Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Antibiorésistants'
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Filella, Merce Isaac. "Evolution, structure, and inhibition of bacterial secretion systems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS066.pdf.
Full textEvolution has shaped a variety of mechanisms employed by pathogens to colonize the host. In bacteria, this colonization is assisted by secretion systems, which are composite machines that translocate virulence factors to the extracellular space or directly into target cells. Regulating these bacterial systems is essential for developing antivirulence therapeutics to respond against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Computational methods provide rational strategies to decipher the detailed mechanisms governing these systems and guide the design of inhibitors.This thesis explores several aspects of two bacterial systems, the type 6 and the type 2 secretion systems (T6SS and T2SS). The structure, inhibition, and evolution of these two systems were studied by combining sequence analysis and molecular modeling methods. First, based on the accumulated structural information on T6SS, I designed an inhibitor for the complex assembly, which was experimentally validated. Second, I examined a non-canonical T6SS via genes co-occurrence, sequence motif analysis, and protein modeling. Third, I modeled a complete T2SS filament to study its secretion mechanism. Fourth, I analyzed the protein-protein interaction network obtained from entire bacterial cells. Finally, to study the evolution of the secretion systems, I introduced SOMseq, a novel method used to visualize gene evolution in a compact three-dimensional (3D) graph and estimate gene coevolution. In conclusion, these results show how continuous feedback between computational and experimental efforts is essential for understanding the complexity of bacterial systems and efficiently designing therapeutics
Camiade, Mathilde. "Persistance de bactéries entériques antibiorésistantes ou pathogénes sur des végétaux de consommation humaine ( modèle la laitue )." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR032/document.
Full textIn recent years, foodborne diseases caused by fresh products contaminated, such as lettuce, with enteric pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli-or STEC-) increasingly. The presence of these bacteria in this unusual environment is a major emerging health risk, especially since enteric bacteria, whether pathogenic or not, are frequently resistant to antibiotics. To study the persistence of antibiotic-resistant or pathogenic bacteria on lettuce, the characterization of resistance plasmids carried by E. coli strains from contaminated aquatic environments was carried out in order to study their potential involvement in adhesion of host strains on different varieties of lettuce. The study of the survival and adhesion of environmental and laboratory E. coli strains, transformed with the plasmids of interest, on young lettuce plants allowed to highlight three points: 1) more time contact between bacteria and leaves increases and less bacterial survival is important; 2) there is a difference in survival and adhesion depending on the varieties of lettuce studied; 3) there is a difference in survival and adhesion between laboratory strains and environmental strains, the latter being in better metabolic state and showing greater adhesion during the 11-12 days of experimentation. After the persistence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains under controlled conditions, field studies on 4 Normandy vegetable farms, with different technical itineraries, were carried out. The search for enteric pathogens, Salmonella and STEC, was carried out on lettuce and a search for E. coli, a control of fecal contamination, was realized on the lettuce as well as in the irrigation water of one of the sites. The results reveal a satisfactory microbiological quality of the agricultural plots studied (according to the European decree N ° 2073/2005) although E. coli strains were regularly found at the lettuce level, including some antibiotic resistant. Analysis of the irrigation water showed the continued presence of E. coli strains, including strains with common antimicrobial resistance profiles to those found on lettuce, showing that irrigation water is one of the critical sources of plant contamination in the field
Hage, Rima el. "Salmonelles dans l'industrie avicole libanaise : prévalence, antibiorésistance, caractérisation moléculaire et lutte alternative par les Lactobacilles." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0062.
Full textFoodborne Salmonella continues to be a major threat for public health, especially from poultry origin. In recent years, an increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella sp. was noticed due to the misuse of antimicrobials. To find alternatives to this emerging problem, probiotics, particularly Lactobacilli sp., has been proposed. Since data on Salmonella in the Lebanese poultry industry is scarce, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella at different stages of the broiler production chain and layer flocks in addition to their antibiotic resistance profile and molecular patterns. In addition, the probiotic activity of native poultry-derived Lactobacillus strains was tested against the most relevant and drug resistant Salmonella sp. Screening of Lactobacillus strains for anti-Salmonella activity, safety such as antibio-resistance and surface probiotic properties was also done. Over a period of 3 years, feces samples were collected by a sock method from local Lebanese farms (n=237), while poultry meat was collected from slaughterhouses (n=134) and retail (n=1907). In parallel, ceca (n=115) and neck skins (n=115) were collected from two major slaughter plants. The results highlighted a high prevalence of Salmonella in poultry. Considering all samples together, a large diversity of serotypes was identified with predominance among Salmonella Infantis (32.9%), Salmonella Enteritidis (28.4%) and Salmonella Kentucky (21.4%) with high AMR and multi-drug resistance (MDR) in all Salmonella isolates. The most prominent resistance was found in nine strains of S. Kentucky CIPR resistant to Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin (ESCs). These strains were genetically characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The results showed, for the first time in Lebanon, a case of detection and dissemination of the emerging highly drug resistant S. Kentucky ST198. Comparing S. Enteritidis strains from poultry and humans using PFGE, the results indicated that one persistent clone of S. Enteritidis (80% of the strains) is common between poultry and humans in Lebanon. Similar genomic profiles and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were detected between farms, slaughterhouses and retail suggesting the circulation and transmission of identical clones throughout the food chain and layer flocks. Results of screening for potential probiotics, four Lactobacillus species have been identified as: L. reuteri (n= 22, 44 %), L. salivarius (n=20, 40 %), L. fermentum (n= 2, 4 %) and L. crispatus (n=1, 2 %) and two Enterococcus fecalis. Eight Lactobacillus were chosen depending to their cell surface hydrophobicity capacity and auto/co-aggregation ability for further adhesion assay. Attachment of the Lactobacillus strains varied from 0.53 to 10.78 %. L. salivarius A30/i26 and 16/c6 and L. reuteri 1/c24 showing the highest adhesion capacity were assessed for their ability to compete and exclude the pathogen for the adhesion site on the caco-2 cell line. L. salivarius 16/c6 demonstrated to highly exclude the three Salmonella serotypes adhesion at significant levels
Khoder, May. "Epidémiologie, typage et antibiorésistance de Neisseria spp. au Liban par séquençage de nouvelle génération des génomes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190926_KHODER_401iv46o801lrsz306pplkvz_TH.pdf.
