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Journal articles on the topic 'Anti-Sars-Cov-2'

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Published: 25 January 2025

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1

Lippi, Giuseppe, Gian Luca Salvagno, Brandon M. Henry, Laura Pighi, Simone De Nitto, and Gianluca Gianfilippi. "Comparative longitudinal variation of total IgG and IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in recipients of BNT162b2 vaccination." Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/almed-2021-0086.

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Abstract Objectives This article aims to summarize the 6-month variation of a vast array of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in recipients of BNT162b2 mRNA-based vaccination. Methods The study population consisted of 84 baseline SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthcare employees (median age 45 years, 53.6% females), receiving mRNA-based BNT162b2 primary vaccination cycle. Blood was collected before the first and second BNT162b2 vaccine doses, as well as 1, 3 and 6 months afterwards. The serum titers of the following anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were assayed: total anti-RBD (receptor binding domain), anti-spike trimeric IgG, anti-RBD IgG and anti-spike S1 IgA. Results All antibodies’ levels peaked 1 month after vaccination, but then displayed a considerable decrease. The median rates of 6-month decline were −95% for IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD, −85% for IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike, −73% for IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 and −56% for total anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies, respectively. The median time of seronegativization was estimated at 579 days for total anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies, 271 days for IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike, 264 days for IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and 208 days for IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1, respectively. The rate of seropositive subjects declined from 98–100% at the peak to 50–100% after 6 months. The inter-individual variation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies reduction at 6 months was 3–44% from the peak. Conclusions The results of this longitudinal serosurvey demonstrate that the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies declined 6 months after BNT162b2 vaccination, with median time of IgG/IgA seronegativization estimated between 7 and 9 months, thus supporting the opportunity of administering vaccine boosters approximately 5 to 6 months after the last dose of the primary vaccination cycle.
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2

Geanes, Eric S., and Todd Bradley. "Differences between autoantibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 vaccination." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 65.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.65.15.

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Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can induce severe disease and lead to hospitalization and/or death in some subpopulations of patients. The underlying mechanisms of disease severity between individuals remain unclear. Recently, autoantibodies have been detected after severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, including anti-idiotypic IgM antibodies targeting ACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we examined autoantibody differences within hospitalized patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (seropositive), and individuals with no previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (seronegative). An autoantibody multiplex panel was run on serum collected from seropositive and seronegative individuals before vaccination and at 7 weeks after two doses of vaccine. Anti-ACE2 antibodies were measured for these samples in addition to serum collected from hospitalized individuals with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in elevated anti-ACE2 IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies compared to all vaccine groups. Seropositive samples resulted in significantly higher anti-ACE2 IgG after vaccination, and significantly higher IgA and IgM antibodies before vaccination compared to seronegative samples. ACE2 inhibition was measured for samples with measurable anti-ACE2 IgG to determine if anti-ACE2 autoantibodies were affecting ACE2 function. The findings of this study elucidate severe SARS-CoV-2 infection results in higher IgG, IgA, and IgM anti-ACE2 antibodies compared to non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals and in turn may provide future novel identifiers for SARS-CoV-2 disease severity. Supported by funds provided by the Children's Mercy Research Institute
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Germer, Matthias, Viola Marschall, Veit Braun, Jörg Schüttrumpf, and Matthias Germer. "Rising anti-SARS-CoV-2 titer in a human immunoglobulin preparation." International Journal of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology 13, no. 1 (April 17, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/100076z02ch2023ra.

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Aims: To assess potential changes of pharmacological activities of a novel normal immunoglobulin for intravenous administration from pooled normal plasma (IVIG). Methods: We assessed the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the level and activity of pathogen-specific antibodies in IVIG batches produced before and during the pandemic. Antibody levels were determined by immunoassays. The functional activity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was determined by in vitro neutralization. Results: In the IVIG, the antibody titer against bacteria, different viruses and a fungus were found to be in a defined range, whereas titers to common pathogens remained consistent over time, the level of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have increased within two years after onset of the pandemic to levels comparable to a hyperimmunoglobulin preparation. These antibodies could neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and cross-react with other coronaviruses. Conclusion: Increasing titers of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies might be beneficial for special vulnerable patient groups.
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4

Herroelen, Pauline H., Geert A. Martens, Dieter De Smet, Koen Swaerts, and An-Sofie Decavele. "Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, no. 5 (August 18, 2020): 610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa140.

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Abstract Objectives Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology tests are clinically useful to document prior SARS-CoV-2 infections. Data are urgently needed to select assays with optimal sensitivity at acceptable specificity for antibody detection. Methods A comparative evaluation was performed of 7 commercial SARS-CoV-2 serology assays on 171 sera from 135 subjects with polymerase chain reaction–confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (71 hospitalized patients and 64 paucisymptomatic individuals). Kinetics of IgA/IgM/IgG seroconversion to viral N and S protein epitopes were studied from 0 to 54 days after onset of symptoms. Cross-reactivity was verified on 57 prepandemic samples. Results Wantai SARS-COV-2 Ab ELISA and Orient Gene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test showed superior overall sensitivity for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay and EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 combined IgG/IgA showed acceptable sensitivity (>95%) vs the consensus result of all assays from 10 days post onset of symptoms. Wantai SARS-COV-2 Ab ELISA, Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay, and Innovita 2019-nCoV Ab rapid test showed least cross-reactivity, resulting in an optimal analytical specificity greater than 98%. Conclusions Wantai SARS-COV-2 Ab ELISA and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays are suitable for sensitive and specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from 10 days after onset of symptoms.
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Furukawa, Hiroshi, Shomi Oka, Takashi Higuchi, Miho Yamaguchi, Shota Uchiyama, Tomohiro Koiwa, Moriyuki Nakama, Masaaki Minegishi, Hideaki Nagai, and Shigeto Tohma. "Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike Antibodies in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Japan." Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 16 (January 2022): 117954842210754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11795484221075492.

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OBJECTIVES Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Serological testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) antibodies (Abs) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) Abs is performed to detect prior COVID-19 infection. It is still controversial which antibodies are the most sensitive and specific, and which can be detected earliest after infection. Here, we evaluated the results of serological tests of anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs in Japan. METHODS Symptomatic COVID-19 patients (n = 84) and control patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 93) were recruited at Tokyo National Hospital. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs were measured by commercial electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. RESULTS The fraction of patients positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs was highest >14 days after symptom onset. The frequency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S Ab positivity at this time (80.4%) tended to be slightly but not significantly lower than anti-SARS-CoV-2 N Ab positivity (84.8%). Optimized cut-off levels for anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Ab positivity were lower than the manufacturer's recommended cut-off levels. Using multiple linear regression analyzes with anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs, we created an Ab-index with high sensitivity. CONCLUSION To increase the sensitivity of serological diagnostic tests for COVID-19, it is suggested that both anti-SARS-CoV-2 N and S Abs should be measured and cut-off levels decreased.
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Siddi, Mariana, Paolo Molinari, Carlo Maria Alfieri, Marianna Tangredi, Giovanna Lunghi, Elisa Colombo, Sara Uceda Renteria, et al. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody in Chronic Kidney Disease (Dialysis Independent and Not)." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050572.

