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Journal articles on the topic 'Anthracene-9-carboxylic acid'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Fitzgerald, L. J., and R. E. Gerkin. "Anthracene-9-carboxylic Acid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 53, no. 1 (January 15, 1997): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270196011213.

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2

Khanra, Partha, Md Elias Uddin, Nam Hoon Kim, Tapas Kuila, Seung Hee Lee, and Joong Hee Lee. "Electrochemical performance of reduced graphene oxide surface-modified with 9-anthracene carboxylic acid." RSC Advances 5, no. 9 (2015): 6443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12356e.

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3

Li, Qi, Qian Zhang, Wu-Ji Wei, A.-Ni Wang, Ji-Xiang Hu, and Guo-Ming Wang. "Light actuated stable radicals of the 9-anthracene carboxylic acid for designing new photochromic complexes." Chemical Communications 57, no. 35 (2021): 4295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc00920f.

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The crystalline 9-anthracene carboxylic acid and the constructed mononuclear complex were for the first time discovered to show radical-induced photochromism and photomagnetism after Xe lamp light irradiation.

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4

Ghoneim, N., D. Scherrer, and P. Suppan. "Dual luminescence, structure and excimers of 9-anthracene carboxylic acid." Journal of Luminescence 55, no. 5-6 (August 1993): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2313(93)90022-f.

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5

Ahmed, Adeeba, Md Serajul Haque Faizi, Aiman Ahmad, Musheer Ahmad, and Igor O. Fritsky. "Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 4-{[(anthracen-9-yl)methyl]amino}benzoic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019016207.

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In the molecule of the title anthracene derivative, C22H17NO2, the benzene ring is inclined to the mean plane of the anthracene ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.024 Å) by 75.21 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming classical carboxylic acid inversion dimers with an R 2 2(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked by C—H...π interactions, forming a supramolecular framework.

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6

Bose, Saswata, Tapas Kuila, Ananta Kumar Mishra, Nam Hoon Kim, and Joong Hee Lee. "Preparation of non-covalently functionalized graphene using 9-anthracene carboxylic acid." Nanotechnology 22, no. 40 (September 12, 2011): 405603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/40/405603.

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7

Khanra, Partha, Tapas Kuila, Seon Hyeong Bae, Nam Hoon Kim, and Joong Hee Lee. "Electrochemically exfoliated graphene using 9-anthracene carboxylic acid for supercapacitor application." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 46 (2012): 24403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34838a.

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8

Abdel-Mottaleb, M. S. A., H. R. Galal, A. F. M. Dessouky, M. El-Naggar, D. Mekkawi, S. S. Ali, and G. M. Attya. "Fluorescence and photostability studies of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid in different media." International Journal of Photoenergy 2, no. 1 (2000): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x00000076.

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Electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (ANCA) were studied in different homogeneous solvents, binary protic/aprotic solvent mixtures and in heterogeneous solutions of the cationic cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) micelle. Different chemical species of ANCA were identified spectroscopically in different media. The results are discussed on the basis of a mechanism that involves two equilibria: acid-base equilibrium and monomer-dimer equilibrium. These equilibria were found to be very sensitive to the nature of the medium and the concentration of ANCA.Moreover, while it is photostable in most solvents studied, the ANCA was found to be photolabile in aqueous media of different pHs. The acid-base catalyzed photodegradation rate was studied by following up absorption and/or fluorescence intensities as a function of illumination dose. The determined rate of the photochemical degradation of ANCA depends on the nature of the medium. The first order degradation rate constant is remarkably enhanced in heterogeneous medium of CTAB. As expected, the determined activation energy is low (∼3.2 kJ.mol-1). This result favors photooxidation process. Anthraquinone was the main photodegradation product obtainedvia9,9′-dicarboxylic head-to-head dimer of anthracene that was identified by GC-Mass technique.

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9

Skupińska, Katarzyna, Monika Zylm, Irena Misiewicz, and Teresa Kasprzycka-Guttman. "Interaction of anthracene and its oxidative derivatives with human serum albumin." Acta Biochimica Polonica 53, no. 1 (January 9, 2006): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2006_3368.

