Academic literature on the topic 'Antibacterial and anti-Adhesive properties'

HighlightsAdhesion formation is a classic complication of any surgical intervention, which reduces the quality of life of patients and carries the risk of fatal complications during repeated surgery. Moreover, there is an issue of postoperative wound infection. Currently, there are no effective anti-adhesive agents with antibacterial activity in the arsenal of surgeons. Aim. To justify and develop biodegradable anti-adhesive membranes with antibacterial activity.Methods. The membranes were made by electrospinning using a composition of biodegradable polymers: polylactide-co-glycolide copolymer (50:50) Mm 20–30 KDa and ε-caprolactonone. The antibiotic Tigacil was added to the polymer solution to impart antibacterial properties to the membrane. The surface structure of the membranes was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. Physical, mechanical and hemocompatibility properties were studied. The antibacterial activity of the membranes was evaluated after manufacturing, sterilization and storage for 24 months.Results. The inclusion of Tigacil in the membrane composition contributed to a decrease in fiber thickness by almost 4 times, while the packing of fibers became denser, which affected the increase in the strength of the modified membranes. Samples of membranes before and after the inclusion of Tigacil have no negative effect on erythrocytes The obtained results confirm the antibacterial activity of membranes against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as the preservation of these properties after sterilization and during 2 years of storage.Conclusion. The inclusion of Tigacil in the polymer composition makes it possible to create biodegradable anti-adhesive membranes with antibacterial activity, which is maintained for two years after the manufacture. The inclusion of Tigacil in the polymer fiber composition does not adversely affect the initial properties of the membrane.

This study investigated the antibacterial activity, bond strength to dentin (SBS), and ultra-morphology of the polymer–dentin interface of experimental adhesive systems doped with pyrogallol (PY), which is a ubiquitous phenolic moiety that is present in flavonoids and polyphenols. A universal adhesive containing 4-META and 10-MDP was used in this study. PY behaves as an antioxidant and anti-cancerogenic agent and it was incorporated into the adhesive at different concentrations (0.5 and 1 wt.%). The antibacterial activity and SBS were analyzed and the results were statistically analyzed. The ultra-morphology of the polymer–dentin interface was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At 24 h, a lower antibacterial activity was observed for the control adhesive compared to those with 0.5% and 1% PY. No difference was seen in SBS between the three groups at 24 h. After 6 months, the SBS of the 0.5% PY adhesive was significantly lower than the other tested adhesives. The specimens created with 1% PY adhesive presented a higher bond strength at six months compared with that found at 24 h. No morphological differences were found at the polymer–dentin interfaces of the tested adhesives. Pyrogallol may be incorporated into modern universal adhesive systems to preserve the polymer–dentin bonding interface and confer a certain degree of antibacterial activity.

The article discusses the results of a clinical and microbiological study of the anti-plaque, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, antibacterial and anti-adhesive effects of the developed composition in the form of a gel for the care of oral tissues based on aspen bark extract, chlorophyll, dihydroquercitin, D-panthenol, methyl salicylate, the effect of this complex on the pH level of the gingival fluid, the results of a microbiological study to determine the survival of microorganisms such as Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, the results of determining the adhesive properties of S. Sanguinis in the presence of a gel composition, the effectiveness of the reduction action indices ONi-S, SBI, PMA, changes in the pH level of gingival fluid, antibacterial and anti-adhesive efficiancy.

Nyambe MM. 2018. Phytochemical and antibacterial analysis of indigenous chewing sticks, Diospyros lyciodes and Euclea divinorum of Namibia. Biofarmasi 16: 29-43. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Diospyros lycioides and Euclea divinorum and correlate the results obtained to their ethnomedicinal uses as chewing sticks. Fractions of powdered leaves, twigs, and roots were obtained from crude extracts using vacuum liquid chromatography with solvents of increasing polarity. Antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts and fractions were assessed using the agar overlay, disc diffusion, and agar dilution methods against the oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis. In addition, the effect of fractions on the attachment of oral pathogens to tooth surface were also analyzed using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads (S-HA) as a model. Phytochemical screen tests revealed the presence of the following secondary metabolites in the twigs and roots of both plants: anthraquinones, cardenolides, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. Alkaloids were detected only in the roots of both plants. Root fractions from both plants displayed higher antibacterial activity than twig fractions. This supports the preference of roots over twigs by stick users. D. lycioides root fraction displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.625 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL against S. sanguinis and S. mutans, respectively. E. divinorum root fraction showed MICs of 1.25 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL against the aforementioned organisms. Adherence of the bacteria to S-HA was reduced more by root fractions from D. lycioides while twig fractions from both plants also showed significant anti-adhesive properties. Since fractions from both plants inhibited the growth of bacteria and reduced attachment to S-HA, it is an indication that these plants are potential sources of antibacterial and anti-adhesive agents and their use should be encouraged. The anti-adhesive activity of extracts from these plants has not yet being reported. Further research on isolation and characterization of the active compounds from fractions that showed antibacterial and anti-adhesive activity is recommended.

Background: We assessed the effect of propolis on the antibacterial, mechanical, and adhesive properties of a commercial poly(alkenoate) cement. Methods: The cement was modified with various concentrations of propolis, and antibacterial assays were performed against S. mutans by both MTT assays and agar diffusion tests. The compressive, flexural, and adhesive properties were also evaluated. Results: the modified cement showed activity against S. mutans in both assays, although reductions in compressive (from 211.21 to 59.3 MPa) and flexural strength (from 11.1 to 6.2 MPa) were noted with the addition of propolis, while adhesive strength (shear bond strength and a novel pull-out method) showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the antiseptic potential of modified material against S. mutans will allow this material to be used in cases in which low mechanical resistance is required (in addition to its anti-inflammatory properties) when using atraumatic restorative techniques, especially in deep cavities.

Self-adhesive resins (SARs) contain adhesives, which simplify the procedures of resin application, and primers, which provide sufficient bonding ability. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBN) were added to a SAR to easily improve the physical properties and remineralization ability. The experimental resins comprised 1%, 3%, and 5% MBN mixed in Ortho Connect Flow (GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan). As the MBN content in the SAR increased, the microhardness increased, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the cases of 1% and 5% MBN addition. Shear bond strength increased for 1% and 3% MBN samples and decreased for 5% MBN. The addition of MBN indicated a statistically significant antibacterial effect on both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The anti-demineralization experiment showed that the remineralization length increased with the MBN content of the sample. Through the above results, we found that SAR containing MBN has antibacterial and remineralization effects. Thus, by adding MBN to the SAR, we investigated the possibility of orthodontic resin development, wherein the strength is enhanced and the drawbacks of the conventional SAR addressed.

