Journal articles on the topic 'Anthropology – History – 20th Century'
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Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.
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Boskovic, Aleksandar. "Socio-cultural anthropology today." Sociologija 44, no. 4 (2002): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0204329b.
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The article presents a history of the development of theoretical perspectives within the social and cultural anthropology from the early 20th century. Beginning with functionalism and structural functionalism, the author traces the influences of structuralism, Marxism, interpretivism, gender, cultural and post-colonial studies, concluding with a set of five themes characteristic for the contemporary anthropological research.
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Helle‐Valle, Jo. "Social change and sexual mores: a comparison between pre‐20th‐century Norway and 20th‐century Botswana." History and Anthropology 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0275720032000156460.
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Dollinger, Marc. "Jewish identities in 20th-century America." Contemporary Jewry 24, no. 1 (October 2003): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02961568.
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the history of linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 30, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.05fal.
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Summary In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities – linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages – but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.
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Palmié, Stephan. "Africanisms." African Diaspora 11, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2019): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-01101005.
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Abstract This essay attempts to chart the career of the concept of ‘Africanisms’ in the anthropology and history of the African Diaspora in the Americas. After surveying the origins of the concept, I focus on the role of Melville J. Herskovits’ highly influential mobilisation of the concept, its major mid-20th century critiques, and a highly influential late 20th century reaction to the terms of these debates. I will conclude by indicating how Africanist historians have come to repurpose this concept around the turn of the millennium, and how more recent scholarship might indicate the end of its usefulness as an analytical category.
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Alexander, Jeffrey C. "Recovering the primitive in the modern: The cultural turn and the origins of cultural sociology." Thesis Eleven 165, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136211032829.
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This essay provides an intellectual history for the cultural turn that transformed the human sciences in the mid-20th century and led to the creation of cultural sociology in the late 20th century. It does so by conceptualizing and contextualizing the limitations of the binary primitive/modernity. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, leading thinkers – among them Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Freud – confined thinking and feeling styles like ritual, symbolism, totem, and devotional practice to a primitivism that would be transformed by the rationality and universalism of modernity. While the barbarisms of the 20th century cast doubt on such predictions, only an intellectual revolution could provide the foundations for an alternative social theory. The cultural turn in philosophy, aesthetics, and anthropology erased the division between primitive and modern; in sociology, the classical writings of Durkheim were recentered around his later, religious sociology. These intellectual currents fed into a cultural sociology that challenged the sociology of culture, creating radically new research programs in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
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Brody, J. J. "Retrospection, Memory and Imagination in the Study of 20th-century Native American Art History." Museum Anthropology 24, no. 2-3 (September 2000): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mua.2000.24.2-3.17.
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Haut, Judith E. "Folklore in the Classroom: 19th-Century Roots, 20th-Century Perspectives." Western Folklore 50, no. 1 (January 1991): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1499398.
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Rocca, Julius. "WLH Duckworth (1870–1956) and his translation of Galen's Anatomical Procedures." Journal of Medical Biography 15, no. 3 (August 2007): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-20.
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Wynfrid Laurence Henry Duckworth was one of the leading comparative anatomists of the first half of the 20th century, and he made important contributions to biological anthropology and anatomical education. In his eighth decade Duckworth turned his considerable gifts to the history of medicine. This paper examines the circumstances of his English translation of the second half of Anatomical Procedures, one of Galen's most important works.
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Oganezov, Aleksandr E. "Interdisciplinarity and Collaborative Filmmaking in Anthropological Cinema." Observatory of Culture 15, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2018-15-6-682-692.
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Anthropological cinema is the most representative form of visual anthropological research, due to which it can be considered a kind of calling card of visual anthropology. It is confirmed by facts from the history of the scientific discipline and by constant, continuous interest in anthropological films both from researchers and from the audience. This is caused by variety of different factors, though the key ones are the “visual turn” in the 20th century culture, the development of cinema and television, mostly in the second half of the 20th century, and the media-oriented socio-cultural direction in the period of postmodernism.We can see that the 20th century, despite a lot of negative events, was a fertile ground for the foundation and further development of visual anthropology. However, nowadays we can still observe new different trends in the development of this scientific direction. The increase in the number of interdisciplinary researches, the high degree of involvement in collaborative work of researchers from various scientific spheres, the advancing level of audiovisual media democratization and popularization, and the continuous development of filmmaking technologies — all these, clearly, are modern factors that determine the further direction and specificity of the development of visual anthropology and, in particular, anthropological cinema.This article considers and analyzes the above-mentioned characteristic features of the anthropological cinema of the postmodern period. Special attention is paid to the development of interdisciplinary contacts between visual anthropology and related scientific disciplines, the democratization of video production and the sphere of audiovisual media, and the direction of collaborative anthropological filmmaking.Study and analysis of these features of the anthropological cinema of the postmodern period can help to identify further ways for development of academic and applied visual anthropology in the socio-humanitarian sphere, to understand the nature of media relations within the framework of visual anthropological research, and to determine the role of author-researcher in contemporary visual anthropological discourse.
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Fleisher, Mark S. "Historical Roots of Chicago’s Contemporary Violence: An Interpretation of Chicago’s Early Sociologists’ Texts on Black Assimilation." Journal of Black Studies 50, no. 8 (November 2019): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934719883358.
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Early 20th-century Chicago witnessed an in-migration of foreign-born immigrants and Black American migrants fleeing slavery. As the Black Americans’ population increased and dispersed across urban neighborhoods, Whites’ anti-Black aggression and violence intensified. This article outlines the mechanisms that account for this discord through an examination of sociological texts. We propose that, first, contemporary racial discord has diachronic origins; second, 21st-century synchronic analysis of racial discord, absent of historical insight, cannot adequately account for a century of racial violence by attributing it to poverty and employment going overseas; and, third, a century of racism cannot be mitigated by replacing personnel in administrative agencies, retraining law enforcement personnel, and tightening police oversight. Mitigation of systemic law enforcement violence toward Black Americans must first recognize the contemporary effects of the history of law enforcement agencies’ institutionalized racism documented by sociologists a century ago. A synchronic account of the origin of that racism lays deeply buried in the intellectual history of early 20th-century social science when decades of social researchers misinterpreted the influence of culture and biology on racial behavior.