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Binding affinities of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to albumin were determined: anthracene, its eight oxy-derivatives: anthraquinone, 9-anthracenemethanol, 9-anthraldehyde, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone and benzo[a]pyrene. The quenching of albumin fluorescence was used to measure the PAH - protein interaction. The theoretical curve of calculated fluorescence was fitted to experimental data after necessary corrections regarding PAHs fluorescence and inner filter effect. From the numerical fitting the final association constants were calculated. Anthracene and anthraquinone failed to quench the albumin fluorescence. 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid showed the highest, while 9-anthracenemethanol the weakest albumin binding affinity. The affinity constants determined for 9-anthraldehyde and benzo[a]pyrene were of the same magnitude and indicated low-affinity binding to albumin. The constants obtained for the four dihydroxyanthraquinones were higher, but dissimilar, which suggests that the position of the functional group in anthracene molecule influences the binding constant. Moreover, this study suggests that the type of substituent plays a significant role in PAH-albumin complex formation. The carboxylic group increases the binding affinity of the anthracene molecule the most rather than the presence of both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The lowest affinity constants were obtained for aldehyde, methyl and carbonyl substituents.

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10

Hardy, Jake, Matthew W. Brett, Aurélien Rossi, Isabella Wagner, Kai Chen, Mattie S. M. Timmer, Bridget L. Stocker, Michael B. Price, and Nathaniel J. L. K. Davis. "Energy Transfer between Anthracene-9-carboxylic Acid Ligands and CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 Nanocrystals." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c09161.

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11

Lu, Chao, Yinying Wei, Erkuang Zhu, Janice E. Reutt-Robey, and Bo Xu. "Polymorphism in Self-Assembled Structures of 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid on Ag(111)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2012): 6836–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms13066836.

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12

Zhu, Lingyan, Fei Tong, Christopher Salinas, Muhanna K. Al-Muhanna, Fook S. Tham, David Kisailus, Rabih O. Al-Kaysi, and Christopher J. Bardeen. "Improved Solid-State Photomechanical Materials by Fluorine Substitution of 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid." Chemistry of Materials 26, no. 20 (October 7, 2014): 6007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm502866e.

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13

Horvath, P. J., P. C. Ferriola, M. M. Weiser, and M. E. Duffey. "Localization of chloride secretion in rabbit colon: inhibition by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): G185—G190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.2.g185.

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The substituted aromatic compound anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C) was used to inhibit active Cl- secretion by the epithelium of short-circuited rabbit distal colon. Tissues were mounted in Ussing chambers and stimulated to secrete Cl- by the addition of 1 mM dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate to the serosal bath. Results of 36Cl-flux measurements showed that the addition of 0.1 mM A-9-C to the mucosal bath inhibited Cl- secretion by 48%. The site of Cl- secretion was determined by using conventional micro-electrodes to show that the cells of the crypt regions, and not the surface epithelial cells, responded to A-9-C by an increase in apical membrane fractional resistance from 0.75 to 0.80 and a hyperpolarization of the apical membrane from -64 to -68 mV (P less than 0.05). The sulfhydryl reagent dithiothreitol was added to the mucosal tissue bath to remove the mucus produced by goblet cells of the crypt regions of these tissues. The time for maximal inhibition of Cl- secretion by A-9-C was decreased from 30 to 15 min by removal of the mucus barrier. The effects of A-9-C on the crypt cells, as well as the effect of mucus on the inhibitory action of this compound, demonstrate that the crypt region is the site of Cl- secretion.

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14

Eveloff, J., and D. G. Warnock. "K-Cl transport systems in rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 252, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): F883—F889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.5.f883.

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The transport pathways for chloride in basolateral membrane vesicles from the rabbit renal cortex were investigated. 36Cl uptake was stimulated by the presence of potassium in the uptake media compared with sodium or N-methyl-D-glucamine. In addition, potassium (86Rb) uptake was stimulated more by chloride than by nitrate or gluconate. Neither of these processes was further stimulated by potassium gradients plus valinomycin, suggesting the presence of an electrically neutral K-Cl cotransport system. A magnesium-induced chloride conductance was also found in the basolateral membrane vesicles. In the absence of magnesium, the chloride conductance was low; valinomycin and an inwardly directed potassium gradient did not stimulate 36Cl uptake, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid did not inhibit 36Cl uptake, and valinomycin did not stimulate chloride-dependent 86Rb uptake. However, in the presence of 1 mM magnesium, opposite results were obtained; valinomycin and an inwardly directed potassium gradient stimulated 36Cl uptake, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid inhibited 36Cl uptake, and valinomycin stimulated chloride-dependent 86Rb uptake. Therefore, an electrically neutral K-Cl cotransport and magnesium-induced chloride conductance were found in renal cortical basolateral membrane vesicles prepared from the rabbit renal cortex.

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15

Zhu, Lingyan, Rabih O. Al-Kaysi, Robert J. Dillon, Fook S. Tham, and Christopher J. Bardeen. "Crystal Structures and Photophysical Properties of 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid Derivatives for Photomechanical Applications." Crystal Growth & Design 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2011): 4975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg200883b.