Annotation. Traditional methods of sanitation of bacterial carriers of nosocomial infections of staphylococcal genesis using antibacterial drugs are ineffective and lead to the formation of antibiotic resistance in strains of microorganisms. Currently, when developing new classes of immunobiological drugs, it is recommended to use pathogen-associated molecular structures (PAMS) of bacteria that block surface epitopes and trigger the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of the work was to obtain native surface antigens of Staphylococcus aureus using physical factors. Quantification of protein content in the obtained antigen preparations was performed using spectrophotometry according to the method of O. H. Lowry et al. (1951). The content of teichoic acids was determined according to the method of A. R. Archibald (2012). Adhesive properties were studied according to the method of V. I. Brilis et al. (1986). Each sample was tested in three to four replicates. Data were statistically processed using Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA) or Excel 2003, 2010 (Microsoft, USA). S. aureus surface antigens (Ag) were obtained as follows: a test culture of S. aureus ATСС 25923 was pre-irradiated with 61.0 GHz millimeter frequency range waves for eight hours, and then sonicated with a GZ-109 (60 kHz) or UZIN-2T (44 kHz) instrument and the protein and teichoic acid contents were measured. It was found that pretreatment of suspension S. aureus ATСС 25923 by 61.0 GHz millimeter frequency range waves increased the protein content in the samples by 1.5-1.9 times (p<0.01). Lipoteichoic acid content exceeded ribiteichoic acid content, on average, by 16.7 times (p<0.001) in samples obtained with the UZIN device and by 28.5 times (p<0.001) in samples obtained with the G3-10 device. All of the antigenic (Ag) samples obtained had anti-adhesive activity against S. aureus ATСС 25923, with the Ag5 sample (obtained using the GZ-109 instrument) exhibiting a more pronounced anti-adhesive activity. The use of physical factors will contribute to the standardization of the process of obtaining surface native structures and reduce the toxicity and reactogenicity of immunobiological preparations.

Les huiles essentielles sont des candidates biosourcées potentielles pour être greffées sur des surfaces polymères afin de lutter contre les infections bactériennes, soit en restreignant la croissance des bactéries (effet bactériostatique), soit en tuant les cellules bactériennes (effet bactéricide). Cette thèse porte sur la modification de molécules terpénoïdes destinées à être greffées sur des surfaces polymères activées. Nous visons à greffer des molécules d’huiles essentielles modifiées sur des surfaces polymères par des liaisons covalentes fortes, facilitées par la technologie de traitement au plasma. Le citronellol (CT) et le géraniol (GR) ont été choisis pour leur activité antimicrobienne et ont été modifiés avec succès afin d’obtenir une meilleure réactivité pour la greffe sur polymère. Ils ont été transformés en CT-oxyde et GR-oxyde grâce à une méthode d’oxydation chimio-enzymatique accessible et respectueuse de l’environnement. Des tests microbiologiques ont été réalisés pour évaluer les effets antibactériens de CT et GR avant et après modification. Trois espèces bactériennes ont été utilisées: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus et Corynebacterium glutamicum. Les résultats ont montré que les effets antibactériens subsistaient après l’époxydation; les molécules testées ont démontré des activités antibactériennes en ciblant les enveloppes cellulaires bactériennes, en perturbant l’intégrité des membranes et en modifiant l’hydrophobicité. Ces actions ont conduit à l’inhibition de la croissance bactérienne ou à la mort des bactéries, comme l’ont révélé les mesures de potentiel Zeta, les images obtenues par microscopie électronique à balayage et les évaluations de l’énergie de surface. Notre étude a conclu à l’efficacité antibactérienne des CT-ox et GR-ox contre les trois souches bactériennes. En outre, ces molécules terpénoïdes modifiées présentent un potentiel de greffe sur des surfaces polymères, conférant ainsi aux polymères des propriétés antimicrobiennes
Essential oils are potential biosourced candidates to be grafted on polymer surfaces to fight against bacterial infections by either restricting the growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic effect) or killing bacterial cells (bactericidal effect). This thesis deals with the modification of terpenoid molecules intended to be grafted on polymer-activated surfaces. We eager to graft modified EO molecules onto polymer surface through strong covalent bonding, facilitated by plasma treatment technology. Citronellol (CT) and geraniol (GR) were chosen for their antimicrobial activity and were successfully modified to obtain better reactive function towards polymer grafting. They were transformed into CT-oxide and GR-oxide through an accessible and green chemo enzymatic oxidation method. Microbiological tests were undertaken to estimate the antibacterial effects of CT and GR before and after modification. Three bacterial species have been used: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The results showed that antibacterial effects remained after epoxidation, tested molecules exhibited antibacterial activities by targeting bacterial cell envelopes, disrupting membrane integrity, and altering hydrophobicity. These actions led to the inhibition of bacterial growth or death of the bacteria, as evidenced by Zeta Potential measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging, and surface energy assessments. Our study conclusively confirmed the antibacterial effectiveness of CT-ox and GR-ox against three bacterial strains. Furthermore, those modified terpenoid molecules have potential to graft on the polymer surface and provide polymer antimicrobial property

Microbial contamination of contact lenses is a significant risk factor leading to adverse responses. Adhesion of microorganisms to a contact lens is the first step in a series of events that leads to contact lens-related infections or inflammation. Recently, some of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to have the ability to interfere with microbial biofilm formation. In this project, antibacterial properties of commonly used NSAIDs (salicylic acid, sodium diclofenac and ketorolac) were assessed and characterised using biological assays and molecular biological techniques. Salicylic acid, ketorolac and diclofenac reduced adhesion of a range of bacterial species isolated from corneal infection and inflammatory events to contact lenses in a dose-dependent manner. Salicylic acid also decreased the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis to human corneal epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Results further demonstrated that NSAIDs had a significant impact on the production of virulence factors such as Type IV pili mediated (twitching) motility, flagella mediated swimming, elastase, protease IV and alkaline protease and affected the production of acylated homoserine lactones of P. aeruginosa. Salicylic acid and ketorolac affect the expression of P. aeruginosa outer membrane proteins. In the presence of the salicylic acid and ketorolac more than 85% of all detectable outer membrane proteins changed and most were down-regulated. Moreover, in the presence of salicylic acid at least five gene products, including Na+ - translocating NADH (Nrq1), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH), a hypothetical protein of unknown function, a gene product with no similarity to any known sequence in the database and a sequence similar to 23S rRNA of P. aeruginosa, were down-regulated. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that NSAIDs have a significant impact on virulence factors and the expression of acylated homoserine lactones by P. aeruginosa. This thesis has illustrated the potential of NSAIDs for preventing bacterial contamination of contact lenses by ocular pathogens and highlights the potential for NSAIDs as antibacterial agents. Therefore, this class of compound should be investigated further for their therapeutic efficacy in vivo.

