Academic literature on the topic 'Anthocyanins'
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Journal articles on the topic "Anthocyanins"
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Alappat, Bindhu, and Jayaraj Alappat. "Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 5500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235500.
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Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
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Syukri, Daimon, Ismed, Vioni Derosya, Ririn Fatma Nanda, and Dosmawarni Indah Gultom. "Rapid Identification of Anthocyanin in Ficus Aurata Fruits by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Approach." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 35, no. 5 (October 15, 2019): 1579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350516.
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The aim of this study was to identify the chemical structure of anthocyanins in the fruits of Ficus Aurata. The anthocyanin was detected and characterized using the liquid chromatography system with UV-VIS detection tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. After UV-VIS detection, the characterization of anthocyanin was subjected to a triple quadrupole system of mass spectrometer. The precursor ions of anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and peonidin) were scanned to identify the distinctive particular anthocyanin. Then, the detected anthocyanins was further confirmed and their isomers such as glycosides and galactosides forms were distinguished by the fragmentation pattern on product-ion analysis scan after comparison with mass spectroscopy online databases. For the first time, it had characterized that in the fruits of Ficus Aurata contains at least seven kinds of anthocyanins with all possible combinations of three anthocyanidins.
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Li, GuoLiang, Zhaomiao Lin, Hong Zhang, Zhonghua Liu, Yongqing Xu, Guochun Xu, Huawei Li, et al. "Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Leaves of the Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Cultivars." Molecules 24, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203743.
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Sweet potato anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments with many physiological functions. Previous research on anthocyanin accumulation in sweet potato has focused on the roots, but the accumulation progress in the leaves is still unclear. Two purple sweet potato cultivars (Fushu No. 23 and Fushu No. 317) with large quantities of anthocyanin in the leaves were investigated. Anthocyanin composition and content were assessed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection (UPLC-DAD) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), and the expressions of genes were detected by qRT-PCR. The two cultivars contained nine cyanidin anthocyanins and nine peonidin anthocyanins with an acylation modification. The acylation modification of anthocyanins in sweet potato leaves primarily included caffeoyl, p-coumaryl, feruloyl, and p-hydroxy benzoyl. We identified three anthocyanin compounds in sweet potato leaves for the first time: cyanidin 3-p-coumarylsophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin 3-p-coumarylsophoroside-5-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-p-coumarylsophoroside-5-glucoside. The anthocyanidin biosynthesis downstream structural genes DFR4, F3H1, anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT3), as well as the transcription factor MYB1, were found to be vital regulatory genes during the accumulation of anthocyanins in sweet potato leaves. The composition of anthocyanins (nine cyanidin-based anthocyanins and nine peonidin-based anthocyanins) in all sweet potato leaves were the same, but the quantity of anthocyanins in leaves of sweet potato varied by cultivar and differed from anthocyanin levels in the roots of sweet potatoes. The anthocyanidin biosynthesis structural genes and transcription factor together regulated and controlled the anthocyandin biosynthesis in sweet potato leaves.
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Wang, Yanping, Jingxian Fu, and Dong Yang. "In Situ Stability of Anthocyanins in Lycium ruthenicum Murray." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 7073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237073.
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In this research, the effects of drying method, storage temperature, and color protector glucose on anthocyanin preservation in the Lycium ruthenicum Murr. fruit were studied. Compared with hot-air drying, vacuum freeze-drying preserved about 5.8-fold more anthocyanins. The half-life of anthocyanins in the freeze-dried fruit samples with glucose was 3.6 days, 1.8 days, and 1.7 days at 4 °C, 20 °C, and 37 °C, respectively. On the other hand, the half-life values without glucose addition were 2.2 days, 2.3 days, and 2.1 days at each temperature, respectively, indicating that glucose protected anthocyanins at low temperature. The composition and contents of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in the freeze-dried Lycium ruthenicum Murr., stored for 20 days, were investigated with a HPLC-MS/MS setup. It was found that most anthocyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. are linked with coumaroyl glucose to form anthocyanins, while glycosylated and acetyl-glycosylated anthocyanins were also detected. Five anthocyanidins were detected: delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and peonidin, and delphinidin accounts for about half of the total amount of anthocyanidins. It is much more economic to conserve anthocyanins in situ with freeze-drying methods and to store the fruits at low temperatures with glucose.
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van den Berg, Abby K., and Timothy D. Perkins. "Contribution of anthocyanins to the antioxidant capacity of juvenile and senescing sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 8 (2007): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07060.
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Foliar anthocyanins are hypothesised to provide an additional source of photoprotection from photooxidative stress to the leaves in which they occur through their ability to scavenge excess free radical species. Although demonstrated to significantly enhance the antioxidant status of red morphs of fully expanded leaves of some species, the contribution of anthocyanins to the antioxidant capacity of the juvenile and senescing leaves in which they frequently occur has not been examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from anthocyanic and non-anthocyanic juvenile and senescing sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) leaves from similar light environments was assessed using the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). Anthocyanin content was significantly correlated with antioxidant activity in extracts of anthocyanic juvenile leaves but only weakly correlated in extracts of anthocyanic senescing leaves. In addition, the antioxidant activity of anthocyanic and non-anthocyanic leaves was equal in both juvenile and senescing leaves. Thus, although anthocyanins may contribute to the antioxidant capacity of anthocyanic juvenile and senescing sugar maple leaves, these results are not consistent with the hypothesis that anthocyanins provide an enhancement to the photoprotection available in either leaf type through free radical scavenging. The results suggest anthocyanins may be part of alternative strategies employed by anthocyanic juvenile and senescing maple leaves to achieve similar levels of antioxidant capacity as their non-anthocyanic counterparts to cope with the same set of environmental challenges.