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Siuda-Ambroziak, Renata, and Rodrigo Coppe Caldeira. "Editorial — Transformations of Latin American Catholicism Since the Mid-20th Century." International Journal of Latin American Religions 5, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41603-021-00153-3.
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Kaczmarek, Wojciech. ""Nacinanie sykomory" - czyli jak badać chrześcijański wymiar dramatu i teatru XX wieku." Colloquia Litteraria 21, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/cl.2016.2.1.
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The paper approaches the problem of a research of a Christian dimension of literature and theatre in the period of the crisis of Christian anthropology, which has been deeply felt at the end of the 20th century. Destructive elements have appeared in the understanding of the history and the role which Christianity has played in the construction of the world. The fruits of the contemporary culture have become sour; they contradict achievements of humanism and create an entity which has been named by Pope John Paul II as the “culture of death”. A researcher of the 20th century literature and theatre in his/her attempt to reach to the source of these processes and reveal real roots of the European culture must make an “incision” with Logos or with “the Light of the Gospel” on the body of the work created by this culture. So, that, as a result of this “incision” the elements which poison it might be eliminated. In this way a transcendental dimension of the European culture could be revealed and a proper description could start; proper because it could undertake the type of anthropology which had been revealed in the Bible and later developed by Judaism and Christianity.
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Saburova, Tatiana. "Geographical Imagination, Anthropology, and Political Exiles." Sibirica 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sib.2020.190105.
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This article is focused on several themes connected with the history of photography, political exile in Imperial Russia, exploration and representations of Siberia in the late 19th–early 20th centuries. Photography became an essential tool in numerous geographic, topographic and ethnographic expeditions to Siberia in the late 19th century; well-known scientists started to master photography or were accompanied by professional photographers in their expeditions, including ones organized by the Russian Imperial Geographic Society, which resulted in the photographic records, reports, publications and exhibitions. Photography was rapidly spreading across Asian Russia and by the end of the 19th century there was a photo studio (or several ones) in almost every Siberian town. Political exiles were often among Siberian photographers, making photography their new profession, business, a way of getting a social status in the local society, and a means of surviving financially as well as intellectually and emotionally. They contributed significantly to the museum’s collections by photographing indigenous people in Siberia and even traveling to Mongolia and China, displaying “types” as a part of anthropological research in Asia and presenting “views” of the Russian empire’s borderlands. The visual representation of Siberia corresponded with general perceptions of an exotic East, populated by “primitive” peoples devoid of civilization, a trope reinforced by numerous photographs and depictions of Siberia as an untamed natural world, later transformed and modernized by the railroads construction.
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Allinson, Gary D., and Thomas R. H. Havens. "Architects of Affluence: The Tsutsumi Family and the Seibu Enterprises in 20th-Century Japan." Monumenta Nipponica 50, no. 4 (1995): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385604.
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Skinner, Jonathan. "Interning the Serpent: Witchcraft, Religion and the Law on Montserrat in the 20th Century." History and Anthropology 16, no. 2 (June 2005): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757200500116139.
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Petrov, Alexander. "SPIRITUAL VERSES ABOUT TSAREVICH JOASAPH: PLOTS AND METRICAL MODELS." Antropologicheskij forum 17, no. 49 (June 2021): 88–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2021-17-49-88-131.
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The article considers the problem of the development of metrical forms of the cycle of folklore spiritual verses about Tsarevich Joasaph. Spiritual verses related to the literary tradition are used as supplementary material. The aim of the research is to trace the evolution of the metrics of folklore spiritual verses about Tsarevich Joasaph in the context of the history of Russian versification. The tasks of the research are the formation of a database of texts, differentiation of the texts into thematic groups, selection of method of work, and the analysis of folk and literary variants. The research methodology is determined by its complex nature, being at the intersection of folklore, linguistics, and literary studies. Taking into account the heterogeneity of the material, special methods are used for texts created within the framework of different systems of versification: syllabic, accentual, and syllabic-accentual. The entire corpus of texts consists of seven types of plots and can be divided into metrical groups depending on the time and the environment of their creation. The earliest known text dates from the 16th century; it is a free, non-rhymed accentual verse. A significant corpus of texts was created in the 17th century, in line with the literary syllabic system of versification; these are spiritual verses with 8 or 13 syllables per line. Some of these were assimilated by folk culture and subsequently lost their syllabic equality of lines, becoming close to the accentual system. Literary texts of the 18th–19th centuries are closer to the syllabic-accentual system; sometimes they include polymetric poetic forms. Folklore texts collected in the 19th–20th centuries are based mainly on the accentual system of versification (dolnik, taktovik, accentual verse); however, as we move towards the 20th century, syllabic-accentual tendencies also intensify in this area. In the 20th century, the tradition of spiritual poetry was based on syllabic-accentual models borrowed from the works of Russian classics. The long history of the existence of this poetic cycle is, in general, in line with the evolution of Russian versification. At the same time, if the syllabic-accentual verse has been formed since the 18th century in the literary tradition of spiritual poetry, then in folklore it spread relatively late. Reliable examples of syllabic-accentual versification are found in folklore spiritual verses about Tsarevich Joasaph from the second half of the 19th century.
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Neugebauer, Wibke, Clarimma Sessa, Christoph Steuer, Thorsten Allscher, and Heike Stege. "Naphthol Green – a forgotten artists’ pigment of the early 20th century. History, chemistry and analytical identification." Journal of Cultural Heritage 36 (March 2019): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.08.008.
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Vasconcelos e Sousa, Gonçalo. "Flatware Cases in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Res Mobilis 10, no. 13-2 (June 14, 2021): 244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rm.10.13-2.2021.244-260.
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Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisited the old Portuguese tradition of making cases for flatware, producing especially designed cases for tea and coffee spoons. Endowed with great manual skill, she replicated models of the 19th century. The novelty consisted on luxurious coffee spoons cases’ of small dimensions. With wooden structure, these presented a leather lining on the outside enriched with metal fittings, while crimson velvet and gallons lined the inside. Some oral memoirs will also be hereby presented giving the context of her production.