Full textNeisseria spp. are Gram-negative diplococci bacteria belonging to the class of beta-proteobacteria. Some species are commensals of human mucosal epithelia, while two species are pathogens, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which can induce inflammation and break mucosal barriers. Although Neisseria spp. are very similar genetically, they differ in their adaptation to different niches and the presentation of the disease. Routine identification is mainly based on biochemical tests, however recently new advanced tools including (MALDI-TOF) and genetic characterization have been used to identify this bacterial genus. Simultaneously, the causes of infertility in men are less known than those responsible for female infertility. Recent studies have confirmed that human infertility problems are caused by N. gonorrhoeae infection. Unfortunately, few data are available concerning the identification of commensal Neisseria species and their correlation with infertility.For these reasons, it seemed interesting to carry out a thesis project articulated around four different axes:Epidemiology, clinical research and antibiotic resistance- Taxonomy of the genus Neisseria- Comparative genomic analysis and Molecular characterization of cephalosporin resistance in Neisseria flavescens. In conclusion, our findings showed that commensal Neisseria species have a significant impact on human health, and are probably associated with infertility in men. On the other hand, the available genomic data regarding Neisseria on NCBI database contains many errors and requires a reclassification of predicted species in order to correct the taxonomy of this genus
Boireau, Clémence. "Antibiorésistance en santé animale en France : caractérisation à des fins d’évaluation et de lutte et mises en perspective dans un contexte One Health." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1114/document.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a major and global public health concern. In this context, the research problem was to provide decision support to the risk manager for the implementation and assessment of control measures in animal health. To limit and manage the phenomenon, we must know the dynamic of its evolution: the surveillance is therefore a key element in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. At first, using a population survey and a sociological approach, this research determined to what extent the data collected by the French surveillance network of antimicrobial resistance in diseased animals (RESAPATH) could be used to answer the research problem. Since the representativeness and the coverage of the RESAPATH were considered satisfactory, surveillance data were used to characterize the dynamics of the resistances and generalized additive models were developed. The comparison of resistance trends and control measures underscored the positive impact of changes in practices on the evolution of resistances. Finally, in the context of the ‘One Health’ concept that advocates an integrated and collaborative approach to health, the parallel was drawn between resistances in isolates from animals and humans. Data from the French surveillance network of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated in community (MedQual) were analysed. Resistance dynamics were specific to each species. These results advocate that the efforts to fight antimicrobial resistance must be carried in all sectors and for all species, both in human and veterinary medicine
Eddabra, Rkia. "Évaluation de la contamination bactériologique des eaux usées des stations d’épuration du Grand Agadir : isolement, caractérisation moléculaire et antibiorésistance des espèces du genre Vibrio." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6135.
Full textIn countries such as Morocco, characterized by scarce rainfall, lack of freshwater resources and high groundwater salinity where agriculture reuse of municipal wastewater is becoming a compulsory choice for water resources management. This study evaluated the efficiency of the three wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) for the removal of physico-chemical and microbiological contaminants. Resistance to antibiotics, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry were used to characterize Vibrio isolates. Mean values were used to determine treatment performances of the 3 WTPs, electric conductivity didn’t showed any difference between raw and treated wastewater and the mean values varying from 2900 μS/cm to 3300, the pH varying from 6,66 to 8,6, and the temperature varying between 16°C and 26. 4°C. Removal efficiencies of fecal coliforms, enterococci and spores of sulphite reducing anaerobic bacteria were betwenn 3 and 4 log unit for the 3WTPs. 4 species of Vibrio were identified, among the 58 Vibrio sp. Isolated, 53,44% were identified as V. Cholerae, 29,31% as V. Alginolyticus, 17,78% as V. Fluvialis and 1,74% as V. Metschnikovii. Of the total 58 Vibrio isolates, 53,44% were susceptible to all antibiotics. Of the resistant (46,56%) Vibrio strains, 39,83% were resistant against one to three antibiotics. PFGE with NotI digestion produced patterns with higher level of heterogeneity, and about 31% of Vibrio isolates were untypeable. MALDI-TOF-MS-based fingerprinting of Vibrio isolates has potential as a rapid for identification and finest differences between strains can readily be evaluated by the dendrogram based on percentage identity of MALDI-TOF mass spectra of Vibrio isolates, but requires further development for database of BioTyper
Résumé anglais : idem
Lacotte, Yohann. "Intégrons de multirésistance : coût biologique et dynamique d' évolution du promoteur des cassettes." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0068/document.
Full textResistance integrons are genetic platforms able to catch and express resistance genes embedded within gene cassettes. Capture and reshuffling of gene cassettes are mediated by the integrase whose expression is regulated by the SOS response in E. coli. Gene cassettes are then expressed from the Pc promoter.This work aims to clarify the evolution dynamic of integrons.In a first part, the fitness cost of class 1 integron was assessed in E. coli. Results reveal that integrons are low cost structures and that their cost is reduced by the SOS-mediated repression system. While repressed, the cost of an integron mostly depends on cassettes array expression. The cost of an integron therefore increases with Pc strength and the number of cassettes in the array. Furthermore, different cassettes exhibit different costs.In a second part, the evolution dynamic of Pc promoter was assessed in response to antibiotic pressures. An E. coli strain, carrying a plasmidic integron with a weak Pc promoter, was propagated in chemostat for 200 generations. The deep-sequencing of evolved populations did not reveal any mutations in the promoter region. On the other hand, evolved bacteria presented evidence of chromosomal adaptation. In these conditions, the lack of evolution within the Pc region could reveal either a biological reality or an experimental protocol to optimize
Ory, Jérôme. "Effluents hospitaliers : sources de pollution en antibiotiques et de résistances bacériennes potentiellement transmissibles via un biofilm ? : Microbiologie." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC111/document.
Full textThe presence of pharmaceutical compounds in waste water favors the emergence and the spreading of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. The hospital effluents could be involved gathering antibiotics and multiresistant bacteria. The aim of this work is to characterize the hospital effluents of a teaching hospital measuring simultaneously the concentrations of antibiotics (fluoroquinolones and imipenem) and the diversity of the bacteria resistant to these antibiotics within hospital effluent biofilms.The antibiotics concentrations were measured by liquid-phase chromatography - mass spectrometry via a passive sampling during 15 days. The measured environmental concentrations were 2.08 ± 0.88μg/L (ciprofloxacin), 101.06 ± 18.47 μg/L (ofloxacine), 6.43 ± 0.56 μg/L (norfloxacine). Imipenem was not detected. Compared with the data of hospital consumption during the same period, the predicted estimated concentrations are 5.84±1.78µg/L(ciprofloxacin), 11.22 ± 1.09µg/L (ofloxacin), 7.68 ± 3.7µg/L, 7.68 ± 3.7μg/L (norfloxacin) and 3.61 ± 0.24ug/L (imipenem). The ecotoxicological risk was confirmed for the ciprofloxacin and the ofloxacin (hazard quotient > 1).In parallel, fluoroquinolones (n=115) and carbapenem (n=38) resistant bacteria were isolated from hospital effluent biofilm. Sixty % of isolates, mainly composed by Gram negative bacilli in particular Aeromona spp and Klebsiella spp, are resistant to several antibiotics among which some are exclusively used at the hospital. The majority of these strains have mobile genetic elements such as conjugative plasmids harboring imipenem or fluoroquinolones resistances.The presences of both antibiotics resistant bacteria harboring mobile genetic elements in connection with these resistances and low antibiotics concentrations make the hospital effluent a convenient place for the transfer of resistance between the hospital and the environment
Schultz-Ascensio, Eliette. "Diffusion d'îlots génomiques de multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez Proteus mirabilis." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3302/document.
