Journal articles: 'Anthelminthics'

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Hamilton, Gerhard, and Barbara Rath. "Repurposing of Anthelminthics as Anticancer Drugs." Oncomedicine 3 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/oncm.20563.

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Tsizin, Yu S., and A. M. Bronshtein. "Advances in the development of new anthelminthics (review)." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 20, no. 10 (October 1986): 696–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00763776.

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ELLIOTT, ALISON M., JULIET NDIBAZZA, HARRIET MPAIRWE, LAWRENCE MUHANGI, EMILY L. WEBB, DENNISON KIZITO, PATRICE MAWA, ROBERT TWEYONGYERE, and MOSES MUWANGA. "Treatment with anthelminthics during pregnancy: what gains and what risks for the mother and child?" Parasitology 138, no. 12 (August 3, 2011): 1499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001053.

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SUMMARYIn 1994 and 2002, respectively, the World Health Organisation proposed that treatment for hookworm and schistosomiasis could be provided during pregnancy. It was hoped that this might have benefits for maternal anaemia, fetal growth and perinatal mortality; a beneficial effect on the infant response to immunisation was also hypothesised. Three trials have now been conducted. Two have examined the effects of benzimidazoles; one (the Entebbe Mother and Baby Study) the effects of albendazole and praziquantel. All three were conducted in settings of high prevalence but low intensity helminth infection. Results suggest that, in such settings and given adequate provision of haematinics, the benefit of routine anthelminthics during pregnancy for maternal anaemia may be small; none of the other expected benefits has yet been demonstrated. The Entebbe Mother and Baby Study found a significant adverse effect of albendazole on the incidence of infantile eczema in the whole study population, and of praziquantel on the incidence of eczema among infants of mothers with Schistosoma mansoni. Further studies are required in settings that differ in helminth species and infection intensities. Further research is required to determine whether increased rates of infantile eczema translate to long-term susceptibility to allergy, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects. The risks and benefits of routine anthelminthic treatment in antenatal clinics may need to be reconsidered.

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Cvilink, Viktor, Jiri Lamka, and Lenka Skálová. "Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and metabolism of anthelminthics in helminths." Drug Metabolism Reviews 41, no. 1 (January 2009): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602530802602880.

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Rajasekariah, G. R., B. N. Deb, K. R. Dhage, and S. Bose. "Response of adultNecator americanusto some known anthelminthics in hamsters." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 83, no. 3 (January 1989): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1989.11812345.

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Abalikhin, Kryuchkova, and Sokolov. "ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE APPLICATION OF ANTHELMINTHICS GASTROINTESTINAL STRONGYLATOSIS IN HORSES." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.21-26.

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In recent years, horse breeding has been gradually reviving. Pedigree stud farms for breeding different horse breeds are developing, and the role of work horses in farms and the private sector has significantly increased. Nevertheless, helminthiases are a serious problem in the development of horse breeding. To determine the infection of horses with helminths, 53 animals were subjected to scatological research: 11 animals at the age from 1 to 2.5 years, 9 animals from 3 to 5 years, 20 animals from 6 to 10 years, and 13 animals from 11 years to 21 years. One day of inactivity of horses infected with gastrointestinal strongylates will cost the farm 72,000 Rubles. Considering that the animals must be on the farm for another 10 days after deworming until the animals are completely free of the invasion, the possible damage to the farm from inactivity of work horses increases to 720,000 Rubles. Economic efficiency per 1 Ruble of costs for deworming horses with an anthelmintic drug containing albendazole amounted to 6.01 Rubles, that containing eprinomectin – 3.9 Rubles, and that containing praziquantel + ivermectin – 5.8 Rubles.

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Elom, M. O., V. U. Usanga, C. A. Uhuo, U. J. Nwiboko, and S. N. Egwu. "Status of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis co-infection among pupils in a rural setting of Ebonyi State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 41, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v41i1.11.

