Journal articles: 'Anti-predator response'

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Palmer, Meredith S., and Craig Packer. "Reactive anti-predator behavioral strategy shaped by predator characteristics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0256147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256147.

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Large mammalian herbivores use a diverse array of strategies to survive predator encounters including flight, grouping, vigilance, warning signals, and fitness indicators. While anti-predator strategies appear to be driven by specific predator traits, no prior studies have rigorously evaluated whether predator hunting characteristics predict reactive anti-predator responses. We experimentally investigated behavioral decisions made by free-ranging impala, wildebeest, and zebra during encounters with model predators with different functional traits. We hypothesized that the choice of response would be driven by a predator’s hunting style (i.e., ambush vs. coursing) while the intensity at which the behavior was performed would correlate with predator traits that contribute to the prey’s relative risk (i.e., each predator’s prey preference, prey-specific capture success, and local predator density). We found that the choice and intensity of anti-predator behaviors were both shaped by hunting style and relative risk factors. All prey species directed longer periods of vigilance towards predators with higher capture success. The decision to flee was the only behavior choice driven by predator characteristics (capture success and hunting style) while intensity of vigilance, frequency of alarm-calling, and flight latency were modulated based on predator hunting strategy and relative risk level. Impala regulated only the intensity of their behaviors, while zebra and wildebeest changed both type and intensity of response based on predator traits. Zebra and impala reacted to multiple components of predation threat, while wildebeest responded solely to capture success. Overall, our findings suggest that certain behaviors potentially facilitate survival under specific contexts and that prey responses may reflect the perceived level of predation risk, suggesting that adaptive functions to reactive anti-predator behaviors may reflect potential trade-offs to their use. The strong influence of prey species identity and social and environmental context suggest that these factors may interact with predator traits to determine the optimal response to immediate predation threat.

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Albecker, Molly, and Heather D. Vance-Chalcraft. "Mismatched anti-predator behavioral responses in predator-naïve larval anurans." PeerJ 3 (December 7, 2015): e1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1472.

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Organisms are adept at altering behaviors to balance the tradeoff between foraging and predation risk in spatially and temporally shifting predator environments. In order to optimize this tradeoff, prey need to be able to display an appropriate response based on degree of predation risk. To be most beneficial in the earliest life stages in which many prey are vulnerable to predation, innate anti-predator responses should scale to match the risk imposed by predators until learned anti-predator responses can occur. We conducted an experiment that examined whether tadpoles with no previous exposure to predators (i.e., predator-naive) exhibit innate antipredator behavioral responses (e.g., via refuge use and spatial avoidance) that match the actual risk posed by each predator. Using 7 treatments (6 free-roaming, lethal predators plus no-predator control), we determined the predation rates of each predator onLithobates sphenocephalustadpoles. We recorded behavioral observations on an additional 7 nonlethal treatments (6 caged predators plus no-predator control). Tadpoles exhibited innate responses to fish predators, but not non-fish predators, even though two non-fish predators (newt and crayfish) consumed the most tadpoles. Due to a mismatch between innate response and predator consumption, tadpoles may be vulnerable to greater rates of predation at the earliest life stages before learning can occur. Thus, naïve tadpoles in nature may be at a high risk to predation in the presence of a novel predator until learned anti-predator responses provide additional defenses to the surviving tadpoles.

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Seiler, Melanie, Christoph Schwitzer, and Marc Holderied. "Anti-predator behaviour of Sahamalaza sportive lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, at diurnal sleeping sites." Contributions to Zoology 82, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 131—S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08203003.

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In response to predation pressure by raptors, snakes, and carnivores, primates employ anti-predator behaviours such as avoiding areas of high predation risk, cryptic behaviour and camouflage, vigilance and group formation (including mixedspecies associations), and eavesdropping on other species’ alarm calls. After detecting a predator, primates can produce alarm calls, show predator-specific escape strategies or even mob the predator. It remains unclear how solitary nocturnal primates respond to diurnal predation pressure while they sleep or rest. The aim of this study was to investigate the diurnal anti-predator behaviour of the nocturnal and solitary Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, which regularly rests in exposed locations. We observed the responses of 32 Sahamalaza sportive lemurs to playbacks of territorial calls of an aerial predator (Madagascar harrier hawk), mating calls of a terrestrial predator (fossa), and the contact calls of a medium-sized bird (crested coua) as a control, at different diurnal sleeping sites. Lemurs never showed a flight response after replays of predator or control calls, but regularly froze after harrier hawk calls. Lemurs scanned the sky immediately after playback of harrier hawk calls, and the ground or trees after fossa calls. Lemur vigilance increased significantly after both predator calls. After crested coua calls the animals became significantly less vigilant, suggesting that contact calls of this bird serve as indicators of predator absence. We found no response differences between different types of sleeping sites. Our results show that resting Sahamalaza sportive lemurs recognise predator vocalisations as indicators of increased predation risk, discern vocalizations of different predators, and employ anti-predator behaviours specific for different predator classes. Their behavioural responses while resting or sleeping are comparable to those of active primates, and their response rate of 80% shows that this solitary and nocturnal primate is constantly aware of its environment.

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Pereira, Michael E., and Joseph M. Macedonia. "Ringtailed lemur anti-predator calls denote predator class, not response urgency." Animal Behaviour 41, no. 3 (March 1991): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80861-9.

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Smith, Blaire L., Cara L. Snell, Matthew W. Reudink, and Ken A. Otter. "Urban-nesting mountain chickadees have a reduced response to a simulated predator." Behaviour 159, no. 3-4 (September 21, 2021): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10122.

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Abstract Anti-predator behaviour is common among birds, but little research exists on whether differences in the predator landscape between urban and rural habitats results in differential anti-predator behaviour. We compared nest-defence behaviour of mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) in urban and rural habitats in Kamloops, BC, Canada to a simulated predator model (snake) on top of nest boxes while incubating females were away from nests on foraging bouts. Upon their return, we recorded proximity to the predator model, latency to contact the nest box and enter the nest, and number of gargle and chick-a-dee calls as measures of anti-predator behaviour and compared multivariate “predator aversion scores” across birds occupying either rural or urban landscapes. Rural-nesting birds had more aversive reactions to the predator model than the urban-nesting birds, which may suggest differences in perceived threat of the model, in combination with increased boldness associated with urban-nesting birds.