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16

Mutlu, Saliha, Kohei Watanabe, Shigeru Takahara, and Nergis Arsu. "Thioxanthone-anthracene-9-carboxylic acid as radical photoinitiator in the presence of atmospheric air." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 56, no. 16 (August 15, 2018): 1878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.29072.

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17

Schütz, Andreas, and Thomas Wolff. "Regioselectivity in the photodimerization of 9-hydroxy-methylanthracene and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid esters in surfactant systems." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 109, no. 3 (September 1997): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00145-7.

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18

Cherian, O. Lijo, Anna Menini, and Anna Boccaccio. "Multiple effects of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid on the TMEM16B/anoctamin2 calcium-activated chloride channel." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1848, no. 4 (April 2015): 1005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.01.009.

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19

Moré, René, Mirko Scholz, Gehard Busse, Lennart Busse, Carsten Paulmann, Martin Tolkiehn, and Simone Techert. "Hydrogen bond dynamics in crystalline β-9-anthracene carboxylic acid—a combined crystallographic and spectroscopic study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14, no. 29 (2012): 10187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cp40216e.

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20

Zdyb, Agata, and Stanisław Krawczyk. "Molecule–solid interaction: Electronic states of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid adsorbed on the surface of TiO2." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 15 (May 2010): 4854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.01.116.

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21

Burgess, Kieran, Heyu Li, Yasmin Abo-zeid, Fatimah, and Gareth Williams. "The Effect of Molecular Properties on Active Ingredient Release from Electrospun Eudragit Fibers." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030103.

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The formation of nanoscale fibers from pH-sensitive polymers is a route which has been widely explored for targeted drug delivery. In particular, the Eudragit L100 and S100 families of polymers have received significant attention for this purpose. However, while in some cases it is shown that making drug-loaded Eudragit polymers effectively prevents drug release in low-pH media where the polymer is insoluble, this is not always the case, and other studies have reported significant amounts of drug release at acidic pHs. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the factors influencing the release of active ingredients from Eudragit S100 (ES100) fibers. A family of materials was prepared loaded with the model active ingredients (AIs) benzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 1-naphthylamine, and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid. Analogous systems were prepared with an AI-loaded core and an ES100 sheath. The resultant fibers were smooth and cylindrical in the majority of cases, and X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed them to comprise amorphous solid dispersions. When AI release from the monolithic fibers was probed, it was found that there was significant release at pH 1 in all cases except with 9-anthracene carboxylic acid. Analysis of the results indicated that both the molecular weight of the AI and its acidity/basicity are important in controlling release, with lower molecular weight AIs and basic species released more quickly. The same release trends are seen with the core/shell fibers, but AI release at pH 1 is attenuated. The most significant change between the monolithic and core/shell systems was observed in the case of 1-naphthylamine. Mathematical equations were devised to connect molecular properties and AI release under acidic conditions.

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22

Kawanami, Yuko, Hidekazu Tanaka, Jun-ichi Mizoguchi, Nobuko Kanehisa, Gaku Fukuhara, Masaki Nishijima, Tadashi Mori, and Yoshihisa Inoue. "Absolute configuration determination of theanti-head-to-head photocyclodimer of anthracene-2-carboxylic acid through cocrystallization withL-prolinol." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, no. 11 (October 31, 2013): 1411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113028461.

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The absolute configuration has been established of the enantiopureanti-head-to-head cyclodimer of anthracene-2-carboxylic acid (AC) cocrystallized with L-propinol and dichloromethane [systematic name: (S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-ium (5R,6S,11R,12S)-8-carboxy-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-5,12:6,11-bis([1,2]benzeno)dibenzo[a,e][8]annulene-2-carboxylate dichloromethane monosolvate], C5H12NO+·C30H19O4−·CH2Cl2. In the crystal structure, the AC dimer interacts with L-prolinol through a nine-membered hydrogen-bonded ring [R22(9)], while the dichloromethane molecule is incorporated to fill the void space. The absolute configuration determined in this study verifies a recent assignment made by comparing theoreticalversusexperimental circular dichroism spectra.

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23

MATSUNAGA, Tamihide, Yasuyuki IWAWAKI, Kazuhito WATANABE, Shizuo NARIMATSU, Ikuo YAMAMOTO, Susumu IMAOKA, Yoshihiko FUNAE, and Hidetoshi YOSHIMURA. "Cytochrome P450 Isozymes Catalyzing the Hepatic Microsomal Oxidation of 9-Anthraldehyde to 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid in Adult Male Rats." Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16, no. 9 (1993): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.16.866.

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24

Vandenberg, J. I., A. Yoshida, K. Kirk, and T. Powell. "Swelling-activated and isoprenaline-activated chloride currents in guinea pig cardiac myocytes have distinct electrophysiology and pharmacology." Journal of General Physiology 104, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.104.6.997.