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The study investigated persistence of urinary schistosomiasis and geohelminthiasis during MDA of anthelminthics. Information on supply and utilization of the anthelminthics from 2014 to 2017 were obtained from Ebonyi State Ministry of Health, Abakaliki, and from Ezza North LGA headquarters respectively. Urine and stool specimens were collected from 200 pupils from selected schools in Ezza North LGA. The specimens were examined using standard parasitological techniques. A total of 389,064 and 725,443 tablets of praziquantel and albendazole respectively were supplied to the study-area from 2014 to 2017. The percentage utilization of the regimen was 57.03% and 63.88% respectively. Age-dependent prevalence of schistosomiasis among the pupils indicated a total of 10.5%. Age group 9-11 years had least prevalence (6.15%) in comparison with others, with significant difference (p=0.044). Though the males were infected more than the females (11.96% vs 9.26%), no significant difference (p=0.535) was observed in prevalence of S. haematobium infections. Gender-related prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis indicated no significant difference (p=0.224). Infection prevalence with respect to taxa of geohelminths indicated that hookworms had higher prevalence (24.50%) than A. lumbricoides (5%) and Trichuris trichiura (2.5%). Prevalence of the helminths were still high, despite appreciable levels of supply and utilization of the regimens. Surveillance for drug resistance is recommended. Keywords: Schistosomiasis; soil-transmitted helminthiaasis; co-infection; chemotherapy; Ebonyi State.

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UHLINGER, CHRISTINE, and MICHAELA KRISTULA. "A field evaluation of three methods of administration of anthelminthics to horses." Equine Veterinary Journal 24, no. 6 (November 1992): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02884.x.

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9

Cvilink, Viktor, Barbora Szotáková, Ivan Vokřál, Hana Bártíková, Jiří Lamka, and Lenka Skálová. "Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric identification of benzimidazole anthelminthics metabolites formedex vivobyDicrocoelium dendriticum." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 23, no. 17 (September 15, 2009): 2679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4170.

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Keiser, Jennifer, and Cécile Häberli. "Evaluation of Commercially Available Anthelminthics in Laboratory Models of Human Intestinal Nematode Infections." ACS Infectious Diseases 7, no. 5 (January 7, 2021): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00719.

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Hidelaratchi, MDP, MTM Riffsy, and JC Wijesekera. "A case of eosinophilic meningitis following monitor lizard meat consumption, exacerbated by anthelminthics." Ceylon Medical Journal 50, no. 2 (February 3, 2010): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v50i2.1577.

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12

Bede, O., Z. Szénási, J. Danka, K. Gyurkovits, and D. Nagy. "Toxocariasis associated with chronic cough in childhood: a longitudinal study in Hungary." Journal of Helminthology 82, no. 4 (December 2008): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x0804827x.

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AbstractChronic cough lasting 8 weeks or more often seems to be an intractable problem in childhood. Toxocara infection is associated with an increased prevalence of airway symptoms and may be the possible aetiological agent of chronic cough. Of 425 children aged 2–17 years with chronic cough who were investigated for toxocariasis and the distribution of bronchial asthma (BA), cough variant asthma (CVA) and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), 136 (32%) were seropositive for Toxocara canis antigens. Ninety-three of the 136 were adequately assessed, diagnosed and followed up during 1 year. BA was diagnosed in 40%, CVA in 27% and NAEB in 33% of the children. The eosinophil cell count, serum T. canis IgG levels and symptoms are predictors of the improvement or the decline of the condition. Presuming the aetiopathogenetic role of T. canis in the inflammatory process of chronic cough, we treated the children not only with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), but also with a 1-week course of anthelminthics. We could significantly decrease the dose of ICS in 23 (62%) of the 37 with BA. The administration of anthelminthics and the avoidance of sensitizers were sufficient for those with NAEB; none needed ICS. ICS therapy could be stopped 2–3 months later in 17 (68%) of the 25 with CVA. We found that 8 of the 25 with CVA (32%) presented asthmatic symptoms at the end of the 1-year period. In Hungary, T. canis may be a potential sensitizer for chronic cough in seropositive children. Deworming therapy will then alleviate the airway symptoms without exacerbation in patients with BA, and have a positive effect on those with NAEB and the majority of those with CVA.

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13

de Koning, Harry P. "Drug resistance in protozoan parasites." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, no. 6 (December 22, 2017): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170113.

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As with all other anti-infectives (antibiotics, anti-viral drugs, and anthelminthics), the limited arsenal of anti-protozoal drugs is being depleted by a combination of two factors: increasing drug resistance and the failure to replace old and often shamefully inadequate drugs, including those compromised by (cross)-resistance, through the development of new anti-parasitics. Both factors are equally to blame: a leaking bathtub may have plenty of water if the tap is left open; if not, it will soon be empty. Here, I will reflect on the factors that contribute to the drug resistance emergency that is unfolding around us, specifically resistance in protozoan parasites.