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Kochieva, Madina A. "MUSLIM COMMUNITY OF NORTH OSSETIA IN THE POST-SOVIET ERA. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 388–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch182388-409.
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In our work, we attempt to describe the events that impacted the life of the Muslim community in the multi-confessional republic of North Ossetia-Alania at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century; to analyze their causal link, the influence of Caucasian and global trends on them. During the study, we applied descriptive-narrative and historical-genetic methods. We have come to the conclusion that at the end of the 20th – early 21st century the Ossetian Muslim community turned out to be receptive to global trends, while the Ossetian “neophytes” – to the ideas of radical Islamic movements. However, by now the split of the Muslim community of Ossetia into supporters of moderate Islam and supporters of radical views has been overcome. The terrorist attack in Beslan in 2004 had unprecedented consequences for the Muslim community in Ossetia and noticeably changed the attitude towards Islam within the Ossetian society. It has also become evident that if in the first decade of the 21st century tension between the Islamic clergy of Ossetia and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church were dominant, then in the second decade of the century the conflicts of Muslims with passionate adherents of the traditional Ossetian religion were actualized.
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Joseph, John E., and Frederick J. Newmeyer. "‘All Languages Are Equally Complex’." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 2-3 (November 23, 2012): 341–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.2-3.08jos.
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Summary Throughout most of the history of the discipline, linguists have had little hesitation in comparing languages in terms of their relative complexity, whether or not they extrapolated judgements of superiority or inferiority from such comparisons. By the mid 20th century, however, a consensus had arisen that all languages were of equal complexity. This paper documents and explains the rise of this consensus, as well as the reasons that have led to it being challenged in recent years, from various directions, including language diversity, as analysed by Daniel Everett; arguments about Creoles and Creoloids, as put forward by Peter Trudgill, and others; and views from generative linguistics and evolutionary anthropology.
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Tuoheti, Alimu. "The Retrospect of Modern China on Islamic Studies—Centered on People, Institutions and Their Academic Activities." International Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 5 (August 30, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v9i5.5338.
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The academic history of Islam in China. It not only refers to the academic history of Chinese scholars' research on Chinese Islam, but also includes the carding of various researches and achievements of Chinese scholars on foreign Islam and Muslims. This includes the study of Islamic classics such as Koran and Hadith, History, Pedagogy, Philosophy, Politics, Society and Culture. Islam and Muslims in different regions of foreign countries also have different characteristics, and the research methods also respect this aspect of attention. On the origin of academic history: according to the author's own and previous research results, it can be concluded that academic research with contemporary significance began at the beginning of the 20th century. Under the background of the introduction of Western learning to the East, modern academic research methods also affected the research field of Islam in China. There are four imams with high academic level, such as Ha Decheng, Wang Jingzhai, Da Pusheng and Ma Songtin. There is also Chen Hanzhang, Chen Yuan and Chuan Tongxian non-Muslim scholars joining the ranks of Islamic researchers. There was little research before the 20th century. The year 2000 can be regarded as the dividing line in the evolution of modern Islamic academic history. The period from the beginning of the 20th century to the founding of new China can be regarded as the beginning period. The period from the founding of new China to the reform and development can be regarded as the initial period. During this period, due to various political movements and other reasons, China's Islamic academic history and many other fields suffered setbacks such as stagnation to varying degrees. The period from reform and development to 2000 can be regarded as the prosperous period of Islamic academic research in contemporary China. During the period from 2001 to now, the subject consciousness is clear and the research methods are diversified. Many industries and scholars have actively participated in this research field, that is, using the theories and methods of religion, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, history, philosophy, linguistics, culture, politics and other disciplines to systematically study the historical, political, economic, cultural and other phenomena of Islam and Muslims, so as to lay a foundation for the further development of China's Islamic research.
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Půtová, Barbora. "Natural history objects, casts and reconstructions and their role in scientific work in the 19th and 20th century: Karel Absolon's collecting activity." Anthropologie 59, no. 2 (2021): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26720/anthro.21.03.29.1.
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Sharaeva, Tatyana I. "Особенности иконографии в калмыцкой вышивке: традиционные и современные практики." Oriental Studies 14, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 314–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-314-336.
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Introduction. The Kalmyks are a Mongolic Buddhist people that arrived in the Volga region in the 17th century. The specific ethnic features of Buddhism professed by the Kalmyks took shape over centuries of Russian suzerainty and were determined by various historical factors, including prolonged remoteness from Buddhist centers, the total eradication of Buddhist monasteries and centuries-long ban on spiritual guidance experienced in the 20th century, and the official Buddhist restoration by the early 21st century. Goals. The work aims at identifying and comparing traditional and contemporary Buddhist thangka patterns as elements to mirror particular features of Kalmyk iconography, as essential objects of religious cult and cultural heritage at large. Results. The paper shows that in the pre-20th century period Kalmyks used different techniques for producing thangkas — painting, embroidery, and applique ones. In the late 18th century onwards, imports of religious attributes from Tibet and Mongolia were restricted, and the role of art workshops affiliated to local Buddhist temples increased. That resulted in further development of thangka painting schools and the shaping of somewhat ethnic style in depicting Buddhist deities characterized by certain differences from canonical images. The old thangkas from private and public collections have served a basis for the restoration of ethnic painting traditions integral to Kalmykia’s Buddhism proper. The contemporary practices of producing divine images are closely related to stages in the regional development of Buddhism from the late 20th century to the present, lay Buddhist experiences, women’s leisure-time activities, and ethnic entrepreneurship. The study concludes contemporary Kalmyk needlewomen are guided by traditional rules of religious craftsmanship.
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Stepanov, Boris. "“Coming Soon?”: Cinematic Sociology and the Cultural Turn." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 4 (2020): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-4-152-177.