Full textThe antibiotic resistance is a major treat for public health. These resistances can be hold by different element and genomic islands are one of them. Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) and Proteus Genomic Island 1 (PGI1) are important genetic elements for the antibiotic resistance. A few SGI1 and PGI1 variants were already described in P. mirabilis. It is in this context that this thesis project aimed to improve our knowledge about the epidemiological spread of SGI1 and PGI1 in P. mirabilis in humans but also in animals in France (diversity of isolates and SGI1/PGI1 variants). Moreover, another wish was to identify other factors and actors for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in the Morganellaceae tribe (Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases, AmpC cephalosporinase, Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance…). Finally, this study revealed the first cases of SGI1 and PGI1 in P. mirabilis in animals in France. New SGI1 variants were also described. And for the very first time, SGI1 was found in M. morganii, another entrobacterial species
Jacobs, Matthieu. "Développement de modèles pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques pour l'optimisation du traitement des infections à bactéries à gram négatif multi-résistantes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT1801/document.
Full textAntibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, however optimal dosages are not yet well defined. The aim of this thesis was to develop pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models that characterize the course of antimicrobial drug concentrations and effects over time, with an emphasis on the development of resistance. These models were applied to optimize dosing regimens of antimicrobial therapies.A population PK model for colistin and its prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) was developed in critically ill patients receiving colistin by nebulization and/or undergoing an intermittent hemodialysis (HD). Results predicted clear benefits of using aerosol delivery of 2MIU CMS dose for the treatment of pulmonary infections. For patients with HD session dosing regimen of CMS should be 1.5 MIU twice daily with an additional dose of 1.5 MIU after each HD session.An assessment of the performances of different PK-PD models by using a simulation approach have shown the importance of longer study designs and of complementary microbiological data to predict accurately bacterial resistance development. A semi-mechanistic PK/PD model that incorporates mutation rate and adaptive resistance development of a bioluminescent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against colistin was developed based on in-vitro data. A high, quick and partially reversible resistance was described. These results confirm that the first 24 h of treatment are critical in the management of infections, that colistin alone cannot eradicate completely the mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were selected during the experiments and that combination therapies seem necessary
Broussou, Diane. "Développement d'un modèle in vitro dynamique innovant pour l'optimisation des schémas thérapeutiques des antibiotiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30217/document.
Full textAmong strategies to improve the treatment of chronic bacterial infections by increasing the bactericidal activity or by limiting the selection of resistance, the development of combinations of existing drugs is a promising strategy. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of antibiotics on a bacterial biofilm in a dynamic in vitro system which allows to simulate the concentrations observed in patients. We have shown that for complicated infections due to large bacterial loads or to biofilms, in vitro dynamic studies over several days provided more information on the efficacy of a combination of antibiotics than classical methods conducted with constant antibiotic concentrations over time. We have also shown that on a biofilm, even if associations do not have an impact on the overall size of the biofilm, they maintain less-susceptible populations at relatively low levels, whereas the same antibiotics promote the emergence of resistance during treatment when used alone. Finally, preliminary trials to mimic infections such as bovine mastitis or cystitis have shown that this system could be more widely used for the optimization of dosage regimens in human medicine and veterinary medicine
Fleury, Mickaël. "Impact de traitements antibiotiques sur la flore digestive du porcelet : Etude in vivo et développement d'une approche en système de fermentation in vitro." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B002/document.
Full textIn the context of antibiotic resistance, the aim of the current PhD work is to assess the impact of antibiotics on intestinal microbiota of piglets. Two antibiotics i.e. colistin and ceftiofur, for which the main resistances include respectively chromosomal mutations and plasmid genes have been used. Colistin significantly reduced the population of Enterobacteriaceae, but there was no selection of resistant E. coli. The administration of ceftiofur had a limited impact on the bacterial populations that make up the digestive ecosystem but it led to strong selection and dissemination of a plasmid gene encoding an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Then, in the framework of regulations to reduce animal testing, an in vitro model of colonic pig named PigutIVM was developed in order to simulate the digestive environment of the piglet and then check the effect of colistin on the microbiota simulated in PigutIVM in vitro. Therefore both the approaches i.e. in vivo and in vitro were compared in order to check the effect of colistin on intestinal microbiota of piglets. This tool was then used to evaluate the impact of a probiotic i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as alternative to antibiotics. Therefore we assume that this PigutIVM model should be positioned as a relevant predictive tool in the fields of nutritional and pharmacological investigations
Duriez, Patrick. "Mécanismes évolutifs à l'oeuvre parmi les isolats naturels d'Escherichia coli et de Salmonella enterica." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077231.
Full textSurre, Jérémy. "Détection précoce de la sensibilité bactérienne aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB078/document.
Full textFollowing the discovery of antibiotics, the therapeutic successes foreshadowed a future where infectious diseases of bacterial origin would be eradicated. However, in less than a century, the massive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics led to the emergence of resistance thus reducing therapeutic options. My research project aims to understand early bacterial metabolic and morphological changes induced by antibiotics and to contribute to the development of rapid and reliable diagnostic tests to promote the implementation of more targeted antibiotic treatments. By monitoring changes in various metabolic and morphological parameters of bacteria after antibiotic treatment, we have shown the interest of viability markers such as DiBAC4(3), TOPRO®-3 or Alexa FluorTM Hydrazide for rapid detection (<3h) of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. In particular, we have shown for the first time that protein carbonylation, which is induced under conditions of oxidative stress and cellular aging, is a universal early marker of bactericidal antibiotic susceptibility. Following this first part of the study, we wanted to understand the mechanisms involved in bacterial response to lethal stress caused by antibiotics. Following this first part of the study, we wanted to understand the bacterial mechanisms involved in response to lethal stress caused by antibiotics. In our experiments, it was observed that when the conditions no longer allowed the organism survival, a fluorescence signal intrinsically linked to the bacterium allowed to predict the fatal outcome after only 2 hours of incubation. Indeed, following a treatment with a bactericidal antibiotic targeting the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan (ampicillin), we observed a maximum fluorescence of the cells at the dose of antibiotic corresponding to the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The fluorescence increase of bacterial cells was also observed during the lethal treatment with a biocidal agent (sodium hypochlorite). However, this phenomenon is no longer observable with bacteriostatic or bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis indicating active bacterial metabolism importance. The correlations of spectral properties allowed us to suspect the flavin molecules as responsible for the observed autofluorescence phenomenon. In addition, we showed an overactivation of the biosynthesis pathway of flavin-type cofactors and flavoproteins occurring during ampicillin treatment. Finally, we performed cell sorting and cell survival experiments of ampicillin-treated bacterial populations. Our results showed that highly fluorescent cells have an average survival 5 times higher than low fluorescent cells. This suggests that the fluorescence signal observed is a cellular response mediated by flavonoid compounds in an attempt to survive to antibiotic treatment. Exploratory work suggests that the phenomenon studied in bacteria is conserved among yeasts and human cells. These results open new perspectives in bacterial physiology understanding, the study of bacterial response to exogenous stress and the rapid monitoring of cell viability
Faucher, Marion. "Le transfert horizontal de gènes chez les mycoplasmes : de l'acquisition de l'antibiorésistance à la dynamique des génomes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0117/document.