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Adhesive technology has been developed quickly since its introduction about fifty years ago. Its goal is to produce a close contact within enamel and dentin. Failures in this process could result in microleakage, and allow the infiltration of bacteria, fluids and ions. Recent studies have been shown the use of chlorhexidine associated with adhesive systems can be able to inhibit the bacteria action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addiction of different percentages of chlorhexidine to a self-etch adhesive. The solution of digluconate chlorhexidine was increased to the primer of the two pass self-etch adhesive to create a 0,5%, 1,0% and 2,0% chlorhexidine primer solution and after they were distributed in four groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4). Saliva samples (N=10) were used to test bacteria activity. They were spread in a blood medium with filter paper disks containing the different treatments. After the incubation, the inhibitions halos formation were evaluated. This study demonstrated that, in vitro, the addition of different percentages of chlorhexidine digluconate to the self-etch adhesive induced inhibited halos at bacteria of saliva samples, independent from their concentration.
A tecnologia adesiva vem se desenvolvendo rapidamente desde que foi introduzida há mais de 50 anos. Seu principal objetivo é alcançar um íntimo contato entre a estrutura dental e o material restaurador e fornecer adequada adesão entre o esmalte e a dentina. Falhas nesse processo adesivo podem resultar em microinfiltração marginal com passagem de bactérias, fluidos ou íons entre a parede cavitária e o material restaurador. Recentes estudos têm demonstrado que a utilização da clorexidina associada ao sistema adesivo pode ser capaz de inibir a ação das bactérias. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antibacteriano de um sistema adesivo auto-condicionante de dois passos associado a diferentes concentrações de solução de digluconato de clorexidina. A solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 20% foi adicionada ao primer do sistema adesivo nas concentrações de 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0% e distribuídas em quatro grupos (G1, G2, G3 e G4). Para o teste de atividade antibacteriana foram utilizadas amostras de saliva (N=10) semeadas em meio de ágar sangue e discos de papel filtro contendo os diferentes grupos. Após incubação, as amostras foram inspecionadas quanto à formação de halo de inibição dos microrganismos através da utilização do paquímetro digital de precisão(0,0001mm) (Mitutoyou Sul Americana Ltda/ Starret Tools®). Este trabalho demonstrou que, in vitro, a adição de diferentes concentrações de digluconato de clorexidina ao sistema adesivo produziu halo de inibição dos microrganismos presentes nas amostras de saliva, independente da concentração utilizada.