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We have used the whole-cell patch clamp recording technique to characterize a swelling-activated chloride current in guinea pig atrial and ventricular myocytes and to compare the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of this current with the isoprenaline-activated chloride current in the same cell types. Osmotic swelling of guinea pig cardiac myocytes caused activation of an outwardly rectifying, anion-selective current with a conductance and permeability sequence of I- approximately NO3- > Br- > Cl- > Asp-. This current was inhibited by tamoxifen, 4,4'-diisothiocyano-stilbene-2,2'-disulphonate and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, in decreasing order of potency. The isoprenaline-activated anion current, like the swelling-activated current, had a higher permeability to I- relative to Cl-, but it had a markedly reduced conductance for I- compared to Cl-. The isoprenaline-activated current was insensitive to inhibition by tamoxifen, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid. The swelling-activated current could be elicited in > 90% atrial myocytes studied but only 34% ventricular myocytes. Conversely, the isoprenaline-activated current was elicited in < 10% atrial myocytes and > 90% ventricular myocytes. In those ventricular myocytes where it was possible to elicit swelling-activated and isoprenaline-activated currents simultaneously, the currents retained the same distinguishing characteristics as when they were elicited in isolation. Thus, while guinea pig atrial cells appear to preferentially express swelling-activated chloride channels and guinea pig ventricular myocytes preferentially express isoprenaline-activated chloride channels, the presence of these two channel types are not necessarily mutually exclusive. This raises the possibility that there may be coordinated regulation of the expression of different Cl- channels within the heart.

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25

Garcia, L., M. Fahmi, N. Prevarskaya, B. Dufy, and P. Sartor. "Modulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductance by changing Cl- concentration in rat lactotrophs." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 272, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): C1178—C1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.4.c1178.

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In pituitary cells, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels play an important role in such physiological processes as exocytosis, secretion, the cell cycle, and proliferation. Thus mechanisms that modulate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel activity participate indirectly in regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration. We have shown a new modulating mechanism for voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels by demonstrating that Ca2+ influx is influenced by Cl-. To evaluate the role of Cl- on Ca2+ conductance coupling, we first measured the intracellular Cl- concentration of rat lactotrophs using the Cl(-)-sensitive fluorescence probe sulfopropylquinolinium by simple microspectrofluorometry or combined with electrophysiology. We found an average intracellular Cl- concentration of rat lactotrophs of approximately 60 mM (n = 39). Using the whole cell tight-seal recording technique, we showed that a reduction in external Cl- concentration ([Cl-]o) and a decrease in Cl- conductances affected Ca2+ conductance as measured by Ba2+ movement through the Ca2+ channels (I(Ba)). Low [Cl-]o (39 mM) induced a decrease in Ca2+ entry via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (-27.75 +/- 4% of normalized I(Ba)). Similarly, blockade of the Cl- conductance by 1 mM 9-anthracene carboxylic acid induced a decrease in I(Ba) (-26 +/- 6% of normalized I(Ba)). This modulation of I(Ba) was inhibited by 24-h pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (1 microg/ml), suggesting that changes in Cl- concentration induced by low [Cl-]o and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid interfered with the phosphorylation of G proteins involved in Ca2+ channel activation. These results suggest a feedback mechanism based on constant interaction between Ca2+ and Cl-. Finally, they also emphasize the physiological role of Cl- in rat lactotrophs.

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26

Wang, Y., and W. H. Telfer. "Cyclic-AMP-induced water uptake in a moth ovary: inhibition by bafilomycin and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 1627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.10.1627.

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The ion physiology of osmotic swelling and a consequent loss of epithelial patency was examined in the ovaries of the moth Hyalophora cecropia. After 30 min in the presence of an activator of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), the membrane potentials of both oocyte and follicle cells had hyperpolarized by approximately 30 %, cytoplasmic pH had dropped from 7.26 to 7.06, a normally low Cl- conductance had increased and the follicle cells had begun to swell. Since ion distribution studies have indicated that conductance increases should depolarize membranes in this system, it is proposed that hyperpolarization may be effected by an azide-inhibitable component of the membrane potential. Nanomolar levels of bafilomycin, an inhibitor of H+ V-ATPase, blocked the active component and prevented osmotic swelling in response to PKA activation. Under a variety of circumstances, correlations were seen between membrane potential and cytoplasmic pH, suggesting that substrate availability to the proton pump may contribute to hyperpolarization. H+ V-ATPases are known to energize ion and water transport across many epithelia, but in this case they generate water absorption by the epithelium. The increase in Cl- conductance was also required for the swelling response: the Cl- channel blocker anthracene-9-carboxylic acid prevented both swelling and hyperpolarization, as did Cl- substitution in the medium. Differences in isotope loading rates between 36Cl- and 86Rb+ suggested that, after PKA activation, Cl- functions other than as a counterion for K+ uptake.