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Vagenas, D., SC Bishop, and I. Kyriazakis. "Development of a model to investigate the interaction between host nutrition, genotype and gastro-intestinal parasitism in lambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019918.

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Gastrointestinal parasitism in lambs is usually manifested as a sub-clinical infection and causes significant losses in performance. Its control through the use of chemoprophylaxis is no longer sustainable due to the development of parasitic resistance to anthelminthics, but also due to environmental and consumer concerns. There is thus an urgent need to develop alternative, sustainable methods of controlling gastrointestinal parasitism. These include dietary supplementation of host with protein. The aim here is to develop a mathematical simulation model for the description of the joint effects of nutrition and host performance genotype on the outcome of sub-clinical challenge by gastrointestinal parasitism for growing lambs.

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Sowemimo, O. A., and S. O. Asaolu. "Current status of soil-transmitted helminthiases among pre-school and school-aged children from Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria." Journal of Helminthology 85, no. 3 (September 2, 2010): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000489.

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AbstractA cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths among pre-school and school-aged children attending nursery and primary schools in Ile-Ife. Single stool samples were collected between January and March, 2009 from 352 children randomly selected from a total of 456 children attending both private and government schools. The stool samples were processed using the modified Kato–Katz technique, and then examined for the eggs of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). One hundred and twenty-one (34.4%) samples were positive for STH eggs. The overall prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm were 33.2%, 3.7% and 0.9%, respectively. The prevalence of STH infection in government schools (47.8%) was significantly higher than in private schools (16.1%) (P < 0.001). The most common type of mixed infection was the combination of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (6.8%). The prevalence and intensity of A. lumbricoides rose with age. The lowest prevalence and intensity (7.7%; 0.240 ± 0.136 eggs per gram (epg)) were recorded in the 2- to 3-year-old age group, while the highest prevalence and intensity (58.7%; 1.820 ± 0.237 epg) were recorded in children aged 10 years and above. A questionnaire survey indicated that 73% of the children attending private school had been treated with anthelminthics less than 2 months prior to the collection of stool specimens, while 43% of the children attending government school received anthelminthic treatment during the same period. The findings indicate that STH infections are endemic among schoolchildren in Ile-Ife and that the burden of parasitic infections is greater in government schools than in private schools.

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Vichapong, Jitlada, Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit, Rodjana Burakham, and Supalax Srijaranai. "Determination of Benzimidazole Anthelminthics in Eggs by Advanced Microextraction with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Analytical Letters 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2014.952371.

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Doeschl-Wilson, A. B., D. Vagenas, S. C. Bishop, and I. Kyriazakis. "In silico investigation of the effect of nutrition on the estimates of genetic parameters for lambs infected with gastro-intestinal parasites." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001992x.

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In recent years there has been an increased interest for breeding lambs resistant to gastrointestinal parasites due to the reduced efficacy of anthelminthics. Furthermore, protein supplementation alleviates the adverse effects of parasitism since more protein is available for the satisfaction of the competing body functions of growth and resistance to parasites. Therefore, differences in dietary protein might result in the expression of genotype x environment interaction. Additionally the estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations obtained from populations kept under different nutritional conditions might differ with implications for the breeding programmes. The aim here is to explore the effect of dietary protein level on the estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations of a population of growing lambs infected with gastrointestinal parasites using a simulation model.

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Cederberg, S., C. S. Sikasunge, Å. Andersson, and M. V. Johansen. "Short Communication:In VitroEfficacy Testing of Praziquantel, Ivermectin, and Oxfendazole againstTaenia SoliumCysts." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/363276.

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Oxfendazole is recommended as the drug of choice for treating porcine cysticercosis. The drug does not kill brain cysts and is not registered for use in pigs. Latest its safety in the recommended dose has been questioned. The aim of this study was to investigate two alternative anthelminthics. The efficacy of praziquantel and ivermectin was compared to oxfendazoleIn VitroonTaenia solium. Cysts ofT. soliumwere isolated from infected pork and incubated in culture media together with the drugs. The degree of evagination was used as effect measurement and determined after 6 hours. Praziquantel had a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of value 0.006 ± 0.001 μg/mL. Ivermectin did not show any impact on the evagination in concentrations from 0.001 to 30 μg/mL and neither did oxfendazole in concentrations from 0.001 to 50 μg/mL.

