Academic literature on the topic 'Anti-predator behaviours'
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Journal articles on the topic "Anti-predator behaviours"
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Näslund, Joacim, Leo Pettersson, and Jörgen I. Johnsson. "Behavioural reactions of three-spined sticklebacks to simulated risk of predation—Effects of predator distance and movement." FACETS 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2015-0015.
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The behavioural response of animals to predation risk commonly depends on the behaviour of potential predators. Here, we report an experiment investigating effects of predator model (a life-like wooden trout model) distance and movement on the behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in a standardized experimental setting. When the predator model was immobile, the behaviour of the sticklebacks could, in general, not be clearly distinguished from a no-predator control treatment. When moving the predator 41 cm towards the stickleback, clear anti-predator behaviours were observed. However, behavioural expression depended on the distance to the predator. At the two farthest distances (approaching from 129 to 88 cm and from 170 to 129 cm), the sticklebacks approached the predator and spent little time freezing. At the two closest distances (approaching from 88 to 47 cm and from 47 to 6 cm), the sticklebacks increased the distance to the predator model and froze their movements. These results suggest that the closest-distance groups showed avoidance behaviour, whereas the farthest-distance groups instead appeared to start inspecting the potential predator. This provides evidence for conditional anti-predator behaviour and highlights the importance of considering distance to, and movement of predator models when interpreting data from standardized behavioural trials.
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Seiler, Melanie, Christoph Schwitzer, and Marc Holderied. "Anti-predator behaviour of Sahamalaza sportive lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, at diurnal sleeping sites." Contributions to Zoology 82, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 131—S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08203003.
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In response to predation pressure by raptors, snakes, and carnivores, primates employ anti-predator behaviours such as avoiding areas of high predation risk, cryptic behaviour and camouflage, vigilance and group formation (including mixedspecies associations), and eavesdropping on other species’ alarm calls. After detecting a predator, primates can produce alarm calls, show predator-specific escape strategies or even mob the predator. It remains unclear how solitary nocturnal primates respond to diurnal predation pressure while they sleep or rest. The aim of this study was to investigate the diurnal anti-predator behaviour of the nocturnal and solitary Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, which regularly rests in exposed locations. We observed the responses of 32 Sahamalaza sportive lemurs to playbacks of territorial calls of an aerial predator (Madagascar harrier hawk), mating calls of a terrestrial predator (fossa), and the contact calls of a medium-sized bird (crested coua) as a control, at different diurnal sleeping sites. Lemurs never showed a flight response after replays of predator or control calls, but regularly froze after harrier hawk calls. Lemurs scanned the sky immediately after playback of harrier hawk calls, and the ground or trees after fossa calls. Lemur vigilance increased significantly after both predator calls. After crested coua calls the animals became significantly less vigilant, suggesting that contact calls of this bird serve as indicators of predator absence. We found no response differences between different types of sleeping sites. Our results show that resting Sahamalaza sportive lemurs recognise predator vocalisations as indicators of increased predation risk, discern vocalizations of different predators, and employ anti-predator behaviours specific for different predator classes. Their behavioural responses while resting or sleeping are comparable to those of active primates, and their response rate of 80% shows that this solitary and nocturnal primate is constantly aware of its environment.
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Webb, Jonathan K., Weiguo Du, David Pike, and Richard Shine. "Generalization of predator recognition: Velvet geckos display anti-predator behaviours in response to chemicals from non-dangerous elapid snakes." Current Zoology 56, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.3.337.
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Abstract Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk of predation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by the predator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respond weakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarely encountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dangerous predators. In Australia, most elapid snakes eat lizards, and are therefore potentially dangerous to lizard prey. Recently, we found that the nocturnal velvet gecko Oedura lesueurii responds to chemicals from dangerous and non-dangerous elapid snakes, suggesting that it displays generalised anti-predator behaviours to chemicals from elapid snakes. To explore the generality of this result, we videotaped the behaviour of velvet geckos in the presence of chemical cues from two small elapid snakes that rarely consume geckos: the nocturnal golden-crowned snake Cacophis squamulosus and the diurnal marsh snake Hemiaspis signata. We also videotaped geckos in trials involving unscented cards (controls) and cologne-scented cards (pungency controls). In trials involving Cacophis and Hemiaspis chemicals, 50% and 63% of geckos spent long time periods (> 3 min) freezing whilst pressed flat against the substrate, respectively. Over half the geckos tested exhibited anti-predator behaviours (tail waving, tail vibration, running) in response to Cacophis (67%) or Hemiaspis (63%) chemicals. These behaviours were not observed in control or pungency control trials. Our results support the idea that the velvet gecko displays generalised anti-predator responses to chemical cues from elapid snakes. Generalised responses to predator chemicals may be common in prey species that co-occur with multiple, ecologically similar, dangerous predators.