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Background: The evidence in the medical literature regarding the prevalence of antibody towards SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic kidney disease is limited, particularly among those at the pre-dialysis stage. Aim: We have prospectively performed a cohort study at a third-level university hospital to evaluate frequency and risk factors for anti-SARS-CoV-2-positive serology among chronic kidney disease patients. Methods: We have tested a cohort of consecutive outpatients with chronic kidney disease on regular follow-up at a major metropolitan hospital, during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Italy. We adopted an enzyme immunoassay for the assessment of IgM/IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human serum or plasma (DIA.PRO COVID-19 Serological Assay); the assay detects antibodies against Spike (1/2) and Nucleocapsid proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Results: There were 199 (65.8%) out of 302 patients with dialysis-independent CKD; 2 patients were anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody positive, 23 were anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG positive and 37 had detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in serum. The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 20.5% (60/302). All patients positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tested negative by nasopharyngeal swab. A significant and independent relationship between anti-SARS-CoV-2-positive serologic status and serum albumin (a marker of nutritional status) was observed (p < 0.046). The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody was greater in CKD than in control populations (health care workers and blood donors) attending the hospital a few months before the current study (7.6% and 5.2%, respectively). Conclusions: The great prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in our study group could be, at least partially, explained with the fact that our patients were living in Milan, an area severely hit by SARS-CoV-2 infection. It seems that a poor nutritional status supports the acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 antibody in CKD patients. Clinical studies to understand the mechanisms responsible for the high frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection are under way.
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Häusler, Sebastian, Marco Weigl, Andreas Ambrosch, Rudolf Gruber, Birgit Seelbach-Göbel, and Sara Fill Malfertheiner. "Peripartal anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgA/IgG in asymptomatic pregnant women during regional SARS-CoV-2-outbreak." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 49, no. 6 (February 24, 2021): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0001.

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Abstract Objectives The Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic poses special challenges for the society and especially the medical staff. Even if a rather mild course is assumed among pregnant women the measures to prevent transmission of the infection are of outstanding importance. Methods To screen asymptomatic pregnant women during admission to our university maternal hospital we focused on anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses. Hundred and fifty one women admitted to the hospital for childbirth or caesarean delivery were included. In case of suspicious anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibody levels an RT-PCR was performed to confirm an ongoing infection with SARS-CoV-2. Results A total of 89% showed negative results for anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgA antibodies, whereas 3% were borderline and 7% positive (both labeled as suspicious). In only one patient with suspicious serology we detected SARS-CoV-2-RNA in the following RT-PCR. 2% presented anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG antibodies, all being positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgA. The observed positive rate of our study collective of 10.6% seemed much higher than the expected one (1.3%) based on the reports of the Robert Koch Institute and the specifications given by the test’s manufacturer. The expected positive predictive value (PPV) was 4.3–6.7 times higher than the observed one. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first report of anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibody levels in the peripartum period of asymptomatic women. As the positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology poorly correlated with the confirmatory RT-PCR and the fact that mainly the detection of the virus by PCR correlates with the patient’s infectiousness we suggest to rather perform a SARS-CoV-2-PCR-based admission screening in perinatal centers to prevent the spread of the disease.
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8

Vicidomini, Caterina, and Giovanni N. Roviello. "Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Strategies." Molecules 28, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052118.

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Finding effective antiviral molecular strategies was a main concern in the scientific community when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019 as an easily transmissible and potentially deadly β-coronavirus able to cause the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which famously led to one of the most worrying pandemics in recent times. Other members of this zoonotic pathogenic family were already known before 2019, but apart from the SARS-CoV, which was responsible of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic in 2002/2003, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), whose main impact on humans is geographically restricted to Middle Eastern countries, the other human β-coronaviruses known at that time were those typically associated with common cold symptoms which had not led to the development of any specific prophylactic or therapeutic measures. Although SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations are still causing illness in our communities, COVID-19 is less deadly than before and we are returning to normality. Overall, the main lesson learnt after the past few years of pandemic is that keeping our bodies healthy and immunity defenses strong using sport, nature-inspired measures, and using functional foods are powerful weapons for preventing the more severe forms of illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 and, from a more molecular perspective, that finding drugs with mechanisms of action involving biological targets conserved within the different mutations of SARS-CoV-2—and possibly within the entire family of β-coronaviruses—gives more therapeutic opportunities in the scenario of future pandemics based on these pathogens. In this regard, the main protease (Mpro), having no human homologues, offers a lower risk of off-target reactivity and represents a suitable therapeutic target in the search for efficacious, broad-spectrum anti-β-coronavirus drugs. Herein, we discuss on the above points and also report some molecular approaches presented in the past few years to counteract the effects of β-coronaviruses, with a special focus on SARS-CoV-2 but also MERS-CoV.
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Kittel, Maximilian, Romy Eichner, Sihem Aida, Anna Bode, Volker Ast, Anja Kessler, Michael Neumaier, Roman Wölfel, and Verena Haselmann. "Results of a European-Wide External Quality Assessment (EQA) Scheme for Serological Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (CoVimm)—Pitfalls of Routine Application." Viruses 14, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081662.

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Background: During the last two years, a variety of assays for the serological detection of antibodies to the new SARS-CoV-2 virus have been launched and used as part of standard care in many laboratories. The pace with which these tests have been introduced into routine care emphasizes the importance of quality measures for analytical methods, particularly with regard to the implications of results for clinical and epidemiologic decisions. Accuracy, reliability and comparability of analytical test results are thus essential, and here external quality assessment (EQA) is the most important quality assurance tool. It allows us to achieve harmonization of test methods as a prerequisite for a high standard of performance for laboratory and analytical techniques and their interpretation. Methods: This EQA scheme consisted of pre-characterized clinical biospecimens dedicated to the analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG total antibodies and differentiation into spike protein-specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (anti-S-SARS-CoV-2) and nucleocapsid-specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N-SARS-CoV-2). Results: A total of 239 laboratories across Europe participated in this scheme, called CoVimm. In detail, 536 results for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, 431 results for anti-S-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and 200 results for anti-N-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were reported. Based on the pre-defined thresholds, the success rates for the determination of anti-S-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and anti-N-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were 96% and 90%, respectively. Interestingly, only 64% of the participating laboratories successfully passed the EQA scheme for the determination of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Conclusions: This EQA revealed serious concerns regarding the reliability and appropriate use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays in routine care. In addition to the wide heterogeneity of different assays used by participating laboratories, a lack of standardization and harmonization is also evident. This is of particular importance for reliable and clinically meaningful interpretation of test results.
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Brice, David, and Maureen A. McGargill. "Coronavirus spike protein vaccination history affects SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain-specific memory response in a mouse model." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 235.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.235.19.