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Reyna, Kelly S., and William L. Newman. "Comparative Analysis of Behavioural Response of Captive-Reared and Wild-Trapped Northern Bobwhites to Simulated Predator Attacks." Avian Biology Research 11, no. 1 (February 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x15102246785440.

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Isolated populations of Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) have declined causing many landowners to attempt population restoration by releasing captive-reared birds. These attempts have resulted in high mortality rates, which we hypothesised are caused by captive-reared birds exhibiting more naïve predator avoidance behaviour than wild birds. Captive-reared and wild-trapped Northern Bobwhites were subjected to raptorial and terrestrial predator simulations and their responses were recorded on high definition video. We recorded the time to predator detection, time to anti-predator defence, and reaction type for comparative analysis. Captive-reared birds detected simulated predators quicker than wild-trapped birds, but time to mount an anti-predator defence was not different between groups. The response type, however, was different between groups. Captive-reared birds typically flushed when encountering a simulated predator; yet, wild-trapped birds did not flush at all, and typically ran or held when subjected to the simulated predators. We hypothesise that flushing is a naïve anti-predator response that results in revealing of position in the presence of a threat, thereby increasing the individual risk of predation. These results potentially illuminate at least one reason why captive-reared Northern Bobwhite releases have been largely unsuccessful.

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Webb, Jonathan K., Weiguo Du, David Pike, and Richard Shine. "Generalization of predator recognition: Velvet geckos display anti-predator behaviours in response to chemicals from non-dangerous elapid snakes." Current Zoology 56, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.3.337.

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Abstract Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk of predation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by the predator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respond weakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarely encountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, most elapid snakes eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvet gecko Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snakes, suggesting that it displays generalised anti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snakes. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviour of velvet geckos in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snakes that rarely consume geckos: the nocturnal golden-crowned snake Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snake Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geckos in trials involving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspis chemicals, 50% and 63% of geckos spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, respectively. Over half the geckos tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis (67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our results support the idea that the velvet gecko displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid snakes. Generalised responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar, dangerous predators.

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Jurisevic, Mark A., and Ken J. Sanderson. "Acoustic discrimination of passerine anti-predator signals by Australian raptors." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 4 (1998): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97052.

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Acoustic discrimination of anti-predator calls was examined in 11 species of Australian raptors, including 5 Falco species and 2 species of Elanus kites, by their responses to the playback of alarm and distress calls of Australian passerines. The present study investigated the ability of raptors to discriminate between alarm and distress calls that have different acoustic properties and are emitted in different behavioural contexts. The raptors were tested with broad-band calls (containing a wide range of frequencies) given as distress calls, mobbing calls and alarm calls to terrestrial predators, and with narrow-band calls (comprising a narrow range of frequencies) typically given as a response to flying predators. Raptor responses were categorised into three classes based on head orientation (or lack thereof) towards the sound source (i.e. one of 2 or 4 speakers positioned in the cage set-up); (1) ‘correct response’ – the raptor looked directly at the speaker; (2) ‘incorrect response’ – the raptor detected the sound, but oriented the head in a direction other than towards the sound source; (3) ‘no response’. All raptor species showed a higher percentage of correct responses (60–100%) for broad-frequency vocalisations and a lower percentage of correct responses (usually 0–40%) and more incorrect responses for narrow-band vocalisations. Further, all raptors showed a greater rate of overall responsiveness to broad-band alarm and distress calls than narrow-band calls, indicating a higher interest level in the former. The behavioural implications of acoustic discrimination by Australian raptors to different types of alarm call are discussed.

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Jermacz, Łukasz, and Jarosław Kobak. "The Braveheart amphipod: a review of responses of invasive Dikerogammarus villosus to predation signals." PeerJ 6 (August 2, 2018): e5311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5311.

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Predator pressure is a fundamental force driving changes at all levels of the community structure. It may protect native ecosystems from alien species. Therefore, resistance to diverse predators resulting from a universal anti-predator strategy seems crucial for invasion success. We present a comprehensive review of the responses of an invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus to sympatric and allopatric predator signals. We summarize diverse aspects of the gammarid anti-predator strategy, including predator identification, morphological and behavioural adaptations, effectiveness of shelter use and resistance to indirect predator effects. The response of D. villosus is independent of predator species (including totally allopatric taxa), which assures the high flexibility of its predator recognition system. It has a harder exoskeleton and better capability of utilizing shelters compared to other gammarids, resulting in relatively high resistance to predators. Therefore, it can use predator kairomones as indirect food signals (sharing the diet with the predator) and follow the predator scent. This resistance may allow D. villosus to reduce the costs of its physiological responses to predators and sustain growth in their presence. This might facilitate invasion success by increasing its competitive advantage.

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Sun, Xiaodan, Yingping Li, and Yanni Xiao. "A Predator–Prey Model with Prey Population Guided Anti-Predator Behavior." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, no. 07 (June 30, 2017): 1750099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127417500997.

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We consider a predator–prey system with prey population guided anti-predator behavior, in which anti-predator behaviors happen only when the population size of the prey is greater than a threshold. We investigate the rich dynamics of the proposed piecewise model as well as both subsystems without and with nonlinear functional response. In particular, the subsystem with anti-predator behaviors exhibits rich dynamical behaviors including saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation and homoclinic bifurcation. Further, besides the dynamical properties of subsystems the piecewise system shows some new complicated dynamical behaviors as the threshold value varies, including unstable limit cycle, semistable limit cycle, bistability of equilibrium and limit cycle, and tristability of three equilibria. From the switching system we can conclude that a great anti-predator rate induces the prey population to persist more likely, but whether the prey and predator populations coexist depends further on the threshold that triggers anti-predator behavior. Especially, a large threshold not only makes coexistence of the prey and predator populations as an equilibrium more likely, but also damps the predator–prey oscillations.