Full textMycoplasmas are wall-less bacteria often portrayed as minimal cells because of their reduced genomes. Several species are pathogenic and have a significant economic impact on livestock production, especially for ruminants. Mycoplasmas are also concerned with the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance. In contrast to the majority of bacteria, these simple bacteria are deprived of conjugative plasmids that are frequently implicated in the horizontal dissemination of resistance genes: in mycoplasmas antibiotic resistance mainly relies on chromosomal mutations in target genes. In Mycoplasmas, the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has long been underestimated. Recently, two conjugative mechanisms of HGT were described in Mycoplasma agalactiae: the transfer of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE), and the unconventional transfer of chromosomal DNA further designed by “MCT” for Mycoplasma Chromosomal Transfer. Our current study focused on exploring MCT mechanisms and on estimating its impact on antibiotic resistance dissemination. Comparative genomic analyses were performed from the sequencing (i) of spontaneous resistant mutants and (ii) of transconjugants selected by mating experiments and selected based on their resistance. Data revealed that MCT generated the simultaneous transfer of multiple, unrelated donor-fragments following a distributive process. In one conjugative step involving two strains, MCT generated a variety of highly mosaic genomes. This phenomenon was also shown to accelerate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, by allowing in one step the acquisition of multiple and dispersed mutations associated with resistance. Due to the limitless ability of this phenomenon in reshuffling genomes, MCT may offer a valuable contribution in other adaptive processes such as virulence or host specificity. Finally, the distributive nature and the extent of MCT explain the origin of genes transfers detected in silico in several mycoplasma species. MCT is certainly a major player in the evolution of these minimal bacteria and a key factor of their persistence and virulence
Bocé, Mathilde. "Libération de NO photocontrôlée : complexes de ruthénium à ligand nitrosyle pour des applications innovantes en photothérapie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30158/document.
Full textNitric oxide NO• is involved in numerous biological processes. It takes part to vasodilatation, neurotransmission, it can trigger cell proliferation or apoptosis and it also has bactericidal properties. Thus, NO• release control is of high interest for biomedical applications such as photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT) or photodynamic inactivation (PDI). The strategy here is to synthesize photoreactive ruthenium complexes with nitrosyl ligand which can release NO• under one and two-photon absorption. Compared with one-photon excitation, two-photon excitation allows high focalization and deep penetration of the beam, while exciting in the therapeutic window. This thesis is dedicated to the synthesis of [RuNO] complexes and their biological applications. The first chapter develops the state of the art in the field of ruthenium nitrosyl complexes and presents the biological issues. The second chapter presents the NO• photorelease properties of complexes with 4'-(2-fluorenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine ligand under one and two-photon excitation by spectroscopic studies. Photoproducts are characterized by X-ray diffraction. In a third chapter, cis (Cl,Cl)- and trans (Cl,Cl)-[RuII(2-fluorene-terpyridine)Cl2NO]PF6 are studied in water. The photorelease capacities of trans (NO,OH)-[RuII(fluorene-terpyridine)(Cl)(OH)(NO)]PF6 are studied in biological conditions. The fourth chapter presents the synthesis of new complexes with 4'-(2-fluorenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine ligand derivatives and their photorelease properties. The fifth chapter describes the phototoxic studies of these complexes on cancer cells (HCT 116 and FaDu). Finally, in the sixth chapter, the outstanding properties of these systems in the falling of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis are exposed
Aberkane, Salim. "Dépistage et caractérisation de bactéries multirésistantes aux antibiotiques au sein d’un réservoir aviaire méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT022/document.
Full textBacterial resistance has become a major public health problem leading to a strengthening of spread surveillance and control. The epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in clinical pathogens is essential for therapeutic management. It is also relevant in animal and environmental bacteria to determine and understand AMR existence and diffusion. While much work has been done on the microbiota of companion animals, studies involving wildlife are scarce. It is essential to consider wildlife when studying AMR dynamics to assess its epidemiological role in AMR spread and understand the zoonotic risk which ensues from it.With our literature review, we highlight the close link between human activities and the presence of AMR in wildlife. It led us to discuss the pathways between the human and animal compartments.A previous study reported the presence of an avian reservoir of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in the South of France. Based on this finding, we explored the microbiota of two gull species, differentiated by their ecological niches and diet, as a potential reservoir of AMR.First, we investigated the presence of acquired AmpC-producing Proteus mirabilis in the gulls’ microbiota over two years. The isolates produced CMY-2 cephalosporinases with the genetic support of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) which belongs to the SXT/R391-like family. Two human strains had the same enzymes, genetic support and genetic background as the avian isolates. This suggests that these gulls may act as a reservoir of blaCMY-2-carrying P. mirabilis, and the SXT/R391-like ICEs may play an important role in this gene’s dissemination and persistence.We also isolated acquired carbapenemases-producing E. coli, which is currently one of the most serious AMR threats to public health. These strains, which carried the blaVIM-1 gene, were recovered from yellow-legged gulls. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the gulls are significantly linked with human susceptible isolates. However, VIM carbapenemase producing-human isolate was not isolated in the same time period. This discovery raises the question of a potential avian reservoir and the threat of diffusion.During the screening, we identified a carbapenem resistant non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strain, recovered from a yellow-legged gull. It carried both blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-4 genes which were part of a class 1 integron structure located in an IncA/C plasmid. This is the first description of a V. cholera strain producing this type of carbapenemase.This work demonstrates the complexity of the AMR circulation in the microbiota studied. It opens many perspectives from an epidemiological and fundamental point of view on the mechanisms and genetic supports of AMR. It further illustrates the contribution of molecular epidemiology tools in the understanding of the dynamics of transmission and diffusion and the surveillance of the emergence of AMR in wildlife
Sadikalay, Syndia. "Influence des rejets humains et animaux sur la diffusion de l'antibiorésistance à l'homme, aux animaux et à l'environnement en Guadeloupe." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0251/document.
Full textThe pressure of selection related to the overuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicines is responsible for this increase, but the environment also plays a role in the diffusion of these resistances.In Guadeloupe, very few things are known on the state of resistance to antibiotics, but both veterinary and human uses are intense and amendments resulting from human and animal wastes are widely used.In Guadeloupe, the use of waste from animal, plant and human activities in crop production does not appear to favor E. coli resistant strains spreading from the environment to humans. However, composting quality, soil physicochemical characteristics and climatic conditions should be taken into account when planning amendments to reduce the exposure risk, spread and persistence of E. coli resistant strains.Fifteen strains of E. coli were isolated from horses feces were isolated during their antibiotic treatment, three in the first horse and 12 in the second. Profiles of antibiotic resistance were congruent with the plasmid analysis, genotypes for resistance genes detected using WGS, and with the phylogenetic analysis based on the core genome. Three clones and four singletons could be distinguished indicating that a high genetic diversity exists among E. coli producing ESBL. This study evidenced the persistence of E. coli producing ESBL in the microbiota of horses treated with antibiotics. This study was able to demonstrate the resurgence of resistant phenotypes even before the first day of treatment with persistence of these strains more than one month after treatment. The absence of detection of E. coli producing ESBL was evedenced a few months after treatment. Thus, the diversity of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms has probably higher than that described in previous studies
Demay, Fanny. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la protection du ribosome contre les antibiotiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. https://ged.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c2dfb8a5-d6bc-41e6-858f-912fcbc4864b.