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Richardson, Graham, Patrick Dickinson, Oliver H. P. Burman, and Thomas W. Pike. "Unpredictable movement as an anti-predator strategy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 22, 2018): 20181112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1112.
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Prey animals have evolved a wide variety of behaviours to combat the threat of predation, and these have been generally well studied. However, one of the most common and taxonomically widespread antipredator behaviours of all has, remarkably, received almost no experimental attention: so-called ‘protean’ behaviour. This is behaviour that is sufficiently unpredictable to prevent a predator anticipating in detail the future position or actions of its prey. In this study, we used human ‘predators’ participating in 3D virtual reality simulations to test how protean (i.e. unpredictable) variation in prey movement affects participants' ability to visually target them as they move (a key determinant of successful predation). We found that targeting accuracy was significantly predicted by prey movement path complexity, although, surprisingly, there was little evidence that high levels of unpredictability in the underlying movement rules equated directly to decreased predator performance. Instead, the specific movement rules differed in how they impacted on targeting accuracy, with the efficacy of protean variation in one element depending on the values of the remaining elements. These findings provide important insights into the understudied phenomenon of protean antipredator behaviour, which are directly applicable to predator–prey dynamics within a broad range of taxa.
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Dolotovskaya, Sofya, Camilo Flores Amasifuen, Caroline Elisabeth Haas, Fabian Nummert, and Eckhard W. Heymann. "Active anti-predator behaviour of red titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus)." Primate Biology 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-6-59-2019.
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Abstract. Due to their inconspicuous behaviour and colouration, it has been assumed that titi monkeys' main anti-predator behaviour is passive crypsis and hiding. So far, active predator mobbing has been documented only for black-fronted titi monkeys, Callicebus nigrifrons. Here we report for the first time mobbing behaviour of red titi monkeys, Plecturocebus cupreus (previously Callicebus cupreus), as reaction to an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and a Boa constrictor. We also report other active anti-predator behaviours, such as alarm calling and approaching, as reactions to tayras (Eira barbara) and raptors. Our observations provide additional evidence for sex differences in anti-predator behaviour, possibly related to the evolution and maintenance of social monogamy.
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Fonner, Christopher W., and Sarah K. Woodley. "Testing the predation stress hypothesis: behavioural and hormonal responses to predator cues in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders." Behaviour 152, no. 6 (2015): 797–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003254.
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The predation stress hypothesis posits that exposure to predators and/or predator cues causes release of glucocorticoid hormones which coordinate behavioural responses that facilitate predator avoidance. We measured responses to short-term and repeated exposure to predator-derived kairomones in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus). Salamanders expressed predator avoidance behaviours (reduced locomotion, reduced mating behaviour) in the presence of predator kairomones. However, plasma glucocorticoids after short-term exposure to predator kairomones were similar to levels after exposure to controls. After repeated exposure to predator-derived kairomones, locomotory activity and plasma glucocorticoids were similar compared to controls. There was no evidence of habituation to predator kairomones. Overall, results did not support the predation stress hypothesis in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders in either an acute or chronic context. Use of glucocorticoids to mediate antipredator responses may occur when predation pressure is unpredictable, and when energetic and opportunity costs of linking glucocorticoids to anti-predator responses are low.
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Dinh Van, Khuong, Lizanne Janssens, Sara Debecker, and Robby Stoks. "Warming increases chlorpyrifos effects on predator but not anti-predator behaviours." Aquatic Toxicology 152 (July 2014): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.011.
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Jellison, Brittany M., Aaron T. Ninokawa, Tessa M. Hill, Eric Sanford, and Brian Gaylord. "Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star predator." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (June 29, 2016): 20160890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0890.