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Throughout the 20th century, cinema has played, and, to some extent, continues to play a key role in shaping the social imagination and anthropology of modern human. Nevertheless, as a review of English scholarly literature shows, cinema, unlike art and music, remains a marginal subject of analysis for sociologists. The article attempts to consider the state of sociological reflection on cinema in the context of the cultural turn in sociology in both the international and national contexts. By reconstructing the history of the interaction between sociology, film studies, and cultural studies, the author not only proves the scar-city of interest among sociologists in the analysis of cinema, but also discusses the ways by which socio-logical perspectives were involved in film research at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries, and the potential of the latter for the study of social imagination. A survey of communities of Soviet sci-fi cinema fans demonstrates one possible way of developing of the sociologically oriented program of cinema studies.
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Toulouze, Eva, and Laur Vallikivi. "“We Cannot Pray Without Kumyshka”: Alcohol in Udmurt Ritual Life." Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jef-2021-0025.
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Abstract We trace the history of the uses of the alcoholic drink known as kumyshka among the Udmurt. Our focus is on kumyshka’s ritual uses both in public and domestic contexts in the second half of the 19th century, the early 20th century as well as the early 21st century. We suggest that kumyshka not only represents a site of resistance to the dominant religious regime, i.e. Russian Orthodoxy, but is also a tool for self-enhancement and identity making for this indigenous people in the Volga River basin in Central Russia. The consumption of kumyshka has been a frequent object of criticism in the accounts of Orthodox clergy, scholars, doctors, travellers and administrators. Most accounts show a moralising stance, which only occasionally reflects the local understandings behind its uses. As anthropologists working in the region, we compare these historical sources with the current practices. We discuss changes in the religious sphere as well as in gender roles related to the uses of kumyshka.
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Nazarska, Zhorzheta. "The housewives' periodicals in the modernization of the Bulgarian village: a case study from the 1930s-1940s." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i1.3.
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The article examines social modernization in the Bulgarian village in the first half of the 20th century and particularly the place of the periodicals as a factor for cultural influences. The focus of the study is put on young women’s generation, who improved their educational status and became agents of the social change from towns to villages. The individual perception of the housewives’ (women) press in the 1930s-1970s is based on private archives and interviews, and is done by means of historical reconstruction and social anthropology.
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Krylova, Anastasia. "History, Structure, and Origins of the Autochthonous Scripts for Munda Languages." Anthropos 116, no. 2 (2021): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-2-331.
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The article deals with four original scripts for Munda languages, invented in the 20th century by the native speakers of Munda. These are as follows: Ol Chiki, invented by Raghunath Murmu for Santali language; Sorang Sompeng, invented by Mangei Gomango for Sora; Warang Citi, invented by Lako Bodra for Ho; Bani Hisir, invented by Rohidas Singh for Mundari. The author analyzes the structures of the character sets and makes assumptions regarding the origins of the characters. In some cases, the author proposes alternative versions of the origins of the Warang Citi script, which was widely examined by Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow. Certain characters of Sorang Sompeng might bear resemblance to the Latin script and some Indian scripts, while Bani Hisir seems to have been influenced by Ol Chiki and partly by Warang Citi.
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Getashvili, Nina V. "«Eternal Images» of Antiquity: Functional Analysis in the Scope of the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries Visual Culture." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 2022): 09–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0873.
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Traced the desire of star artists from France, Italy, Spain, Great Britain, Russia, different generations and with fundamentally different worldview foundations of creativity, in recent decades to include antique motifs in their imaginative programs; moreover, making them the translators of individual artistic expressions reflecting socio-cultural reception. The portrayal of ancient images, on different aesthetic and worldview bases, are present in the experimental works of the modernism, in the postmodernism (which became a reflection of the collapse of the whole picture of the world observed in modern psychology, philosophy, history), are a means of actualization gender issues, the problems of the LDF community, a reflection of glamorous aesthetics, arise in examples of street art and arte-pover, elite and mass culture, etc. For the first time in many centuries, «antique» sculptures appear at city crossroads and squares, bearing signs of the formal vocabulary of new trends. Over the past more than half a century, the individual statements of artists, in an attempt to remain in the field of polemical discourse, in an effort to expand the boundaries of the norm, including the recently approved ones, took place within the framework of large-scale (it is important to be aware) conceptual projects, thematically completely based on the interpretation of the images of Antiquity, which takes place for the first time in the history of exhibition practice. Moreover, these projects sometimes seem to be milestones in the development of contemporary art
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Shcherbatova, Irina F. "The Formation of the Historiosophical Discourse in Russiaat the Beginning of the 19th Century." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-1-122-131.
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This article argues that by 1830s historiosophical discourse in Russia had become both a specific genre and a type of ideology. The article outlines the spectrum of philosophical approaches to history within this genre and ideology. It argues that the defeat of the Decembrist revolt led to the formation of a particular negative interpretation of Russian history amongst Russian philosophers of that time. The author offers an analysis of works by Dmitry Venevitinov, Ivan Kireyevsky, and Pyotr Chaadayev written in the late 1820s and in the early 1830s. These texts allow us to explore the genealogy and distinctive style of Russian philosophy of history. Nikolay Karamzin’s interpretation of history as governed by providence proved to be the most influential interpretation of the 19th century. Pyotr Chaadaev’s historical pessimism and Ivan Kireyevsky’s optimistic messianism were both influenced by Karamzin’s humanist anthropology. All these thinkers were looking to determine the meaning of Russian history, and this very task inevitably entails rhetorical and ideological constructions. Russian messianism and the popular Russian idea of the decay of Europe were inspired by the conservative reception of the French revolution by religious thinkers in Europe. This messianic philosophy of history was expressed in a very non-scholarly discourse and was interwoven with ideas of teleology and providence together with some superficial comparative observations. There is a striking similarity between philosophy of history in the 1830s and the philosophy that was developed by the authors of the Vekhi collection in the early 20th century.
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Shcherbatova, Irina F. "The Formation of the Historiosophical Discourse in Russiaat the Beginning of the 19th Century." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 1 (2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-1-122-131.