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Abstract Background: Previous exposure to human common cold coronaviruses (hCCCoVs) has been shown to affect immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Since most humans have been infected with different hCCoVs throughout their lives, determining exactly how previous immunity to hCCoVs affects anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses, especially to the Spike (S) protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD), has proven difficult. We, therefore, used a mouse model to investigate how exposure to different coronavirus S alters the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 S vaccination. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with 30 μg of full-length S from several coronaviruses: hCCCoVs, SARS-CoV, or SARS-CoV-2. All mice were then vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 full-length S 33 days later. Sera from all mice were collected at multiple timepoints after vaccinations and analyzed by ELISA and microneutralization assays. Results: Initial SARS-CoV S vaccination, surprisingly, led to significantly higher levels of anti-RBD IgG antibodies compared to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Boosting with SARS-CoV-2 S increased SARS-CoV-2 S IgG and IgM levels, regardless of previous vaccination, but increased RBD IgG responses more in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S mice and only previous SARS-CoV S vaccination increased in anti-RBD IgM levels. Microneutralization assay results of each timepoint significantly correlated with combined anti-RBD IgG and IgM levels. Conclusions: SARS-CoV S vaccination leads to more robust anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody levels in both naïve and SARS-CoV-2 S-vaccinated mice than other coronaviruses studied. Further investigation will help explore which aspects of this SARS-CoV S vaccination could lead to an increased RBD-focused immune response. David C. Brice was supported through The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists.
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Annamaria, Petrungaro, Quartarone Eugenia, and Sciarrone Paolo. "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune plasma workflow." Transfusion and Apheresis Science 59, no. 5 (October 2020): 102850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2020.102850.

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Jizzini, Mazen, Mohsin Shah, and Kehua Zhou. "SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 13 (January 2020): 117954762098038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179547620980381.

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The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to distinct diagnostic and management challenges for front-line healthcare workers. The risk of excessive coagulation activation leading to a cascade of thrombotic events in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 is now well reported. We discuss a recent case of COVID-19 with concurrent acute pulmonary embolism and a positive cardiolipin antibody (IgM). The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies is key to diagnosing antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). However, their presence can be transient or persistent after viral infections. Serial inflammatory markers in conjunction with anti-phospholipid antibody testing is critical for the diagnosis of APS in this emerging patient population. Our case report reviews details suggestive of APS in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 and aims to provide clinical diagnostic clues that could help warrant further workup and assist with management strategies.
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Notrisia Rachmayanti, Bastiana Bermawi, and Diyan Wahyu Kurniasari. "Pemeriksaan Skrining Covid-19 Kepada Pegawai Laboratorium Rumah Sakit Islam Surabaya Jemursari di Masa Pandemi." SEMINAR NASIONAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT 2021 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/snpm.v1i1.925.

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COVID-19 telah menjadi pandemi sejak Januari 2020. COVID-19 disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV 2 yang menyebar melalui droplet dan airborne sehingga petugas kesehatan rentan tertular. RSI Surabaya Jemursari telah merawat pasien COVID-19 dan melakukan pemeriksaan PCR SARS-CoV 2 sehingga skrining rutin menjadi hal yang sangat perlu dilakukan pada pegawai laboratorium. Kegiatan dilaksanakan dengan mengidentifikasi pegawai laboratorium RSI Surabaya Jemursari untuk kemudian dilakukan anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik. Kemudian dilakukan pengambilan swab nasofaring untuk pemeriksaan antigen serta pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan antibodi yaitu IgG dan IgM anti SARS-CoV 2. Pemeriksaan dilakukan pada 31 pegawai laboratorium RSI Surabaya Jemursari. Sebanyak 1 orang dengan keluhan infeksi saluran pernafasan atas didapatkan hasil antigen SARS-CoV 2 positif serta IgG dan IgM anti SARS-CoV 2 reaktif. Sebanyak 1 orang dengan keluhan infeksi saluran pernafasan atas didapatkan hasil antigen SARS-CoV 2 positif tetapi hasil IgG dan IgM anti SARS-CoV 2 non reaktif. Hasil skrining juga mendapatkan sebanyak 8 pegawai tanpa keluhan infeksi saluran nafas atas yang memiliki hasil antigen SARS-CoV 2 negatif, IgM anti SARS-CoV 2 non reaktif tetapi memiliki IgG anti SARS-CoV 2 reaktif. Sedangkan sisanya sebanyak 21 orang dengan hasil antigen SARS-CoV 2 negatif, IgG dan IgM anti SARS-CoV 2 non reaktif. Skrining COVID-19 bermanfaat mendeteksi populasi yang rentan di RSI Surabaya Jemursari sehingga penanganan dini dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah kematian serta mencegah penularan pada rekan kerja maupun masyarakat sekitar tempat pegawai tersebut tinggal. Skrining COVID-19 diharapkan pula dapat menjadi strategi untuk mencegah penambahan kasus dan transmisi penularan COVID-19 secara global.
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Liang, Jihao, Yang Zheng, Xin Tong, Naixue Yang, and Shaoxing Dai. "In Silico Identification of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Medicinal Plants Using Cheminformatics and Machine Learning." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010208.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of COVID-19, is spreading rapidly and has caused hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths worldwide. Due to the lack of specific vaccines and effective treatments for COVID-19, there is an urgent need to identify effective drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a valuable resource for identifying novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs based on the important contribution of TCM and its potential benefits in COVID-19 treatment. Herein, we aimed to discover novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds and medicinal plants from TCM by establishing a prediction method of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity using machine learning methods. We first constructed a benchmark dataset from anti-SARS-CoV-2 bioactivity data collected from the ChEMBL database. Then, we established random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) models that both achieved satisfactory predictive performance with AUC values of 0.90. By using this method, a total of 1011 active anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds were predicted from the TCMSP database. Among these compounds, six compounds with highly potent activity were confirmed in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 experiments. The molecular fingerprint similarity analysis revealed that only 24 of the 1011 compounds have high similarity to the FDA-approved antiviral drugs, indicating that most of the compounds were structurally novel. Based on the predicted anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds, we identified 74 anti-SARS-CoV-2 medicinal plants through enrichment analysis. The 74 plants are widely distributed in 68 genera and 43 families, 14 of which belong to antipyretic detoxicate plants. In summary, this study provided several medicinal plants with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, which offer an attractive starting point and a broader scope to mine for potentially novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Naully, Patricia Gita, and Perdina Nursidika. "Hasil Positif Palsu dan Negatif Palsu pada Pemeriksaan Cepat Antibodi SARS CoV-2." Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional 6, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.62775.