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Organism-level effects of ocean acidification (OA) are well recognized. Less understood are OA's consequences for ecological species interactions. Here, we examine a behaviourally mediated predator–prey interaction within the rocky intertidal zone of the temperate eastern Pacific Ocean, using it as a model system to explore OA's capacity to impair invertebrate anti-predator behaviours more broadly. Our system involves the iconic sea star predator, Pisaster ochraceus , that elicits flee responses in numerous gastropod prey. We examine, in particular, the capacity for OA-associated reductions in pH to alter flight behaviours of the black turban snail, Tegula funebralis , an often-abundant and well-studied grazer in the system. We assess interactions between these species at 16 discrete levels of pH, quantifying the full functional response of Tegula under present and near-future OA conditions. Results demonstrate the disruption of snail anti-predator behaviours at low pH, with decreases in the time individuals spend in refuge locations. We also show that fluctuations in pH, including those typical of rock pools inhabited by snails, do not materially change outcomes, implying little capacity for episodically benign pH conditions to aid behavioural recovery. Together, these findings suggest a strong potential for OA to induce cascading community-level shifts within this long-studied ecosystem.
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Svensson, P. Andreas, Ramin Eghbal, Ramona Eriksson, and Emelie Nilsson. "How cunning is the puppet-master? Cestode-infected fish appear generally fearless." Parasitology Research 121, no. 5 (March 21, 2022): 1305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07470-2.
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AbstractTrophically transmitted parasites have life cycles that require the infected host to be eaten by the correct type of predator. Such parasites should benefit from an ability to suppress the host’s fear of predators, but if the manipulation is imprecise the consequence may be increased predation by non-hosts, to the detriment of the parasite. Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) infected by the cestode Schistocephalus solidus express reduced antipredator behaviours, but it is unknown whether this is an example of a highly precise manipulation, a more general manipulation, or if it can even be attributed to mere side effects of disease. In a series of experiments, we investigated several behaviours of infected and uninfected sticklebacks. As expected, they had weak responses to simulated predatory attacks compared to uninfected fish. However, our results suggest that the parasite induced a general fearlessness, rather than a precise manipulation aimed at the correct predators (birds). Infected fish had reduced responses also when attacked from the side and when exposed to odour from a fish predator, which is a “dead-end” for this parasite. We also tested whether the reduced anti-predator behaviours were mere symptoms of a decreased overall vigour, or due to parasite-induced hunger, but we found no support for these ideas. We propose that even imprecise manipulations of anti-predator behaviours may benefit parasites, for example, if other behaviours are altered in a way that increases the exposure to the correct predator.
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Phillips, M. A., and J. M. Waterman. "Anti-snake behaviour in a facultative cooperative breeder, the Cape ground squirrel." Behaviour 151, no. 12-13 (2014): 1735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003215.
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Predator harassment is an anti-predator behaviour that may increase an individual’s risk of predation, as individuals approach, threaten and harass a potential predator, yet this behaviour is still not well understood. The Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris) is a highly social facultative cooperative breeder from southern Africa that harasses several species of venomous snakes. We examined whether harassment was part of alloparental care by comparing harassment behaviours among different age and sex classes in Cape ground squirrel social groups. We also assessed how individuals adjusted their behaviour dependent on levels of risk by examining the Cape ground squirrel’s harassment behaviour among non-venomous, and two species of venomous snakes. We found adult females with emerged juvenile offspring took the most risk, harassing for longer durations and at higher intensities than other group members, suggesting that snake harassment was a maternal behaviour. Females with juvenile offspring only harassed the highest risk elapid snake but increased vigilance and inspection with increasing snake risk suggesting that the Cape ground squirrel can discriminate between different types of snake predators.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anti-predator behaviours"
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Phillips, Molly A. "Snake harassment in the Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris): variation in anti-predator behaviours, predator discrimination and venom resistance in a facultative cooperative breeder." Toxicon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/9223.