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27

Tano, Kinuka, and Eriko Sato. "Synthesis and Dissociation Behavior of Degradable Network Polymers Consisting of Epoxides and 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid Dimer." Chemistry Letters 50, no. 10 (October 5, 2021): 1787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.210332.

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28

Dinsdale, Ria, Angela Russell, Phillip J. Stansfeld, and Paolo Tammaro. "Molecular Mechanism of Modulation of the TMEM16A Channel by Anthracene-9-Carboxylic Acid: Implications for Channel Gating." Biophysical Journal 118, no. 3 (February 2020): 325a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.1823.

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29

Fanning, Lorna, and Mary MacDermott. "Effect of Temperature Reduction on Myotonia in Rat Skeletal Muscles in vitro." Clinical Science 92, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0920587.

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1. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of temperature reduction on the response of rat skeletal muscles to myotonia-inducing agents. 2. A model myotonia was induced in the muscles in vitro, using either the chloride channel blocker anthracene-9-carboxylic acid or chloride-free Krebs solution. This model is similar in its characteristics to the myotonia which occurs in autosomal recessive generalized myotonia congenita in humans. 3. Isometric twitch contractions were recorded in the muscles in Krebs solution before and after the addition of the myotonia-inducing agent. The presence of myotonia was confirmed when the half-relaxation time of the twitch contraction after the addition of the agent was significantly greater than that before its addition. 4. Recordings were made at 37°C, 30°C, 25°C and 15°C. Myotonia developed at 37°C, 30°C and 25°C, but not at 15°C, indicating that at a temperature between 25°C and 15°C, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid-induced myotonia failed to develop. This supports the results obtained in humans suffering from myotonia congenita where myotonic contractions in the adductor pollicis muscle disappeared when the muscle temperature was cooled to 20°C. 5. The myotonia which developed at 37°C could be significantly reduced by exposure to 1 × 10−4 mol/l ouabain or by elevation of the K+ concentration of the Krebs solution to 7.5 mmol/l. 6. Measurements made using microelectrodes showed that the conditions under which myotonia either did not develop or was significantly reduced, i.e. a temperature of 15°C, exposure to 7.5 mmol/l K+ at 37°C or exposure to 1 × 10−4 mol/l ouabain at 37°C, were each associated with membrane depolarization. The results are discussed in terms of a possible role for depolarization in preventing/reducing the myotonic response.

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30

Azab, H. A., S. A. El-Korashy, Z. M. Anwar, B. H. M. Hussein, and G. M. Khairy. "Synthesis and fluorescence properties of Eu-anthracene-9-carboxylic acid towards N-acetyl amino acids and nucleotides in different solvents." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 75, no. 1 (January 2010): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2009.09.008.

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31

Gupta, Alka, Shubhra Goel, Ranjana Mehrotra, and H. C. Kandpal. "Fabrication, characterization and chemical modification of anthracene based nanostructures." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 10 (October 2007): 2719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0369.

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Anthracene based nano/microstructures of different sizes and shapes like tubes/fibers are synthesized using a simple open air chemical vapor deposition technique. Thermal solid phase reaction between anthracene 9-carboxylic acid and calcium oxide reported recently [H. Liu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.125, 10794 (2003)] is used to obtain organic molecular nanostructures. The products of temperature (320 °C) induced reaction get deposited on the substrates placed inside the reaction chamber as well as on the inner walls in different nano/micrometer forms, tubes/rods/fibers and having different sizes. Structural characterization of the reaction products is performed using optical microscopy, field emission electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chemical composition studies are conducted using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gas chromatography (GC)-Mass spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis. IR studies of the nanostructures obtained on the substrate using IR spectroscopy reveal the presence of C=O groups, the confirmatory evidence of which is obtained using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic (EDS) analysis. Interaction study of the C=O groups with ammonia vapor is conducted and resulting changes are monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). A strong covalent modification of anthracene based structures by exposure to ammonia molecules is indicated.

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32

Azab, Hassan A., Ibrahim I. Abd El-Gawad, and Rasha M. Kamel. "Ternary Complexes Formed by the Fluorescent Probe Eu(III)−Anthracene-9-carboxylic Acid with Pyrimidine and Purine Nucleobases." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 54, no. 11 (November 12, 2009): 3069–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je900149x.

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33

Frömmel, Jens, and Thomas Wolff. "Influence of Ionene Polyelectrolytes on Rheology and Photorheology of Aqueous Micellar Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Containing 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 201, no. 1 (May 1998): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1997.5391.