Full textThe work carried out focuses on the characterisation of a resistance mechanism described in E. faecium. A single nucleotide mutation in the eat(A) gene leads to the substitution of an amino acid (T450I) coding for the variant form of the Eat(A)v protein. This mutation leads to cross-resistance to different antibiotics (Lincosamides, Streptogramins A and Pleuromutilins) which all target the peptide transfer centre of the ribosome. Eat(A) is one of the ABC-F proteins, some of which are Ribosome Protection Proteins, while the role of the wild type remains unknown. The aim of this thesis is to characterise the biological activity of the two forms of the Eat(A) protein. The mutation causing the resistance phenotype is located 3 residues upstream of one of the two ATP hydrolysissites. A difference in ATPase activity between the native and the variant form of the protein may be at the origin of the resistance mechanism. To address these questions, we developed a purification method to obtain sufficient soluble protein for in vitro assays. We studied the impact of the T450I mutation on the ATPase activity of the proteins, revealing the importance of isoleucine in the biological activity. We also developed an in vitro translation system using E. faecium S30 extracts to study the impact of the two Eat(A) proteins on translation by monitoring GFP synthesis, with or without antibiotics. Finally, we undertook the characterisation of the interactions between the two forms of Eat(A) and the E. faecium ribosome using cryo-EM technology
Depayras, Ségolène. "Etude des mécanismes de détection, d'adaptation et de protection d'une souche de Pseudomonas fluorescens isolée de l'air en réponse au NO2 gazeux, marqueur de pollution automobile." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR005.
Full textNitrogen oxides (NOx) atmospheric pollutants, mainly constituted of NO, NO2 and derived compounds, are a big threat to the environment and health. Their chemical properties are largely exploited at the cellular scale for their role in diverse physiological processes such as signalisation (nervous and cardiovascular systems) or in pathogens eradication (immunity system).However, dysregulation in production pathways or exogenous input of these compounds lead to several pathologies (e.g. respiratory diseases), usually attributed to atmospheric pollution. However, a wide range of airborne microorganisms are constantly exposed to these deleterious compounds, intimately connected to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the hypothesis of this work deals with the impact of NO2, the main atmospheric NOx, on an airborne P. fluorescens, a strain usually neglected but yet associated with human airways, and potentially pathogenic. Following an exposure to 45 ppm of NO2, the survival of P. fluorescens MFAF76a is severely impaired, suggesting a bacteriostatic effect, as comforted by NO2 impact on energetic metabolism. Moreover, an exposure to NO2 induces an envelope stress through the loss of an Unknown Glycerophospholipid (UGP) and the reorganisation of membrane constituents (LPS, peptidoglycan, fatty acids). The efflux pump MexEF-OprN is involved in membrane stabilization and could also efflux NOx, as highlighted by a MFAF76a-oprN mutant. The major porin OprF could also contribute in external membrane stabilisation, however its implication is still under investigation. Moreover, ROS and NOx are interconnected as illustrated by their shared signalisation (OxyR, IscR) and detoxification pathways. The flavohemoprotein Hmp is a crucial element in the detoxification of NOx in P. fluorescens as illustrated in an MFAF76a-hmp mutant. The similarities between the known effects of NO and those observed in the case of an exposure to NO2, suggest a non-enzymatic conversion of NO2, following cell penetration, into NO. Henceforth, deeper studies are required to decode (i) the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the RND efflux pump MexEF-OprN and the flavohemoprotein Hmp, (ii) other relevant actor implicated in the envelope stress response and in detoxification pathways as well as (iii) the fate of NO2 within the cell
Kerangart, Stéphane. "Convergences évolutives et différenciations verticales chez les Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines (STEC) pathogènes révélées par analyse de leurs propriétés métaboliques et de résistance aux antimicrobiens." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1091.
Full textShiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are major human pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria can cause hemorrhagic diarrheal diseases and Haemolytic and Uremic Syndromes. A risk assessment of more than 200 STEC serotypes has been performed using molecular markers of virulence and epidemiological datasets. However, virulence is not always associated with known or sufficiently described factors, questioning the reliability of such classifications. The hypothesis of this PhD work was that risk levels associated with STEC strains should be related not only to virulence specificities but also other metabolic properties such as a specialization for particular C-sources or resistances towards various antimicrobials. Few data were available on STEC physiology, with the exception of datasets regarding the metabolic properties exploited for the development of specific culture media. The aim of this work was to improve knowledge on STEC metabolic capacities and investigate relationships with their respective risk level. This work was divided into three parts: (i) a study of potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) resistance, an oxyanion highly toxic for cell membranes, (ii) a study of carbon metabolic profiles, and (iii) an exhaustive study of antibiotic and other antimicrobial resistances. A great variability in K2TeO3 resistance profiles was observed, as well as a phenomenon leading to the emergence of significant numbers of spontaneous mutants. The use of tellurite for STEC detection was found to lead to an underestimation of their prevalence in food products. Specific metabolic profiles including resistance to certain antimicrobial substances were found related to STEC classifications into risk levels. These data allowed us to observe specific vertical evolutions of these phenotypes per serogroup but some intergroup evolutionary convergences were also observed. These datasets led to the proposal of novel STEC detection and identification schemes. These schemes can be used by risk assessment managers for a better appreciation of STEC risk hazards among food and environmental samples
Um, Maryse Michèle. "Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques et/ou résistantes aux antibiotiques : contamination des effluents d'origine bovine." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30161/document.
Full textCattle are known to be reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), pathogenic for humans and antibiotic resistant E. coli as well. In a first stage, we assessed frequencies of these strains in two bovine slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants, one slaughtered only adult cattle and the other only veal calves. Percentages of resistant and class 1 integron-bearing E. coli were significantly higher in veal calves effluents and thickened sludges (87.5%, 56.2%) compared to those of adult cattle (5.0%, 0%). These percentages were not impacted by treatment process. The treatment had no impact on percentages of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) either. A STEC O157:H7 highly pathogenic for humans was isolated from the thickened sludge of the adult cattle slaughterhouse, intended to be spread on agricultural lands. These results confirmed that bovine slaughterhouse effluents might contribute to the environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistant and/or pathogenic E. coli and underlined that the risks of dissemination differ according to slaughtered bovine category. In a second stage, we assessed the antibiotic resistance of top 5 STEC (O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28 and O157:H7) isolated from adult cattle fecal samples. Seven of the 39 top 5 STEC were resistant, of which 6 resistant to at least 3 classes of tested antibiotics. Non-top 5 STEC and aEPEC E. coli strains from fecal flora of the same bovine carriers were all susceptible to the tested antibiotics, indicating a possible link between EHEC-associated virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. We showed that ehxA gene, which is a reliable marker of the EHEC virulence plasmid, and antibiotic-resistance genes blaTEM, strA-strB, tet(A), sulII were located on a same large plasmid in 4 antibiotic-resistant top 5 STEC strains (1 O26:H11, 1 O103:H2 and 2 O111:H8). This genetic association raises the concern about the clonal selection of such pathogenic strains by antibiotic use in bovine carriers
Gnansounou, Senankpon Martial. "Etude des activités anti-inflammatoire, antioxydante et screening par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse d’extraits éthanoliques de trois fabacées du Bénin : isolement de molécules bioactives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0603.