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Predator harassment is an anti-predator behaviour that may increase a harasser’s risk of predation but decrease the potential for predation for other members of a group. The Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris) is a facultative cooperative breeder from southern Africa that harasses venomous snakes. The objective of my study was to examine predator harassment to determine: 1) whether predator harassment was part of alloparental care by comparing harassment behaviour among age and sex classes; 2) how individuals adjusted their behaviour against different snake species; 3) whether olfaction was used in discrimination of snakes; and 4) if individuals possessed venom resistance against venomous snakes. I found that females with juvenile offspring harass snakes longer and more intensely than other individuals, suggesting that predator harassment was a maternal behaviour. Squirrels increased harassment, inspection and vigilant behaviours with risk when exposed to both live snakes and snake odours suggesting they can use olfaction to discriminate snake predators. I also found no venom resistance in Cape ground squirrels concluding the cost of envenomation was significant.
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Chabaud, Chloé. "Influence de la balance hydrique sur les interactions trophiques et le risque de prédation chez un mésoprédateur ectotherme terrestre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS009.
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Les changements climatiques actuels impactent les températures environnementales mais également la disponibilité en eau dans les écosystèmes, ce qui peut perturber les interactions trophiques entre proies et prédateurs. Chez les ectothermes terrestres, il existe un conflit physiologique entre la régulation de la température corporelle et de la balance hydrique, mais nous manquons de données pour caractériser les effets des compromis associés sur les interactions biotiques. Cette thèse s’intéresse à cette problématique à travers l’étude écophysiologique et comportementale de traits liés à la thermo-hydrorégulation et aux relations trophiques chez le lézard vivipare (Zootoca vivipara). Ce mésoprédateur généraliste se nourrit d’une grande diversité de proies et est soumis à une forte prédation, notamment par des serpents spécialisés. Les reptiles présentent une grande diversité de traits fonctionnels associés à la thermo-hydrorégulation dont mes travaux caractérisent les déterminants individuels et géographiques chez le lézard vivipare. Ensuite, à l’aide d’approches expérimentales, je montre que la restriction en eau ne peut pas être compensée par l’alimentation chez cette espèce, mais que la nourriture exacerbe les conflits comportementaux entre thermo- et hydrorégulation. Par des observations au laboratoire, j’étudie également les compromis entre hydrorégulation comportementale et évitement des prédateurs. Je démontre que les comportements de détection des prédateurs par la chémoréception augmentent les pertes hydriques et qu’ils sont donc sensibles à la restriction en eau. Ces travaux suggèrent l’existence d’effets des stratégies comportementales de thermo-hydrorégulation sur les relations avec les proies et les prédateursOngoing climate change is affecting environmental temperatures but also water availability in ecosystems, which may disrupt trophic relationships between prey and predators. In terrestrial ectotherms, there is a conflict between the regulation of body temperature and water balance, but we lack data to characterize the effects of the associated trade-offs on biotic interactions. This thesis addresses this issue through the ecophysiological and behavioural study of traits related to thermo-hydroregulation and trophic relationships in the Common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). This generalist mesopredator feeds on a wide variety of prey and is subject to heavy predation, especially by specialized snakes. Reptiles exhibit a large range of functional traits associated with thermo-hydroregulation, and my work characterizes the individual and geographic determinants of these traits in the Common lizard. Then, using experimental approaches, I demonstrate that water restriction cannot be compensated by food intakes in this species, and food actually exacerbates behavioural conflicts between thermo- and hydroregulation. Through laboratory observations, I also investigate the trade-offs between behavioural hydroregulation and predator avoidance. I show that detecting predators via chemoreception increases water loss and this ability is therefore sensitive to water restriction. This work suggests that the behavioural strategies employed by organisms for thermo-hydroregulation can influence the dynamics of predator-prey relationships
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Rhisiart, Alun ap. "Communication and anti-predator behaviour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333182.
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Jiang, Yiting. "Anti-predator Behavior of Birds and Conservation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS076/document.