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Šimerdová, Barbora, Michaela Bobríková, Ivona Lhotská, Jiří Kaplan, Alena Křenová, and Dalibor Šatínský. "Evaluation of Anthocyanin Profiles in Various Blackcurrant Cultivars over a Three-Year Period Using a Fast HPLC-DAD Method." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081745.
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Anthocyanins are the most important polyphenolic substances contained in blackcurrant fruits. They are responsible for the various health benefits caused, in particular, by their high antioxidant activity. Anthocyanins derived from anthocyanidins cyanidin and delphinidin are typical for blackcurrant fruits, especially their rutinoside and glucoside forms. These four anthocyanins usually represent about 97–98% of total anthocyanins in blackcurrant fruits. In this study, we developed and validated a new HPLC-DAD method for rapid anthocyanin separation and determination in fifteen perspective blackcurrant cultivars (‘Ruben’, ‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Ben Conan’, ‘Ceres’, ‘Moravia’, ‘Ometa’, ‘Lota’, ‘Fokus’, ‘Tenah’, ‘Sejanec’, ‘Consort’, ‘Triton’, ‘Ben Hope’, ‘Ben Gairn’, and one gooseberry hybrid ‘Josta’). Eight of them were monitored throughout the three-year experiment. The most represented anthocyanins in all monitored blackcurrant cultivars were delphinidin-3-rutinoside (36.7–63.6%), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (26.4–40.6%), delphinidin-3-glucoside (6.1–17.9%), and cyanidin-3-glucoside (1.3–9.9%). The individual anthocyanin proportion (%) in each cultivar was specific, and a similar profile was verified in a three-year period for eight available cultivars. Total anthocyanin content expressed as a sum of four major anthocyanins present in blackcurrants was compared with values expressed as the equivalent of cyanidin-3-glucoside, as many authors do. We revealed an underestimation of about 20% with the latter method. Cultivars with the highest average total anthocyanin content were ‘Ben Gairn’ (294.38 mg/100 g), ‘Ceres’ (281.31 mg/100 g), and ‘Ometa’ (269.09 mg/100 g).
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Lin, Yuqi, Lianxiang Luo, Haowen Lin, Xiaoling Li, and Riming Huang. "Potential therapeutic targets and molecular details of anthocyan-treated inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology." RSC Advances 11, no. 14 (2021): 8239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09117k.
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Hung, Chen-Yi, John R. Murray, Sarah M. Ohmann, and Cindy B. S. Tong. "Anthocyanin Accumulation during Potato Tuber Development." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 1 (January 1997): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.1.20.
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The color of red potato tubers is due to an accumulation of anthocyanins in periderm and peripheral cortex tissues. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in anthocyanin content and tuber surface color during tuber development. Using the red tuber-producing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Norland, we observed that chroma (intensity of redness) and anthocyanin content per unit of surface area of greenhouse-grown tubers decreased as tuber weight increased. There was no increase in hue (tint) during the same developmental periods. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we determined that pelargonidin and peonidin are the major anthocyanidins (aglycones of anthocyanins) in the tuber periderm. Northern blot analyses indicated that steady-state mRNA levels of dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), an anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme, continued throughout tuber development. These results suggest that anthocyanins are synthesized throughout tuber development, and that cell division and/or enlargement contribute to a decline in chroma and anthocyanin concentration.
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Olmedilla-Alonso, Begoña, Rocío Estévez-Santiago, José-Manuel Silván, Milagros Sánchez-Prieto, and Sonia de Pascual-Teresa. "Effect of Long-Term Xanthophyll and Anthocyanin Supplementation on Lutein and Zeaxanthin Serum Concentrations and Macular Pigment Optical Density in Postmenopausal Women." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10080959.
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Xanthophylls (lutein, L; zeaxanthin, Z) and anthocyanins are often included in food supplements to improve ocular health. There are no dietary reference intakes for them. The aim was to assess the effects of L, Z and anthocyanin supplementation on short and long-term lutein status markers (serum concentration and macular pigment optical density (MPOD)). Seventy-two postmenopausal women were randomized into a parallel study of 8 months: Group A—anthocyanines (60 mg/day); Group X—xanthophylls (6 mg L + 2 mg Z/day); Group X+A—anthocyanines (60 mg/day) + xanthophylls (6 mg L + 2 mg Z/day). At the beginning of the study, 4 and 8 month serum L and Z concentrations were determined (HPLC), as well as L, Z and anthocyanine dietary intake and MPOD (heterochromic flicker photometry). Baseline concentrations of L (0.35 ± 0.19 μmol/L), Z (0.11 ± 0.05 μmol/L), L+Z/cholesterol/triglycerides (0.07 ± 0.04 μmol/mmol) increased in Group X (2.8- and 1.6-fold in L and Z concentrations) and in group XA (2- and 1.4-fold in L and Z concentrations). MPOD (baseline: 0.32 ± 0.13 du) was not modified in any of the groups at the end of the study. There were no differences in the dietary intake of L+Z and anthocyanin at any point in time in any group. Supplementation of L and Z at a dietary level provoked an increase in their serum concentration that was not modified by simultaneous supplementation with anthocyanins.
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Sivamaruthi, Bhagavathi Sundaram, Periyanaina Kesika, and Chaiyavat Chaiyasut. "The Influence of Supplementation of Anthocyanins on Obesity-Associated Comorbidities: A Concise Review." Foods 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9060687.