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Elmasri, Omar L., Marcus S. Moreno, Courtney A. Neumann, and Daniel T. Blumstein. "Response of brown anoles Anolis sagrei to multimodal signals from a native and novel predator." Current Zoology 58, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.6.791.

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Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the importance of single modalities (visual, auditory, olfactory) in eliciting anti-predator behavior, however multiple channels are often engaged simultaneously. While examining responses to multiple cues can potentially reveal more complex behavioral responses, little is known about how multimodal processing evolves. By contrasting response to familiar and novel predators, insights can be gained into the evolution of multimodal responses. We studied brown anoles’ (Anolis sagrei) response to acoustic and visual predatory cues of a common potential predator, the great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus and to the American kestrel Falco sparverius, a species found in other populations but not present in our study population. We observed anole behavior before and after a stimulus and quantified rates of looking, display, and locomotion. Anoles increased their rate of locomotion in response to grackle models, an effect modulated by grackle vocalizations. No such response or modulation was seen when anoles were presented with kestrel stimuli. This suggests that the degree of sophistication of anole response to predators is experience dependent and that relaxed selection can result in reduced anti-predator response following loss of predators.

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Riber, Anja Brinch. "Gregarious nesting—An anti-predator response in laying hens." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 138, no. 1-2 (April 2012): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.01.009.

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Pedroso-Santos, Fillipe, and Carlos Eduardo Costa-Campos. "Anti-predator behaviour of Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich 1936), with insights into the Rhinella granulosa group." Herpetozoa 34 (September 23, 2021): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e66909.

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In anurans, the different types of anti-predator behaviour have been documented in isolation, but some species have shown synergistic strategies in different situations. The display of these types of behaviour may be related to the types of predators in the habitat, which boost defensive responses in their prey. However, most reports are mostly opportunistic and punctual observations, not systematic. Here, we report the occurrence of anti-predator behaviour in the toad Rhinella major (Müller and Hellmich 1936) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) in the face of different handling modes. Probably the disturbance caused by handling had elicited a predator deterrence response in the individual, causing it to rapidly exhibit such behaviour. These conditions are discussed along with an overview of anti-predator behaviour in species of the R. granulosa group and we re-interpreted these strategies for two species in the group.

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Fey, Karen, Peter B. Banks, Hannu Ylönen, and Erkki Korpimäki. "Behavioural responses of voles to simulated risk of predation by a native and an alien mustelid: an odour manipulation experiment." Wildlife Research 37, no. 4 (2010): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08031.

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Context. Potential mammalian prey commonly use the odours of their co-evolved predators to manage their risks of predation. But when the risk comes from an unknown source of predation, odours might not be perceived as dangerous, and anti-predator responses may fail, except possibly if the alien predator is of the same archetype as a native predator. Aims. In the present study we examined anti-predator behavioural responses of voles from the outer archipelagos of the Baltic Sea, south-western Finland, where they have had no resident mammalian predators in recent history. Methods. We investigated responses of field voles (Microtus agrestis) to odours of native least weasels (Mustela nivalis) and a recently invading alien predator, the American mink (Mustela vison), in laboratory. We also studied the short-term responses of free-ranging field voles and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) to simulated predation risk by alien mink on small islands in the outer archipelago of the Baltic Sea. Key results. In the laboratory, voles avoided odour cues of native weasel but not of alien mink. It is possible that the response to mink is a context dependent learned response which could not be induced in the laboratory, whereas the response to weasel is innate. In the field, however, voles reduced activity during their normal peak-activity times at night as a response to simulated alien-mink predation risk. No other shifts in space use or activity in safer microhabitats or denser vegetation were apparent. Conclusions. Voles appeared to recognise alien minks as predators from their odours in the wild. However, reduction in activity is likely to be only a short-term immediate response to mink presence, which is augmented by longer-term strategies of habitat shift. Because alien mink still strongly suppresses vole dynamics despite these anti-predator responses, we suggest that behavioural naiveté may be the primary factor in the impact of an alien predator on native prey. Implications. Prey naiveté has long been considered as the root cause of the devastating impacts of alien predators, whereby native prey simply fail to recognise and respond to the novel predation risk. Our results reveal a more complex form of naiveté whereby native prey appeared to recognise alien predators as a threat but their response is ultimately inadequate. Thus, recognition alone is unlikely to afford protection for native prey from alien-predator impacts. Thus, management strategies that, for example, train prey in recognition of novel threats must induce effective responses if they are expected to succeed.

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Carter, Mauricio J., Martin I. Lind, Stuart R. Dennis, William Hentley, and Andrew P. Beckerman. "Evolution of a predator-induced, nonlinear reaction norm." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 23, 2017): 20170859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0859.

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Inducible, anti-predator traits are a classic example of phenotypic plasticity. Their evolutionary dynamics depend on their genetic basis, the historical pattern of predation risk that populations have experienced and current selection gradients. When populations experience predators with contrasting hunting strategies and size preferences, theory suggests contrasting micro-evolutionary responses to selection. Daphnia pulex is an ideal species to explore the micro-evolutionary response of anti-predator traits because they face heterogeneous predation regimes, sometimes experiencing only invertebrate midge predators and other times experiencing vertebrate fish and invertebrate midge predators. We explored plausible patterns of adaptive evolution of a predator-induced morphological reaction norm. We combined estimates of selection gradients that characterize the various habitats that D. pulex experiences with detail on the quantitative genetic architecture of inducible morphological defences. Our data reveal a fine scale description of daphnid defensive reaction norms, and a strong covariance between the sensitivity to cues and the maximum response to cues. By analysing the response of the reaction norm to plausible, predator-specific selection gradients, we show how in the context of this covariance, micro-evolution may be more uniform than predicted from size-selective predation theory. Our results show how covariance between the sensitivity to cues and the maximum response to cues for morphological defence can shape the evolutionary trajectory of predator-induced defences in D. pulex .

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Bennett, Amanda M., and Dennis L. Murray. "Maternal body condition influences magnitude of anti-predator response in offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1794 (November 7, 2014): 20141806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1806.