Najčešća komplikacija nakon ugradnje silikonskih implantata za dojku je kontraktura fibrozne kapsule (KK), koja se normalno stvara oko implantata u sklopu reakcije oko stranog tela. Najozbiljnija komplikacija nakon ugradnje silikonskih implantata za dojku je anaplastični krupnoćelijski limfom koji se javlja isključivo kod pacijentkinja koje imaju ugraĎene implantate (eng. Breast-implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma – BIA ALCL). Uzrok nastanka ovih komplikacija ostaje nepoznat. Ustanovljeno je da se KK manje javlja kod implantata koji imaju makroteksturisanu površinu i kod onih koji su presvučeni poliuretanskom penom. S druge strane, BIA-ALCL se češće dijagnostikuje kod pacijentkinja kojima su ugraĎeni upravo makroteksturisani implantati. Subklinička infekcija koja predstavlja odgovor organizma na postojanje biofilma na ugraĎenim implantatima, predstavlja jedan od najznačajnijih etioloških faktora za nastanak KK i BIA-ALCL. Biofilm je konglomerat mirkoorganizama uronjenih u matriks koji ih štiti od dejstva antibiotika i antiseptika. Kako je nemoguće delovati medikamentozno na eradikaciju biofilma, brojni autori daju razne preporuke u cilju izbegavanja kontaminacije implantata tokom operativnog zahvata, a time i formiranja biofilma. Pored brojnih mera, savetuje se i ispiranje džepa u koji će se plasirati proteza kao i same proteze, nekim od antiseptičkih ili antibiotskih rastvora. Do sada ne postoje prihvaćene jasne preporuke o načinu ispiranja različitih implantata, objavljena su samo lična iskustva raznih autora. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili da se ustanovi mogućnost formiranja biofilma četiri različite bakterije (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Ralstonia pickettii) na tri različito teksturisana silikonska implantata za dojku (sa porama veličine 70-150 μm, 50–900 μm i 13 μm) u in vitro uslovima; da se ispita da li ispiranje antisepticima (oktenidindihidrohloridom i povidon jodom), ili antibiotikom (cefuroksimom) ili istovremeno mešavinom povidon joda i antibiotika pre bakterijske kontaminacije sa četiri različite bakterije ima uticaja na formiranje biofilma na tri različito teksturisana implantata za dojke u in vitro uslovima; i da se ispita efekat antiseptika u odnosu na efekat antibiotika na formiranje bakterijskog biofilma na tri različito teksturisana silikonska implantata za dojku. Istraživanje je koncipirano kao prospektivna studija u vidu eksperimenta koji je izveden u Laboratoriji za mikrobiologiju, Instituta za javno zdravlje Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Za izvoĎenje eksperimenta korišćeni su uzorci tri vrste silikonskih implantata za dojku sa različito teksturisanom površinom, odnosno porama različite veličine: 70-150 μm, 50–900 μm, i 13 μm. Od svakog od navedenih implantata su pravljeni uzorci, sečenjem kapsula implantata na komadiće veličine 1x1 cm. Ukupno je bilo 1440 uzoraka. Na osnovu teksture uzorci su podeljeni u tri grupe: Grupa 1 (pore veličine 70-150 μm), Grupa 2 (pore veličine 50–900 μm) i Grupa 3 (pore veličine 13 μm). Svaka od ovih grupa je dalje podeljena u jednu kontrolnu grupu i po četiri ispitivane grupe. Nakon sterilizacije uzoraka svaka kontrolna grupa je kontaminirana sa po 100μl bakterijskog bujona Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=30), Staphylococcus aureus (n=30), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=30) i Ralstonia pickettii (n=30). Ispitivane grupe se bile podeljene prema načinima ispiranja na one u kojima su uzorci prvo ispirani: oktenidin – dihidrohloridom ili povidon jodom ili cefuroksimom ili kombinacijom povidon joda i dva antibiotika, pa potom kontaminirani sa po 100μl bakterijskog bujona Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=30), Staphylococcus aureus (n=30), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=30) i Ralstonia pickettii (n=30). Po završenoj kontaminaciji, uzorci su se inkubirali na temperaturi od 37°C u trajanju od 96h, čime su stvoreni uslovi za formiranje biofilma. Nakon inkubacije, svaki pojedinačni uzorak je uronjen u sterilan tripton soja bujon, izlagan soničnoj energiji u trajanju od 1minuta i zatim vorteksiran 1 minut, čime je omogućeno odvajanje nastalog biofilma od implantata. Za ispitivanje sposobnosti formiranja biofilma korišćena je modifikovana tehnika sa mikrotitar pločom po Stepanoviću. Rezultati su pokazali da sve četiri ispitivane bakterije S. epidermidis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa i Ralstonia pickettii statistički značajno više stvaraju biofilm na implantatima sa porama veličine 50–900 μm u odnosu na pore 70-150 μm i u odnosu na pore veličine 13 μm. Biofilm se statistički značajno više stvara na porama veličine 70-150 μm u odnosu na pore 13 μm. Jedini izuzetak je Pseudomonas aeruginosa kod kojeg ne postoji statistični značajna razlika u produkciji biofilma na teksturisanim implantatima sa porama veličine 70-150 μm u odnosu na one sa porama 13 μm. TakoĎe, sve četiri ispitivane bakterije statistički značajano manje stvaraju biofilm nakon ispiranja povidon jodom, oktenidin-dihidrohloridom ili rastvorom antibiotika u sve tri grupe implantata, u odnosu na površine koje nisu ispirane. Izuzetak je S. epidermidis u Grupi 3 kod kojeg nije utvrĎeno statistički značajno manje formiranje biofilma nakon ispiranja oktenidin dihidrohloridom u odnosu na neispiranje. Cefuroksim je bio efikasniji u sprečavanju formiranja biofilma sve četiri ispitivane bakterije u odnosu na neispiranje u Grupi 1, kao i za S. epidermidis i Ralstoniu Pickettii u Grupi 2. Cefuroksim se nije pokazao statistički značajno efikasnim u sprečavanju formiranja biofilma S. aureus i P. aeruginosa u Grupi 2, kao ni kod jedne bakterije u Grupi 3. Dalje je dokazano da su antiseptici (oktenidin-dihirohlorid i povidon jod) kao i mešavina povidon joda i dva antibiotika (cefuroksim i gentamicin), statistički značajno efikasnji od ispiranja samo antibiotikomcefuroksimom u smanjenju formiranja biofilma sve četiri ispitivane bakterije kod sva tri ispitivana, različito teksturisana silikonska implantata. Rezultati su pokazali da je ispiranje povidon jodom statistički značajno efikasnije u prevenciji stvaranja biofilma kod skoro svih ispitivanih bakterija od ispiranja oktenidin- dihidrohloridom u sve tri grupe implantata. Statistički značajna razlika nije utvrĎena u prevenciji stvaranja biofilma Staphylococcus aureusa kod sve tri grupe implantata prilikom ispiranja povidon jodom u odnosu na oktenidin- dihidrohlorid, kao i kod Ralsotnia pickettii u Grupi 2. Na osnovu rezultata ove studije, preporuka je da se koriste mikroteksturisani implantati kao i da se oni, pre ugradnje isperu povidon jodom ili mešavinom povidon jod i dva antibiotika (cefuroksim i gentamicin), u cilju prevencije stvaranja biofilma, a time i postoperativnih komplikacija koje mogu nastati nakon ugradnje implantata.
The most common complication after breast implant surgery is contracture of capsule, which is normally formed around implants as part of foreign body reaction. The most sincere complication after this kind of surgery is breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). The cause of these complications is still unknown. It is evident that capsular contracture (CC) is seen less frequently in patients with macro-textured implants and in those with implants covered with polyurethane foam. On the other hand, BIA-ALCL is diagnosed more frequently in patients with those, macro-textured implants. Subclinical infection, defined as an response of organism on presence of biofilm on the implant, is considered to be one of the most important etiologic factors for CC and BIA-ALCL. Biofilm is a conglomerate of microorganisms immersed into matrix, which protects them from influence of antibiotics and antiseptics. As it is impossible to eradicate biofilms with medicaments, many authors suggest different steps in order to avoid contamination of the implant during the operation and therefore, prevent the formation of biofilm. Among many tips, it is recommended to irrigate the pocket for breast implant and the implant itself, with some antiseptic or antibiotic solution. Up till now, there is no agreed consensus on the type of irrigation for different implants. Only personal experiences of a few authors have been published. Aims of this research were: to establish the possibility of biofilm formation of four different bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Ralstonia pickettii) on three differently textured breast implants (with pore diameter of 70-150 μm, 50–900 μm and 13 μm) in vitro; to examine whether the irrigation of implant with antiseptics (povidone iodine and octenidine dihydrochloride), antibiotics (cefuroxime) or mixture of povidone iodine and two antibiotics, before the contamination with bacteria, has an influence on the incidence on biofilm formation on three differently textured implants; and to examine the effect of antiseptics in contrast to the effect of antibiotics on biofilm formation on three differently textured breast implants. The study was conducted as a prospective research that took place at the Laboratory for microbiology, at the Institute of public health of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. For the experiment, three types of silicone breast implants were used with different pore sizes: 70-150 μm, 50–900 μm and 13 μm. Samples were made by cutting each of these types of implants into pieces sized 1x1cm. There were 1440 samples in total. According to texture, samples were divided it three groups: Group 1 (pore size 70-150 μm), Group 2 (pore size 50–900 μm) and Group 3 (pore size 13 μm). Furthermore, each of these groups was divided in one control and four test groups. After sterilisation of samples, every control group was contaminated with 100μl of bacterial broth of Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=30), Staphylococcus aureus (n=30), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=30) and Ralstonia pickettii (n=30). Tested groups were divided according to type of irrigation into those where samples were firstly irrigated with either: octenidine dihydrochloride of povidone iodine or cefuroxime of mixture of povidone iodine with two antibiotics, and after the irrigation, contaminated with 100μl bacterial broth of Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=30), Staphylococcus aureus (n=30), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=30) and Ralstonia pickettii (n=30). After contamination, samples were incubated on 37°C for 96h, which created excellent conditions for biofilm formation. After incubation, each sample was dipped into sterile tripton soy broth, and then exposed to sonic energy for 1 minute and vortexed for 1 minute, which made biofilm separate from the implant. For testing the capability of biofilm formation, modified technique with microtitar plates described by Stepanović was used. Results show that all four examined bacteria S. epidermidis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Ralstonia pickettii form more biofilm on implants with pore sizes 50–900 μm compared to implants with pore size 70-150 μm and those with 13 μm. Statistical significance was found in biofilm formation on implants with pores 70-150 μm compared to implants with pores 13 μm. Furthermore, all four examined bacteria form statistically less biofilm after the irrigation with any of used solutions: povidone iodine, octenidine dihydrochloride, antibiotic solution of mixture of povidone iodine and two antibiotics, in all three groups of implants compared to surfaces that were not irrigated. The exception is S. epidermidis in Group 3, where no statistical significance was found on biofilm formation after the irrigation with octenidine dihydrochloride compared to non-irrigation. Cefuroxime was more efficient in biofilm prevention for all four tested bacteria compared to non-irrigation in Group 1 and for S. epidermidis and Ralstonia pickettii in Group 2. There was no statistical significance found in prevention of S. aureus i P. aeruginosa biofilms when irrigating with cefuroxime in Group 2, as well as for all tested bacteria in Group 3. Furthermore, it was verified that antiseptics (octenidin dihydrochloride and povidone iodine) and mixture of povidone iodine and two antibiotics (cefuroxime and gentamycin), were statistically more efficient in biofilm prevention of all four examined bacteria in all groups of implants, compared to irrigation with antibiotic-cefuroxime alone. Results show that irrigation with povidone iodine is statistically more efficient in biofilm prevention of almost all examined bacteria compared to irrigation with octenidine dihydrochloride in all groups of implants. There was not found any statistical significance in prevention of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm when irrigating with povidone iodine compared to octenidine dihydrochloride in all groups of implants, and also in biofilm prevention of Ralsotnia pickettii in Group 2. According to results of this research, it is recommended to use micro-textured implants and to irrigate them with povidone iodine or mixture of povidone iodine and two antibiotics (cefuroxime and gentamycin) prior the implementation, in order to prevent biofilm formation which is most probable cause of postoperative complications after implant surgery.