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Fernando, SD, GSA Gunawardena, C. Siriwardena, VP Palihawadana, and MM Ismail. "Knowledge and practice on use of anthelminthics by mothers in selected areas in the Colombo District." Ceylon Medical Journal 52, no. 2 (September 8, 2009): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v52i2.1032.

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PALACIOS, M. J., F. VALERA, and A. BARBOSA. "Experimental assessment of the effects of gastrointestinal parasites on offspring quality in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)." Parasitology 139, no. 6 (February 6, 2012): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011002381.

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SUMMARYParasites reduce host fitness and consequently impose strong selection pressures on their hosts. It has been hypothesized that parasites are scarcer and their overall effect on hosts is weaker at higher latitudes. Although Antarctic birds have relatively low numbers of parasites, their effect on host fitness has rarely been investigated. The effect of helminth parasitism on growth rate was experimentally studied in chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) nestlings. In a total of 22 two-nestling broods, 1 nestling was treated with anthelminthics (for cestodes and nematodes) while its sibling was left as a control. Increased growth rate was predicted in de-wormed nestlings compared to their siblings. As expected, 15 days after treatment, the experimental nestlings had increased body mass more than their siblings. These results show a non-negligible negative effect of helminth parasites on nestling body condition that would presumably affect future survival and thus fitness, and it has been suggested there is a strong relationship between body mass and mortality in chinstrap penguins.

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Kellershohn, Josina, Laura Thomas, Steffen R. Hahnel, Arnold Grünweller, Roland K. Hartmann, Martin Hardt, Andreas Vilcinskas, Christoph G. Grevelding, and Simone Haeberlein. "Insects in anthelminthics research: Lady beetle-derived harmonine affects survival, reproduction and stem cell proliferation of Schistosoma mansoni." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): e0007240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007240.

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Christian, Parul, Farhana Shahid, Arjumand Rizvi, Rolf DW Klemm, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Treatment response to standard of care for severe anemia in pregnant women and effect of multivitamins and enhanced anthelminthics." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 3 (January 28, 2009): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26826.

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Anuar, T. S., L. Jalilah, M. Norhayati, M. Y. Azlin, M. S. Fatmah, and H. M. Al-Mekhlafi. "New insights of Enterobius vermicularis infection among preschool children in an urban area in Malaysia." Helminthologia 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0077.

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Summary Enterobiasis is a common intestinal parasitic infection caused by the nematode, Enterobius vermicularis. To assess the prevalence and to identify the underlying risk factors associated with enterobiasis among preschool children aged 1 – 6 years in Malaysia, 136 children from four nurseries and four kindergartens residing in the urban area were examined for Enterobius vermicularis. The cellotape anal swab technique was used for the detection of pinworm eggs. The parents/guardians of the investigated children were asked to complete the questionnaire so as to ascertain the potential risk factors for enterobiasis. The overall egg positive rate for Enterobius vermicularis infection was 12.5 %. The prevalence of this infection showed an age-dependency relationship, with higher rates observed among older children, aged 5 – 6 years. Multivariate analysis confirmed that finger sucking and belonging to a large family were significant risk factors of enterobiasis in the population studied. Recent pre-medication with anthelminthics was also found to have a significant impact on decreasing the egg positive rate for pinworm. The establishment of such data will be beneficial for the public health authorities in the planning and implementation of specific prevention in order to better control the infection.

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BRATTIG, N. W., A. HOERAUF, P. U. FISCHER, E. LIEBAU, C. BANDI, A. DEBRAH, M. BÜTTNER, and D. W. BÜTTNER. "Immunohistological studies on neoplasms of female and maleOnchocerca volvulus: filarial origin and absence ofWolbachiafrom tumor cells." Parasitology 137, no. 5 (March 4, 2010): 841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009992010.