Full textIn a context of infectious diseases resurgence, our study focused on therapeutic potential of Dialium guineense, Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica in order to search for bioactive molecules that can counter antibiotic resistance or its corollaries. The state of the art of on bioactive molecules from the three plants has shown that many families of compounds are identified in different aerial organs. However, the link with biological activities remains unclear. Next, we evaluated some biological activities of ethanolic or hydroethanolic extracts of leaves, fruits and bark. With good cell viability levels, extracts of D. guineense (bark) as well as those of P. biglobosa (leaves) and T. indica (bark) have anti-inflammatory activity ratios of 458.2; 161 and 174.6 respectively. These values are higher than that of dexamethasone used as positive control. The KRL test showed dose-dependent antiradical activity in the range of 0 to 20mg / L. In vitro, 1 g of each of the abovementioned extracts has an antioxidant capacity respectively equivalent to 1585 ; 2092 ; 5071 and 2246 mg of Trolox. The extracts were then analyzed by GC-MS revealing for the first time the presence of lupeol and sitosterol in the bark of D. guineense. Finally, the nutritional study of the three fruits reveals, through the high levels of nutrients (80% sugar for D. guineense), their possible contribution to fight malnutrition in Benin and the need of their conservation. Keywords : Infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, bioactive molecules
Alexandre, Youenn. "Développement d'une application oropharyngée de lactobacilles pour lutter contre les infections respiratoires à Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0046/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia and which is involved in themortality of mechanically-ventilated or cystic fibrosis patients.These infections are difficult to treat because of the existence of many antibiotic resistances in P. aeruginosa and therapeutic alternatives are needed. Our hypothesis was that the use of probiotics could be an alternative to antibiotic therapy in order to reduce P. aeruginosa infections and its injurious and pro-inflammatory effects in lungs.The main goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of lactobacilli in a murine model of P. aeruginosa pneumonia.The first step of this work was to screen lactobacilli isolated from oral cavities of healthy volunteers against biofilmformation and elastolytic activity of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The effects of selected lactobacilli were then evaluated in amodel of infection of lung epithelial cells by P. aeruginosa PAO1 and in a murine model of P. aeruginosa PAO1pneumonia. Eighty-seven lactobacilli were tested in vitro, leading to the selection of 3 and 5 strains respectively active against biofilm formation and elastolytic activity. The most active strains (L. fermentum K.C6.3.1E, L. paracasei ES.D.88and L. zeae Od.76) toward biofilm formation and elastolytic activity were chosen to be tested in vitro, in a cell model of P. aeruginosa PAO1 infection. This mix showed cytoprotective effect against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Finally, the prophylactic intratracheal administration of the mix of lactobacilli in mice allowed to reduce the pulmonary loads in P.aeruginosa PAO1. In the same time, the pro-inflammatory effects(IL-6 and TNF- α) of the infection were reduced. These promising results suggest the possibility of new therapeutic applications for probiotics
Alliot, Nolwenn. "Étude phénotypique de souches de Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolées de contextes cliniques et environnementaux. : Évaluation du lien entre les signatures métaboliques, de virulence et d'antibiorésistance." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1152.
Full textIn the clinical settings, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is described as an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections mainly in immunocompromised patients or with severe or chronic diseases. The heavy shield of antibiotic resistances observed in clinical strains lead to particularly complex treatments for patients. S. maltophilia strains represent a real threat to human health. Moreover, the high potential for adaptation of S. maltophilia allow their dispersion in a wide range of clinical habitats but also environmental. Indeed, S. maltophilia strains also colonize widely environmental niches such as the rhizospheric soils. The knowledge about these environmental strains is particularly limited compared to the available medical data. The properties as opportunistic pathogenic of environmental strains remain poorly known and controversial. To better assess the potential health hazard of these environmental S. maltophilia compared to the clinical ones, were assessed in this Ph-D project phenotypic characteristics of a group of S. maltophilia strains from contexts differentially affected by human and environment imprints. S. maltophilia heavily impacted by human contacts have been isolated from patients with varying disease (cystic fibrosis, nosocomial infections, severe pathologies). This group of strains considered as the most at risk to humans, was compared to a group of S. maltophilia from environmental contexts that could promote acquisition/maintaining of resistances to antimicrobial molecules such as rhizospheric soils, heavy metal-contaminated soils or agricultural soils. Firstly, metabolic signatures (growth, substrate degradations) and antibiotic resistance capacities were evaluated among the collection of S. maltophilia strains. In a second part, were studied pathogenic potentialities of these strains such as mobility, enzyme secretions, biofilm formation and virulence to amoebae. Finally, a statistical analysis made connections on the different signatures obtained from the metabolic data, antibiotic resistance and virulence with the origins of the strains and human impacts. According to the datasets of the project, four distinct signatures emerged between S. maltophilia strains structured by the effects of human proximity and origin of the strains. Environmental strains potentially the most impacted by contact with humans showed similar characteristics with the clinical strains; they could potentially be as dangerous as clinical strains
Surgers, Laure. "Epidémiologie clinique et moléculaire de souches de Escherichia coli et Klebsiella pneumoniae productrices de ß-lactamase à spectre étendu." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS589.
Full textEnterobacteria producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (E-ESBL) emerged in the 80’s and then spread widely. They are currently responsible for a global pandemic that represents a major public health problem. On the one hand, the diffusion of E-ESBL exposes to a risk of inadequate empirical antibiotic prescriptions. It is clearly established that inadequate initial antibiotic therapy is responsible for increase morbidity and mortality, but also an additional cost. On the other hand, the spread of E-ESBL results in an increased prescription of carbapenems, a class of reference antibiotics on E-ESBL. This exposes the risk of selection and diffusion of enzyme-producing bacteria capable of hydrolysis of carbapenems (carbapenemases) which can lead to situations of untreatable infections. The diffusion of E-ESBL is the consequence of cross-transmission, favoured by different phenomena, in particular the selection pressure by antibiotic therapy. After a review of the literature on E-ESBL, we will present the results of of our research centered on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Is the widespread release of E-ESBL and in particular of CTX-M-type enzymes due to characteristics of the bacterial host, bacterium, or plasmid carrying resistance genes? We have attached ourselves: (i) to describe the population, management and evolution of patients colonized or infected with E-ESBL, (ii) to cross these results with the virulence factors of the strains and their ability to form biofilm and, (ii) to characterize the plasmids carrying the resistance
Jode, Mathieu de. "Two examples of exploiting bacteriophages to defeat Pseudomonas aeruginosa : study of the viral protein Gp92 and in vivo evaluation of the efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail to treat pneumonia in immunocompromised animals." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS030.