La chirurgie vasculaire constitue un véritable remède aux maladies cardiovasculaires circulatoires en remplaçant les artères défectueuses par des substituts vasculaires. Une part importante des prothèses est, aujourd’hui, constituée de tube prothétique en textile de polyéthylène téréphtalate (PET). Ce type de prothèses a donné de bon résultats pour les vaisseaux de grand calibre (> 8 mm). Mais quand il s’agit de substituer les artères de petit diamètre (< 6 mm), de nombreuses complications précoces pourraient survenir après implantation du biomatériau et être fatales pour la vie du patient, telles que les infections, la dilatation ou la thrombose rapide de la lumière prothétique. L’objectif de ce sujet de thèse est d’améliorer les propriétés anti-thrombogéniques de la surface du polyéthylène téréphtalate, en mettant en place des techniques de fonctionnalisation efficaces, peu onéreuses et facilement industrialisables. Pour résoudre cette problématique, nous avons opté pour deux approches complétement opposées : la première a pour but de favoriser l’endothélialisation sélective de la surface de la prothèse en polyester, alors que la seconde vise à empêcher l’adhésion de toute espèce biologique, circulant dans le milieu physiologique, sur le biomatériau. Au travers ces approches, trois propriétés ont été modifiées sur la surface du tissu en PET polyéthylène téréphtalate: l’hydrophobicité par une fonctionnalisation hydrophile, la rugosité par un revêtement polymérique sous forme de structures spécifiques et la charge ionique par le greffage d’un polymère polyquaternaire sur la surface du PET.Dans ce cadre, l’influence des trois méthodes de fonctionnalisation sur les caractéristiques mécaniques et les propriétés de surface des tissus traités a été étudiée. La sélectivité de l’endothélialisation de chaque substrat développé a été évaluée en utilisant des cellules endothéliales de la veine ombilicale humaine (HUVEC) et des cellules fibroblastiques. L’affinité des plaquettes sanguines vis-à-vis de ces surfaces a également été déterminé. A travers une analyse en composantes principales (ACP), cette thèse met en évidence les corrélations entre le comportement cellulaire et les différentes propriétés du polyéthylène téréphtalate
Vascular surgery is a real cure for cardiovascular circulatory diseases by replacing defective arteries with vascular substitutes. A large part of prostheses is today made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile prosthetic tube. This type of prosthesis has been successful for large vessels (> 8 mm). However, when it is used to substitute small diameter arteries (< 6 mm), several premature complications might occur after biomaterial implantation and be fatal to the patient's life, such as infections, dilatation or thrombosis. The objective of this thesis is to improve the anti-thrombogenic properties of the surface of polyethylene terephthalate, by implementing effective, inexpensive functionalization methods that must also be easily applied in industrial scale. In order to respond to this issue, we opted for two opposite approaches: the first one aims to promote the selective endothelialization of the surface of the polyester prosthesis, while the second one aims to prevent the adhesion of any biological species, circulating in the physiological medium, on the biomaterial. Through these approaches, three properties have been modified on the surface of the polyethylene terephthalate PET fabric: hydrophobicity by hydrophilic functionalization, roughness by a polymeric coating in the shape of specific structures and ionic charge by grafting a polyquaternary polymer on the PET surface.In this context, the influence of the three functionalization methods on the mechanical characteristics and the surface properties of the treated fabrics was studied. The selective endothelialization of each developed substrate was evaluated by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and fibroblast cells. The affinity of blood platelets for these surfaces was also investigated. Through principal component analysis (PCA), this thesis highlights the correlations between cellular behavior and the different properties of polyethylene terephthalate fabric

碩士
靜宜大學
化粧品科學系
102
The fresh and dried leaves of mint are usually used as flavorings or spices in a wide variety of food and cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry for a long history. They contain biologically active ingredients and also used as complementary and alternative medicine. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-melanogenic properties of lime mint (Mentha aquatic × Mentha suareolens) and spearmint (Mentha spicata) essential oils. Our results indicated that both lime mint and spearmint essential oil could decrease the intracellular tyrosinase activities and then inhibited the melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. The β-caryophyllene, one of the main compound in both mint essential oil, could reduce melanin production via down-regulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor to decrease the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein 1/2 in B16F10 cells. The antioxidative activities assessment showed that both lime mint and spearmint essential oils had DPPH scavenging radical activity and reducing power. Both of the essential oils had the antibacterial abilities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli .Hence, both mint essential oils could be applied into cosmetic formulation and act as a whitening or antioxidative active ingredient.