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This article argues that by 1830s historiosophical discourse in Russia had become both a specific genre and a type of ideology. The article outlines the spectrum of philosophical approaches to history within this genre and ideology. It argues that the defeat of the Decembrist revolt led to the formation of a particular negative interpretation of Russian history amongst Russian philosophers of that time. The author offers an analysis of works by Dmitry Venevitinov, Ivan Kireyevsky, and Pyotr Chaadayev written in the late 1820s and in the early 1830s. These texts allow us to explore the genealogy and distinctive style of Russian philosophy of history. Nikolay Karamzin’s interpretation of history as governed by providence proved to be the most influential interpretation of the 19th century. Pyotr Chaadaev’s historical pessimism and Ivan Kireyevsky’s optimistic messianism were both influenced by Karamzin’s humanist anthropology. All these thinkers were looking to determine the meaning of Russian history, and this very task inevitably entails rhetorical and ideological constructions. Russian messianism and the popular Russian idea of the decay of Europe were inspired by the conservative reception of the French revolution by religious thinkers in Europe. This messianic philosophy of history was expressed in a very non-scholarly discourse and was interwoven with ideas of teleology and providence together with some superficial comparative observations. There is a striking similarity between philosophy of history in the 1830s and the philosophy that was developed by the authors of the Vekhi collection in the early 20th century.
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Kadžytė, Gražina. "The Last One among the 20th Century Priests – Folklore Collectors." Tautosakos darbai 52 (December 30, 2016): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28877.
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Rich collections of the Lithuanian Folklore Archives, now amassing over 2 million pieces, are the result of ceaseless efforts not only by the researchers, but also by numerous volunteer assistants, among which there were quite a number of enlightened Lithuanian priests. Priest Antanas Valantinas (1916–2004), an active collector of folklore from the second half of the 20th century, also belonged to this group. His 100th anniversary was celebrated this year. In 1958–1989, responding to the invitation of his contemporary folklorists to join in the work of folklore collecting, this priest recorded and handed over to the Archives 115 folklore collections, comprising in total 13 148 folklore pieces. Valantinas collected folklore both in his native places and in the parishes where he worked as a priest. Valantinas was also a literary man: he composed poems and personally published over 20 books and brochures containing poetry, essays, sermons, as well as several small folklore collections. Although the Archives still receives folklore recorded by the priests working in the second half of the previous century, Valantinas stands out among them as the most prolific collector and the last priest – folklore collector of such scope. This essay discusses the events organized to commemorate the merits of this deserving worker in the field of the Lithuanian folklore.
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Prokopieva, Aleksandra N., and Kapitolina M. Yakovleva. "История изучения якутских украшений XIV–XVIII вв." Oriental Studies 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1290-1303.
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Introduction. The article reviews works by Russian scholars to examine key stages of research on 14th–18th century Yakut jewelry. Goals. The study aims at outlining respective periods of research and identifying main trends therein with due regard of each explorer’s contribution — from local officials and their reports to contemporary scientists and their academic works. Earliest messages on Sakha jewelry were fragmented enough the latter to be perceived only as elements to traditional garments. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes original written materials dealing with Yakut jewelry (reports by officials, yasak lists, diaries and observations) towards present-day theoretical articles rethinking the accumulated data. Results and conclusions. The related historiography comprises a total of three stages: 1) pre-Revolution period, 2) early-to-mid 20th century, 3) mid-20th century to present day. Our insights into original sources and scientific texts shows those contain diverse and essential factual materials on Yakut jewelry.
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Gyul, Elmira, and Tereza Hejzlarová. "Amulet as Jewel, Jewel as Amulet Uzbek, Tajik, and Karakalpak Amulet Cases Using the Example of Museum Collections." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 43, no. 1 (2022): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/anpm.2022.003.
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The study presents amulet cases of the Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Karakalpaks from the late 19th century until the early 20th century taking example from the collections of the State Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan, Samarkand State Museum-Reserve, State Museum of Applied Art and History of Crafting of the Republic of Uzbekistan and National Museum – Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures, Czech Republic. In particular, the types and forms of amulet cases, material, processing technique, ornament, and the resulting ethnic and local specifics are analysed. The study aims to differentiate the characteristic features of this prominent group of Central Asian jewellery and thus contribute to the correct identification thereof in connection with professional museum work.
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Zavidovskaya, Ekaterina A. "Tradition, Innovations and Historical Events in the Early 20th Century Chinese Calendars from the Russian Collections." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080015487-2.
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The paper discusses two types of Chinese calendars – a traditional agricultural calendar “nongli” which existed in China since the 9th century and a Westernized “yuefenpai” calendar that emerged in Shanghai in the late 19th century and flourished until the 30-40s of the 20th century. Apart from the lunar and solar calendars and a table of 24 seasons woodblock “nongli” calendar featured a Stove God Zao-wang alone or with a spouse surrounded by a suite, fortune bringing deities and auspicious symbols, Stove God was believed to ascend to heaven and report good and bad deeds of the family members to the Jade Emperor. New standards of “peoples`” art in PRC borrowed the aesthetics of the traditional woodblock popular prints by proclaiming “new nianhua” as a new tool of propaganda and criticizing “yuefenpai”.“Yuefenpai” differed from “nongli” by modern technology of production and acting as an advertisement, yet early pieces of Shanghai calendars either feature auspicious characters and motifs or introduce current political events, such as accession of the Pu Yi emperor on the throne in 1908 (reigned in 1908–1912). These calendars were seen to be a cheap and easily available media suitable for informing population about news and innovations. The paper attempts to revisit previously established interpretations of some “yuefenpai” calendars. The research is based unpublished pieces from the collections of the State Hermitage, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, academic library of the St.-Petersburg State University, the State Museum of the History of Religion mostly acquired by V.M. Alekseev (1881–1951) during his stays to China.
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Khabutdinov, Aydar Yu, and Marina M. Imasheva. "PROJECTS OF RELIGIOUS AUTONOMY OF MUSLIMS OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA, SIBERIA AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 962–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch184962-974.