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Organisms exhibit plasticity in response to their environment, but there is large variation even within populations in the expression and magnitude of response. Maternal influence alters offspring survival through size advantages in growth and development. However, the relationship between maternal influence and variation in plasticity in response to predation risk is unknown. We hypothesized that variation in the magnitude of plastic responses between families is at least partly due to maternal provisioning and examined the relationship between maternal condition, egg provisioning and magnitude of plastic response to perceived predation risk (by dragonfly larvae: Aeshna spp.) in northern leopard frogs ( Lithobates pipiens ). Females in better body condition tended to lay more (clutch size) larger (egg diameter) eggs. Tadpoles responded to predation risk by increasing relative tail depth (morphology) and decreasing activity (behaviour). We found a positive relationship between morphological effect size and maternal condition, but no relationship between behavioural effect size and maternal condition. These novel findings suggest that limitations imposed by maternal condition can constrain phenotypic variation, ultimately influencing the capacity of populations to respond to environmental change.

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Eason, Perri, and E. Natasha Vanderhoff. "The response of American robins (Turdus migratorius) to aerial alarms." Behaviour 146, no. 3 (2009): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853909x410982.

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AbstractAlarm calls are important signals that allow individuals to convey information about both predator type and risk level. How individuals respond to these calls may depend on both the intensity of the call as well as the age of the responder. We investigated an aerial alarm call of the American robin and specifically examined how call rate (reflecting intensity) and age affect the anti-predator behaviors of responders. Both juveniles and adults significantly altered their behavior upon hearing playbacks of seet calls; they foraged less and increased vigilance and other anti-predator behaviors. Adult robins were also able to distinguish between low intensity and high intensity calls; skygazing, an important behaviour that allows robins to scan for raptors, increased with call rate. Juveniles, on the other hand, skygazed less and there was a trend for juveniles to spend more time alert than adults suggesting that some learning may be involved.

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Jones, Katherine A., and Mark J. Whittingham. "Anti-Predator Signals in the ChaffinchFringilla coelebsin Response to Habitat Structure and Different Predator Types." Ethology 114, no. 11 (November 2008): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01558.x.

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Tanis, Brian P., Bradley Bott, and Brian J. Gaston. "Sex-based differences in anti-predator response of crickets to chemical cues of a mammalian predator." PeerJ 6 (June 11, 2018): e4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4923.

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Anti-predator behaviors like vigilance or hiding come at the expense of other fitness increasing behaviors such as foraging. To compensate for this trade-off, prey assess predation risk and modify the frequency of anti-predator behaviors according to the likelihood of the threat. In this study, we tested the ability of house crickets (Acheta domesticus) to indirectly assess predation risk via odors from a mammalian predator, Elliot’s short-tailed shrew (Blarina hylophaga). As natural differences in encounter rates and predation risk differs between sexes, we tested if male and female crickets perceive similar rates of predation risk from the presence of shrew odor measured via anti-predator behavioral response. Crickets were placed in enclosed, cardboard-lined chambers either treated with shrew odor or control, along with a food source. Time until foraging was measured for each individual and compared across treatment and sex. We found that in the presence of shrew odor, female crickets delayed foraging while males showed no response. These results suggest adult crickets can use chemical cues to detect mammalian predators. Furthermore, we demonstrate that female crickets associate greater predation risk from shrew predators than do male crickets, which are more stationary yet acoustically conspicuous. As predation risk potentially differs drastically for each sex, changes to the operational sex ratios of wild cricket populations could be influenced by the identity of the predator community.

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Mukherjee, Debasis. "Stability and bifurcation of a two competing prey-one predator system with anti-predator behavior." Jambura Journal of Biomathematics (JJBM) 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jjbm.v3i1.13820.

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This article considers the impact of competitive response to interfering time and anti-predator behavior of a three species system in which one predator consumes both the competing prey species. Here one of the competing species shows anti-predator behavior. We have shown that its solutions are non-negative and bounded. Further, we analyze the existence and stability of all the feasible equilibria. Conditions for uniform persistence of the system are derived. Applying Bendixson’s criterion for high-dimensional ordinary differential equations, we prove that the coexistence equilibrium point is globally stable under specific conditions. The system admits Hopf bifurcation when anti-predator behavior rate crosses a critical value. Analytical results are verified numerically.

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Siepielski, Adam M., Eric Fallon, and Kate Boersma. "Predator olfactory cues generate a foraging–predation trade-off through prey apprehension." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 2 (February 2016): 150537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150537.

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Most animals are faced with the challenge of securing food under the risk of predation. This frequently generates a trade-off whereby animals respond to predator cues with reduced movement to avoid predation at the direct cost of reduced foraging success. However, predators may also cause prey to be apprehensive in their foraging activities, which would generate an indirect ‘apprehension cost’. Apprehension arises when a forager redirects attention from foraging tasks to predator detection and incurs a cost from such multi-tasking, because the forager ends up making more mistakes in its foraging tasks as a result. Here, we test this apprehension cost hypothesis and show that damselflies miss a greater proportion of their prey during foraging bouts in response to both olfactory cues produced by conspecifics that have only viewed a fish predator and olfactory cues produced directly by fish. This reduced feeding efficiency is in addition to the stereotypical anti-predator response of reduced activity, which we also observed. These results show that costs associated with anti-predator responses not only arise through behavioural alterations that reduce the risk of predation, but also from the indirect costs of apprehension and multi-tasking that can reduce feeding efficiency under the threat of predation.

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Wikenros, Camilla, Dries P. J. Kuijper, Robert Behnke, and Krzysztof Schmidt. "Behavioural responses of ungulates to indirect cues of an ambush predator." Behaviour 152, no. 7-8 (2015): 1019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003266.

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Ambush predators provide more persistent cues of predation risk compared to coursing predators and are predicted to exert stronger effects on behaviour of their prey. We studied anti-predator responses of ungulates by means of camera traps to an olfactory cue (fresh scat) of an ambush predator, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) both important prey species for lynx were not more vigilant when exposed to lynx scent, but reduced their visitation duration. Our results contrast with previously reported responses of red deer to scent from a coursing predator, the wolf (Canis lupus), where only vigilance and foraging behaviour but not visitation duration changed in response to wolf scat. This indicates that ungulates are able to recognize the risk of predation from predators with differing hunting modes based on olfactory cues and adjust their anti-predatory behaviour.