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Prey s'appuie sur les décisions d'évasion lorsqu'il est confronté à des prédateurs pour maximiser les avantages de rester en place tout en réduisant les coûts de la prédation. Ce compromis de l'histoire de vie peut être reflété par la distance d'initiation de vol (FID), la distance à laquelle un individu prend son envol lorsqu'il est approché par un humain. J'ai abordé les facteurs potentiels expliquant la variation FID avec des données d'espèces d'oiseaux en Europe. La variabilité génétique était liée au risque de prédation FID; les espèces d'oiseaux menacées avaient généralement une FID plus longue que les espèces proches non menacées; le caractère distinctif de l'évolution (ED), un indicateur reflétant l'isolement phylogénétique des taxons, était positivement lié à la FID chez les oiseaux d'eau; La FID moyenne de différentes espèces d'oiseaux était positivement corrélée avec les niveaux spécifiques de MDA (malondialdéhyde qui est un indice de stress oxydatif) et UA (acide urique, qui est une mesure de la capacité antioxydante) et FID augmentée avec la taille du troupeau chez les espèces grégaires mais pas chez les espèces non grégaires. Ces résultats peuvent contribuer à la compréhension des causes et des conséquences des différences interspécifiques dans le comportement de fuite des prédateurs contre les prédateurs, et, plus important encore, ils peuvent fournir des moyens de résoudre les problèmes de conservation. Mots-clés : masse corporelle, taille du cerveau, taille effective de la population, modèle linéaire phylogénétique, stress oxydatif, comportement socialPrey rely on escape decisions when confronted with predators to maximize the benefits of staying put while reducing the costs of predation. This life history compromise can be reflected by flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which an individual takes flight when approached by a human. I addressed potential factors explaining variation FID with data from bird species in Europe. Genetic variability was related to predation risk FID; threatened bird species generally had a longer FID than non-threatened closely related species; evolutionary distinctiveness (ED), an indicator reflecting the phylogenetic isolation of taxa, was positively related to FID in waterbirds; mean FID of different species of birds was positively correlated with species-specific levels of MDA (malondialdehyde which is an index of oxidative stress) and UA (uric acid, which is a metric of antioxidant capacity) and FID increased with flock size in gregarious species but not in non-gregarious species. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the causes and consequences of interspecific differences in anti-predator escape behavior of birds, and, more importantly they may provide means for resolving conservation problems. Key words: body mass, brain size, effective population size, phylogenetic linear model, oxidative stress, social behavior
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Whitwell, Sarah Margaret. "The impact of isolation from mammalian predators on the anti-predator behaviours of the North Island robin (Petroica longipes) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1142.
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Conservation in New Zealand has begun to focus heavily on the restoration of degraded mainland ecosystems and the reintroduction of native species that have become locally extinct. In many cases the individuals that are selected for reintroduction are harvested from ‘mammal-free’ offshore islands. This thesis examines the effects of isolation from mammalian predators on the predator avoidance behaviours and predator recognition abilities of New Zealand birds using the North Island robin as a model. It also investigates whether any effects of isolation from mammalian predators has a lasting impact on mainland populations founded by individuals from offshore islands. Nest site selection behaviours were compared across three populations that are exposed to different suites of predators and have differing translocation histories; Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm. Point height intercept and point-centred quarter surveys were used to compare habitat availability between the sites and to compare nest sites with the available habitat. Eight nest characteristic variables were also compared across the three sites using a principle component analysis. Benneydale nests were located higher in the trees and were more concealed than nests at the other two sites. Nests on Tiritiri Matangi were supported by large numbers of thin branches and were located toward the periphery of the nest tree. Unfortunately these differences are very difficult to interpret due to a high degree of variation in the habitat types present at the three sites. The anti-predator behaviours initiated in response to a model stoat, model morepork and control were used to test the ability of nesting robins to recognise the threat that each of these treatments might pose to nest success. Behavioural variables were compared between Benneydale, Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm using a response intensity scoring system and a principle component analysis. The results indicated that isolation from mammalian predators on Tiritiri Matangi has suppressed the ability of robins on the island to recognise the predatory threat posed by a stoat. They also suggest that the intense mammal control carried out at Wenderholm may have inhibited the ability of local robins to produce strong anti-predator responses when faced with a stoat.
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Carlson, Nora. "Anti-predator behaviour in UK tit species : information encoding, predator recognition, and individual variation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11366.