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
102
Acne is a common skin diseases about hair follicles and sebaceous glands. There are many reasons for its pathogenesis, including excessive secretion of sebum, comedo, acne bacteria breeding and inflammatory responses etc. Acne bacteria is not only playing an important role in inflammatory responses, also the main reason of comedo becoming. But the treatment usually use antibiotic or chemical anti-inflammatory drugs those often have problems of drug resistance and side effects. Therefore, this research primarily uses the medicinal plants of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) and medicinal fungi Antrodia cinnamomea applying to effectiveness evaluation of the acne treatment, and further explore anti-inflammatory effects of the two substances and combining with bacterial cellulose film that prepare into application of antimicrobial dressing materials. The first part of results are displayed P. amboinicus extract in different extraction methods without inhibition effects for acne bacteria P. acnes and S. epidermidis. In nine kinds of grains species of extraction liquid after culturing A. cinnamomea fermentation show only Ac-O extract that has a significant inhibitory effect for P. acnes and S. epidermidis. Exploring O in extraction liquid after culturing different A. cinnamomea fermentation has the best of bacteriostatic action with Ac6、Ac8 and Ac9. The second part is LPS stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells inflammatory reaction and results show the P. amboinicus extraction can effectively inhibit NO production and iNOS,COX-2 and NF-κB protein expression function with Ac extraction, they will accompany inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-6 production. However, the wine extract-stem in P. amboinicus and stock solution-leaf extracts under 6000 μg/mL and Ac8 and Ac9 extracts at 750 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL concentration have a significant difference in inhibition of IL-10. The third part will preliminary study the impact of combining P. amboinicus and Ac extraction with bacterial cellulose film for the acne bacteria of P. acnes as well as S. epidermidis. The results that lyophilized bacterial cellulose film as substrate of the antibacterial effect are superior to dried bacterial cellulose film. Consolidated results can be found the P. amboinicus extraction have anti-inflammatory effect and Ac extraction have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects those will be potential for the development of alternative antibiotics or chemical treatment of acne medication and combining the antibacterial fiber membrane of bacterial cellulose films prepared as the application of antimicrobial dressings have good potential for development in the future.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Endodontic Regeneration Graduate Endodontic Department
Introduction: Regenerative endodontic procedures are used to treat immature teeth with pulpal necrosis in order to control infection, enable continued root development and enhance formation of a pulp like tissue in the canal. Canal disinfection is an integral part the regenerative endodontic process. Double antibiotic paste (DAP; i.e., equal parts of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole) has been successfully used for canal disinfection in regenerative endodontics. A comparison of the residual antibacterial effect of dentin treated with various dilutions of DAP pastes on biofilm formation has not yet been investigated thoroughly. Objectives: The aims of this in-vitro study were to investigate how concentration and time of treatment affect the residual antibacterial properties of DAP in preventing E. faecalis biofilm formation on human dentin. Materials and Methods: Extracted human teeth were used to obtain 4x4mm radicular dentin specimens. Each specimen was pretreated for 1 or 4 weeks with the 77 clinically used concentration of DAP (500 mg/mL), low concentrations of DAP (1, 5 or 50 mg/mL) loaded into a methylcellulose system, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or placebo paste. After treatment, samples were rinsed and placed in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for three weeks. Samples were then inoculated with cultured E. faecalis and incubated in anaerobic conditions for three weeks to allow mature biofilm formation. The dentin samples were rinsed and biofilms detached. The detached biofilm cells were then diluted and spirally plated for enumeration on blood agar plates. The plates were then incubated for 24 h and the number of CFUs/mL was determined using an automated colony counter. Data was analyzed using Fisher’s Exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for statistical comparisons (α=0.05). Results: Dentin pretreatment for 4 weeks with 5, 50 or 500 mg/mL of DAP demonstrated significantly higher residual antibacterial effects and complete eradication of E. faecalis biofilms in comparison to a 1 week pretreatment with similar concentrations. However, dentin pretreated with 1 mg/mL of DAP or Ca(OH)2 did not provide a substantial residual antibacterial effect regardless of the application time. Conclusion: Dentin treated with 500, 50, or 5 mg/mL of DAP for 4 weeks was able to completely prevent the colonization of bacterial biofilm. Four-week treatment of dentin with DAP offers superior residual antibacterial effect in comparison to a one-week treatment. Intracanal application of DAP for 4 weeks during endodontic regeneration may offer an extended residual antibacterial effect.

Mentha, a genus of plants known throughout history for its use as a spice by humans, has been documented since ancient times. This famous plant has been used both as a spice and for its medicinal properties in the treatment of many ailments. Mentha spp have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Pharmacological evidence supports the biological activities of these species, which are widely used in traditional medicine.

Medicinal aromatic plants are very important for human health. Due to the polyphenolic and phytochemical components they contain, they have antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. For this reason, it is the subject of scientific studies. Allium species are important medicinal and aromatic plants that include the commonly known onion and garlic species. There are many different species and the different biological activities of these species are determined by scientific studies. For this reason, in this chapter, the ethnobotanical characteristics and biological activities of important Allium species with current scientific studies are compiled. It is stated that some of these species have anticancer properties and their consumption will be beneficial for health.

The demand for natural, health-oriented food additives and components has increased, with plant-based foods rich in phytochemicals like phenolic compounds being beneficial for human health. Salvia species, the largest plant family in the Lamiaceae, contain over nine hundred species, including sage, which has numerous beneficial uses and biological properties. Sage extracts have shown antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antitumor, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, and liver-protective properties. S. officinalis L. has been suggested to have an anti-radical effect against uranium toxicity. Sage essential oil (EO) has antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging properties. S. miltiorrhiza has been given special attention for treating viral illnesses, with quinoone diterpenes being the most intriguing. Antioxidant activity evaluation techniques have evolved over the past decade, with chemical assays and novel detection technologies replacing earlier approaches. In vitro chemical tests, such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) procedures, are used to assess antioxidant capacity. Electron transfer (ET) assays measure antioxidant activity by transferring electrons and lower metallic ions, carbonyl groups, and free radicals. Mixed tests (HAT/SET) determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of a compound or extract. In vivo animal experiments are used to assess the antioxidant activity of natural extracts. Future research should focus on sage’s antioxidant properties, its mode of action, and the varying compositions of different species.

AbstractIn therapeutic plants, phytochemicals are found in abundance. A family of verbena known as vervain (verbenaceae) consists of over 100 genera and nearly 2600 species. Among the Verbenaceae family is Stachytarpheta, a green perennial herb. The species is being examined in this study for its phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Stachytarpheta mutabilis methanol extracts were studied for their phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancerous effects in the current study. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, and saponins, among other phytoconstituents. One fungus, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, as well as four-gram (+) pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and two gram (-) pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were disc diffusion tested for antibacterial activity. The nitric oxide scavenging assay was used to test for anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro. DPPH, ABTS, and total antioxidant tests were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Analyses such as TLC, GC-MS, and were performed as per common procedure. A nitric oxide scavenging experiment was utilised to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of the drug in vitro. Tests for antioxidant activity were conducted using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and total antioxidant tests. MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis has been used to do anticancer screening. Extracts from Stachytarpheta mutabilis were found to include flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds as well as terpenoids and steroids in their phytochemical analysis. Squalene, octadecanal, and butan-1-one were found in the GC-MS study as were thirty other bioactive chemicals such as 4-isopropylcinnamic acid and octadecanoic acid. The methanolic fractions of plant extracts were shown to be effective against all bacteria. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant experiments performed in the lab revealed the compounds’ potent inhibition activity. Analysis of the GC-MS data revealed the existence of thirty distinct components. MTT assay on the extract revealed anticancer activity. The data shows that the methanolic extract has a significant properties. Stachytarpheta mutabilis has therapeutic value and other pharmaceutical qualities may be assessed as a result of these results, which support the traditional usage of folk medicine as well.