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Latar Belakang: Salah satu cara yang dilakukan Indonesia untuk mengendalikan dan mencegah penularan SARS CoV-2 sebagai penyebab COVID-19 adalah dengan menyediakan kit pemeriksaan cepat anti-SARS CoV-2. Metode pemeriksaan tersebut dapat mengatasi keterbatasan tenaga ahli dan alat laboratorium di Indonesia. Tujuan: Menentukan hasil pemeriksaan cepat anti-SARS CoV-2 pada masyarakat di Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah.Metode: Sebanyak 50 orang diambil sebagai sampel penelitian dengan menggunakan teknik quota sampling. Pemeriksaan cepat anti-SARS CoV-2 dilakukan dengan menggunakan imunokromatografi merek Lungene. Sampel penelitian yang reaktif diperiksa kembali dengan metode Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR).Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan dengan imunokromatografi, terdapat satu orang (2%) anti- SARS CoV-2 IgM reaktif dan tiga orang (6%) anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG reaktif. Pemeriksaan dengan qRT-PCR menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda. Keempat orang tersebut dinyatakan negatif COVID-19. Selain itu, satu orang (2%) yang mendapatkan hasil non-reaktif pada pemeriksaan cepat justru dinyatakan positif terinfeksi SARS CoV-2.Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan cepat anti-SARS CoV-2 yang dilakukan di Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah kurang akurat karena terdapat empat (8%) hasil positif palsu dan satu (2%) hasil negatif palsu.
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Rungrojcharoenkit, Kamonthip, Rungarun Suthangkornkul, Darunee Utennam, Darunee Buddhari, Soontorn Pinpaiboon, Duangrat Mongkolsirichaikul, Stefan Fernandez, Anthony R. Jones, Thomas S. Cotrone, and Taweewun Hunsawong. "Standardization of in-house anti-IgG and IgA ELISAs for the detection of COVID-19." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 9, 2023): e0287107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287107.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RT-PCR detection of viral RNA represents the gold standard method for diagnosis of COVID-19. However, multiple diagnostic tests are needed for acute disease diagnosis and assessing immunity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Here, we developed in-house anti-RBD IgG and IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using a well-defined serum sample panel for screening and identification of human SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that our in-house anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA displayed a 93.5% sensitivity and 98.8% specificity whereas our in-house anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA ELISA provided assay sensitivity and specificity at 89.5% and 99.4%, respectively. The agreement kappa values of our in-house anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISA assays were deemed to be excellent and fair, respectively, when compared to RT-PCR and excellent for both assays when compared to Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISAs. These data indicate that our in-house anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA ELISAs are compatible performing assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Bong, Ji-Hong, Tae-Hun Kim, Jaeyong Jung, Soo Jeong Lee, Jeong Soo Sung, Chang Kyu Lee, Min-Jung Kang, Hyun Ok Kim, and Jae-Chul Pyun. "Competitive Immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2 Using Pig Sera-Derived Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies." BioChip Journal 15, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13206-021-00011-6.

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Adeniyi, Oladele Vincent, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, and Charity Masilela. "Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Response among South African Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study." Vaccines 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061068.

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This study assesses the durability of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) immunoglobulin G (IgG) after infection and examines its association with established risk factors among South African healthcare workers (HCWs). Blood samples were obtained from 390 HCWs with diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for assay of the SARS-CoV-2 anti-N IgG at two time points (Phase 1 and 2) between November 2020 and February 2021. Out of 390 HCWs with a COVID-19 diagnosis, 267 (68.5%) had detectable SARS-CoV-2 anti-N IgG antibodies at the end of Phase I. These antibodies persisted for 4–5 and 6–7 months in 76.4% and 16.1%, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model analysis, Black participants were more likely to sustain SARS-CoV-2 anti-N IgG for 4–5 months. However, participants who were HIV positive were less likely to sustain SARS-CoV-2 anti-N IgG antibodies for 4–5 months. In addition, individuals who were <45 years of age were more likely to sustain SARS-CoV-2 anti-N IgG for 6–7 months. Of the 202 HCWs selected for Phase 2, 116 participants (57.4%) had persistent SARS-CoV-2 anti-N IgG for an extended mean period of 223 days (7.5 months). Findings support the longevity of vaccine responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Black Africans.
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El-Khoury, Joe M., Wade L. Schulz, and Thomas J. S. Durant. "Longitudinal Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Antinucleocapsid and Antispike-1-RBD Antibody Testing Following PCR-Detected SARS-CoV-2 Infection." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 6, no. 4 (June 3, 2021): 1005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfab030.

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Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays are becoming increasingly available and may serve as a diagnostic aid in a multitude of settings relating to past infection status. However, there is limited literature detailing the longitudinal performance of EUA-cleared serologic assays in US populations, particularly in cohorts with a remote history of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (e.g., &gt;2 months). Methods We evaluated the diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N) and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (anti-S1-RBD) assays, using 174 residual clinical samples up to 267 days post-PCR diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 154) and a subset of samples obtained prior to the COVID-19 pandemic as negative controls (n = 20). Results The calculated diagnostic sensitivities for the anti-N and anti-S1-RBD assays were 89% and 93%, respectively. Of the 154 samples in the SARS-CoV-2-positive cohort, there were 6 discrepant results between the anti-N and anti-S1-RBD assays, 5 of which were specimens collected ≥200 days post-PCR positivity and only had detectable levels of anti-S1-RBD antibodies. When only considering specimens collected ≥100 days post-PCR positivity (n = 41), the sensitivities for the anti-N and anti-S1-RBD assays were 85% and 98%, respectively. Conclusions The anti-S1-RBD assay demonstrated superior sensitivity at time points more remote to the PCR detection date, with 6 more specimens from the SARS-CoV-2-positive cohort detected, 5 of which were collected more than 200 days post-PCR positivity. While analytical differences and reagent lot-to-lot variability are possible, this may indicate that, in some instances, anti-S1-RBD antibodies may persist longer in vivo and may be a better target for detecting remote SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Staats, Léonie A. N., Hella Pfeiffer, Jasmin Knopf, Aylin Lindemann, Julia Fürst, Andreas E. Kremer, Holger Hackstein, et al. "IgA2 Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Correlate with NET Formation and Fatal Outcome in Severely Diseased COVID-19 Patients." Cells 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122676.