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SUMMARYUp to 5% of untreated femaleOnchocerca volvulusfilariae develop potentially fatal pleomorphic neoplasms, whose incidence is increased following ivermectin treatment. We studied the occurrence of 8 filarial proteins and ofWolbachiaendobacteria in the tumor cells. Onchocercomas from patients, untreated and treated with antibiotics and anthelminthics, were examined by immunohistology. Neoplasms were diagnosed in 112 of 3587 female and in 2 of 1570 maleO. volvulus. The following proteins and other compounds ofO. volvuluswere expressed in the cells of the neoplasms: glutathione S-transferase 1, lysosomal aspartic protease, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, alpha-enolase, aspartate aminotransferase, ankyrin E1, tropomyosin, heat shock protein 60, transforming growth factor-beta, and prostaglandin E2. These findings prove the filarial origin of the neoplasms and confirm the pleomorphism of the tumor cells. Signs indicating malignancy of the neoplasms are described.Wolbachiawere observed in the hypodermis, oocytes, and embryos of tumor-harbouring filariae using antibodies againstWolbachiasurface protein,WolbachiaHtrA-type serine protease, andWolbachiaaspartate aminotransferase. In contrast,Wolbachiawere not found in the cells of the neoplasms. Further, neoplasm-containing worms were not observed after more than 10 months after the start of sufficient treatment with doxycycline or doxycycline plus ivermectin.

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Oliveira Santos, Francianne, Amanda Ponce Morais Cerqueira, Alexsandro Branco, Maria José Moreira Batatinha, and Mariana Borges Botura. "Anthelmintic activity of plants against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats: a review." Parasitology 146, no. 10 (June 14, 2019): 1233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000672.

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AbstractThe gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) stand out as an important cause of disease in small ruminant, especially on goat farm. Widespread resistance to synthetic anthelminthics has stimulated the research for alternative strategies of parasite control, including the use of medicinal plants. The present work summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies of plants with activity against GIN of goats, focusing on the description of chemical constituents related to this effect. This review retrieved 56 scientific articles from 2008 to 2018 describing more than 100 different plant species. The most frequently investigated family was Fabaceae (30.7%). Most in vitro studies on the activity of plant extracts and fractions were carried out with of free-living stages nematodes. In vivo studies were conducted mainly with the use of plants in animal feed and generally showed lower effectiveness compared to in vitro assays. The main plant secondary metabolites associated with anthelmintic effect are condensed tannins, saponin and flavonoids. However, the studies with compounds isolated from plants and elucidation of their mechanisms of action are scarce. Herbal medicines are thought to be promising sources for the development of effective anthelmintic agents.

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Groves, Peter J. "Impact of parasites on Australian laying hen welfare." Animal Production Science 61, no. 10 (2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19693.

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Cage housing systems separate the hen from her excreta and, thus, break the transmission cycle for most internal parasites. However, production systems where the birds are on litter or have access to the outdoors allow parasite life-cycle completion and, hence, these systems have seen a resurgence of intestinal parasites (worms, coccidia and histomonads). Effective registered anthelminthics are few in Australia and there are no registered products available to treat tapeworms in hens that are laying eggs for human consumption. Hence, internal parasites represent a challenge to the welfare of free-range and cage-free flocks. This is even more problematic in ‘organic’ production systems, as none of the effective treatments can be used. This is a considerable welfare issue for the organic system of production where the only measure available is lengthy range-area resting. External parasites can infest birds in any production system, although these too are regarded as more likely in extensive systems. Parasites are increasing in the layer industry and this is compounded by the parasites’ ability to infest a variety of bird species, making introduction from wild birds a significant source. New antiparasitic treatments that can be used during egg production for human consumption will be required in future.

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Mladineo, Ivona, Željka Trumbić, Adrián Ormad-García, Oswaldo Palenzuela, Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla, Simona Manuguerra, Cristobal Espinosa Ruiz, and Concetta Maria Messina. "In Vitro Testing of Alternative Synthetic and Natural Antiparasitic Compounds against the Monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080980.