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34

Piper, Angela S., and Iain A. Greenwood. "Anomalous effect of anthracene-9-carboxylic acid on calcium-activated chloride currents in rabbit pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells." British Journal of Pharmacology 138, no. 1 (January 2003): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705000.

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35

Su, Tzu-Rong, Wen-Shan Zei, Ching-Chyuan Su, George Hsiao, and Min-Jon Lin. "The Effects of the KCNQ Openers Retigabine and Flupirtine on Myotonia in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Induced by a Chloride Channel Blocker." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/803082.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of KCNQ (potassium channel, voltage-gated, KQT-like subfamily) openers in preventing myotonia caused by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC, a chloride channel blocker). An animal model of myotonia can be elicited in murine skeletal muscle by 9-AC treatment. KCNQ openers, such as retigabine and flupirtine, can inhibit the increased twitch amplitude (0.1 Hz stimulation) and reduce the tetanic fade (20 Hz stimulations) observed in the presence of 9-AC. Furthermore, the prolonged twitch duration of skeletal muscle was also inhibited by retigabine or flupirtine. Lamotrigine (an anticonvulsant drug) has a lesser effect on the muscle twitch amplitude, tetanic fade, and prolonged twitch duration as compared with KCNQ openers. In experiments using intracellular recordings, retigabine and flupirtine clearly reduced the firing frequencies of repetitive action potentials induced by 9-AC. These data suggested that KCNQ openers prevent the myotonia induced by 9-AC, at least partly through enhancing potassium conductance in skeletal muscle. Taken together, these results indicate that KCNQ openers are potential alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of myotonia.

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36

Furukawa, Tetsushi, Takehiko Ogura, Yoshifumi Katayama, and Masayasu Hiraoka. "Characteristics of rabbit ClC-2 current expressed in Xenopus oocytes and its contribution to volume regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): C500—C512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.2.c500.

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In the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system, the electrophysiological characteristics of rabbit ClC-2 current and its contribution to volume regulation were examined. Expressed currents on oocytes were recorded with a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Oocyte volume was assessed by taking pictures of oocytes with a magnification of ×40. Rabbit ClC-2 currents exhibited inward rectification and had a halide anion permeability sequence of Cl− ≥ Br− ≫ I− ≥ F−. ClC-2 currents were inhibited by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC), and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC), with a potency order of NPPB > DPC = 9-AC, but were resistant to stilbene disulfonates. These characteristics are similar to those of rat ClC-2, suggesting rabbit ClC-2 as a counterpart of rat ClC-2. During a 30-min perfusion with hyposmolar solution, current amplitude at −160 mV and oocyte diameter were compared among three groups: oocytes injected with distilled water, oocytes injected with ClC-2 cRNA, and oocytes injected with ClC-2ΔNT cRNA (an open channel mutant with NH2-terminal truncation). Maximum inward current was largest in ClC-2ΔNT-injected oocytes (−5.9 ± 0.4 μA), followed by ClC-2-injected oocytes (−4.3 ± 0.6 μA), and smallest in water-injected oocytes (−0.2 ± 0.2 μA), whereas the order of increase in oocyte diameter was as follows: water-injected oocytes (9.0 ± 0.2%) > ClC-2-injected oocytes (5.3 ± 0.5%) > ClC-2ΔNT-injected oocytes (1.1 ± 0.2%). The findings that oocyte swelling was smallest in oocytes with the largest expressed currents suggest that ClC-2 currents expressed in Xenopusoocytes appear to act for volume regulation when exposed to a hyposmolar environment.

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37

Dupré-Aucouturier, Sylvie, Armelle Penhoat, Oger Rougier, and André Bilbaut. "ACTH-induced Cl− current in bovine adrenocortical cells: correlation with cortisol secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 282, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): E355—E365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2001.

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ACTH has been shown to depolarize bovine adrenal zona fasciculata cells by inhibiting a K+ current. The effects of this hormone on such cells have been reexamined using perforated and standard patch recording methods. In current clamp experiments, ACTH (10 nM) induced a membrane depolarization to −36 ± 1 mV ( n = 56), which was mimicked by forskolin (10 μM) or by 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (8 mM). ACTH-induced membrane depolarizations were associated in the majority of cells with an increase in membrane conductance. In the other cells, these membrane responses could occur without change or could be correlated with a transient or with a continuous Cs+-sensitive decrease in membrane conductance. The depolarizations associated with an increase in membrane conductance were depressed by Cl− current inhibitors diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC; 1 mM), anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC; 1 mM), DIDS (400 μM), verapamil (100 μM), and glibenclamide (20 μM). In voltage-clamped Cs+-loaded cells, ACTH activated a time-independent current that displayed an outward rectification and reversed at −21.5 mV ± 2 ( n = 6). This current, observed in the presence of internal EGTA (5 mM), was depressed in low Cl− external solution and was inhibited by DPC, 9-AC, DIDS, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, verapamil, and glibenclamide. ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion was blocked by Cl− channel inhibitors DIDS (400 μM) and DPC (1 mM). The present results reveal that, in addition to inhibiting a K+current, ACTH activates in bovine zona fasciculata cells a Ca2+-insensitive, cAMP-dependent Cl− current. This Cl− current is involved in the ACTH-induced membrane depolarization, which seems to be a crucial step in stimulating steroidogenesis.