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Jellison, Brittany M., Aaron T. Ninokawa, Tessa M. Hill, Eric Sanford, and Brian Gaylord. "Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star predator." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (June 29, 2016): 20160890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0890.

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Organism-level effects of ocean acidification (OA) are well recognized. Less understood are OA's consequences for ecological species interactions. Here, we examine a behaviourally mediated predator–prey interaction within the rocky intertidal zone of the temperate eastern Pacific Ocean, using it as a model system to explore OA's capacity to impair invertebrate anti-predator behaviours more broadly. Our system involves the iconic sea star predator, Pisaster ochraceus , that elicits flee responses in numerous gastropod prey. We examine, in particular, the capacity for OA-associated reductions in pH to alter flight behaviours of the black turban snail, Tegula funebralis , an often-abundant and well-studied grazer in the system. We assess interactions between these species at 16 discrete levels of pH, quantifying the full functional response of Tegula under present and near-future OA conditions. Results demonstrate the disruption of snail anti-predator behaviours at low pH, with decreases in the time individuals spend in refuge locations. We also show that fluctuations in pH, including those typical of rock pools inhabited by snails, do not materially change outcomes, implying little capacity for episodically benign pH conditions to aid behavioural recovery. Together, these findings suggest a strong potential for OA to induce cascading community-level shifts within this long-studied ecosystem.

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Hemmi, J. M., and A. Pfeil. "A multi-stage anti-predator response increases information on predation risk." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 9 (April 16, 2010): 1484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.039925.

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Muratori, Frédéric B., Sophie Borlee, and Russell H. Messing. "Induced niche shift as an anti-predator response for an endoparasitoid." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1687 (January 13, 2010): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2029.

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Tang, Zhong-Hua, Qing Huang, Hui Wu, Lu Kuang, and Shi-Jian Fu. "The behavioral response of prey fish to predators: the role of predator size." PeerJ 5 (April 20, 2017): e3222. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3222.

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Predation is one of the key factors governing patterns in natural systems, and adjustments of prey behaviors in response to a predator stimulus can have important ecological implications for wild fish. To investigate the effects of predators on the behavior of prey fish and to test whether the possible effects varied with predator size, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and snakehead (Channa argus) (a size-matched predator treatment with a similar body size to prey fish and a larger predator treatment with approximately 2.7 times of the body mass of prey fish) were selected to function as prey and predator, respectively. Their spontaneous activities were videorecorded in a central circular arena surrounded by a ring holding the stimulus fish. The distance between prey and predator fish was approximately 200% of the distance between two prey fish, which suggested that black carp can distinguish their conspecifics from heterospecifics and probably recognize the snakehead as a potential predator. The prey fish spent substantially less time moving and exhibited an overall shorter total distance of movement after the size-matched or large predator was introduced, which possibly occurred due to increased vigilance or efforts to reduce the possibility of detection by potential predators. However, there was no significant difference in either distance or spontaneous activities between two predator treatments. These findings suggested that (1) an anti-predator strategy in black carp might involve maintaining a safe distance, decreasing activity and possibly increased vigilance and that (2) the behaviors of prey response to predators were not influenced by their relative size difference.

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Näslund, Joacim, Leo Pettersson, and Jörgen I. Johnsson. "Behavioural reactions of three-spined sticklebacks to simulated risk of predation—Effects of predator distance and movement." FACETS 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2015-0015.

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The behavioural response of animals to predation risk commonly depends on the behaviour of potential predators. Here, we report an experiment investigating effects of predator model (a life-like wooden trout model) distance and movement on the behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in a standardized experimental setting. When the predator model was immobile, the behaviour of the sticklebacks could, in general, not be clearly distinguished from a no-predator control treatment. When moving the predator 41 cm towards the stickleback, clear anti-predator behaviours were observed. However, behavioural expression depended on the distance to the predator. At the two farthest distances (approaching from 129 to 88 cm and from 170 to 129 cm), the sticklebacks approached the predator and spent little time freezing. At the two closest distances (approaching from 88 to 47 cm and from 47 to 6 cm), the sticklebacks increased the distance to the predator model and froze their movements. These results suggest that the closest-distance groups showed avoidance behaviour, whereas the farthest-distance groups instead appeared to start inspecting the potential predator. This provides evidence for conditional anti-predator behaviour and highlights the importance of considering distance to, and movement of predator models when interpreting data from standardized behavioural trials.

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PRASAD, K. DURGA, and SOURAV KUMAR SASMAL. "DYNAMICS OF ANTI-PREDATOR BEHAVIOR AND EFFECT OF FEAR ON PREY–PREDATOR MODEL." Journal of Biological Systems 30, no. 04 (December 2022): 887–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339022500322.

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Predator–prey interactions are the ubiquitous and natural phenomenon in an ecological system. Predators reduce the prey population’s density by direct killing, which is an essential part of any ecological system. Based on the experimental works, for overcoming predation pressure, prey uses a variety of mechanisms. With Holling type-II functional response, we examined a prey–predator system incorporating anti-predator behavior and the cost of fear into prey. Prey anti-predator activity is a counterattacking strategy in which adult prey targets adolescent predators in order to counteract the potential predation pressure. Fear of predation may disrupt the physiological state of prey species and lead to long loss of prey species. In this study, we investigated this aspect to use a dynamical modeling approach. This research finds a plethora of fascinating phenomena. The studied system exhibits a wide range of dynamics and bifurcations, including saddle-node, Hopf, homoclinic, and a Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation in co-dimension two are among the dynamics and bifurcations observed in the analyzed system. We performed some numerical simulations to investigate the effects of anti-predator behavior and fear on prey and found both affect the prey–predator dynamics significantly. Our numerical examples clearly show that as prey carrying capacity increases, so does the prey’s ability to perceive the risk of predation.