Grape seeds (GS) are waste products from the manufacturing of wine, molasses, and fruit juice. They are the portion of grapes that have the highest concentration of phenolic and antioxidant chemicals, second only to the fruits. In addition to highly polymerized procyanidins, the GS contains catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and gallic acid. GS may be a good substitute for being used in the creation of new goods with a high added value, such as antioxidant-rich smart foods that are extremely concentrated. Because of its strong antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-aging, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, grape seed extracts (GSE) is frequently used as a dietary supplement and is generally considered safe. Analysis of grape cultivars’ seeds, pulp, and peel revealed that the seeds’ capacity to scavenge DPPH was noticeably greater than that of the peels and pulps. Grape seed is effective against common metabolic diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, hypertension, and microbial pathogens, as proven by in vitro and in vivo experiments, due to the antioxidant molecules it contains. It is responding to a growing consumer demand to replace other synthetic antioxidants in fortifying and extending the shelf life of many foods, such as cheese, milk, and meat. Grape seeds are a natural antioxidant source of functional foods, food additives and pharmacological compounds with their rich bioactive molecule content.

AbstractPlants encounter various nanomaterials (NMs) as pesticides and fertilizers. It is also possible that nanomaterials reach plants as waste from consumer products and industry. The effects of such NMs on plants have been widely studied, and both positive and negative effects of NMs on plant growth and development have been reported. Recent metabolomics studies suggest that nanoparticles affect the concentration of secondary metabolites in plants by modulating reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites are plant compounds that accumulate in plants through their secondary metabolism. To date, more than 200,000 defined structures of secondary metabolites have been identified, among which many of them possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. The application of elicitors is a simple strategy to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell and tissues. The ability of nanomaterials to induce plant secondary metabolism has recently been exploited in the elicitation of pharmaceutically important compounds from various plant species. The ability of different NMs to induce the accumulation of different classes of compounds in the same plant species has also been accomplished. The molecular mechanisms behind the effects of NMs on plant secondary metabolism revealed the putative genes involved in NM-mediated elicitation of various plant compounds in several reports. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on plant secondary metabolism and the elicitation of pharmacologically important compounds from plant species.

Mushrooms (Basidiomycetous and ascomycetous fungi) are sources of several compounds such as secondary metabolites, lectin, lipids, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides and are widely used for medicinal properties. The important aspect of medicinal mushrooms was evaluated by several researchers. The basidiomycetous fungi have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitherapeutic, antidiabetic, antitumor, antimicrobial, immunoregulative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Because of this effect, it is used for anti-viral and antibacterial activity against human diseases. Also, some of the researchers found antiviral and antibacterial properties against plant diseases. The use of microbial origins for the management of plant diseases reduces the pollution in the environment and reduces the cost of input during cultural practices. This chapter delivers the importance of medicinal mushrooms against human and plant pathogens.

Aloe vera is a perennial, drought-resisting, succulent plant belonging to the Asphodelaceae family that has a long history of having many tremendous medicinal and anti-inflammatory as well as anti-bacterial properties. This chapter highlights the great potentials of the aloe vera species. Desk study and document analysis guided the systematic and extensive review of both published and unpublished resources on the Aloe vera Species. The chapter contends that horticulturists and plant scientists in the field of agriculture and medicine must pay attention to the Aloe vera as a medicinal plant that possesses the most powerful antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which protects the body against constipation through enhancing the body metabolism, skin, and worm infestations.

Temu Kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.) is one of the plants from the Zingiberaceae family that contains secondary metabolites derived from flavonoids. Studies on the bioactivity of flavonoid compounds from this species have shown various biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and insecticidal properties. Pinostrobin (5-hydroxy-7-methoxy flavanone) (1) is the major flavonoid found in the rhizomes of this plant and has been successfully derivatized through ethylation and allylation reactions. Two compounds were obtained from the ethylation reaction, namely 5-ethoxy-7-methoxy flavanone (2) and 4'-ethoxy-6'-methoxy chalcone (3), while from the allylation reaction, 5-allyloxy-7-methoxy flavanone (4) and 6-allyl-7-methoxy flavanone (5) were obtained. Compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 were tested for their antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 using the agar diffusion method. The results of the inhibition zone measurements showed that compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 were not active against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922.

The motivation of this work is to improve fracture toughness and incorporate anti-microbial characteristics in alumina ceramics. In this work, alumina-silver composites are prepared by the addition of 2, 5, 10, and 15 wt. % silver nano-flakes. The microstructural analysis is performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Mechanical properties like flexural strength, fracture toughness, and microhardness are evaluated. Flexural strength is found to decrease with increased silver content while fracture toughness improved significantly. Antibacterial properties are evaluated on E.coli bacteria. All the samples showed antibacterial activity which improved with increased silver content. The present study establishes alumina|silver composite as an antibacterial material with improved fracture toughness which makes it a potential biomaterial for dental and low load-bearing applications.

Abstract. This study focuses on preparing and characterizing acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer composites reinforced with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The aim is to enhance the material's antibacterial and anti-fouling properties for potential use in 3D printing applications. The composites were synthesized by incorporating varying concentrations of TiO₂ (0.5–20wt.%) into the ABS matrix using melt compounding followed by filament extrusion. Morphological and structural properties were evaluated for filaments and printed materials using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Antibacterial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, demonstrating a slight reduction in bacterial adhesion on the composite surfaces. Furthermore, incorporating TiO₂ can improve UV resistance and provide self-cleaning properties, indicating its potential for applications in medical devices, water purification components, and other high-performance 3D-printed structures.

From acidic NiP electroless bath, the co-deposition of TiNi nanoparticles in the NiP matrix to form novel NiP-TiNi nanocomposite coatings (NCCs) on top of API X100 carbon steel using several concentrations of TiNi nanoparticles (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g L-1 in the bath) is successfully achieved. The influence of the TiNi nanoparticles on the composition, deposition rate, thickness, and morphology of the NiP coating are investigated before and after annealing at 400 oC. The addition of TiNi nanoparticles into the NiP matrix led to the transform of the amorphous structure of the as-plated NiP into a semi-crystalline one. The microhardness of the composite coating significantly enhances with increasing TiNi concentration up to 0.4 g L-1 and further improvement takes place after heat treatment. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the colony counting method are carried out to assess the corrosion protection and antibacterial properties, respectively, of the as-deposited and the annealed coatings. The results demonstrate that there is an optimum concentration for the addition of TiNi (0.4 g L-1), which offers the composite coating with the highest corrosion protection that reaches to about 98 %. Below and beyond this concentration as well as after heat treatment, the improvement in the corrosion protection of the composite coatings slightly decreases. Besides, the NiP–TiNi NCCs have effective antibacterial properties as it decreased the cell viability of Escherichia coli from 100 to 19%.