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38

Qu, Zhiqiang, Raymond W. Wei, and H. Criss Hartzell. "Characterization of Ca2+-activated Cl– currents in mouse kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 285, no. 2 (August 2003): F326—F335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00034.2003.

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Ca2+-activated Cl– (ClCa) channels were characterized biophysically and pharmacologically in a mouse kidney inner medullary collecting duct cell line, IMCD-K2. Whole cell recording was performed with symmetrical N-methyl-d-glucamine chloride (NMDG)-Cl in the intracellular and extracellular solutions, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was adjusted with Ca2+-EGTA buffers. The amplitude of the current was dependent on [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i <800 nM strongly activated outwardly rectifying Cl– currents, whereas high Ca2+ (21 μM) elicited time-independent currents that did not rectify. The currents activated at low [Ca2+] exhibited time-dependent activation and deactivation. The affinity of the channel for Ca2+ was voltage dependent. The EC50 for Ca2+ was ∼0.4 μM at +100 mV and ∼1.0 μM at –100 mV. The Cl– channel blocker niflumic acid in the bath equally inhibited both inward and outward currents reversibly, with a Ki = 7.6 μM. DIDS, diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid, and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid reversibly inhibited outward currents in a voltage-dependent manner. DTT slowly inhibited the currents, but tamoxifen did not. Comparing the biophysical and pharmacological properties, we conclude that IMCD-K2 cells express the same type of ClCa channels as those we have described in detail in Xenopus laevis oocytes (Qu Z and Hartzell HC. J Biol Chem 276: 18423–18429, 2001).

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Azab, H. A., S. A. El-Korashy, Z. M. Anwar, B. H. M. Hussein, and G. M. Khairy. "Eu(III)-Anthracene-9-carboxylic Acid as a Responsive Luminescent Bioprobe and Its Electroanalytical Interactions withN-Acetyl Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and DNA." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 55, no. 9 (September 9, 2010): 3130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je100008q.

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40

Azab, Hassan A., S. S. Al-Deyab, Zeinab M. Anwar, and Rasha G. Ahmed. "Coordination Tendency ofN-Acetylamino Acids, Nucleotides, and DNA Toward the Luminescent Bioprobes Tb(III)-Bathophenanthroline or Tb(III)-Anthracene-9-Carboxylic Acid." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 56, no. 12 (December 8, 2011): 4604–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je2005598.

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41

Lin, P., and E. Gruenstein. "Pathways of Cl- transport in human fibroblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 255, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): C112—C122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.255.1.c112.

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Three pathways of Cl- efflux were identified in normal human fibroblasts. Twenty percent of the total Cl- efflux is via an electrically conductive pathway with an efflux constant of 0.016 min-1. This pathway is insensitive to 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and bumetanide but is partially inhibited by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid. Twenty-five percent of the Cl- efflux occurs via Cl- with cation cotransport having an efflux constant of 0.020 min-1. This pathway is inhibited by bumetanide and is dependent on the simultaneous presence of Na+, K+, and Cl-. Under basal conditions, the energetics of this pathway indicate that it is operating close to equilibrium. Fifty percent of the Cl- efflux occurs via an anion exchange pathway having an efflux constant of 0.040 min-1 that is inhibited by DIDS or by removal of Cl- from the extracellular medium. Together these pathways account for 95% of the total Cl- efflux.

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42

Ohnishi, S., M. Hara, M. Inoue, T. Yamashita, T. Kumazawa, A. Minato, and C. Inagaki. "Delayed shortening and shrinkage of cochlear outer hair cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 263, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): C1088—C1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.5.c1088.