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The study aims to compare the concepts of religious autonomies of the Muslims of European Russia and Siberia with similar ones in the North Caucasus, set out in projects in the early 20th century. We analyze the process of developing a decision on the creation of religious autonomy for Muslims in European Russia and Siberia and the North Caucasus at the beginning of the 20th century within the framework of a unified Russian statehood, including government bills, drafts of the All-Russian Muslim Congresses in 1906 and 1914, Muslim congresses in the spring-summer of 1917. As a result, in 1917, the Tatar Muslims of Inner Russia and Siberia at the II All-Russian Muslim Congress in July 1917. The concept of national-cultural autonomy was chosen and the Milli Idare and Millet Majlis were established. In the North Caucasus the First Mountain Congress announced the creation of the the Alliance of the United Mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan (SOGSKD), as a territorial autonomy, with a single body represented by the “Caucasian Muftiate”. We applied the comparative historical method in order to compare the provisions of the projects and characterize the historical events that accompanied their creation. We came to the following conclusions: firstly, the main questions were questions about the form of government and the autonomy of Muslims and the land ussue. Secondly, the political cooperation between the Muslim leaders of the Volga-Ural region and the Caucasus at the beginning of the 20th century led to the creation of the All-Russian party “Ittifaq al-Muslimin”, the Muslim faction of the State Duma, the convocations of the all-Russian Muslim congresses, the idea ofcreating 5 separate Muftiates and a single all-Russian Muslim religious autonomy headed by Sheikh-ul-Islam. Thirdly, in 1917 there was a separation of the two regions on the issues of the formation of religious autonomy, a departure from the idea of common Muslim unity within the borders of Russian statehood. Fourthly, didn’t result in a solution of the issue of organizing the Spiritual Administration of Muslims in the region.
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Lebedenko, Elena Yu, and Nataliуa V. Surzhikova. "“NO, LIVING IS GOOD AFTER ALL! ...”: HAPPINESS, LOVE AND TIME IN THE DIARY OF A SOVIET PROVINCIAL WOMAN OF THE MID-20TH CENTURY." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-180-189.
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The article, based on the example of the personal diary of a Soviet provincial woman of the mid-20th century, considers such important problems for cultural history and historical anthropology as genesis and dynamics of the ideas of contemporaries of a particular historical epoch about happiness, love and time. It is shown that in their interpretations presented in T. D. Rozhkova’s diary historically, culturally, socially and personally conditioned propositions peacefully coexisted. The ratio of the typically Soviet, typically feminine, typically intellectual and purely private is not amenable for rigorous assessment. Nevertheless, no matter how tricky the interweaving of the normative and the casual in T. D. Rozhkova’s notions of happiness, love and time was, in general, they certainly gravitated towards a universal understanding of happiness, love and time as the most important aspects of human life, firmly established in the sphere of individual and collective imagination. At the same time, despite the fact that the diarist’s main task was clearly not the task of objectively reflecting reality, her diary turned out to be filled with the zeitgeist. First of all, it is exposed by rhetorical models and narrative templates used by T. D. Rozhkova in her speculations on happiness, love and time — speculations that captured that an ordinary Soviet person lived a rich inner life, and his or her “Sovietness” was not something one-dimensional at all.
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Boucher, James. "Neoliberal Biopolitics in Michel Noël's Nipishish: Market Logic and Indigenous Resistance." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 42, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.42.2.boucher.
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Abstract This article explores the imbrication of history, fiction, and biopolitics in a variety of specific confrontations between the Canadian state and the Anishnaabeg in Michel Noël's teen novel Nipishish (2004). Situated in Southwest Québec during the second half of the 20th century, the novel lends itself readily to a biopolitical reading which gleans from and expands on the theories of Foucault, Agamben, and Pratt. Focusing on deconstructing biopolitical strategies of the settler colonial state and agentive Native practices, the analysis underscores how Noël's depiction of Indigenous lifeways and resistance constitute an invaluable political message to Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth alike.
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Raju, C. K. "Black Thoughts Matter." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 256–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934716688311.
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In postapartheid South Africa, Whites dominate academics and Black students are agitating for decolonization. Decolonization requires contesting the false history of science used to set up colonial education essential to colonization—the same false history that was used to morally justify racism, by asserting the noncreativity of Blacks. The “evidence” for this false history is often faith-based, so White-controlled academics disallows any open discussion. Furthermore, this false history is sustained by another trick: a little known interplay between history and philosophy. Thus, geometry has been credited to Greeks on the ground that they had a “superior” philosophy of mathematics as deductive proof. In fact, the “Pythagorean” proposition had no valid deductive proof before the 20th century. Furthermore, this claim of philosophical “superiority” was never academically debated, and is not allowed to be. A recent attempt to explain the falsehood of this claim, along with the counterevidence against purported Greek achievements in math, was publicly censored. In fact, in Egypt, Iraq, and India, there was a different and immensely superior understanding of the “Pythagorean” proposition, which superior way was not grasped in the West, resulting in its persistent navigational problems until the late 18th century.
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Perminova, Vera A. "War Remembrance in China and Its Influence on Sino-Japanese Relations in the 1950s – Early 1980s." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-80-90.
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Problems of the past remain one of the most important factors that have plagued Sino-Japanese relations for the last few decades. Questions that are related to events of WWII and in particular events of the Second Sino-Japanese war are still relevant and remain a sensitive issue in contemporary China. Complicated postwar Sino-Japanese relations are not only caused by political and economic factors, but to a great extent are related to specific perceptions of events of the shared past in the first half of the 20th century by these two nations. Collective remembrance of Sino-Japanese wars and one of the most major wars of the 20th century – WWII – that was formed during the 20th centenary is vastly different in China and Japan, and still has a great impact on the dynamics of bilateral relations. The paper studies Chinese approaches to the interpretation of the Sino-Japanese war of resistance, role of the State and non-State actors in forming collective war remembrance in China during different stages of postwar development in the 20th century: during the first decades after the end of WWII (1950–70s), period of normalization of Sino-Japanese relations after 1972 – when a joint declaration was signed and “renewing” war remembrance in the 1980s.
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Dudin, Pavel N. "Маньчжуро-монгольский социум на страницах региональных научных изданий первой половины ХХ в." Oriental studies 15, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-62-4-761-776.