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Pecorella, I., F. Ferretti, A. Sforzi, and E. Macchi. "Effects of culling on vigilance behaviour and endogenous stress response of female fallow deer." Wildlife Research 43, no. 3 (2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15118.

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Context Human activities can induce behavioural and stress responses in wild animals. Information is scarce on the effects of culling on anti-predator behaviour and endogenous stress response of wild ungulates. Aims In a Mediterranean area, we evaluated the effects of culling on vigilance, foraging and endogenous stress response of female fallow deer (Dama dama). Methods Effects of culling were evaluated through behavioural observations and hormone analyses of faecal samples. Key results In an area where culling occurred (C), individuals showed significantly greater vigilance rates and foraged closer to wood than in an area with no culling (NC). In C, 24 h after culling, faecal cortisol concentrations were greater than those recorded in NC, but they decreased significantly to values comparable to (48 h post-shot) and lower than (72 h post-shot) those observed in NC. Conclusions Most likely, culling determined behavioural responses in female fallow deer, but did not trigger long-term physiological effects. Implications Increased anti-predator behaviour may complicate the implementation of long-term culling programs.

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Randler, C. "Anti-predator response of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) to predator calls of tawny owls (Strix aluco)." Mammalian Biology 71, no. 5 (September 2006): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.006.

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Colombelli-Négrel, Diane, Jeremy Robertson, Sonia Kleindorfer, and Frank Sulloway. "Extended parental care of fledglings: parent birds adjust anti-predator response according to predator type and distance." Behaviour 147, no. 7 (2010): 853–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579510x495771.

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Shao, Yuanfu. "Bifurcations of a delayed predator-prey system with fear, refuge for prey and additional food for predator." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 4 (2023): 7429–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023322.

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<abstract><p>Taking into account the impacts of the fear by predator, anti-predation response, refuge for prey, additional food supplement for predator and the delayed fear induced by the predator, we establish a delayed predator-prey model in this paper. We analyze the persistence and extinction of species and the existence and uniqueness of a coexistence fixed point. Particularly, we investigate the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium by use of the characteristic equation theory of a variational matrix. Applying the Hopf bifurcation theorem, we investigate and obtain the bifurcation thresholds of the parameters of fear, refuge coefficient, the quality and quantity of additional food and the anti-predation delayed response produced by prey. Finally we give some examples to verify our theoretical findings and clarify the detailed influences of these parameters on the system dynamics. The main conclusions reveal that these parameters play an important role in the long-term behaviors of species and should be applied correctly to preserve the continuous development of species.</p></abstract>

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Twining, Joshua P., W. Ian Montgomery, Lily Price, Hansjoerg P. Kunc, and David G. Tosh. "Native and invasive squirrels show different behavioural responses to scent of a shared native predator." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 191841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191841.

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Invasive species pose a serious threat to native species. In Europe, invasive grey squirrels ( Sciurus carolinensis ) have replaced native red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) in locations across Britain, Ireland and Italy. The European pine marten ( Martes martes ) can reverse the replacement of red squirrels by grey squirrels, but the underlying mechanism of how pine martens suppress grey squirrels is little understood. Research suggests the reversal process is driven by direct predation, but why the native red squirrel may be less susceptible than the invasive grey squirrel to predation by a commonly shared native predator, is unknown. A behavioural difference may exist with the native sciurid being more effective at avoiding predation by the pine marten with which they have a shared evolutionary history. In mammals, olfactory cues are used by prey species to avoid predators. To test whether anti-predator responses differ between the native red squirrel and the invasive grey squirrel, we exposed both species to scent cues of a shared native predator and quantified the responses of the two squirrel species. Red squirrels responded to pine marten scent by avoiding the feeder, increasing their vigilance and decreasing their feeding activity. By contrast, grey squirrels did not show any anti-predator behaviours in response to the scent of pine marten. Thus, differences in behavioural responses to a shared native predator may assist in explaining differing outcomes of species interactions between native and invasive prey species depending on the presence, abundance and exposure to native predators.

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Michelena, Pablo, Marie-Hélène Pillot, Carole Henrion, Sylvain Toulet, Alain Boissy, and Richard Bon. "Group size elicits specific physiological response in herbivores." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (April 11, 2012): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0197.

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With increasing group size, individuals commonly spend less time standing head-up (scanning) and more time feeding. In small groups, a higher predation risk is likely to increase stress, which will be reflected by behavioural and endocrine responses. However, without any predator cues, we ask how the predation risk is actually processed by animals as group size decreases. We hypothesize that group size on its own acts as a stressor. We studied undisturbed groups of sheep under controlled pasture conditions, and measured in situ the cortisol and vigilance responses of identified individuals in groups ranging from 2 to 100 sheep. Both vigilance and average cortisol concentration decreased as group size increased. However, the cortisol response varied markedly among individuals in small groups, resulting in a lack of correlation between cortisol and vigilance responses. Further experiments are required to explore the mechanisms that underlie both the decay and the convergence of individual stress in larger groups, and whether these mechanisms promote adaptive anti-predator responses.

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Bjornson, F., M. Earhart, and W. G. Anderson. "To feed or flee: early life-history behavioural strategies of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) during risk-sensitive foraging." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 8 (August 2020): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0181.

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Balancing foraging opportunities with predation risk can promote complex behavioural strategies in juvenile fishes, particularly in northern temperate environments with short growing seasons. To test how predation experience may influence foraging effort and risk assessment of juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817), flight response and substrate preference behavioural measurements were taken during critical life periods of early exogenous feeding (∼60 days post fertilization (dpf)) and pre-winter (∼160 dpf). Lake sturgeon were placed in arenas with partial cover and exposed white plastic bottom. Chemical alarm cue (AC) was introduced to predator naïve individuals in the presence or absence of food over the exposed portion of the arena to simulate risk sensitive foraging over diurnal and seasonal periods. The same protocol was run on predator-experienced individuals, which were classically conditioned to predator cue (PC) prior to the trials. Whole-body cortisol measures were also taken to determine the physiological response to predation experience. Results suggest a propensity to forage in spite of predation risk during the naïve ∼60 dpf trials and highlight context-specific anti-predator responses of naïve and experienced lake sturgeon. Elevated basal whole-body cortisol levels and reduced body condition (p < 0.05) were observed with increased predator experience.