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Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to an adaptive immune response in the host and the formation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. While IgG responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been characterized quite well, less is known about IgA. IgA2 activates immune cells and induces inflammation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation which may contribute to organ injury and fatal outcome in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein specific antibody levels were measured in plasma samples of 15 noninfected controls and 82 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with no or mild symptoms, moderate symptoms (hospitalization) or severe disease (intensive care unit, ICU). Antibody levels were compared to levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and circulating extracellular DNA (ecDNA) as markers for general inflammation and NET formation, respectively. While levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG were similar in all patient groups, IgA2 antibodies were restricted to severe disease and showed the strongest discrimination between nonfatal and fatal outcome in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. While anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA2 levels correlated with CRP levels in severely diseased patients, only anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA2 correlated with ecDNA. These data suggest that the formation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA2 during SARS-CoV-2 infection is a marker for more severe disease related to NET formation and poor outcome.
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Dalinkeviciene, Egle, Brigita Gradauskiene, Sandra Sakalauskaite, Kristina Petruliene, Ruta Vaiciuniene, Inga Skarupskiene, Daina Bastyte, et al. "Immune Response after Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Relation to Cellular Immunity, Vitamin D and Comorbidities in Hemodialysis Patients." Microorganisms 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2024): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050861.

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In the global threat of SARS-CoV-2, individuals undergoing maintenance dialysis represent a vulnerable population with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Therefore, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 is an essential component of healthcare strategy for these patients. Existing data indicate that they tend to exhibit a reduced immune response to vaccines compared to the general population. Our study aimed to assess both humoral and cellular immune responses following two doses of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, an ability to maintain adequate antibody titers over time, and potential relations with vitamin D, comorbidities and other factors in hemodialysis patients based on a single center experience. A total of 41/45 patients (91.1%) responded to the second dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. The titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG class antibodies and levels of T cells three to four weeks after vaccination were lower in dialysis patients than in healthy controls. Antibodies titer in dialysis patients had a positive correlation with B lymphocytes and was related to cardiovascular diseases. The level of CD4+ cells had a negative correlation with hemodialysis vintage, as did the vitamin D level with post-vaccination seroconversion and decline in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies titer during six months after vaccination. Hemodialysis patients had decreased amounts of CD4+ and CD8+ cells and lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than healthy controls. Therefore, chronic hemodialysis could lead to diminished cellular immunity and humoral immune response to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and reduced protection from COVID-19. Comorbidity in cardiovascular diseases was associated with a lower level of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer. Vitamin D may be important in maintaining stable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, while the duration of dialysis treatment could be one of the factors decreasing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer and determining lower CD4+ cell counts.
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Taha, Ahmed E., Abdulrahman A. Alduraywish, Abdulrahman H. Almaeen, Tarek H. El-Metwally, Mohammad Alayyaf, Ayesha Mallick, and Mohamed Abouelkheir. "High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among Inhabitants of Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010026.

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(1) Backgrounds and Objectives: The global battle to contain the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still ongoing. This cross-sectional study aimed to detect the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among previously symptomatic/asymptomatic and vaccinated/unvaccinated inhabitants of Sakaka City, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia. (2) Methods: Blood samples of 400 participants were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG using colloidal gold immuno-chromatography lateral flow immunoassay cards. (3) Results: The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG positivity was 45.8% and 42.3%, respectively. Statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between the previous RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2-RNA and positivity for IgM and/or IgG. The highest seroprevalence of IgM and IgG were detected among smokers, participants aged ≥ 40 years, and patients with chronic diseases. Although most of the participants (58.5%) did not previously experience COVID-19 like symptoms, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG seropositivity amongst them was 49.1% and 25.6%, respectively, with higher seroprevalence among males than females. At the time of the study, the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate at our locality in Saudi Arabia was 43.8% with statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001) between being vaccinated and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and/or IgG positivity, with more positivity after receiving the second vaccine dose. (4) Conclusions: Public assessment reflects the real scale of the disease exposure among the community and helps in identifying the asymptomatic carriers that constitute a major problem for controlling the SARS-CoV-2. To limit the spread of the virus, rigorous implementation of large-scale SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological testing strategies should be empowered.
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Ghandili, Susanne, Martin Schönlein, Marc Lütgehetmann, Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, Heiko Becher, Carsten Bokemeyer, Marianne Sinn, Katja C. Weisel, and Lisa B. Leypoldt. "Post-Vaccination Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Antibody Response in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Correlates with Low CD19+ B-Lymphocyte Count and Anti-CD38 Treatment." Cancers 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 3800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153800.

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Few data are available regarding the efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with hematological malignancies, and particular, plasma cell neoplasia. This ongoing single-center study aimed to describe the level of post-vaccination anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibodies depending on B lymphocyte count, current therapy, and remission status of patients with multiple myeloma and related plasma cell dyscrasia, after the first dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The 82 patients included in this study received SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (including mRNA- and vector-based vaccines) as a routine measure. After the first vaccination, a positive SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titer (SP-AbT) was detected in 23% of assessable patients. SARS-CoV-2 SP-AbT was significantly higher in patients with higher CD19+ B lymphocyte counts. A cut-off value of ≥30 CD19+ B cells/µL was significantly positive correlating with higher SARS-CoV-2 SP-AbT. In contrast, current treatment with anti-CD38-antibodies has led to significantly reduced SP-AbT titers. Furthermore, in multivariable linear regression, higher age and insufficiently controlled disease significantly correlated negatively with SARS-CoV-2 SP-AbT. Conversely, treatment with immunomodulatory drugs did not harm the development of antibody titers. Based on our results, the majority of myeloma patients respond poorly after receiving the first dose of any anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and need booster vaccination.
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Eberhardt, Kirsten Alexandra, Felix Dewald, Eva Heger, Lutz Gieselmann, Kanika Vanshylla, Maike Wirtz, Franziska Kleipass, et al. "Evaluation of a New Spike (S)-Protein-Based Commercial Immunoassay for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040733.