The interaction of turmeric powder with five surfactants (isopropyl oleate, diester of sucrose, polymethylene-α, ω-bis (N, N-dialkyl-N-deoxy-d-glucitolammonium iodides, bis [2-butyl (sodium bis-thioacetate) sodium dicarboxylate 1,10 decanediyl] ester, demecarium bromide) and obtaining nanoemulsions, has been investigated by spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, optical microscopy and microbiological tests. The modeling encapsulation of turmeric powder in nanoemulsions was carried out taking into account the following parameters: the concentration and type of surfactants, the ratio between turmeric and surfactant, micellar critical concentration, speed and time of stirring, temperature, pH, average diameter of particles, zeta potential, conductivity. The known antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of turmeric can be improved by dispersing it in nanoemulsions resulting in better functional efficacy. The specific factors in designing nanoemulsion systems that affect the chemical stability of the encapsulated turmeric are discussed. In order to enhance turmeric effectiveness and improve bioavailability, surfactant assemblies as the colloidal carriers with desired properties have been largely used. The interaction takes place above the critical concentrations of the surfactants, when the encapsulation/ solubilization of turmeric in the micelles occurs. In our research we have elaborated a method for including turmeric in surfactants, following the preparation parameters modeling with the final aim of developing enhanced antibacterial properties.

Since the beginning of the present century, tests have shown that some types of clay can present antibacterial activity. In addition, the clay considered for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products have been found to be non-toxic and non-irritating materials, therefore, the use of these types of clay for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes has increased in recent years. The above being said, different types of clay have been used over time due to their antibacterial properties, but the analytical methods for their characterization are just beginning to develop. This article is part of a study having as main objective the development of multifunctional antimicrobial textile materials to prevent fungal and bacterial proliferation, thus creating an antimicrobial shield for the human body, especially for blemish-prone skin. In this paperwork, a commercial blue clay was characterized through modern techniques. One of these techniques is X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Coupling SEM with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray detector (EDX), complete information of the morphology and elemental composition of the clay powder can be obtained. Additionally, a microbiological characterization was also performed in order to assess the anti fungal properties. Thus, the obtained results provided an overview of the main features of the selected blue clay. Further studies will be directed to the development of different types of clay-based dispersion and also for the characterization of different types of textile materials, in order to choose a "clay-textile" pair with improved antimicrobial activity.

Electrospun systems can be applied to various areas, particularly in biomedicine for skin treatment. The fabricated nanofibers represent an interconnected three-dimensional network with a high surface area to volume ratio providing structural and morphological similarities with the extracellular matrix. Hence, facilitate the removal of exudates, promote gaseous exchange, conform to the contour of the treated area and in the case of drug-loaded nanofibers resulting in improved bioavailability. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was selected as a polymer carrier due to its biocompatible, hydrophilic nature with good chemical and mechanical properties, approved by the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) as a safe polymer for biomedical and food applications. Calendula officinalis or Marigold extract is one of the oldest medical plants with numerous proven pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial/antifungal and wound healing activity related to the components of the flowers such as sesquiterpenes, saponins, triterpenes, flavonoids. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, Ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring oil-soluble antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that supports collagen production, mostly popularized as an anti-aging ingredient in skincare products for topical use. Novel Marigold extract and CoQ10–loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers intended for skin treatment and wound therapy were developed using the electrospinning technique. The presence of functional groups on the nanofibrous surfaces was confirmed by FTIR analysis, the SEM images show the average size of the obtained nanomats and the thermal properties were investigated via DSC analysis.

Abstract—Viola odorata is a species of the viola family, may be found naturally occurring over Europe and Asia. This little plant is tough and perennially herbaceous. It's also known as sweet violet and English violet. There are several medicinal uses for this flowering plant, including anticancer, antibacterial, inflammation., antioxidant activity and antipyretic activity. The phytochemical studies of Viola odorata different parts resulted in identification and isolation of different chemical constituents such as Coumarins, caffeic acid, methyl salicylate, flavonoids (Quercetin, kaempferol), glycosides (Rutin) and terpenoids (stigma sterol). Coumarins are an important natural phenolic compounds of the family of benzopyrone. Coumarin's basic structure consists of a pyrone ring fused with a benzene ring. Umbelliferone and esculetin are the most common simple coumarins in nature. Coumarins become an attractive backbone drugs with innovative impacts on illnesses and reduced side effects on healthy cells. Anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and other biological properties are among those attributed to coumarins derivatives. In this study umbelliferone and esculetin of Viola odorata were isolated by PTLC and the structures of isolated umbelliferone and esculetin are elucidated by FTIR, 1 H-NMR and 13C-NMR.

The objectives of the BARD proposal were to determine the mechanisms of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) that are necessary to provide heightened innate resistance to infection and to identify the antigenic determinants in Streptococcus iniae that are best suited for vaccine development. Our central hypothesis was that anti-bacterial immunity in trout and tilapia can only be acquired by combining "innate" NCC responses with antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. These Objectives were accomplished by experiments delineated by the following Specific Aims: Specific aim (SA) #1 (USA) "Clone and Identify the Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in NCC"; Specific aim #2 (USA)"Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae"; Specific aim #3 (Israel) "Characterize the Biological Properties of the S. iniae Capsular Polysaccharide"; and Specific aim #4 (Israel) "Development of an Acellular Vaccine". Our model of S. iniae pathogenesis encompassed two approaches, identify apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins in tilapia that affected NCC activities (USA group) and determine the participation of S.iniae capsular polysaccharides as potential immunogens for the development of an acellular vaccine (Israel group). We previously established that it was possible to immunize tilapia and trout against experimental S. difficile/iniaeinfections. However these studies indicated that antibody responses in protected fish were short lived (3-4 months). Thus available vaccines were useful for short-term protection only. To address the issues of regulation of pathogenesis and immunogens of S. iniae, we have emphasized the role of the innate immune response regarding activation of NCC and mechanisms of invasiveness. Considerable progress was made toward accomplishing SA #1. We have cloned the cDNA of the following tilapia genes: cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS/AF547173»; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF / A Y 428948); and nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide (NACA/ A Y168640). Similar attempts were made to sequence the tilapia FasLgene/cDNA, however these experiments were not successful. Aim #2 was to "Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae." To accomplish this, a new membrane receptor has been identified that may control innate responses (including apoptosis) of NCC to S. iniae. The receptor is a membrane protein on teleost NCC. This protein (NCC cationic antimicrobial protein-1/ncamp-1/AAQ99138) has been sequenced and the cDNA cloned (A Y324398). In recombinant form, ncamp-l kills S. iniae in vitro. Specific aim 3 ("Characterize the Biological Properties of the S.iniae Capsular Polysaccharide") utilized an in- vitro model using rainbow trout primary skin epithelial cell mono layers. These experiments demonstrated colonization into epithelial cells followed by a rapid decline of viable intracellular bacteria and translocation out of the cell. This pathogenesis model suggested that the bacterium escapes the endosome and translocates through the rainbow trout skin barrier to further invade and infect the host. Specific aim #4 ("Development of an Acellular Vaccine") was not specifically addressed. These studies demonstrated that several different apoptotic regulatory genes/proteins are expressed by tilapia NCC. These are the first studies demonstrating that such factors exist in tilapia. Because tilapia NCC bind to and are activated by S. iniae bacterial DNA, we predict that the apoptotic regulatory activity of S. iniae previously demonstrated by our group may be associated with innate antibacterial responses in tilapia.