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To combat the ever-present threat of predation many species produce anti-predator vocalizations and behaviours (mobbing) designed to drive predators away. These vocalizations can encode a predator's threat level, and many species within a community will eavesdrop on this information. To determine how prey species produce, use, and respond to anti-predator information and how individual, social, and phylogenetic factors of different species may influence this behaviour, I conducted a series of robotic-predator presentation and anti-predator vocalization playback experiments in the wild and lab. I predicted that UK Paridae would encode information the same as previously studied species. I found that UK Paridae encode predator information in different ways, and that neither phylogeny nor ecology explained the patterns of similarity in how different species encode predator threat in their calls. Flock structure appeared to affect how species encoded predator threat and while multiple species may be sources of information for familiar flock mates, only blue and great tits met the criteria to be community informants. As blue and great tits need prior experience to recognize novel predators and juvenile great tits avoid novel predators only after seeing adults mob them, tits may use mobbing calls to learn about novel predators. While they responded to mobbing calls, juvenile blue and great tits did not engage in mobbing behaviour although they appear capable of doing so. Furthermore, while individuals varied in their responses to aerial alarm calls this variation was not explained by either their proximity to the call nor their personality. In this close examination of how anti-predator vocalizations are produced and used by UK Paridae, I found variation in these signals. This challenges previous assumptions about how Paridae encode information, raising questions as to the sources of this variation.
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Schel, Anne Marijke. "Anti-predator behaviour of Guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guerez) /." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/832.
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Black-and-white colobus monkeys are renowned for their impressive vocal behaviour, but up to date there have been only very few systematic efforts to study this. These monkeys are able to produce loud and low-pitched roars that transmit over long distances, which has lead to the assumption that these calls function in inter-group spacing and male-male competition. The fact that the monkeys sometimes produce the same calls to predators as well, has not received much attention so far. This thesis presents a detailed description of the form and function of the anti-predator behaviour of one species of black-and-white colobus monkeys, the Guereza (Colobus guereza), with a specific focus on their alarm calling behaviour. A second aim was to determine the effects of predator experience on their anti-predator behaviour, with a specific focus on call comprehension and production. Data were collected from two populations of Guereza monkeys in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda, that differ in predation pressures experienced by their main predators: leopards, eagles and chimpanzees. Results showed that Guerezas use a basic form of zoo-syntax in order to compose predator-specific call sequences that vary in the number of roaring phrases and snorts. These sequences are meaningful to recipients, at least at the level of the predator class, but there were also indications for additional levels of encoded information: Guerezas appear to have evolved a second system, based on acoustic variants of individual phrases, which allows them to narrow down the information content of call sequences, generating the potential to communicate highly specific information by using a mix of syntactic and semantic cues. The monkeys’ vocal behaviour was influenced by predator experience, but not strongly so. Monkeys without prior experience with leopards lacked some of the behavioural nuances seen in leopard-experienced monkeys, but they nevertheless responded appropriately to visual and acoustic leopard models, suggesting they had retained the basic capacities to recognise this predator type as relevant and dangerous. Results are discussed in light of the comparative approach to the study of human language evolution. Although human language is unique in a number of ways, for example through its use of complex syntax and intentional semantics, some animal communication systems have revealed similar features, and Guerezas, the first member of the colobine family to be studied in this respect, are no exception. The Guerezas’ alarm calling behaviour is complex and flexible, and these monkeys have provided another piece of empirical evidence that is directly relevant for the comparative approach to human language evolution.
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Dalesman, Sarah Joanne. "Anti-predator behaviour in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2707.
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The freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis was used as a model organism to investigate the mechanisms employed by prey species to fine-tune anti-predator behaviour to match their environment. Lymnaea stagnalis was found to exhibit both genetic adaptation of innate responses and also induced responses to predator cues. Snails were also capable of responding to predation cues via associative learning dependent on recent experience. Constitutive responses were found to differ between populations depending on the predator regime that the population experienced in the wild. Artificial selection produced in only two generations a difference in the magnitude of response between high and low response selected lines equal to those seen between field populations in two generations. At the same time these selected lines maintained phenotypic plasticity and responded to exposure to predator cues during development. This developmental plasticity led to an increased response to predation cues in the low selected line equivilent to that in the high response selection line; a lack of induced change in behaviour in the high response selection line suggested a physiological limitation on the maximum anti-predator response. The response in the low selection lines indicates that plasticity in anti-predator behaviour could allow individuals with low innate responses to compensate with high levels of induced response. Finally, L. stagnalis was able to utilise alarm cues from prey guild members (i.e. other freshwater gastropods) to assess predation risk, a response that was dependent on the phylogenetic relationship between L. stagnalis and the species producing the alarm cue. However, this response was dependent on whether the species was found sympatrically ( cohabiting the same water body) with L. stagnalis. Together, the rapid microevolution of constitutive responses in L. stagnalis, its ability to show induced responses and associative learning indicates that this species may be able to respond rapidly to a novel predation environment, and therefore allow colonistion of new habitats or identification of novel predators.