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Background: The investigation of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 represents a key aspect in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we compared the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay with four widely-used commercial serological assays for the detection of antibodies targeting S (spike) and NC (nucleocapsid) proteins. Methods: Serum samples were taken from an unbiased group of convalescent patients and from a negative control group. Sample were simultaneously analyzed by the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay, by the DiaSorin LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay, and by the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG ELISA. Antibodies binding NC were detected by the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and by the pan-immunoglobulin immunoassay Roche Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we investigated samples of a group of COVID-19 convalescent subjects that were primarily tested S1 IgG non-reactive. Samples were also tested by live virus and pseudovirus neutralization tests. Results: Overall, the IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed the highest sensitivity among the evaluated spike (S) protein-based assays. Additionally, the Immundiagnostik assay correlated well with serum-neutralizing activity. Conclusions: The novel IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed high sensitivity and specificity, representing a valid option for use in the routine diagnostic.
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Abd-Alla, Howaida I., Omnia Kutkat, Heba-tollah M. Sweelam, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Marwa A. Mostafa, Magda T. Ibrahim, Yassmin Moatasim, Mohamed GabAllah, and Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy. "Investigating the Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-MERS-CoV Activities of Yellow Necklacepod among Three Selected Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Isolation, Identification, In Vitro, Modes of Action, and Molecular Docking Studies." Metabolites 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2022): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111109.

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The anti-MERS-CoV activities of three medicinal plants (Azadirachta indica, Artemisia judaica, and Sophora tomentosa) were evaluated. The highest viral inhibition percentage (96%) was recorded for S. tomentosa. Moreover, the mode of action for both S. tomentosa and A. judaica showed 99.5% and 92% inhibition, respectively, with virucidal as the main mode of action. Furthermore, the anti-MERS-CoV and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of S. tomentosa were measured. Notably, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of S. tomentosa was very high (100%) and anti-MERS-CoV inhibition was slightly lower (96%). Therefore, the phytochemical investigation of the very promising S. tomentosa L. led to the isolation and structural identification of nine compounds (1–9). Then, both the CC50 and IC50 values for the isolated compounds against SARS-CoV-2 were measured. Compound 4 (genistein 4’-methyl ether) achieved superior anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with an IC50 value of 2.13 µm. Interestingly, the mode of action of S. tomentosa against SARS-CoV-2 showed that both virucidal and adsorption mechanisms were very effective. Additionally, the IC50 values of S. tomentosa against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV were found to be 1.01 and 3.11 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, all the isolated compounds were subjected to two separate molecular docking studies against the spike (S) and main protease (Mpr°) receptors of SARS-CoV-2.
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Bichara, Carlos David Araújo, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras, Gergiane Lopes Vaz, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto, Cléa Nazaré Carneiro Bichara, Isabella Pinheiro Costa do Amaral, Ricardo Ishak, and Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto. "Assessment of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Post-Coronavac Vaccination in the Amazon Region of Brazil." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101169.

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The present study evaluated the frequency of seropositivity for anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1 and S2) total antibodies and anti-SARS-CoV-2 (receptor binding domain-RBD-S1) neutralizing antibodies in individuals vaccinated with the immunizing agent Coronavac. This was a cross-sectional study involving 358 individuals divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 205 volunteers who were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies; group 2 consisted of 153 individuals tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Seropositivity was greater than 70% in both groups, although 17.6% and 20.9% of individuals showed no neutralizing or total antibody reactivity, respectively. The frequency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies displayed a significantly different distribution between the sexes but not according to age. The frequency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies was 93.3% (95% CI 68.1–99.8) in the age group from 21 to 40 years but significantly decreased with advancing age, and was 76.2% (95% CI 52.8–91.8) for 41 to 60 years, 72.5% (95% CI 62.8–80.9) for 61 to 80 years, and 46.7% (95% CI 21.3–73.4) for >80 years. Our results reveal a high prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies and anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in individuals who received both doses of the Coronavac vaccine, suggesting a lower effectiveness of the humoral immune response among those older than 60 years of age, which might be associated with senescence of the immune system.
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Riccomi, A., C. M. Trombetta, M. Dorrucci, D. Di Placido, N. Sanarico, F. Farchi, R. Giuseppetti, et al. "Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination." Vaccines 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2024): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040425.

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A number of studies have suggested that influenza vaccination can provide protection against COVID-19, but the underlying mechanisms that could explain this association are still unclear. In this study, the effect of the 2021/2022 seasonal influenza vaccination on the immune response to the booster dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was evaluated in a cohort of healthy individuals. A total of 113 participants were enrolled, 74 of whom had no prior COVID-19 diagnosis or significant comorbidities were considered for the analysis. Participants received the anti-influenza tetravalent vaccine and the booster dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine or the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine alone. Blood was collected before and 4 weeks after each vaccination and 12 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and analyzed for anti-flu and anti-spike-specific antibody titers and for in vitro influenza and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacity. Results indicated an increased reactivity in subjects who received both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations compared to those who received only the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, with sustained anti-spike antibody titers up to 12 weeks post-vaccination. Immune response to the influenza vaccine was evaluated, and individuals were stratified as high or low responders. High responders showed increased antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine both after 4 and 12 weeks post-vaccination. Conversely, individuals classified as low responders were less responsive to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. These data indicate that both external stimuli, such as influenza vaccination, and the host’s intrinsic ability to respond to stimuli play a role in the response to the vaccine.
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Ciepłucha, Hubert Dawid, Małgorzata Zalewska, Krzysztof Kujawa, and Bartosz Szetela. "Prevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in HIV-Positive Patients in Wroclaw, Poland—Unexpected Difference between First and Second Wave." COVID 2, no. 12 (December 4, 2022): 1748–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/covid2120125.

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Background: The presence and level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in PLWH from the Lower Silesia region in Poland. Material and Methods: A total of 216 serum samples of both sexes, aged 21–77, and treated with TDF or TAF together with FTC and INSTI at two points of time. Anyone who did not experience COVID-19 symptoms. Samples were checked for the presence and levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies regarding CD4 + T and CD8 + T cells counts, the ratio of these cells, age, sex, VL, and type of tenofovir used. Results: The average level and prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during the first wave were 65.81 IU/mL and 4.17%, while during the second wave, they were 125.98 IU/mL and 14.29%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the number and type of lymphocytes and the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We did not find the same correlation regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels. The average level of antibodies was higher during the second wave. There was no difference between the type of tenofovir used and the humoral response, as well as no correlation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels with age, gender, or VL. Conclusion: PLWH can have asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can influence the presence, but not levels, of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab. No correlation with type of tenofovir was observed.
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Quee, Franke A., Boris M. Hogema, Michel Molier, Ed Slot, Katja van den Hurk, and Hans L. Zaaijer. "The Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody assays: Differentiating between vaccination and infection, and assessing long-term performance." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 18, 2024): e0305613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305613.