Full textWe have studied bacteriophages infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa to develop antibacterial strategies. First, we aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying viral strategies to hijack bacterial functions. We studied the phage gene gp92, and found that its ectopic expression alters bacterial morphology, motility and provokes a major shift of the cell proteome, without affecting growth. Gp92 also impairs the AlgU membrane stress response, via its interaction with MucA. This disruption may help control phage lysis timing. Finally, expression of gp92 increased the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics, including Imipenem, thus revealing a new target for drug design.In a second project, we studied phage therapy efficacy and bacterial resistance in immunocompromised MyD88-/- mice. In these mice monophage therapy fails due to the uncontrolled growth of phage-resistant bacteria. To limit this growth, we evaluated two phages recognizing different bacterial receptors and their combination. In vitro, monophage treatments failed to limit phage-resistance growth while the combination succeeded. In contrast, the combination was not associated with higher efficacy than monophage treatments in MyD88-/- mice. Our results suggest that bacteria will not resist to every phage the same way and that in vitro experiments are not predictive of phage therapy success in vivo
Bouquet, Jaufret. "Synthèse d'azépanes inhibiteurs sélectifs de NagZ, une β-N-acétyl-D-glucosaminidase impliquée dans l'antibiorésistance du pathogène Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2324/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative bacterium playing a major role in morbidity and mortality among CF patients, whose particular pulmonary environment promotes chronic infections by various pathogens1. Unfortunately, more and more bacterial strains are developing resistance, making β-lactam-based antibiotic therapies less effective. Among the different mechanisms of defense developed by P. aeruginosa, one of the most important is the detection of the antibiotic activity by the pathogen, responsively producing the β-lactamase AmpC, an enzyme that degrades the β-lactam antibiotic. This detection implements the glycosylhydrolase NagZ, which catalyzes the formation of the enzyme inducer of AmpC2.We have recently designed a selective inhibitor of NagZ based on an azepane structure. Its co-administration with β-lactam ceftazidime to a β-lactam-resistant strain of P. aeruginosa causes a 50% decrease of the antibiotic resistance3.In order to improve the selectivity and the efficiency of our lead compound, chemical modifications of the acetamide moiety and of the hydroxyl group at C6 have been achieved, allowing to perform a SAR study supported by crystallographic studies and molecular modeling. Another strategy explored has consisted in the functionalization of the endocyclic nitrogen atom of the azepane by a siderophore that will act as a Trojan horse4, in order to improve the penetration of the azepane.The libraries of compounds synthesized were biologically evaluated by our Canadian and Japanese partners
Opatowski, Marion. "Résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques, apport du système national des données de santé Hospitalisations with infections related to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from the French nationwide hospital discharge database, 2016." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR006.
Full textThe massive use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has led to a significant increase of bacterial resistance to these drugs, making infections more difficult to treat. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major public health issue, which is why many action plan have been implemented at national and global scales. This thesis aims to analyze and measure the epidemiological and public health impacts of bacterial resistance to antibiotics based on the French national medico-administrative databases of health insurance (SNDS). First, an assessment of antimicrobial resistance in France was carried out. It was estimated that resistant bacteria caused 139 105 (95% CI 127 920–150 289) infections in 2016, resulting in a 12.3% (95% CI 11.3–13.2) resistance rate, and 2.52 hospitalizations for 1 000 patient-days. Then, risk factors for the acquisition resistant organisms were examined in the context of hospitalized urinary tract infections. A matched case-control analysis was conducted. This study point out the critical window of 3 months before the hospitalization of interest, the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic consumption, urological procedures (of which prostate biopsy) and long intensive care unit stays on antibiotic resistance. Finally, the repercussion of antibiotic resistance were studied, by comparing the care pathways that follow bone and joint infections on prosthesis. A sequence analysis was conducted on a matched exposed-non exposed sample, and 6 typical care pathways were provided. Then, the use of a multinomial logistic regression allowed to compare the effect of resistance on care pathways
Viel, Alexis. "Usages de la colistine en médecine humaine et vétérinaire : exploration pharmacocinétique et problématique d'antibiorésistance." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT1801/document.
Full textColistin is an old antibiotic used in human and veterinary medicine. However, as less and less antibiotics are discovered, colistin is considered as a last-line antibiotic to fight against multi-drug resistant bacteria in human. In order to preserve the efficacy of colistin, two issues were investigated in this thesis:(i) Risks of selection of bacteria resistant to colistin, in conjunction with the discovery by the end of 2015 of a plasmid-mediated resistance gene (mcr-1). Thus, the impact of oral use of colistin in pigs was assessed in vivo and no selection was observed in our experimental conditions. Similarly, the use of colistin in human medicine for selective digestive decontamination was studied thanks to human flora‐associated rats. Preliminary results were also neither in favour of a selective effect of colistin.(ii) development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) in pigs for the systemic use of colistin and its prodrug, the colistimethate sodium (CMS). This model provided a further insight into CMS and colistin tissue distribution, especially in kidneys where toxic effects are frequent. As a model application, the withdrawal period after use of CMS in pigs was estimated. Then, we used the ability of PBPK models to carry out intra and inter-species extrapolations in order to adapt this model in adults and children and eventually predict the plasmatic concentrations of colistin during a treatment with CMS
Couve-Deacon, Elodie. "Epidémiologie et régulation des intégrons de classe 1 chez Acinetobacter Baumannii." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0116/document.
Full textAcinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen of increasing clinical importance due to the acquisition of multi-resistance. We studied in A. baumannii the characteristics and regulation of class 1 integrons (IM1), which are genetic systems that favor the acquisition, expression and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. We have shown that there is a predominance of strong Pc cassette promoters, in vivo, in a collection of clinical and hospital environment isolates, and in silico, from A. baumannii IM1 published in NCBI. We have also shown that the expression of Pc in A. baumannii is 4-fold lower than in E. coli, regardless of the Pc variant. Explanations that can be raised for the selection of strong Pc in A. baumannii are: (i) the need for a sufficient level of antibiotic resistance expression to survive the selection pressure in clinical environment; and (ii) the need for regulation of the integrase expression, which is of significant biological cost. Indeed A. baumannii does not have the LexA repression system existing in E. coli. Our results open the field of the study of IM1 regulation in A. baumannii and thus the identification of new pathways to fight antibiotic resistance
Mehta, Shachi. "Biopharmaceutical optimization of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infections : interest of nebulization and antibiotic combinations." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT1805.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria responsible for difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections in humans. Current recommended treatment is associated with high treatment failure and emergence of resistance to most of the antibiotics. Also, with only a few new antibiotic drugs active against multidrug-resistant bacteria approved every year, it is important to optimize the use of already existing antibiotics using biopharmaceutical approach like Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD). In pulmonary infections, direct administration of low permeability drugs such as cefoxitin (FOX) and amikacin (AMK) into lungs as therapeutic aerosols should increase their efficiency and minimize whole body exposure responsible for adverse effects, particularly in the case of prolonged treatments. Moreover, the use of antibiotics in combination may reduce the risk of resistance. Several points have been addressed in this thesis: 1. Biopharmaceutical studies of AMK and FOX: It was shown that after nebulization of AMK and FOX, pulmonary concentrations were almost 1000-fold higher than after intravenous administration for both antibiotics, making them a good candidate for nebulization. 2. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study of cefoxitin: a semi-mechanistic PK/PD model was developed from in vitro time kill-kinetics assay data, enabling identification of concentration-effect relationships for two bacterial sub-populations while taking into account the unstability degradation of cefoxitin.3. PK/PD study of bi-combination: Using a mechanism-based mathematical model and data obtained from time kill-kinetics study, it was shown that the combined effect of AMK and FOX was additive to synergistic at different concentration.4. Bi-or tri-combinations: several tri-combinations including AMK, FOX and a 3rd antibiotic (including clarithromycin, linezolid, clofazimine, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin and rifabutin) were tested against reference strain, clarithromycin resistance-clinical isolate (Ma1611) and multidrug-resistance-clinical isolate (T28). All tri-combinations were active against reference strain. Similar observation was made with Ma1611 except combination with clofazimine and clarithromycin. Any combination was active against T28. Bi-combination with highest concentrations of FOX and rifamycins were effective against T28. The synergy between FOX and fluoroquinolones or rifamycins suggests a potent role of these combinations that may warrant further optimization of treatment regimen for the treatment of M. abscessus pulmonary infections. 5. Tri-combination including AMK, FOX and moxifloxacin (MXF) up to 21 days against clarithromycin-resistance clinical isolate has shown no importance of using MXF as tri-combination was not more effective than the bi-combination of AMK and FOX
Huynh, Huu Hien. "Développement d’une méthode de référence candidate pour la quantification de la procalcitonine dans le sérum humain." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS037.