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Gill monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii is considered the most detrimental fish parasite to the Mediterranean aquaculture. Treatment of sparicotylosis relies on frequent gill inspections correlated with the seasonal increase in seawater temperature, application of functional feeds, and treatments with formalin baths where permitted. While the latter is bound to be banned in Europe, other synthetic anthelminthics, such as praziquantel and ivermectin, are prone to induce resistance in the parasites. Therefore, we investigated, in vitro, 14 synthetic and natural compounds against adult S. chrysophrii, developing dose–response modelsm and estimated toxicity levels at 20%, 50%, and 80% parasite mortality. Bactericidal activity of target compounds was also tested in two important aquaculture bacteria; Vibrio harveyi and V. anguillarum, while their potential host toxicity was evaluated in gilthead seabream SAF-1 cell line. Synthetic compound bithionate sodium exerted the most potent toxicity against the monogenean, no host cytotoxicity, and a medium and high potency against two bacterial pathogens. In comparison, target natural compounds were approximately 20 (cedrol) or up to 154 times (camphor) less toxic for the monogenean. Rather than completely dismissing natural compounds, we suggest that their application in combination with synthetic drugs, especially if administered in the feed, might be useful in sparicotylosis treatment.

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Anke, H., and O. Sterner. "Nematicidal Metabolites From Higher Fungi." Current Organic Chemistry 1, no. 4 (November 1997): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272801666220126160657.

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The adverse effects on human health and well being and the high economic losses inflicted by pathogenic nematodes are important stimulants for the search of new, safe and effective nematicides and anthelminthics. The pool of natural products is an important source for such compounds, and several of the most potent nematicides used today originate from streptomycetes. Higher fungi have an extensive secondary metabolism at their disposal, and obviously some benefit from the capability to kill nematodes. Surprisingly little is known about the production of nematicidal metabolites by fungi. Examples of compounds isolated from ascomycetes are the cochlioquinones and the mycorrhizins, which are strongly active against the saprophytic Caenorhabditis elegans but not towards the economically important plant pathogen Meloidogyne incognita. From basidiomycetes, the cyclic dodecapeptide omphalotin was obtained which seems to be highly selective for M. incognita. Compounds with good activity against a abomasum nematode in vivo are the macrodiolides clonostachydiol and helminidiol. When screening for nematicidal activity, it is important to use the proper test system as the sensitivity of different nematodes may vary considerably. Consequently, the search for agents active against M. incognita may be futile, if saprophytic nematodes are used as test organisms. The importance to develop relevant screening systems that are easy to use and have an acceptable capacity is therefore emphasized.

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Kaur, Rimanpreet, Naina Arora, Meera G. Nair, and Amit Prasad. "The interplay of helminthic neuropeptides and proteases in parasite survival and host immunomodulation." Biochemical Society Transactions 50, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20210405.

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Neuropeptides comprise a diverse and broad group of neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates, with critical roles in neuronal signal transduction. While their role in controlling learning and memory in the brains of mammals is known, their extra-synaptic function in infection and inflammation with effects on distinct tissues and immune cells is increasingly recognized. Helminth infections especially of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurocysticercosis, induce neuropeptide production by both host and helminth, but their role in host–parasite interplay or host inflammatory response is unclear. Here, we review the neurobiology of helminths, and discuss recent studies on neuropeptide synthesis and function in the helminth as well as the host CNS and immune system. Neuropeptides are summarized according to structure and function, and we discuss the complex enzyme processing for mature neuropeptides, focusing on helminth enzymes as potential targets for novel anthelminthics. We next describe known immunomodulatory effects of mammalian neuropeptides discovered from mouse infection models and draw functional parallels with helminth neuropeptides. Last, we discuss the anti-microbial properties of neuropeptides, and how they may be involved in host–microbiota changes in helminth infection. Overall, a better understanding of the biology of helminth neuropeptides, and whether they affect infection outcomes could provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for helminth infections.

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Gandhi, Preetam, Esther K. Schmitt, Chien-Wei Chen, Sanjay Samantray, Vinay Kumar Venishetty, and David Hughes. "Triclabendazole in the treatment of human fascioliasis: a review." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 12 (October 22, 2019): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz093.

