upon isolating bacteria from a urine sample. Except for a few specific circumstances, asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be treated with antibiotics. Without symptoms consistent with UTI, growth of bacteria from urine does not constitute an infection. Culturing urine without UTI symptoms can lead to misuse of antibiotics, which can increase adverse events and drive antimicrobial resistance. This case reviews common causes of UTIs and criteria for diagnosis.
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Humphreys, Hilary. "Case 17." In Oxford Case Histories in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, edited by Hilary Humphreys, 111–18. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846482.003.0017.

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Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant adverse event of healthcare and usually follows recent antibiotics. It is increasingly seen outside the acute hospital setting such as in nursing homes and the laboratory diagnosis is evolving. Demonstration of toxin in the stool such as through an immuno-assay (IA) test preceded by a screening test, such as the glutamate dehydrogenase test or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the toxin gene, is commonly adopted. It is important to recognize severe CDI early as this may require surgical intervention and recurrent CDI—a return of symptoms with laboratory confirmation within 8 weeks of the original episode—occurs in 15–20% of patients. In addition to stopping all precipitating antibiotics and the use of vancomycin, recent years have seen the emergence of new therapeutic approaches such as fidaxomicin, monoclonal antibodies, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
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Jinga, Dan-Corneliu, and Maria-Ruxandra Jinga. "Immunotherapy of Metastatic Melanoma." In Melanoma - Standard of Care, Challenges, and Updates in Clinical Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105585.

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Immunotherapy is part of the new treatments that significantly improved the prognostic of metastatic melanoma patients. The article reviews briefly the old immunotherapeutic approaches e.g., interferon-ᾳ2 and interleukin-2, and focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors and anti-PD-1 inhibitors in monotherapy or in combination (dual immune blockade). We detailed the results from CheckMate and KEYNOTTE clinical trials that lead to US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approvals of the new agents for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The chapter concentrates on the algorithms for BRAF wild-type and BRAF mutated metastatic melanoma treatments, according to American (NCCN) and European (ESMO) guidelines. We underlined the first line, second line, and subsequent lines of treatment for both melanoma subtypes and for particular cases, such as in-transit metastasis or brain metastasis. A special attention was paid to treatment options for early and late disease progression (primary and acquired resistance after adjuvant therapy). Unfortunately, the new immune agents produce a higher toxicity rate, mainly immune adverse events. Also, these drugs can interact with the gut microbiome and with antibiotics, decreasing the efficacy of immune therapy. Finally, we review the new directions for immune therapy e.g., new immune combinations, the association of immune and targeted therapies, and adoptive cellular therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, interleukin-2, and anti-PD-1.
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Çakırlar, Fatma Köksal. "Application of Biomarkers in the Diagnostic Distinction of Bacterial and Viral Infections." In Biomarkers in Medicine, 655–78. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815040463122010029.

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Infectious diseases, which pose a great threat worldwide, have a significantimpact on public health and the world economy. It contributes to increased healthcarecosts, unnecessary drug-related side effects, and increased antimicrobial resistance. It isnot always easy to distinguish the etiological differentiation of diseases that candevelop with bacteria and viruses. Therefore, one of the biggest challenges in medicineis how to correctly distinguish between the different causes of these infections and howto manage the patient. Because bacterial and viral infections often present similarsymptoms. The real decision is whether the infection is caused by bacteria or virusesand whether to treat the patient with antibiotics. There are many differentmethodological approaches to diagnosing infections. Biomarkers have been used in thediagnosis of diseases and other conditions for many years. Biomarkers are moleculesfound in blood and body fluids in measurable amounts, which can evaluate biologicaland pathological processes. These key indicators can provide vital information indetermining disease prognosis, predicting response to treatments, adverse events anddrug interactions, and identifying key risks. An effective biomarker is extremelyimportant for the early diagnosis of various diseases. The explosion of interest inbiomarker research is driving the development of new predictive, diagnostic, andprognostic products in modern medical practice. The purpose of this review is todemonstrate the use and diagnostic potential of current and investigational biomarkersin the distinction between bacterial and viral infections.
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Conference papers on the topic "Antibiotic Adverse Events"

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Ku, J. H., E. Henkle, M. L. Metersky, D. J. Addrizzo-Harris, T. R. Aksamit, A. F. Barker, A. Basavaraj, et al. "Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in Patients in the U.S. Bronchiectasis Research Registry: Use of Antibiotic Therapy and Adverse Events." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4358.

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Soliman, Nada Hossam, Ahmed T. M. Aboughalia, Tawanda Chivese, Omran A. H. Musa, George Hindy, Noor Al-Wattary, Saifeddin Moh'd Badran, et al. "A Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses and an Updated Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 Infection." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0308.

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Objective: To synthesize the findings presented in systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as to update the evidence using a meta-analysis in evaluating the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ with or without Azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Methods: The design of this meta-review followed the preferred reporting items for overviews of systematic reviews including harms checklist (PRIO-harms). A comprehensive search included several electronic databases in identifying all systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as experimental studies which investigated the efficacy and safety of CQ, HCQ with or without antibiotics as COVID-19 treatment. Findings from the systematic reviews and metaanalyses were reported using a structured summary including tables and forest plots. The updated metaanalyses of experimental studies was carried out using the distributional assumption-free quality effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews (AMSTAR) tool for reviews and the methodological standard for epidemiological research (MASTER) scale for the experimental studies. The main outcome for both the meta-review and the updated metaanalyses was mortality. Secondary outcomes included transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) or mechanical ventilation, worsening of illness, viral clearance and the occurrence of adverse events. Results: A total of 13 reviews with 40 primary studies comprising 113,000 participants were included. Most of the primary studies were observational (n=27) and the rest were experimental studies. Two meta-analyses reported a high risk of mortality with similar ORs of 2.5 for HCQ with Azithromycin. However, four other metaanalyses reported contradictory results with two reporting a high risk of mortality and the other two reporting no significant association between HCQ with mortality. Most reviews reported that HCQ with or without Azithromycin had no significant effect on virological cure, disease exacerbation or the risk of transfer to the ICU, need for intubation or mechanical ventilation. After exclusion of studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria, the updated meta-analysis contained eight experimental studies (7 RCTs and 1 quasiexperimental trial), with a total of 5279 participants of whom 1856 were on either CQ/HCQ or combined with Azithromycin. CQ/HCQ with or without Azithromycin was significantly associated with a higher risk of adverse events. HCQ was not effective in reducing mortality transfer to the ICU, intubation or need for mechanical ventilation virological cure (RR 1.0, 95%CI 0.9-1.2, I2 =55%, n=5 studies) nor disease exacerbation (RR 1.2, 95%CI 0.3-5.0, I2 =29%, n=3 studies). Conclusion: There is conclusive evidence that CQ and HCQ, with or without Azithromycin are not effective in treating COVID-19 or its exacerbation.
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Reports on the topic "Antibiotic Adverse Events"

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Zhang, Yong. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid therapy in patients with cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0014.

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Review question / Objective: Our goal was to assess the effect of primary treatment outcome (overall survival rate at hospital discharge, rate of sustained ROSC) and secondary outcomes (favorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge and adverse events including hyperglycemia, insulin infusion, hypernatremia, infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, new or changing antibiotics, paresis, renal failure). Information sources: Two researchers (Zhou FW and Liu C) independently searched the PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) databases from inception to 11 October, 2022 by using medical subject headings (MeSH), Emtree, and text word with no language limitations.
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