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Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments, and based on their chemical structure (nature, position, and the number of sugar moieties attached; the number of hydroxyl groups; acylation of sugars with acids) about 635 different anthocyanins have been identified and reported from plants. Cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and malvidin are the commonly found anthocyanidins (aglycon forms of anthocyanins) in edible plants out of almost 25 anthocyanidins that are identified (based on the position of methoxyl and hydroxyl groups in the rings) in nature. Anthocyanins are known for numerous health benefits including anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory bowel disease, anti-cancer, etc. Obesity can be defined as excessive or abnormal adipose tissue and body mass, which increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. The manuscript summarizes the recent updates in the effects of anthocyanins supplementation on the health status of obese subjects, and briefly the results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Several studies confirmed that the consumption of anthocyanins-rich food improved obesity-associated dysbiosis in gut microbiota and inflammation in adipose tissue. Anthocyanin consumption prevents obesity in healthy subjects, and aids in maintaining or reducing the body weight of obese subjects, also improving the metabolism and energy balance. Though preclinical studies proved the beneficial effects of anthocyanins such as the fact that daily intake of anthocyanin rich fruits and vegetables might aid weight maintenance in every healthy individual, Juҫara pulp might control the inflammatory status of obesity, Queen garnet plum juice reduced the blood pressure and risk factors associated with metabolic disorders, and highbush organic blueberries improved the metabolism of obese individuals, we don’t have an established treatment procedure to prevent or manage the over-weight condition and its comorbidities. Thus, further studies on the optimum dose, duration, and mode of supplementation of anthocyanins are required to develop an anthocyanins-based clinical procedure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anthocyanins"
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Schmeisser, Michael. "Anthocyanins in selected Proteaceae." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52685.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Trials were conducted to follow colour development during the growth season of the commercial Leucadendron cultivar 'Siivan' Red', as well as the Protea cultivars 'Ivy', 'Carnival' and 'Sylvia'. HPLC analysis showed that pigments responsible for red colour in Leucadendron and Protea cultivars are anthocyanins. Initial extraction of anthocyan ins from freeze-dried and finely ground Leucadendron leaves, using 5% formic acid in methanol, resulted in the precipitation of gel-like compounds, making the extracts impossible to filter for HPLC. Trials were conducted to determine the optimum extraction solvent and extraction time for anthocyanin quantification in Leucadendron, using 'Safari Sunset' (Leucadendron sa/ignurn x L. /aureo/urn) as reference material. Acetone, 80% acetone, 5% formic acid in water and 5% formic acid in methanol were added to freeze dried leaf samples and allowed to extract for one hour. Extracts were analysed by reverse-phase HPLC. Extractions with methanol and water yielded extracts with a high content of pectin-like compounds, making them difficult to purify for HPLC. 80% acetone proved to be the most efficient extraction solvent, yielding the highest anthocyanin concentration, and showing the least amount of insoluble compounds. Optimal extraction time was determined for 80% acetone by testing 1, 6 and 24-hour extractions respectively. Although 6 hour extraction showed a slightly higher yield, a 1-hour extraction should suffice for quantification of anthocyanin changes over time, as trends will clearly be evident. 'Siivan Red' shoots meeting export quality can generally be harvested from mid February to mid April (late summer to autumn). The harvesting period ends as the colour of the distal leaves forming the flower head change from red to green. Anthocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoid fluctuations were investigated in 'Siivan Red' during the 2000 growth season. The observed red colour loss is the result of the net degradation of anthocyanins and appeared to be correlated to the phenological development of the shoot. Although a positive correlation was noted between anthocyanin content and average daily temperature and mean daily sunlight hours, it appears unlikely that they are the causal factors for the observed colour change. Anthocyanin degradation started during conditions of long exposure to high light intensities and continued during a period of low temperature (autumn), both which are known to favour anthocyanin synthesis rather than its degradation. Therefore it appears that colour development in 'Silvan Red' is developmentally regulated. The Leucadendron cultivar 'Safari Sunset' with the same parentage as 'Siivan Red', is noted for its more intense red-purple colouration, which it does not lose during its development. The more intense colouration of 'Safari Sunset' has been ascribed to the higher total anthocyanin concentration, which was almost double that encountered in 'Siivan Red'. 'Safari Sunset' was shown to contain the same major types of anthocyanins, and hence the purple colouration (not seen in 'Siivan Red') can not be explained in terms of different types of anthocyanins being present. However, the ratio between the two major anthocyanins present in both 'Safari Sunset' and 'Siivan Red' were significantly different in that 'Safari Sunset' showed a considerably higher concentration of peak 1, which is most likely responsible for the observed purple colouration. High anthocyanin concentrations have been noted to buffer against visual changes in colour, which is the most probable reason that a colour loss is not observed in 'Safari Sunset'. Colour development of the innermost involucral bracts of three Protea cultivars was followed from an initially selected inflorescence size to commercial harvest (when flowers have opened slightly). 