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Introduction Serological surveillance is useful for assessing SARS-CoV-2 immunity in populations. To effectively study the presence and persistence of antibodies, it is necessary to distinguish between persons with past infection, and persons who only received vaccination. Knowledge of the duration of antibody persistence is essential for correct interpretation of surveillance results. Methods Starting in April 2020, waning of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was studied in a longitudinal cohort study of 495 SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive Dutch blood donors, not pre-selected by PCR testing or disease severity. Additionally, in May 2021, a sample of donors representative for the Dutch population was tested for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, using the Wantai Ab ELISA and the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay; and for antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein, which indicate past infection, using the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay. Results The anti-S response in donors that were infected in April or May 2020 remained positive in 100% of donors in the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay one year after infection, after which follow up of waning was no longer possible because of large scale vaccination. The anti-nucleocapsid response results were still positive in approximately 80% of donors two years after infection. In May 2021, 51% of the donors showed anti-S reactivity and 16.8% tested positive for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Conclusion Infection with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in spike and nucleocapsid antibody levels still detectable in the majority of donors 1–2 years after infection. In May 2021, 51% of donors were vaccinated and 16.8% had had an infection. Thus, both Elecsys® SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays can be used to reliably assess the vaccination and infection status of individuals.
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Artauli, Sari, Silvia Tri Widyaningtyas, and Fera Ibrahim. "Konstruksi Plasmid Pengekspresi Antigen Rekombinan Spike dan Nukleokapsid SARS-CoV-2 untuk Deteksi Antibodi Anti-SARS-CoV-2." Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jbmi.v10i2.5820.

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ABSTRACT Covid-19 infection is still a health problem in Indonesia and even throughout the globe. To control Covid-19, efforts are made for each country to conduct research to develop raw materials that can be used for anti-SARS-CoV-2 detection in serological diagnostics. This study aimed to construct recombinant plasmids expressing SARS-CoV-2 antigen so that it be used in the production of raw materials in developing the SARS-CoV-2 serological test. The genes coding spike and nucleocapsid recombinant antigens cloned in pUC57 were subcloned into the pQE80L expression vector to produce pQE80L-spike and pQE80L-nucleocapsid plasmids. The recombinant bacterial selection was carried out by colony Polymerase Chain Reaction, recombinant plasmids were analyzed with BamHI and HindIII restriction enzymes. The recombinant plasmids were verified by sequencing. The PCR results showed the colonies containing recombinant plasmids pQE80L-spike and pQE80L-nucleocapsid produced deoxyribonucleic acid bands of 1438 bp and 772 bp, respectively. The restriction analysis of pQE80L-Spike and pQE80L-nucleocapsid plasmids produced 4709 bp vector fragments and 1188 bp and 522 bp of inserted DNA, respectively. The sequencing showed the spike and nucleocapsid coding gene have been cloned into pQE80L. The construction of SARS-CoV-2 plasmid expression spike and nucleoprotein SARS-CoV-2 was successful to develop qualitative and quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection tests. Keywords: spike, nucleocapsid, SARS-CoV-2, cloning, anti-SARS-CoV-2 detection ABSTRAK Infeksi Covid-19 masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia bahkan juga di seluruh negara. Dalam rangka pengendalian infeksi Covid-19, maka setiap negara berupaya melakukan penelitian untuk mengembangkan bahan baku yang dapat digunakan untuk uji deteksi antibodi anti-SARS-CoV-2, salah satunya adalah diagnostik serologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkonstruksi plasmid rekombinan pengekspresi antigen SARS-CoV-2 sehingga dapat digunakan dalam memproduksi bahan baku dalam pengembangkan uji diagnostik serologi SARS-CoV-2. Gen pengekspresi antigen rekombinan spike (S) dan nukleokapsid (N) yang berada dalam pUC57 disubklona ke dalam vektor ekspresi pQE80L untuk menghasilkan plasmid pQE80L-Spike dan pQE80L-Nukleokapsid. Seleksi bakteri rekombinan dilakukan dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) koloni, plasmid rekombinan dianalisis dengan enzim restriksi BamHI dan HindIII, serta diverifikasi dengan sekuensing. Hasil PCR menunjukkan koloni mengandung plasmid rekombinan pQE80L-Spike dan pQE80L-Nukleokapsid menghasilkan pita deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) masing-masing berukuran 1438 pb dan 772 pb. Analisis restriksi plasmid pQE80L-Spike dan pQE80L-Nukleokapsid menghasilkan fragmen vektor 4709 pb dan DNA sisipan berturut turut 1188 pb dan 522 pb. Hasil sekuensing menunjukkan spike dan nukelokapsid terklona dalam vektor pQE80L. Konstruksi plasmid pengekspresi spike dan nukleokapsid SARS-CoV-2 telah berhasil dilakukan untuk mengembangkan uji deteksi antibodi anti-SARS–CoV-2 baik kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Kata kunci: spike, nukleokapsid, SARS-CoV-2, kloning, deteksi antibodi anti-SARS-CoV-2
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Salvagno, Gian Luca, and Giuseppe Lippi. "Correlation between Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Antibodies and Spike Trimeric IgG after BNT162b2 Booster Immunization." Vaccines 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060890.

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Objective: In this work we monitored both total and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies responses after BNT162b2 vaccine booster immunization in a cohort of ostensibly healthy healthcare workers. Methods: The study population consisted of 266 subjects (median age, 46 years and interquartile range (IQR), 35–52 years; 168 females) undergoing homologous 30-µg BNT162b2 booster administration. Serum samples were collected immediately before the booster dose and 1 month after. Results: The concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibodies and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike trimeric IgG increased by 31 (IQR, 16–53) and 22 (IQR, 11–43) folds, respectively, after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine booster. A highly significant Spearman′s correlation was found between the relative increase (i.e., ratio of post-booster and pre-booster serum values) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibodies and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike trimeric IgG (r = 0.86; p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that monitoring of post-BNT162b2 booster immunization for purposes of identifying “low responders” could be conducted almost interchangeably with either total or IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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32

Mubayinah. "ANALYSIS OF ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO SARS-COV-2 VACCINATION AND ITS RELATION WITH AGE IN PATIENTS AT PRODIA ARTERY." Muhammadiyah International Public Health and Medicine Proceeding 2, no. 1 (October 24, 2022): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.61811/miphmp.v1i2.244.