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Abstract Fascioliasis occurs on all inhabited continents. It is caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, trematode parasites with complex life cycles, and primarily affects domestic livestock. Humans become infected after ingestion of contaminated food (typically wild aquatic vegetables) or water. Fascioliasis may be difficult to diagnose as many symptoms are non-specific (e.g. fever, abdominal pain and anorexia). Treatment options are limited, with older effective therapies such as emetine and bithionol no longer used due to safety issues and unavailability, and most common anthelminthics having poor efficacy. Clinical trials conducted over a 25-year period, together with numerous case reports, demonstrated that triclabendazole has high efficacy in the treatment of human fascioliasis in adults and children and in all stages and forms of infection. Triclabendazole was approved for human use in Egypt in 1997 and in France in 2002 and a donation program for the treatment of fascioliasis in endemic countries was subsequently established by the manufacturer and administered by the World Health Organization. Here the published data on triclabendazole in the treatment of human fascioliasis are reviewed, with a focus on more recent data, in light of the 2019 US Food and Drug Administration approval of the drug for use in human infections.

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Unigwe, Robinson Cyprian, Lawrence Uchenna Egwu, and Chigozie Stanley Ukwueze. "Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths of slaughtered pigs at Bodija abattoir, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria." Bio-Research 20, no. 2 (May 25, 2022): 1506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i2.1.

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A 3-week study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in slaughtered pigs at Bodija Abattoir, Ibadan. Five faecal samples per day were collected for 21 days (105 samples) from the rectum of slaughtered pigs, stored in sterile container, labeled appropriately and then transported in a flask with ice pack to the parasitology laboratory of the department of veterinary parasitology and microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, where they were preserved in 10 % formalin before processing for laboratory analysis. Formalin-ether sedimentation/floatation method was used for identification of the gastrointestinal parasites. The results showed overall prevalence of 62.85 % with the presence of four nematodes (Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum spp, Metastrongyloides spp and Strongyloides spp) and one protozoan (Isospora spp). Ascaris suum (25.71 %) was the most prevalent, followed by Oesophagostomum spp and Isospora spp (14.29 % each), Metastrongyloides spp (5.71 %) whereas the least was Strongyloides spp (2.86 %) with mean eggs per gram (EPG) of 640±5.23, 500±1.06, 2190±2.34, 400±1.76 and 670±0.23 respectively. With regards to sex, sows had greater prevalence of 63.83 % as opposed to boars with 62.07 % though not significantly different (p>0.05). It can be concluded that there was high prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes in the study area. Therefore, strict sanitation and improved management practices as well as quarterly broad spectrum anthelminthics to be administered to the pigs are recommended

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HOLTFRETER, M. C., M. LOEBERMANN, E. FREI, D. RIEBOLD, D. WOLFF, G. HARTUNG, R. KINZELBACH, and E. C. REISINGER. "Schistosomula, pre-adults and adults of Schistosoma mansoni ingest fluorescence-labelled albumin in vitro and in vivo: implication for a drug-targeting model." Parasitology 137, no. 11 (May 26, 2010): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000405.

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SUMMARYObjective. Bilharziosis is one of the most important helminthal infections in humans and is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Three different life stages of the parasite occur within the mammalian host: schistosomula located in the skin, pre-adults located in the lung and adult worms located in the portal venous system. Erythrocytes are a major source of nutrient supply for adults. However, sources of nutrition for the developing stages are still unclear. Methods. To investigate whether schistosomula, pre-adults and adults of Schistosoma mansoni ingest human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro, these life stages were incubated with aminofluorescein-labelled human serum albumin (Afl-HSA) for 5 h. To test the uptake of albumin in vivo, the albumin conjugate was given intravenously to S. mansoni infected NMRI mice 24 h before harvesting the 3 life stages. Results. In comparison to the control group schistosomula, pre-adults, and adults showed an accumulation of Afl-HSA within the oesophagus and intestinal caecum in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that albumin seems to be a major source of energy supply for the early schistosomal life stages and an additive energy support for adult worms. Since albumin has been used successfully as a drug carrier for chemotherapeutic substances against malignant disorders, further studies will focus on albumin as a carrier for anthelminthics in a drug-targeting model.

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LIEBAU, Eva, Volker H. O. ECKELT, Gabriele WILDENBURG, Paul TEESDALE-SPITTLE, Peter M. BROPHY, Rolf D. WALTER, and Kimberly HENKLE-DÜHRSEN. "Structural and functional analysis of a glutathione S-transferase from Ascaris suum." Biochemical Journal 324, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3240659.