'Ivy', 'Carnival' and 'Sylvia' show a light pink, dark pink and red colouration respectively, which has been ascribed to differences in total anthocyanin concentration. Colour development in 'Carnival' showed a quadratic trend with time, with the highest rate of anthocyanin synthesis occurring a week prior to harvest. Colour development in 'Ivy' and 'Sylvia' were shown to be linear with time. As inflorescences are closed during their development and anthocyanin synthesis in the innermost involucral bracts occurred in darkness, light does not appear to have a major influence on colour development. Temperature did not appear to have a significant effect on flower colour, as flowers developing later in the season, when ambient temperatures were lower, showed no significant differences in anthocyanin concentration to those harvested earlier. Hence, it appears that colour development in all three cultivars is developmentally regulated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is onderneem om kleurontwikkeling van die Leucadendron kultivar 'Silvan Red' en die Protea kultivars 'Ivy', 'Carnival' en 'Sylvia' te ondersoek. Die rooi kleur van distale 'Siivan Red' blare en Protea omwindselblare is te wyte aan antosianiene. Eerstens is gepoog om die ektraksie van antosianiene vir kwantifisering deur hoë druk vloeistof chromatografie (HPLC) te verfyn. Aanvanklik is 5% mieresuur in metanol gebruik om antosianien vanuit gefriesdroogde en fyngemaalde Leucadendron blare te ekstraheer. 'n Gelagtige neerslag het dit egter onmoontlik gemaak om die ekstrak te filtreer. Vervolgens is eksperimente uitgevoer om die geskiktheid van asetoon, 80% asetoon, 5% mieresuur in water en 5% mieresuur in metanol as alternatiewe vir 5% mieresuur in metanol te bepaal. Antosianiene is deur middel van HPLC gekwantifiseer na 'n uurlange ekstraksie vanuit 'Safari Sunset' (Leucadendron sa/ignurn x L. /aureo/urn) blaarmonsters. 'n Onoplosbare neerslag van onsuiwerhede na ekstraksie met metanol en water het filtrasie bemoeilik. 80% asetoon was die doeltreffendste ekstraheermiddel deurdat dit beide die hoogste opbrengs van antosianiene en die minste onsuiwerhede gelewer het. Vervolgens is die optimale duur van antosianienekstraksie met 80% asetoon bepaal deur vir een, ses en 24 uur te ekstraheer. Resultate het getoon dat, alhoewel ses uur ekstraksie 'n effense hoër antosianienkonsentrasie lewer, 'n uur voldoende behoort te wees vir kwantifisering van antosianien. Uitvoergehalte 'Siivan Red' lote word gewoonlik vanaf middel Februarie tot middel April (Iaat somer tot herfs) geoes. Die oestyd eindig met 'n verandering in die kleur van distale blare van rooi na groen wat die bemarkbaarheid van lote verlaag. Ten einde hierdie kleurverandering te kwantifiseer is veranderinge in die konsentrasies van antosianien, chlorofiel en karotenoide in distale 'Siivan Red' blare gedurende die 2000 groeiseisoen gemeet en in verband gebring met omgewingstoestande en ontwikkelingstadiums. Rooi kleurverlies van distale 'Silvan Red' blare hou klaarblyklik verband met 'n geleidelike afname in hul antosianienkonsentrasies vanweë netto degradasie. Veranderinge in die kleur en antosianienkonsentrasie van blare het saamgeval met spesifieke ontwikkelingsperiodes. Kleurveranderinge in 'Siivan Red' kon nie met omgewingstoestande verbind word nie. Kleuronwikkeling word klaarblyklik intern gereguleer om saam te val met spesifieke ontwikkelingstadia. Die Leucadendron kultivars 'Safari Sunset' en 'Siivan Red' het dieselfde ouers. Eersgenoemde kultivar het egter In intenser rooi-pers kleur wat ook stabiel blyoor die hele groeiseisoen. Die intenser kleur kan toegeskryf word aan die bykans twee keer hoër antosianienkonsentrasies wat 'Safari Sunset' blare oor die groeisoen handhaaf. Hierdie hoër antosianienkonsentrasie is moontlik ook die rede vir die oëskynlik groter kleurstabiliteit van 'Safari Sunset' aangesien hoë pigmentvlakke kleur buffer teen veranderinge in pigmentkonsentrasie. 'Safari Sunset' se pers skynsel is moontlik te wyte aan die relatief groter bydrae van piek 1 op die chromatogram tot die totale antosianienkonsentrasie. Andersins het die twee kultivars 'n soortgelyke antosianienprofiel. Ten einde die regulering van kleurontwikkeling in Protea te ondersoek, is antosianienkonsentrasies in die binneste bloeiwyse-omwindelsblare van die Protea kultivars 'Ivy', 'Carnival' en 'Sylvia' gemeet vanaf 'n pre-geselekteerde blomgrootte tot en met kommersiële oestyd wanneer die blomme begin oopgaan. Die drie kultivars wisselonderskeidelik in kleur van lig pienk en donker pienk tot rooi. Hierdie kleurverskille was te wyte aan verskille in antosianienkonsentrasie. Antosianienkonsentrasies in 'Ivy' en 'Sylvia' het lineêr toegeneem oor tyd, terwyl in die geval van 'Carnival', maksimum antosianienvlakke reeds 'n week voor oes bereik is. Blomme wat by laer temperature later in die seisoen of vroeër by hoër temperature ontwikkel het, het nie betekenisvol verskil in antosianienkonsentrasie nie. Gevolglik is lig en temperatuur klaarblyklik van mindere belang vir Protea kleurontwikkeling. Soos met Leucadendron die geval was, word kleurontwikkeling in Protea dus ook intern gereguleer.
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Matsumoto, Hitoshi. "Physiological Effects of Blackcurrant Anthocyanins." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149024.
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Sindi, Hebah Abbas. "Bioactivity of anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5910/.