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Jennions, M. D., and P. R. Y. Backwell. "Chorus size influences on the anti-predator response of a Neotropical frog." Animal Behaviour 44, no. 5 (November 1992): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80596-2.

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Fitzgibbon, Clare D. "Anti-predator strategies of immature Thomson's gazelles: hiding and the prone response." Animal Behaviour 40, no. 5 (November 1990): 846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80985-6.

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Svensson, A. Monica, Johan Eklöf, Niels Skals, and Jens Rydell. "Light dependent shift in the anti-predator response of a pyralid moth." Oikos 101, no. 2 (April 25, 2003): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12156.x.

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Hauser, Marc D., and Carolee Caffrey. "Anti-predator response to raptor calls in wild crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis." Animal Behaviour 48, no. 6 (December 1994): 1469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1386.

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Johnson, James B., Zachary W. Culumber, Ryan Easterling, and Gil G. Rosenthal. "Boldness and predator evasion in naturally hybridizing swordtails (Teleostei: Xiphophorus)." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.596.

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Abstract Correlations among behavioral traits can generate trade-offs and constrain phenotypic evolution. Interspecific hybridization has the potential to alter behavioral trait correlations, but the effect of hybridization on suites of behavioral traits has received relatively little attention. We evaluated how natural hybridization changes the relationship between boldness (time of emergence and proportion of time out of shelter) and response to a simulated predator threat in swordtails (Teleostei: Xiphophorus). In poeciliid fishes, bold individuals have increased survival in the presence of predators. This non-intuitive observation may arise as a result of bold individuals being more likely to engage in anti-predator behaviors. Contrary to our prediction, bold individuals were less likely to perform a fast-start response to a predator threat. This correlation was consistent among populations and species but was only significant in hybrids. The observed correlation between boldness and anti-predator behavior could impact hybrid fitness and the evolvability of hybrid lineages. More generally, our findings suggest that hybridization could influence the integration of behavioral phenotypes, as has been amply documented for morphology. Animal personality and behavioral syndromes could therefore play an important role in the evolutionary fate of natural hybrids.

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Harianto, Joko, Titik Suparwati, and Alfonsina Lisda Puspa Dewi. "Local Stability Dynamics of Equilibrium Points in Predator-Prey Models with Anti-Predator Behavior." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 22, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v22i2.23991.

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This article describes the dynamics of local stability equilibrium point models of interaction between prey populations and their predators. The model involves response functions in the form of Holling type III and anti-predator behavior. The existence and stability of the equilibrium point of the model can be obtained by reviewing several cases. One of the factors that affect the existence and local stability of the model equilibrium point is the carrying capacity (k) parameter. If x3∗, y3∗ > 0 is a constant solution of the model and ∈ (0,x3∗), then there is a unique boundary equilibrium point Ek (k , 0). Whereas, if k ∈ (x4∗, y4∗], then Ek (k, 0) is unstable and E3 (x3∗, y3∗) is stable. Furthermore, if k ∈ ( x4∗, ∞), then Ek ( k, 0) remains stable and E4 (x4∗, y4∗) is unstable, but the stability of the equilibrium point E3 (x3∗, y3∗) is branching. The equilibrium point E3 (x3∗, y3∗) can be stable or unstable depending on all parameters involved in the model. Variations of k parameter values are given in numerical simulation to verify the results of the analysis. Numerical simulation indicates that if k = 0,92 then nontrivial equilibrium point Ek (0,92 ; 0) stable. If k = 0,93 then Ek (0,93 ; 0) unstable and E3∗(0,929; 0,00003) stable. If k = 23,94, then Ek (23,94 ; 0) and E3∗(0,929; 0,143) stable, but E4∗(23,93 ; 0,0005) unstable. If k = 38 then Ek(38,0) stable, but E3∗(0,929; 0,145) and E4∗(23,93 ; 0,739) unstable.Keywords: anti-predator behavior, carrying capacity, and holling type III.

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Chivers, Douglas P., Anthony Mathiron, Janelle R. Sloychuk, and Maud C. O. Ferrari. "Responses of tadpoles to hybrid predator odours: strong maternal signatures and the potential risk/response mismatch." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1809 (June 22, 2015): 20150365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0365.

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Previous studies have established that when a prey animal knows the identity of a particular predator, it can use this knowledge to make an ‘educated guess' about similar novel predators. Such generalization of predator recognition may be particularly beneficial when prey are exposed to introduced and invasive species of predators or hybrids. Here, we examined generalization of predator recognition for woodfrog tadpoles exposed to novel trout predators. Tadpoles conditioned to recognize tiger trout, a hybrid derived from brown trout and brook trout, showed generalization of recognition of several unknown trout odours. Interestingly, the tadpoles showed stronger responses to odours of brown trout than brook trout. In a second experiment, we found that tadpoles trained to recognize brown trout showed stronger responses to tiger trout than those tadpoles trained to recognize brook trout. Given that tiger trout always have a brown trout mother and a brook trout father, these results suggest a strong maternal signature in trout odours. Tadpoles that were trained to recognize both brown trout and brook trout showed stronger response to novel tiger trout than those trained to recognize only brown trout or only brook trout. This is consistent with a peak shift in recognition, whereby cues that are intermediate between two known cues evoke stronger responses than either known cue. Given that our woodfrog tadpoles have no evolutionary or individual experience with trout, they have no way of knowing whether or not brook trout, brown trout or tiger trout are more dangerous. The differential intensity of responses that we observed to hybrid trout cues and each of the parental species indicates that there is a likely mismatch between risk and anti-predator response intensity. Future work needs to address the critical role of prey naivety on responses to invasive and introduced hybrid predators.

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Segev, Ori. "Effects of Background Color and Predation Risk on Color Change in Fire Salamander Larvae." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 55, no. 4 (May 6, 2009): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.55.4.359.