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One of the efforts to overcome Covid-19 is the vaccination program. Anti-SARS CoV-2 is an antibody against Sars-CoV-2 formed due to previous exposure to Covid-19 infection or due to the administration of the Covid-19 vaccine. This study aims to determine the average number of Anti-Sars-CoV-2 respondents vaccinated against Covid 19 and the relationship between age and the number of Anti-Sars-CoV-2. This research is a quantitative study with an observation method with a cross-sectional approach which means looking for a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, and this study uses secondary data. The results of this study indicate that more than half of the respondents (52%) are male, while based on the most common age group is 36-45 (48%), the average value of Anti Sars Cov-2 is 92.76%, with the lowest value 5.1 U/ml and the highest value 250 U/ml, statistical test results show that there is no age relationship with levels of Anti-ars-Cov-2. Suggestion: Further research is needed by looking at other predictors that affect levels of Anti Sars-Cov-2.
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Burns, Madeleine D., Cordelia Muir, Caroline Atyeo, Jameson P. Davis, Stepan Demidkin, Babatunde Akinwunmi, Alessio Fasano, et al. "Relationship between Anti-Spike Antibodies and Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Infants Born to COVID-19 Vaccinated Mothers." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101696.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG titers passively transferred to the fetus from maternal vaccination during pregnancy and timing of infant SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pregnant, vaccinated individuals (n = 105) and their infants (n = 107) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study from July 2021 to June 2022, linking infant anti-Spike IgG titer at birth to risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first fifteen months of life. Cord blood sera were collected at delivery and infant sera were collected at two and six months of age. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG levels were quantified in cord and infant sera using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infants were followed for SARS-CoV-2 infection through fifteen months of age. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG titers in infants declined significantly with increased age (p < 0.001). Infants with higher anti-Spike cord blood levels had significantly longer disease-free intervals prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2 (p = 0.027). While higher anti-Spike IgG titer at two months of age was associated with a longer interval to infection through nine months of age (p = 0.073), infant anti-Spike IgG titers by six months of age had no impact on disease-free interval. This cohort study suggests that passively transferred maternal IgG is protective against infant SARS-CoV-2 infection, with higher antibody levels at birth significantly associated with longer disease-free intervals. Infant antibodies and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection wane significantly after six months, suggesting that vaccination is needed at this stage to optimize protection against COVID-19.
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Santoro, Annapaola, Andrea Capri, Daniele Petrone, Francesca Colavita, Silvia Meschi, Giulia Matusali, Klizia Mizzoni, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections According to the Immune Response Elicited after mRNA Third Dose Vaccination in COVID-19-Naïve Hospital Personnel." Biomedicines 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2023): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051247.

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Background: Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-anti-spike antibody (anti-S/RBD) titers are often used as a marker of immune protection and to anticipate the risk of breakthrough infections, although no clear cut-off is available. We describe the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in COVID-19-free personnel of our hospital, according to B- and T-cell immune response elicited one month after mRNA third dose vaccination. Methods: The study included 487 individuals for whom data on anti-S/RBD were available. Neutralizing antibody titers (nAbsT) against the ancestral Whuan SARS-CoV-2, and the BA.1 Omicron variant, and SARS-CoV-2 T-cell specific response were measured in subsets of 197 (40.5%), 159 (32.6%), and 127 (26.1%) individuals, respectively. Results: On a total of 92,063 days of observation, 204 participants (42%) had SARS-CoV-2 infection. No significant differences in the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection for different levels of anti-S/RBD, nAbsT, Omicron nAbsT, or SARS-CoV-2 T cell specific response, and no protective thresholds for infection were found. Conclusions: Routine testing for vaccine-induced humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is not recommended if measured as parameters of ‘protective immunity’ from SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Whether these findings apply to new Omicron-specific bivalent vaccines is going to be evaluated.
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35

Rezaei, Mitra, Mohammadhadi Sadeghi, Alireza Korourian, Payam Tabarsi, Mihan Porabdollah, Elham Askari, Esmaeil Mortaz, Shima Mahmoudi, Majid Marjani, and Ali Akbar Velayati. "Comparative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays against nucleocapsid and spike antigens." Human Antibodies 29, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hab-210440.

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BACKGROUND: There are few studies to compare antibody response against anti-spike (S) and anti- nucleoprotein (N) SARS-CoV-2. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the IgG antibody production against S and N antigens of the virus and their correlation with the time and severity of the disease. METHODS: The IgG antibodies against S and N antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in serum specimens of 72 symptomatic patients who tested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction positive for SARS-CoV-2 were detected using the ELISA technique. Different antibody response was compared and the correlation with the time from disease onset and the severity was evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-eight of 72 (67%) patients tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, while 24 (33%) did not have detectable antibodies. Comparison of antibody levels for N and S antibodies showed that they correlate with each other well (r= 0.81; P< 0.001). However, sensitivity of anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgG and anti-N SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 30% and 60%, during the first 7 days after symptom onset (r= 0.53; P= 0.111), but increased to 73% and 68% at more than 1-week post symptom onset (r= 0.89, P= 0.111), respectively. Cases with positive IgG response showed a decreased CD8+ T cells percentage compared to the negative IgG groups (26 ± 14 vs. 58 ± 32, p= 0.066 in anti-N IgG group and 28 ± 15 vs. 60 ± 45, p= 0.004 in anti-S IgG group, respectively). CONCLUSION: Nearly one-third of the confirmed COVID-19 patients had negative serology results. Lower percent positivity at early time points after symptom onset (less than 1 week) was seen using anti-S SARS-COV-2 IgG kit compare to the anti-N SARS-CoV-2 IgG; therefore, clinicians should interpret negative serology results of especially anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgG with caution.
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36

"Convalescent-anti-sars-cov-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1852, no. 1 (April 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-94594-7.

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37

"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1862, no. 1 (July 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-98270-3.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-COV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1915, no. 1 (July 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-19176-3.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1904, no. 1 (April 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-14091-5.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1874, no. 1 (September 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-02736-z.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1880, no. 1 (November 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-04962-z.

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"Convalescent-anti-sars-cov-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1878, no. 1 (October 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-04127-6.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1872, no. 1 (September 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-02065-x.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1865, no. 1 (July 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-99441-z.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-COV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1869, no. 1 (August 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-021-00979-x.

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"Convalescent-anti-sars-cov-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1894, no. 1 (February 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-10229-7.

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"Convalescent-anti-sars-cov-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1887, no. 1 (January 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-07887-y.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1887, no. 1 (January 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-07886-y.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1887, no. 1 (January 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-022-07885-y.

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"Convalescent-anti-SARS-CoV-2-plasma." Reactions Weekly 1828, no. 1 (October 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40278-020-85234-z.

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