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A systematic study on extraction of Hibiscus sabdariffa was carried out for the first time using different solvents (water, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane) in the presence and absence of formic acid, using different extraction times and temperatures. The extracts were analysed for total phenol content, antioxidant capacity using DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays, and total monomeric anthocyanin content. In addition, specific anthocyanins were determined using HPLC and LC-MS. The results showed the highest antioxidant capacities were obtained by extracting using water, with or without formic acid, for 10 min at 100 °C. These extracts provided the highest concentrations of cyanidin 3-sambubioside and delphinidin 3-sambubioside. Commercially available herbal teas containing H. sabdariffa were analysed. The study found that contents of total phenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity were higher when using the optimal extraction procedure, suggesting that putative health benefits could be increased by altering processing methods. The partition coefficients (log p) of anthocyanins found in H. sabdariffa, were measured showed that aglycone and glucoside forms of hibiscus anthocyanins behave differently when in the presence of cell wall material. Such behaviour could, in vivo, affect the absorption and bioactivity of these anthocyanins, and therefore, their efficacy. A human crossover study investigated the effect of daily consumption for 8 weeks of a H. sabdariffa juice for 8 weeks on the blood pressure of healthy subjects (n= 29). Cranberry juice was used as the control. A significant reduction was found in systolic blood pressure (but not diastolic) compared to the baseline. No significant effect on blood pressure was seen with cranberry juice. The study suggests that regular consumption of extracts of H. sabdariffa may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, on the other hand people with low blood pressure should consumed it very carefully due to hypotensive effect of the extract.
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Neill, Samuel Oliver. "The functional role of anthocyanins in leaves." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/497.
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The anthocyanins, a relatively small group of pigments in the diverse flavonoid family, are largely responsible for the red-blue colouration in a large number plant species worldwide. Their occurrence in fruits and flowers seems to offer clear benefits in attracting pollinators and aiding seed dispersal, however their presence in the vacuoles of leaves remains obscure. The accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in leaves can be induced by a host of disparate environmental and anthropogenic stressors, such as UV-exposure, wounding, pathogen infection, high light, chilling, pollution, osmotic stress, and nutrient deficiency. Anthocyanins are in some species expressed throughout leaf development; in others the pigments are found exclusively in the young, rapidly expanding leaves, or at later stages of leaf senescence. Many researchers have explored the possible functional role(s) of anthocyanins within leaves, although none of the hypotheses provides a unified explanation for the diverse range of environmental triggers, or for the variability in the pigment’s location and expression at particular stages of development. Differences in the cellular location of cyanic pigments had little effect on the optical properties of leaves from several native New Zealand species. Instead, the absorptance of green-yellow light was strongly proportional to the concentration of anthocyanin. Red leaves absorbed up to 17 % more PAR (400-700 nm) than green leaves of same species. The reflectance of red light was independent of leaf anthocyanin content. In Lactuca sativa, the absorption of light by anthocyanic cell vacuoles in the upper epidermis led to a reduction in the light incident on subjacent chlorenchyma. Under high irradiances, the dissipation of excess energy through non-photochemical processes (qNP) was lower in the red regions of the leaves than in the green regions. Red L. sativa, maintained higher photochemical efficiencies (0PSII), and had greater rates of photochemical quenching (qP) than the green tissues. Moreover, the cyanic areas were photoinhibited significantly less (7 %), as measured by levels of maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm), than green areas during a high light treatment of 1300 mmol m-2 s-1. Chloroplast suspensions from shade adapted L. sativa generated less superoxide (O2 -) through the Mehler reaction and had reduced rates of chlorophyll bleaching, when irradiated with 300 mmol m-2 s-1 of red light rather than white light. These data demonstrated the impact of the light-filtering effects of anthocyanins on the photophysiology of the leaves. Complementary to their light-shielding functions, anthocyanins also demonstrated potent antioxidant capabilities at pH values typical of both the cytoplasm and the vacuole. The addition of cyanidin-3-malonylglucoside, which was colourless at the cytoplasmic pH, to a chloroplast suspension receiving high irradiance resulted in the significant scavenging of O2 -. The red, flavylium form of anthocyanin was also oxidised by O2 -. After 15 minutes, this oxidation equated to a 40 % reduction in antioxidant potential of the anthocyanin, as measured by cyclic voltammetry. The data suggested that anthocyanins could provide widespread cellular protection to cellular membranes, organelles, and DNA. Analysis of the overall antioxidant defence in red and green leaves of Elatostema rugosum, a shade-adapted herb native to New Zealand, and Quintinia serrata, a native tree found on exposed ridges, provided evidence for a photoprotective role of anthocyanins. Red leaves of E. rugosum were on average five-times more effective at scavenging DPPH radicals than were green leaves. The anthocyanins constituted the most active phenolic component, providing a greater relative contribution to the antioxidant pool than the flavones, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acids. In contrast, red and green leaves of Q. serrata exhibited comparable ranges in antioxidant activities. The data suggest that for some species, anthocyanins can supplement the pool of low molecular weight antioxidants but are not a prerequisite for protection from oxidative stress. It is likely that the localised accumulation of anthocyanins in the leaves of Q. serrata serves to shield photosynthetic tissues that are the more susceptible to photodamage. In conclusion, the accumulation of anthocyanins represents a multifunctional mechanism to; i) directly reduce ROS through scavenging and possibly metal chelation, acting in conjunction with other antioxidants, and ii) to shield photosynthetic processes experiencing excessive irradiances, thereby reducing the extent of photooxidation, photoinhibition, and wasteful dissipatory systems. Such protection may be vital for leaves experiencing stressful environments.
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Cahyana, Yana. "Factors affecting the biovailability of dietary anthocyanins." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630468.