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The threat-sensitivity hypothesis assumes individuals should demonstrate flexibility in response to perceived predation risk and vary the intensity of anti-predator responses in concert with perceived risk of predation. Substrate color matching is adaptive as it enables organisms to become less conspicuous to both their prey and predators. I hypothesized that newborn fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) larvae will respond fast through physiological color change to contrasting backgrounds, becoming lighter against a white background and darker against a black background. Additionally, in accordance with the threat-sensitivity hypothesis, I expected a background color x predator interaction—i.e., that predator presence will further enhance the focal larvae color-matching response. To explicitly test these hypotheses I conducted a replicated outdoor mesocosm experiment. I used a two-by-two factorial design: pools of black or white background color crossed with the presence or absence of a larger cannibalistic conspecific. Digital photos of the focal larvae's dorsal view revealed that larval brightness and chroma changed accordingly against the contrasting black and white backgrounds to increase background matching. Although not statistically significant, larvae tended to show a stronger color-change response towards enhanced background matching in the presence of the free predator. Larval survival was strongly reduced in the presence of the larger conspecific, with no apparent effect of background color. This study demonstrates that Salamandra larvae are capable of environmentally induced physiological color change and highlights the need for further investigation into the interplay between threat intensity, mechanisms of risk assessment, and physiological antipredator responses.

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Amin, Bawan, Dómhnall J. Jennings, Adam F. Smith, Matthew Quinn, Srivats Chari, Amy Haigh, Devorah Matas, Lee Koren, and Simone Ciuti. "In utero accumulated steroids predict neonate anti‐predator response in a wild mammal." Functional Ecology 35, no. 6 (May 3, 2021): 1255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13790.

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Kristensen, E. A., and G. P. Closs. "Anti-predator response of naive and experienced common bully to chemical alarm cues." Journal of Fish Biology 64, no. 3 (March 2004): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00328.x.

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Petersson, Erik, and Torbjörn Järvi. "Anti-predator response in wild and sea-ranched brown trout and their crosses." Aquaculture 253, no. 1-4 (March 2006): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.012.

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Zhao, Longhui, Yuanyu Qin, Jichao Wang, and Wei Liang. "Avian Alarm Calls Do Not Induce Anti-Predator Response in Three Anuran Species." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243537.

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Many species produce alarm calls in response to predators, and the anti-predator signals are often used by other species. Eavesdropping on heterospecific alarm calls has been widely found in bird and mammal species. Other taxa, such as reptiles and amphibians, however, receive limited attention at present. Here, we selected three types of alarm calls of Japanese Tits (Parus minor) that were evoked by the Siberian Chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus), Eurasian Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus), and model snake (Elaphe spp.), respectively, and then carried out playback experiments to test whether three frog species changed their behaviors in response to the three treatments of Japanese Tit calls while the tit’s territory song was used as a control. The results showed that Little Torrent Frogs (Amolops torrentis), Ornamented Pygmy Frogs (Microhyla fissipes) and Spot-legged Treefrogs (Polypedates megacephalus) did not jump off their positions in response to the same four acoustic signals. They also did not change their calling behaviors in response to the alarm calls of Japanese Tits. This study found no evidence that these anuran species can eavesdrop on heterospecific tits’ alarm signals.

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Zhao, Jinxing, and Yuanfu Shao. "Bifurcations of a prey-predator system with fear, refuge and additional food." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 20, no. 2 (2022): 3700–3720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023173.

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<abstract><p>In the predator-prey system, predators can affect the prey population by direct killing and inducing predation fear, which ultimately force preys to adopt some anti-predator strategies. Therefore, it proposes a predator-prey model with anti-predation sensitivity induced by fear and Holling-Ⅱ functional response in the present paper. Through investigating the system dynamics of the model, we are interested in finding how the refuge and additional food supplement impact the system stability. With the changes of the anti-predation sensitivity (the refuge and additional food), the main result shows that the stability of the system will change accordingly, and it has accompanied with periodic fluctuations. Intuitively the bubble, bistability phenomena and bifurcations are found through numerical simulations. The bifurcation thresholds of crucial parameters are also established by the Matcont software. Finally, we analyze the positive and negative impacts of these control strategies on the system stability and give some suggestions to the maintaining of ecological balance, we perform extensive numerical simulations to illustrate our analytical findings.</p></abstract>

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Gaib, Muhammad Bachtiar, and Wahdania At Ja'a. "ANALISIS KESTABILAN MODEL INTERAKSI PREDATOR-PREY DENGAN FUNGSI RESPON MONOD-HALDANE DAN PERILAKU ANTI PEMANGSA." Euler : Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika, Sains dan Teknologi 8, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/euler.v8i2.10407.

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This article examines a competing prey-predator model using the Monod-Haldane response function and anti-predator behavior. This article discusses equilibrium point determination, equilibrium point stability analysis, and numerical simulation. Obtained three equilibrium points, namely T1, T2, and T3, where the equilibrium-point is always saddle, the stability of the equilibrium points T2 and T3 will be stable if it meets the predetermined parameter requirements. There are two cases in the equilibrium point where the first case is vertically stable and the second case is spiral stable.

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Beattie, Molly C., and Paul A. Moore. "Predator recognition of chemical cues in crayfish: diet and experience influence the ability to detect predation threats." Behaviour 155, no. 6 (2018): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003501.

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AbstractAquatic prey often alter their morphology, physiology, and/or behaviour when presented with predatory chemical cues which are heavily influenced by the diet of the predator. We tested the roles that diet and prey familiarity with predators play in the ability of prey to recognize predator threats. Odours from two fish, bass and cichlid fed a vegetarian, protein, heterospecific, and a conspecific diet, were collected and presented to virile crayfish in a choice arena. Our results show that crayfish altered their behaviour in the presence of odours containing conspecific, as opposed to heterospecific diets, but only from familiar predators. A reduced anti-predator response was measured with odours from an unfamiliar predator fed conspecific crayfish. Therefore, crayfish may be able to determine different threat levels based on the different dietary cues from a potential predator, but only when the prey have familiarity with the predators.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anti-predator response'

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