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Introduction. The article focuses on Manchu-Mongolian society as a historical and cultural community of East Asia which has had significant impacts on destinies and paths of many Eurasian peoples. Having been dramatically influenced by both objective and subjective factors in the early-to-mid 20th century, one part actually lost its identity while the other one preserved and even strengthened it. These and many other aspects have been actively explored by Russian (Soviet) and foreign scientific communities but works authored by our compatriots to have lived and worked in the to be examined region have been largely overlooked. Goals. The study attempts a source analysis of publications that somehow cast light on Manchu-Mongolian society and that were published in scientific centers of the Far East in the early-to-mid 20th century. Materials and methods. The work examines articles and notes from journals once published by the Society of Russian Orientalists, Society for the Study of Manchuria, Russian Law Faculty of Harbin, and non-periodical editions. The research methodology was determined by an interdisciplinary approach with the prevalence of historical tools. The work comprises data collection, thematic monitoring of publications, discourse analysis, a narrative approach, external and internal criticism of sources and their textual analysis, systemic historical and retrospective methods. The conducted research identifies key early 20th-century trends of Mongolian and Manchu studies, delineates the place of Manchu-Mongolian peoples in the population structure of the Qing Empire / Republic of China assigned to the former in those publications, characterizes the degree of awareness about legal traditions and law practices of the region. Conclusions. The publications under study and their authors contributed a lot to the understanding of the mentioned region of East Asia and its native peoples. The paper states that Orientalists at large — and particularly those engaged in historical and political studies — are obliged to revive names of those researchers, travelers, translators and other participants to have joined that grandiose process of exploring the Manchu-Mongolian region in the early-to-mid 20th century, and made (and still do) our stay in this part of Eurasia peaceful, with most complete knowledge about the latter.
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Dudin, Pavel N. "Маньчжуро-монгольский социум на страницах региональных научных изданий первой половины ХХ в." Oriental studies 15, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-761-776.
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Introduction. The article focuses on Manchu-Mongolian society as a historical and cultural community of East Asia which has had significant impacts on destinies and paths of many Eurasian peoples. Having been dramatically influenced by both objective and subjective factors in the early-to-mid 20th century, one part actually lost its identity while the other one preserved and even strengthened it. These and many other aspects have been actively explored by Russian (Soviet) and foreign scientific communities but works authored by our compatriots to have lived and worked in the to be examined region have been largely overlooked. Goals. The study attempts a source analysis of publications that somehow cast light on Manchu-Mongolian society and that were published in scientific centers of the Far East in the early-to-mid 20th century. Materials and methods. The work examines articles and notes from journals once published by the Society of Russian Orientalists, Society for the Study of Manchuria, Russian Law Faculty of Harbin, and non-periodical editions. The research methodology was determined by an interdisciplinary approach with the prevalence of historical tools. The work comprises data collection, thematic monitoring of publications, discourse analysis, a narrative approach, external and internal criticism of sources and their textual analysis, systemic historical and retrospective methods. The conducted research identifies key early 20th-century trends of Mongolian and Manchu studies, delineates the place of Manchu-Mongolian peoples in the population structure of the Qing Empire / Republic of China assigned to the former in those publications, characterizes the degree of awareness about legal traditions and law practices of the region. Conclusions. The publications under study and their authors contributed a lot to the understanding of the mentioned region of East Asia and its native peoples. The paper states that Orientalists at large — and particularly those engaged in historical and political studies — are obliged to revive names of those researchers, travelers, translators and other participants to have joined that grandiose process of exploring the Manchu-Mongolian region in the early-to-mid 20th century, and made (and still do) our stay in this part of Eurasia peaceful, with most complete knowledge about the latter.
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kunz, Waldemar. "The European Case for International Security." Security Dimensions 41, no. 41 (July 29, 2022): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9447.
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Armed conflicts between states and friction within international organizations, not forgetting wars in the economic-technological, and economic-commercial dimension, including issues related to natural resources, raw materials, and energy, are part of an attempt to position elites in a new axiological-political space. This article takes up the complex and contentious issue of the security crisis in the European dimension, with an emphasis on international and transnational issues, while focusing on the transformation of the existing political, social, axiological, and cultural order. In other words, the issue concerns the new paradigm of civilization, which has been taking shape on a global scale since the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The main intention and purpose of the study is to present the complex problem of specificity of the European security, pointing to the processes and phenomena that change the architecture of the world order, taking into account the international, transnational, and migration contexts. As far as the diagnosis of the current international situation is concerned, it concerns the conviction about the regression of the old civilization and cultural patterns, valid in the 19th and 20th century, and the formation of a new paradigm from the turn of the 20th and 21st century (until 2019), determining the economy, politics, and society.
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Molvarec, Lana. "India in the Imagination of 20th and 21st Century Croatian Literature." Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, no. 23 (February 10, 2023): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2022.23.4.
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The purpose of this paper is to study perceptions of India in three literary works, from the 20th and 21st century. The first part looks into the tenets of postcolonial theory and literary imagology as a possible methodological framework. Subsequently, premodern perceptions of India in the Croatian literary and cultural space are summarised. The central analysis focuses on the historical novelJaša Dalmatin (Jaša Dalmatin, Viceroy of Gujarat) by Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, the travelogue U potrazi za staklenim gradom (In Search of the Glass City) by Željko Malnar and Borna Bebek, and the short story Indija (India) by Bekim Sejranović. The analysis demonstrates that each of these writings reconstructs premodern perceptions to some extent, but primarily introduces new perceptions that are linked to the specific social, cultural and ideological context in which these works were written. This indicates that literary perceptions are at the same time always acts of literary fiction as well as a socially and culturally construed production of meaning.
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Oksman, Tahneer. "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel and the Fantasy of Becoming." Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-) 41, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/studamerijewilite.41.2.0202.
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Abstract This short, reflective essay considers various incongruous premises at the heart of the television show The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, particularly regarding protagonist Midge Maisel’s motivations and character development. It does so in the context of some 20th century touchstones of Jewish American women’s comedy, after which the show was, on some level, modeled. The essay argues that the series is best appreciated as fantasy, and that its fantastical outlook is on some level consistent with the unwieldy, troublesome nature of reducing an overlooked and complicated collective history to an individual, fictional story.
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Borisova, Tatiana S. "On the History of the Vocabulary of the Thematic Group «Christian Virtues and Sins»: Based on the Translated Church Slavonic Hymnography." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, no. 10 (October 2021): 1547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0838.