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Beneficial health effects of anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables have been well documented. Subsequently extensive research on anthocyanins has been carried out to better understand the behaviour of anthocyanins. Bioavailability is one aspect which has been frequently investigated but the studies have not studied factors affecting anthocyanin bioavailability. Knowledge of the mechanism of anthocyanin absorption is also lacking. A bioavailability study was conducted with human volunteers whose urine was analysed following consumption of strawberry and red grape juice. Since anthocyanins are absorbed and present in biological fluids, their interactions with human serum albumin (HSA) were further examined. The study was then completed with an in-vitro test using Caco-2 cells to assess the uptake of anthocyanins by intestinal cells, and factors affecting uptake and the absorption mechanism through the apical cellular membrane.
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Katsuno, Yoshitaka. "Effect of extrusion cooking on strawberry anthocyanins /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421146.
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Buchweitz, Maria [Verfasser]. "Stabilisation of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-metal chelates with hydrocolloids for their application as red and blue food colourants / Maria Buchweitz." Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1050343255/34.
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Jing, Pu. "Purple corn anthocyanins chemical structure, chemoprotective activity and structure/function relationships /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155738398.
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Dee, Stacy. "Identification and stability of anthocyanins in Plantago lanceolata." Greensboro, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007. http://libres.uncg.edu/edocs/etd/1419/umi-uncg-1419.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 22, 2007). Directed by Nadja B. Cech; submitted to the Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-79).
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Willemse, Chandre Monique. "Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of anthocyanins." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96675.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anthocyanins are naturally occurring pigments responsible for the colour of many natural products, including grapes and wine. These pigments are important to the food industry and have been recognised for their nutritional value since they play an important role in the reduced risk of various chronic diseases in humans. Anthocyanins also play an important role in the aesthetic perception and quality of red wine. However, due to the large structural diversity of grape-derived anthocyanins and the many derivatives formed from these during wine ageing, the accurate analysis of wine pigments is extremely challenging. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is mostly used for anthocyanin analysis, although the technique often provides insufficient resolving power for complex mixtures of anthocyanins. In addition, the lack of commercially available standards and identical mass spectral characteristics hampers identification of these compounds. The coupling of multiple orthogonal separation systems in comprehensive 2-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) offers a more powerful approach for the separation of complex mixtures. The current work therefore focussed on exploring the potential of LC×LC for the improved analysis of anthocyanins and derived pigments in natural products and wine. The first part of this work focussed on developing a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method as an alternative to RP-LC for the anthocyanin analysis. Following extensive optimisation, the method proved suitable for the analysis of a diverse range of anthocyanins in natural products. Significantly, it also showed alternative selectivity compared to RP-LC. The optimised HILIC method was then used in combination with RP-LC to develop an off-line LC×LC approach for anthocyanins. For this purpose, half-minute fractions of the HILIC effluent were collected and reinjected onto a RP-LC column. The off-line HILIC×RP-LC method demonstrated exceptionally high resolving power, as measured in terms of the practical peak capacity, with many compounds separated in two dimensions that co-eluted in 1-dimensional HPLC. Interestingly, group-type separation was also observed based on the degree and/or nature of glycosylation and acylation of anthocyanins. In the final part of the work, a systematic approach was used for the development and optimisation of and on-line HILIC×RP-LC method by using a 10-port switching valve to automatically transfer fractions between the two columns. This method was then coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) to allow the detailed investigation of anthocyanins and derived products in wine. Ninety four pigments were identified in one- and six-year old Pinotage wines based on HILIC×RPLC separation in combination with accurate mass MS data and fragmentation information. Significant differences in especially the content of derived pigments were observed between the wines. In summary, the methods developed in this work provide the means to improve anthocyanin analysis, and therefore also show promise for the detailed investigation of these important compounds and their alteration in natural products and their derived commodities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Antosianiene is natuurlike pigmente wat verantwoordelik is vir die kleur van baie natuurlike produkte, insluitende dié van druiwe en wyn. Hierdie pigmente is belangrik vir die voedsel industrie en word gereken vir hul voedingswaarde aangesien hulle 'n belangrike rol speel in die verlaagde risiko van verskeie chroniese siektes onder die mens. Antosianiene speel ook 'n belangrike rol in die estetiese persepsie en kwaliteit van rooiwyn. Desnieteenstaande, as gevolg van die groot strukturele diversiteit van druifgeproduseerde antosianiene en die vele chemiese afgeleides wat uit hulle gevorm kan word tydens wyn bereiding en veroudering, is die akkurate analise van natuurlike wyn-pigmente uiters uitdagend. Omgekeerde-fase vloeistofchromatografie (RP-LC) word meestal gebruik vir die analise van antosianiene. Dié tegniek bied egter dikwels onvoldoende skeidingsvermoë vir komplekse mengsels van antosianiene en verwante molekules. Verder belemmer die onbeskikbaarheid van kommersiële standaarde en identiese massa spektrale eienskappe die identifikasie van hierdie verbindings. Die kombinasie van verskillende ortogonale skeidings meganismes in omvattende 2- dimensionele vloeistofchromatografie (LC×LC) bied egter 'n baie kragtiger benadering vir die skeiding van komplekse mengsels. Die huidige werk fokus dus op die ontginning van die potensiaal van LC×LC vir die verbeterde ontleding van antosianiene en verwante afgeleide pigmente in natuurlike produkte en wyn. Die eerste deel van hierdie werk het gefokus op die ontwikkeling van 'n hidrofiliese interaksie chromatografiese (HILIC) metode as ʼn alternatief vir RP-LC analise van antosianiene. Na uitgebreide optimisering, is gevind dat die metode geskik is vir die ontleding van 'n verskeidenheid van antosianiene in