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Dowell, Simon Derek. "The ontogeny of anti-predator behaviour in game bird chicks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257814.
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Ca¨sar, Cristiane. "Anti-predator behaviour of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2575.
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Titi monkeys have long been known for their complex vocal behaviour with numerous high- and low-pitched calls, which can be uttered singly or combined in more complex structures. However, up to date very little is known concerning the function, meaning and context-specific use of these vocal utterances, and virtually nothing is known about their vocalisations in the predation context. This thesis presents a detailed description of the form and function of the anti-predator behaviour of one species of titi monkeys, the black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), with a specific focus on their alarm call behaviour. A second aim was to determine the exact mechanisms of alarm calling behaviour, with an emphasis on production and comprehension. Data were collected from several habituated groups in the Caraça Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results showed that, when detecting predator species, C nigrifrons produce sequences that initially contain two types of brief, high-pitched calls with distinct frequency contours. Further evidence suggested that some of these sequences are meaningful to conspecific receivers, by indicating the general predator class and location of threat. There were also indications that, within the terrestrial threats, additional information may be encoded by acoustic and compositional differences. Analyses of call order and number of calls per sequence suggested that callers may be able to convey information on both predator type and location. The black-fronted titi monkeys’ vocal system thus provides a further example of zoo-syntax, in which acoustically fixed units of a vocal repertoire are combined into higher order sequences that are meaningful to recipients. According to current definitions, this type of calling behaviour qualifies as functionally referential, by indicating general predator class, terrestrial predator type and location. As such, this is the first empirical demonstration of a sequence-based alarm call system that conveys information on both predator category and location.
Books on the topic "Anti-predator behaviours"
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Kerling, Candice L. The efficacy of anti-predator behaviour in the wood fog tadpole (Rana sylvatica). St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2007.
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Sherratt, Thomas N., and Changku Kang. Anti-predator behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0009.
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Insects have evolved a wide range of behavioral traits to avoid predation. Frequently, these behaviors are deployed to augment the effectiveness of a primary defence such as crypsis or mimicry, but they are also sometimes elicited as a secondary defence when a primary defence fails. Anti-predator behaviors in insects include adaptations to avoid being detected by predators, adaptations rendering the insect unattractive to consume, warning behaviors, and behaviors to enhance the effectiveness of mimicry. This chapter reviews many of these behavioral anti-predator adaptations, emphasizing when they are elicited and highlighting their adaptive significance. We argue that some of the inter-specific variation in behavioral defences can be explained in terms of defensive portfolios: if a physical defence is sufficient, then behaviour to augment or back-up this defence is unnecessary. As the use of comparative methods increases, researchers will be better placed to understand variation in the suites of defences that evolve.
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Thiel, Martin, and Gary A. Wellborn, eds. Life Histories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620271.001.0001.
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Crustaceans are increasingly being used as model organisms in all fields of biology, including neurobiology, developmental biology, animal physiology, evolutionary ecology, biogeography, and resource management. Crustaceans have a very wide range of phenotypes and inhabit a diverse array of environments, ranging from the deep sea to high mountain lakes and even deserts. The evolution of their life histories has permitted crustaceans to successfully colonize this variety of habitats. Few other taxa exhibit such a variety of life histories and behavior. A comprehensive overview of their life histories is essential to the understanding of many aspects of their success in marine and terrestrial environments. This book provides a general overview of crustacean life histories. Crustaceans have particular life history adaptations that have permitted them to conquer all environments on earth. Crustacean life cycles have evolved to maximize fecundity, growth, and ageing, in a wide range of environmental conditions. Individual contributions contrast benefits and costs of different life histories including sexual versus asexual production, semelparity versus iteroparity, and planktonic larvae versus direct development. Important aspects of particular behaviors are presented (e.g. migrations, defense and territorial behaviors, anti-predator behavior, symbiosis).
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Deflecting the point of attack. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0012.