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This study examines the formation and further evolution of the Church Slavonic and Russian vocabulary describing Christian virtues and sins. Our research was conducted on the available Church Slavonic translations of four Byzantine hymns (the Akathistos Hymn, the Great Canon of Repentance by St. Andrew of Crete, the Alphabetical Stichera from the Great Canon service, and the Great and Holy Friday Antiphons) found in Southern and Eastern Slavonic manuscripts of the 11th‑16th century, as well as Russian editions dating back to the 17th – early 20th century. The textological study revealed five main stages in the evolution of these texts caused by systematic corrections in accordance with the Greek text. Based on these results, the linguistic textological method was applied in order to reveal the main differences between said stages in regard to conveying terms relevant to Christian virtues and sins. We examined a total of 110 Greek words and idiomatic expressions in this thematic field and classified them following the method suggested by E. M. Vereshchagin who focused on ways of terms creation. There were revealed main ways these terms were formed in the target language and the general tendencies in their translation during different stages in the history of Church Slavonic. The results of our research showcased the leading role of transposition in the formation of the terms, the negligible amount of lexical loans, as well as the growing role of calquing in the history of Church Slavonic. We also showed the ways in which the Church Slavonic and Russian languages adopted new linguistic and cultural realities and reinterpreted the system of Greek ethical terms, which helps us understand the mechanisms of intercultural transfer, as well as the linguistic factors that contribute to the identification of Russian culture in the general Orthodox context
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Kavaliauskienė, Aušra Žemyna. "Ethnographic Character of the Novel “Vilius Karalius” by Ieva Simonaitytė in the Context of Lithuanian Wedding Customs and Rituals of the 19th – the First Half of the 20th Century." Tautosakos darbai 57 (June 1, 2019): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2019.28429.
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The aim of the article is introducing a new approach to the Lithuanian classical novel – “Vilius Karalius” by Ieva Simonaitytė, and appreciating it as an ethnographic source supplying data regarding the wedding customs practiced in the Lithuania Minor in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. The author compares the literary text and the historical ethnographic facts, also paying attention to the dialect peculiarities. More attention is payed to those segments of the wedding that are more or less explicitly depicted in the novel by Simonaitytė (the matchmaking, the bride’s dowry, leaving for the church, gifts, gaubtuvės, etc.). It appears that although the Lithuanian wedding as a whole is not described in “Vilius Karalius”, the relatively numerous fragments of the wedding customs and rituals, as well as other ethnographic details substantially enrich our knowledge of the wedding practices in the 19th – the first half of the 20th century, also revealing the change of the tradition. Research works by Angelė Vyšniauskaitė serve as the ethnological background for the article, since this researcher has studied the Lithuanian wedding customs very actively and in most detail.Ieva Simonaitytė has recorded in her novel some wedding customs and rituals from the Lithuania Minor that are particularly deeply rooted in tradition and vividly reflect the regional peculiarities: i.e., the adorning and “guarding” of the bride’s corner, the ceremonial covering of the bride (gaubtuvės), the gift giving / ransom, etc. Obviously, some unique aspects of making the dowry came into being in the 20th century Klaipėda Region, possibly determined by intense adoption by the inhabitants of the shop-bought clothes instead of the homemade textiles. The woven trousseau survives as a distinctive mark of the wealthy bride upholding the Lithuanian traditions. The professional matchmaking is explicitly described in the novel as well. In the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century in the Lithuania Minor, searching for a suitable bride or groom was primarily the women’s business. Spread of pietism and increasing modernization of the society resulted in the negative attitude being increasingly directed at the traditional wedding songs, dances and superstitions of the Lithuania Minor.
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Isyangulov, Shamil N. "Wardship and Guardianship of Bashkirs in the 1840s – Early 20th Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-115-124.
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The article discusses the development of the institution of wardship and guardianship over children-orphans of Bashkirs in the 1840s – the beginning of 20th century. The aim of the study is to show the legal basis and the process of establishing guardianship of a minor orphan in Bashkir-Meshcheryak army, their implementation in the canton and post-reform periods. The article thoroughly analyzed the legislative framework for the introduction of wardship and guardianship: the decree of 1843, a circular of the Governor-General dates 1858, the articles about Bashkirs of 1863 with changes in 1865, a number of articles of the 1858 circular since it was contrary to the Sharia law. It is noteworthy that these documents do not specify the role of a Muslim judge in the appointment of a guardian, since the procedure usually was a part of the duties of the Yurt foreman. Using various examples, the study shows guardians and trustees were under the strict control of the authorities. The audits of guardianship reports provides statistical data demonstrating the growth of the number of Bashkirs under wardship during the cantonal period of management. Based on the archival cases on the sale of property of orphans by guardians the article considers the development of wardship and guardianship. The archival findings demonstrate that in the case of wardship and guardianship of Bashkirs in the post-reform period, the all-Russian legislation had been applying primarily. The analysis of the above-mentioned sources leads to the following conclusion: initially the development of wardship and guardianship among Bashkirs was dominated by all-Russian laws, taking into account only some rules of the Sharia and customary law.
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Orrego Arismendi, Juan Carlos. "Maestro de máscaras: Cuatro imágenes de Bronislaw Malinowski en el siglo xx." Boletín de Antropología 22, no. 39 (September 6, 2010): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.boan.6711.
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Resumen. Sin que pueda discutirse el carácter canónico, en la historia de la antropología, de la obra del polaco Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942), es necesario admitir que la imagen de este autor atravesó, a lo largo del siglo xx, por crisis y apogeos que le significaron una evidente heterogeneidad. Así, la perdurabilidad de la fama de Malinowski se apoyó sucesivamente en las figuras del teórico, el metodólogo, el escritor y el personaje literario.Abstract. Without refuting the canonic carácter of the work of the Polish Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) in the history of anthropology, it is necesary to recognize that the image of the author passed throughout the 20th century between crisis and fame which means a very evident heterogeneity, suchthat the fame of Malinowski is based successively on the figures of theoretician, methodologist, the writerand the literary personaje.