natuurlike produkte. Van groot belang is dat dit ook alternatiewe selektiwiteit in vergelyking met RP-LC demonstreer. Hierdie geoptimiseerde HILIC metode word dan voorts gebruik in kombinasie met RP-LC vir die ontwikkeling van ʼn af-lyn LC×LC benadering vir die analise van antosianiene. Hiervoor is half-minuut fraksies van die HILIC uitvloei opgevang en her-ingespuit op 'n RP-LC kolom. Dié af-lyn HILIC×RP-LC metode toon buitengewoon hoë skeidingsvermoë, gemeet in terme van die bereikbare praktiese piek kapasiteit, met baie verbindings wat geskei is in die twee dimensies wat saam elueer in 1-dimensionele HPLC. Interessant genoeg is groep-tipe skeiding ook waargeneem gebaseer op die graad en / of aard van glukosilasie en asilering van die antosianiene. In die laaste deel van die werk, is 'n sistematiese benadering gevolg vir die ontwikkeling en optimisering van ʼn aan-lyn HILIC×RP-LC deur gebruik te maak van 'n 10-poort oorskakelingsklep wat fraksies outomaties oordra tussen die twee kolomme. Die bogenoemde metode is ook verder gekoppel aan hoë resolusie massaspektrometrie (HR-MS) om ʼn gedetailleerde ondersoek van antosianiene en hulle afgeleide verbindings in wyn moontlik te maak. Vier en negentig pigmente is in een- en ses jaar oue Pinotage wyne geïdentifiseer gebaseer op HILIC×RP-LC skeiding in kombinasie met akkurate massa MS data en fragmentasie inligting. Beduidende verskille in veral die inhoud van antosianien-afgeleide pigmente is tussen die wyne waargeneem. Ter samevatting, die metodes ontwikkel in hierdie werk baan die weg om antosianien ontleding te verbeter en stel gevolglik die moontlikheid van selfs meer gedetailleerde studies van hierdie belangrike verbindings in natuurlike produkte in die vooruitsig.
Books on the topic "Anthocyanins"
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Li, Bin, Li Wang, Weibin Bai, Wei Chen, Fang Chen, and Chi Shu. Anthocyanins. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7055-8.
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Winefield, Chris, Kevin Davies, and Kevin Gould, eds. Anthocyanins. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3.
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Brooks, Marianne Su-Ling, and Giovana B. Celli, eds. Anthocyanins from Natural Sources. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788012614.
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Mulder-Krieger, Th, and R. Verpoorte. Anthocyanins as Flower Pigments. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0906-2.
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Selvamuthukumaran, M. Anthocyanins in Subtropical Fruits. New York: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003242598.
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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Anthocyanins: Biosynthesis, functions, and applications. New York: Springer, 2009.
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Sui, Xiaonan. Impact of Food Processing on Anthocyanins. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2612-6.
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1945-, Miniati E., ed. Anthocyanins in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.
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Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad, Muhammad Riaz, and Bashar Saad. Anthocyanins and Human Health: Biomolecular and therapeutic aspects. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26456-1.
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OPC: The miracle antioxidant: how it acts to prevent disease, restore health and upgrade quality of life. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Pub., 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Anthocyanins"
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Hatier, Jean-Hugues B., and Kevin S. Gould. "Anthocyanin Function in Vegetative Organs." In Anthocyanins, 1–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_1.
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Lila, Mary Ann. "Interactions Between Flavonoids that Benefit Human Health." In Anthocyanins, 306–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_10.
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Lev-Yadun, Simcha, and Kevin S. Gould. "Role of Anthocyanins in Plant Defence." In Anthocyanins, 22–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_2.
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Davies, Kevin M. "Modifying Anthocyanin Production in Flowers." In Anthocyanins, 49–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_3.
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Steyn, W. J. "Prevalence and Functions of Anthocyanins in Fruits." In Anthocyanins, 86–105. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_4.
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Deroles, Simon. "Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Plant Cell Cultures: A Potential Source of Natural Colourants." In Anthocyanins, 108–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_5.
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Yonekura-Sakakibara, Keiko, Toru Nakayama, Mami Yamazaki, and Kazuki Saito. "Modification and Stabilization of Anthocyanins." In Anthocyanins, 169–90. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_6.
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Chemler, Joseph A., Effendi Leonard, and Mattheos A. G. Koffas. "Flavonoid Biotransformations in Microorganisms." In Anthocyanins, 191–255. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_7.
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Rasmussen, Susanne. "Biosynthesis and Manipulation of Flavonoids in Forage Legumes." In Anthocyanins, 258–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_8.
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Mateus, Nuno, and Victor de Freitas. "Anthocyanins as Food Colorants." In Anthocyanins, 284–304. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77335-3_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Anthocyanins"
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Xu, Qing, Yuanjing Zhou, Yuxiang Wu, Qiang Jia, Fei Nie, and Guilong Gao. "BIOACTIVITIES OF BLUEBERRY ANTHOCYANINS." In 2016 International Conference on Biotechnology and Medical Science. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813145870_0015.
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"Assessment of Antioxidant and Phenolics Content of Various Drying Techniques (Hibiscus sabdariffa roselle L.) Calyx UKMR-1." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.746.
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Providing food, clothing, shelter, and medicine, plants have played a critical role in human existence for millennia. The utilization of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx as a source of anthocyanins has been studied through rigorous investigations. Due to its perishable feature, the transformation of roselle calyces into dried without decreasing in their quality is highly difficult. This research was aim to determine effect various drying techniques of roselle sun, oven and freeze drying. Antioxidant, phenolic, flavonoids and anthocyanin content were determined. The studies revealed that freeze drying retained the antioxidant qualities, rate of drying increased significantly than oven and sun drying. It is concluded in other to retain the roselle calyces extract quality freeze drying methods should be employed.