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Deflection involves prey influencing the position of the initial contact of a predator with the prey’s body, in a way that benefits the prey. These traits might be behavioural, involve morphological structures, or pigmentation and other appearance traits, or combinations thereof. The benefit to the prey is normally considered to be an increased likelihood of escaping the attack, and so the benefit to the prey comes at a cost to the predator. The anti-predatory mechanisms covered in this book vary greatly in current understanding of their taxonomic distribution, and deflection is an extreme example of this. It has been postulated to occur in a sparse and eclectic group of organisms, and the evidence for its existence is quite variable among members of this group. We spend the bulk of this chapter exploring this evidence. We argue that the evidence currently available allows some speculation on the evolutionary ecology of this anti-predatory strategy, and we develop hypotheses that aim to broaden the scope of research into deflective traits.
Book chapters on the topic "Anti-predator behaviours"
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Gawryszewski, Felipe M. "Anti-Predator Strategies." In Behaviour and Ecology of Spiders, 397–415. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65717-2_15.
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Magurran, A. E. "Population Differences in Minnow Anti-Predator Behavior." In Ethoexperimental Approaches to the Study of Behavior, 192–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2403-1_12.
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Morihiro, Koichiro, Haruhiko Nishimura, Teijiro Isokawa, and Nobuyuki Matsui. "Reinforcement Learning Scheme for Grouping and Anti-predator Behavior." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 115–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74829-8_15.
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Morihiro, Koichiro, Haruhiko Nishimura, Teijiro Isokawa, and Nobuyuki Matsui. "Learning Grouping and Anti-predator Behaviors for Multi-agent Systems." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 426–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85565-1_53.
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Dennis, Roger L. H. "Adult anti-predator behaviour - life and death in the habitat." In Butterfly biology systems: connections and interactions in life history and behaviour, 290–305. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243574.0290.
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Morihiro, Koichiro, Haruhiko Nishimura, Teijiro Isokawa, and Nobuyuki Matsui. "Grouping and Anti-predator Behaviors for Multi-agent Systems Based on Reinforcement Learning Scheme." In Innovations in Multi-Agent Systems and Applications - 1, 149–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14435-6_6.
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"Anti-predator Defense." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 358. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_300139.
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"Crying wolf: anti-predator behaviour." In Hunter and Hunted, 165–80. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614996.011.
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Møller, Anders Pape. "Risk-taking behaviour as a central concept in evolutionary biology." In The World at Our Fingertips, 301–14. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851738.003.0017.
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Predation is a common cause of mortality, having resulted in the evolution of a diverse kind of anti-predator behaviour across the animal kingdom. One such key behaviour is flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the distance at which animals take flight, when approached by a potential predator such as a human. Extensive research during the past two decades has revealed that optimal anti-predator behaviour is adjusted to life history (the combination of timing of reproduction, fecundity, survivorship, and others). FID is heritable, responds to natural selection and hence shows rapid micro-evolutionary change when animals are exposed to domestication, climate warming, or when introduced to novel environments. Peri-personal space (PPS) and inter-personal space (IPS) may be linked to FID, opening up the possibility of studying these disparate components of behaviour in a common context. Here, I provide a brief review of the extensive literature on FID, but much less well-studied PPS and IPS, and suggest ways in which such behaviour can provide insights into the evolution of anti-predator behaviour and life history. Such knowledge may help us resolve problems in conservation, effects of human disturbance on wild animals, problems of anti-predator behaviour for animal welfare, and potentially even maladaptive anti-predator behaviour and PPS and IPS in humans.
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Frid, A., and M. R. Heithaus. "Conservation and Anti-Predator Behavior." In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 366–76. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00304-1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Anti-predator behaviours"
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Salamah, U., A. Suryanto, and W. M. Kusumawinahyu. "Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with stage-structure, Beddington-DeAngelis functional response, and anti-predator behavior." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMATHEMATICS (SYMOMATH) 2018. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5094265.
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Danforth, Shannon M., Margaret Kohler, Daniel Bruder, Alison R. Davis Rabosky, Sridhar Kota, Ram Vasudevan, and Talia Y. Moore. "Emulating duration and curvature of coral snake anti-predator thrashing behaviors using a soft-robotic platform." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197549.
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