Full textProcalcitonin measurement is a usefully tool to aid the early diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship for patients with sepsis. As sepsis diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship rely on fixed clinical cutoffs (threshold concentration values), ensuring accuracy and comparability of PCT results over time and space is essential to ensure an appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic management. Multiple immunoassays have been developed and commercialized. However, comparability of results remains questionable. There is no metrological traceability to the international system of units (SI) for PCT measurement due to the lack of higher order reference method and certified reference materials.This work initially consisted in documenting the current state for results’ comparability between the different commercially available immunoassays for PCT in order to evaluate the need to establish metrological traceability to the SI. The evaluation of correlation studies and external quality assessment schemes results indicate that properly evaluating the current state of result’s comparability and discriminating the origin of result’s discrepancies is made difficult because studies were conducted in non-harmonized conditions and commutability of the materials was not characterized. Thus, it seems essential to conduct quality external evaluation using commutable control materials. In order to evaluate accuracy of commercially available immunoassays for PCT and to meet the regulatory requirements for the metrological traceability of results, a candidate reference method based on isotopic dilution liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed and validated for an absolute quantification of PCT in human serum with a limit of quantification of 0.25 ng/mL. Results traceability to the SI units could be established thanks to a thorough purity assessment of the primary calibrators by amino acid analysis and correction of impurities contribution
Jaillard, Dancette Magali. "Vers une cartographie fine des polymorphismes liés à la résistance aux antimicrobiens." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1282/document.
Full textThe emergence and spread of multi-drug resistance has become a major worldwide public health concern, calling for better understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies are powerful tools to finely map the genetic polymorphism linked to the phenotypic variability observed in a population. However well documented for eukaryotic genome analysis, these studies were only recently applied to prokaryota.Through this PhD project, I searched how to better adapt these tools to the highly plastic bacterial genomes, mainly by working on the representation of the genetic variations in these genomes. Indeed, because the bacteria have the faculty to acquire genetic material by a means other than direct inheritance from a parent cell, their genomes can differ too much within a species to be aligned against a reference. A representation using sequence fragments of length k - the so-called k-mers - offers the required flexibility but generates redundancy and does not allow for a direct interpretation of the identified associations. The method we set up tests the association of these k-mers with the phenotype, and takes advantage of a De Bruijn graph (DBG) built over all genomes to remove the local redundancy of k-mers, and offer a visualisation of the genomic context of the k-mers identified by the test. This synthetic view as DBG subgraphs informs on the nature of the identified sequence: e.g. local polymorphism in a gene or gene acquired through a plasmid. The type of variant can be predicted correctly in 96% of the cases from descriptors of the subgraphs, providing a tractable framework for k-mer-based association studies
Badau, Estera-Tabita. "De la mise à l’épreuve de l’alimentation par l’antibiorésistance au développement des concepts sans antibiotique et One Health ˸ publicisation et communication en France et aux États-Unis." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA039.
Full textIn a cross-country perspective between France and the United States, this research analyses the process of publicizing the links between antibiotic resistance and food, as well as its contribution to the development of the antibiotic free production and the implementation of the One Health approach. Starting with the awareness of the antibiotic use in livestock consequences, the study relies on the pragmatist approach of the constitution of the public problems. It is based on wide corpora composed by documents published between 1980 and 2016 (written press, institutional literature and semi-directive interviews). The analysis method uses textometric tools derived from discourse analysis and focuses on the emergence of formulas that name the problem, its causes and its solutions. The comparison uncovers an opposite process between the two countries. In France, this process is part of a top-down approach and is characterized by a late publicization following the European and international health authorities’ initiatives. The consumer associations taking over the problem, as well as the agri-food actors’ commitment to the antibiotic free production, is very recent. In the United States, this process reveals a bottom-up model following a non-governmental organizations public constitution taking over the problem. Their mobilization has contributed to the development of the antibiotic free breeding programs, as well as to place the problem on the government agenda that launched a national plan in a One Health approach
Briet, Arnaud. "Étude de la flore bactérienne et de sa résistance aux antibiotiques des produits de la pêche et de l'aquaculture." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0494/document.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a threat to global public health. Human can be contaminated by antibiotic resistant bacteria through food. However, data on antimicrobial resistant bacteria in seafood are scarce. The aim of this thesis was to study seafood bacterial flora and its antimicrobial resistance. First, mesophilic flora was obtained from 9 matrixes and MALDI-TOF and housekeeping genes sequencing technics were used to identify isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of most frequently bacteria were tested. In total, 1882 isolates were obtained and 150 bacterial species and 57 genera were identified. Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Exiguobacterium, Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Proteus were most frequently isolated and their antimicrobial resistance was studied. Antibiotic resistant bacteria accounted for 46% of isolates and multidrug resistant bacteria accounted for 3% of isolates. Antimicrobial resistant bacteria were mostly isolated from shrimps. On a side study, antimicrobial resistance of a V.parahaemolyticus strain collection isolated from seafood was characterized. Antimicrobial resistant strains accounted for 15% and multi-drug resistant bacteria accounted for 3%. A NDM-1-producing multidrug resistant strain, 16-B3PA-006 was identified from shrimps imported from South-East Asia
Thibodeau, Alexandre. "Effet des promoteurs de croissance bacitracine de zinc et virginiamycine sur la résistance aux antibiotiques observée chez les entérobactéries provenant de poulets à griller : étude terrain." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18283.
Full textPoirier, Etienne. "L'antibiorésistance acquise des bactéries de la glande mammaire et des intestins en fonction des traitements intramammaires de tarissement chez les bovins laitiers." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7169.
Full textJalbert, Louis-Alexandre. "Caractérisation de la résistance à la bacitracine et évaluation in vitro de bactériophages envers les Clostridium perfringens aviaires." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7198.
Full textThériault, William. "Évaluation de l'acquisition de la résistance à la colistine chez Escherichia coli O149 chez le porc." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12988.
Full textTchamdja, Eyaba. "Etude épidémiologique de la résistance de Salmonella Dublin, Campylobacter spp et Escherichia coli et l’usage des antimicrobiens chez les veaux de lait du Québec." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22608.
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