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Slow shortening of cochlear outer hair cells has been speculated to modify cochlear sensitivity. Tetanic electrical field stimulation of isolated outer hair cells from guinea pigs shortened the cells for 2-3 min. Electrical stimulation reduced cell length and volume (-13.5 +/- 1.5 and -37.3 +/- 3.0% of initial values, respectively, n = 16) and decreased the intracellular Cl- concentration. Cytochalasin B (100 microM) inhibited electrical stimulation-induced shortening but not volume reduction. The following chemicals or manipulations inhibited the responses: 10 microM furosemide, 0.1 mM 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), 1 mM anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (AC9), 25 mM tetraethylammonium, 2.3 microM charybdotoxin (ChTX), 250 nM omega-conotoxin, and Ca(2+)-free medium. These findings suggest that both electrical stimulation-induced shortening and shrinkage of outer hair cells result not only from an actin-mediated contractile force, but also from Cl- efflux through furosemide-, DIDS-, and AC9-sensitive Cl- channels, and K+ efflux through ChTX-sensitive K+ channels.

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43

Khot, Mahadev S., Netaji K. Desai, Govind B. Kolekar, and Shivajirao R. Patil. "Fluorescence Enhancement Effect for the Determination of Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate with 9-Anthracene Carboxylic Acid-Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide System." Journal of Fluorescence 21, no. 5 (June 28, 2011): 1997–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10895-011-0900-9.

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44

Altamura, C., G. F. Mangiatordi, O. Nicolotti, D. Sahbani, A. Farinato, F. Leonetti, M. R. Carratù, D. Conte, J.-F. Desaphy, and P. Imbrici. "Mapping ligand binding pockets in chloride ClC-1 channels through an integratedin silicoand experimental approach using anthracene-9-carboxylic acid and niflumic acid." British Journal of Pharmacology 175, no. 10 (April 6, 2018): 1770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.14192.

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45

Yarar, Yasemin, Ali Cetin, and Tijen Kaya. "Chloride Channel Blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenlpropyamino) Benzoic Acid and Anthracene-9-Carboxylic Acid Inhibit Contractions of Pregnant Rat Myometrium in Vitro." Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 8, no. 4 (July 2001): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107155760100800404.

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46

Yarar, Y. "Chloride channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid inhibit contractions of pregnant rat myometrium in vitro." Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 8, no. 4 (August 2001): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1071-5576(01)00113-7.

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47

Salzillo, Tommaso, Elisabetta Venuti, Cristina Femoni, Raffaele Guido Della Valle, Riccardo Tarroni, and Aldo Brillante. "Crystal Structure of the 9-Anthracene–Carboxylic Acid Photochemical Dimer and Its Solvates by X-ray Diffraction and Raman Microscopy." Crystal Growth & Design 17, no. 6 (May 19, 2017): 3361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00333.

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48

O’Donnell, Michael J., Mark R. Rheault, Shireen A. Davies, Phillipe Rosay, Brian J. Harvey, Simon H. P. Maddrell, Kim Kaiser, and Julian A. T. Dow. "Hormonally controlled chloride movement across Drosophila tubules is via ion channels in stellate cells." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): R1039—R1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.4.r1039.

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Anion conductance across the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian (renal) tubule was investigated by a combination of physiological and transgenic techniques. Patch-clamp recordings identified clusters of 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS)-sensitive “maxi-chloride” channels in a small domain of the apical membrane. Fluid secretion assays demonstrated sensitivity to the chloride channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, and niflumic acid. Electrophysiological analysis showed that the calcium-mediated increase in anion conductance was blocked by the same agents. Vibrating probe analysis revealed a small number of current density hot spots, coincident with “stellate” cells, that were abolished by low-chloride saline or the same chloride channel blockers. GAL-4-targeted expression of an aequorin transgene revealed that the neurohormone leucokinin elicits a rapid increase in intracellular calcium levels in stellate cells that precedes the fastest demonstrable physiological effect. Taken together, these data show that leucokinins act on stellate cells through intracellular calcium to increase transcellular chloride conductance through channels. As electrogenic cation conductance is confined to principal cells, the two pathways are spatially segregated in this tissue.

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Váczi, Krisztina, Bence Hegyi, Ferenc Ruzsnavszky, Kornél Kistamás, Balázs Horváth, Tamás Bányász, Péter P. Nánási, Norbert Szentandrássy, and János Magyar. "9–Anthracene carboxylic acid is more suitable than DIDS for characterization of calcium-activated chloride current during canine ventricular action potential." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 388, no. 1 (October 26, 2014): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-014-1050-9.

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50

Villegas-Navarro, A., E. Bustos A., A. González R., S. Salazar G., Z. Jiménez S., J. G. Solis A., R. Mercado H., G. González Q., J. L. Reyes, and T. A. Dieck A. "Effect of myotonia induced by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid on mitochondrial calcium, plasma creatinine-phosphokinase and aldolase activity in the rat." Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 44, no. 1 (March 1992): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80135-1.

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