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Machry, Karine, Marcílio Machado Morais, and Gabriela Silveira da Rosa. "Impact of thin layer drying on bioactive compounds of jaboticaba (Plinia cauliflora) peel." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7297.
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Jaboticaba (Plinia cauliflora) is a Brazilian fruit with a high content of anthocyanins compounds. Peel corresponds to 30 % of the fruit weight and it is considerated a residue since just the pulp is used. The aim of this work was to analyze the convective drying process of the jaboticaba peels. Moisture content of dried peels showed a range of 7.17 to 13.26 (% w.b.). The results also reported that jaboticaba peels have high anthocyanins content (fresh: 1162.99 ± 41.35 mg/100g d.b) and it was possible to maintain these compounds even after the drying process (1052 to 1270 mg/100g d.b).Keywords: jaboticaba; peel; drying; residue; anthocyanins.
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Marpaung, Abdullah, and Kevin Tjahjadi. "The Analysis of Monomeric Anthocyanin by pH Differential Method is not Appropriate for Certain Anthocyanins." In ASEAN Food Conference. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009985400260030.
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Garcia-Oliveira, Paula, Antia G. Pereira, Maria Fraga-Corral, Catarina Lourenço-Lopes, Franklin Chamorro, Aurora Silva, Pascual Garcia-Perez, et al. "Identification, Quantification, and Method Validation of Anthocyanins." In CSAC2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/csac2021-10680.
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Betoret, Noelia, Laura Calabuig-Jiménez, Cristina Barrera, and Lucia Seguí. "Effect of particle size of blueberry pomace powder on its properties." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7879.
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Producing dried powders from blueberry pomace allows to reduce its environmental impact and gives value to this waste material. This work aims to evaluate the effect of particle size (fine or coarse) of blueberry pomace dried at 70 ºC on its fibre content and main physicochemical properties, including antiradical capacity, total phenols and anthocyanins content, hydration and emulsifying properties. The effect of storage on antioxidant properties was also evaluated. Results showed a significant effect of particle size on fibre content and consequently, on water retention, holding and emulsifying capacity of the powder. Neither phenols nor anthocyanins were affected by particle size or storage time. Keywords: blueberry pomace, powders, fibre, antioxidant properties.
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Gordillo Arrobas, B., L. Ciaccheri, A. A. Mencaglia, F. J. Rodriguez-Pulido, C. Stinco, M. L. Gonzalez-Miret, F. J. Heredia, and A. G. Mignani. "Raman spectroscopy for analyzing anthocyanins of lyophilized blueberries." In 2015 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2015.7370224.
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Jiangang, Song, Zhong Fangli, Wang Xiaolin, and Feng Yangyang. "PURIFICATION OF ANTHOCYANINS FROM FRUIT OF ARONI AMELANOCARPA." In International Conference on New Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing (ICNMIM). Volkson Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/icnmim.01.2018.417.419.
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Oleinits, Elena, Mansi Ahmad Hatem, Victor Deineka, Andrey Chulkov, Irina Blinova, and Mikhail Tretiakov. "Determination of Anthocyanins of Purple Carrot Two Cultivars." In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium Innovations in Life Sciences (ISILS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isils-19.2019.57.
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Xu, Qing, Yuanjing Zhou, Daibo Wang, Bingjing Li, Liping Luo, and Guilong Gao. "Study on Improving the Stability of Blueberry Anthocyanins." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.315.
Full textReports on the topic "Anthocyanins"
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Abou El-Dis, Gamil Rayan, Khusnetdinova Landysh Zavdetovna, Akulov Anton Nikolaevich, Walla Mohamed Abdelmaksood Abdelazeez, and Timofeeva Olga Arnoldovna. Effects of Artificial Light Spectra on Anthocyanin Accumulation in Blueberry Callus Cultures. Peeref, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2209p1758898.
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Tian, Li, Rachel Amir, Doron Holland, and Hamutal Borochov-Neori. Elucidating the genetic pathways involved in shikimate, anthocyanin and hydrolyzable tannin accumulation in pomegranate. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600023.bard.
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Dornan, Thomas. Antioxidant Anthocyanidins and Calcium Transport Modulation of the Ryanodine Receptor of Skeletal Muscle (RyR1). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.319.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.
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Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.
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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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Nicholson, Ralph, Reuven Reuveni, and Moshe Shimoni. Biochemical Markers for Disease Resistance in Corn. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613037.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The objective was to screen maize lines for their ability to express resistance based on biochemical traits. Cultivars were screened for retention of the hydroxamic acid DIMBOA and the synthesis of phenols (based on anthocyanin production) as markers for resistance. Lines were selected and inoculated with fungal pathogens (Exserohilum turcicum, Puccinia sorghi, Cochliobolus heterostraphus, Colletotricum graminicola.), and the Maize Dwarf Mosaic and Johnson Grass Mosaic viruses. Lines were screened in the field and greenhouse. Results showed that lines selected for augmented phenol synthesis do exhibit heightened levels of resistance to fungal pathogens. Isolation of mRNA followed by northern analyses for expression of A1 (dihydroflavanol reductase) and peroxidase confirmed that genes for these enzymes were turned on in response to inoculation of lines predicted to exhibit resistance. Peroxidase and b-1,3-glucanase were assayed in breeding lines having or lacking the se gene. A specific ionically-bound peroxidase isozyme and a b-1,3-glucanase isozyme were revealed in lines having the se gene. Data suggest that peroxidase and b-1,3-glucanase isozymes, may be considered as markers to identify resistance to E. turcicum in maize genotypes with the se gene.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Meir, Shimon, Michael Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696523.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.