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A recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum(AsGST1) displays specific activity with a variety of model substrates and secondary products of lipid peroxidation. The AsGST1 interacts with a range of model inhibitors, haematin-related compounds, bile acids and anthelminthics. The reported variations in biochemical activity correlate with structural differences observed by homology modelling. Here, differences in the topography of the proposed substrate binding site between the AsGST1 and the host GSTs were identified. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum was raised against the glutathione-binding proteins ofA. suum and specific antibodies against AsGST1 were affinity-purified using the recombinant protein. These antibodies were used to localize the AsGST1 in adult worms by immunohistochemical staining. The strongest immunostaining for AsGST1 was localized in the intestine in all worms examined. This suggests that the enzyme may be responsible for the metabolism of materials that are incorporated from the environment, as well as for molecules that are excreted or secreted from the parasite to the environment. It also demonstrates the accessibility of the enzyme to an inhibitor or blocking antibody. In addition, the structure and sequence of the gene encoding AsGST1 have been determined. Southern-blot analyses of the AsGST1 gene suggests that it is a single-copy gene. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the gene is composed of four exons and three introns, and potential regulatory elements were identified in the 5′ flanking sequence.

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Zhou, Yujun, Yuanye Zhu, Yanjun Li, Yabing Duan, Rongsheng Zhang, and Mingguo Zhou. "β1 Tubulin Rather Than β2 Tubulin Is the Preferred Binding Target for Carbendazim in Fusarium graminearum." Phytopathology® 106, no. 9 (September 2016): 978–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-15-0235-r.

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Tubulins are the proposed target of anticancer drugs, anthelminthics, and fungicides. In Fusarium graminearum, β2 tubulin has been reported to be the binding target of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides. However, the function of F. graminearum β1 tubulin, which shares 76% amino acid sequence identity with β2 tubulin, in MBC sensitivity has been unclear. In this study, MBC sensitivity relative to that of a parental strain (2021) was significantly reduced in a β1 tubulin deletion strain but increased in a β2 tubulin deletion strain, suggesting that β1 tubulin was involved in the MBC sensitivity of F. graminearum. When strain 2021 was grown in a medium with a low or high concentration of the MBC fungicide carbendazim (0.5 or 1.4 μg/ml), the protein accumulation levels were reduced by 47 and 87%, respectively, for β1 tubulin but only by 6 and 24%, respectively, for β2 tubulin. This result was consistent with observations that MBC fungicides are more likely to disrupt β1 tubulin microtubules rather than β2 tubulin microtubules in GFP-β tubulin fusion mutants in vivo. Furthermore, sequence analysis indicated that a difference in tubulin amino acid 240 (240L in β1 versus 240F in β2) may explain the difference in MBC binding affinity; this result was consistent with the result that an F240L mutation in β2 tubulin greatly increased sensitivity to carbendazim in F. graminearum. We suggest that β1 tubulin rather than β2 tubulin is the preferred binding target for MBC fungicides in F. graminearum.

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Tsubokawa, Daigo, Taisei Kikuchi, Jae Man Lee, Takahiro Kusakabe, Yasuhiko Yamamoto, and Haruhiko Maruyama. "Venestatin from parasitic helminths interferes with receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated immune responses to promote larval migration." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e1009649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009649.

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Parasitic helminths can reside in humans owing to their ability to disrupt host protective immunity. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which is highly expressed in host skin, mediates inflammatory responses by regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and endothelial adhesion molecules. In this study, we evaluated the effects of venestatin, an EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein secreted by the parasitic helminth Strongyloides venezuelensis, on RAGE activity and immune responses. Our results demonstrated that venestatin bound to RAGE and downregulated the host immune response. Recombinant venestatin predominantly bound to the RAGE C1 domain in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Recombinant venestatin effectively alleviated RAGE-mediated inflammation, including footpad edema in mice, and pneumonia induced by an exogenous RAGE ligand. Infection experiments using S. venezuelensis larvae and venestatin silencing via RNA interference revealed that endogenous venestatin promoted larval migration from the skin to the lungs in a RAGE-dependent manner. Moreover, endogenous venestatin suppressed macrophage and neutrophil accumulation around larvae. Although the invasion of larvae upregulated the abundance of RAGE ligands in host skin tissues, mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, endothelial adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion protein-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin were suppressed by endogenous venestatin. Taken together, our results indicate that venestatin suppressed RAGE-mediated immune responses in host skin induced by helminthic infection, thereby promoting larval migration. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of venestatin may be targeted for the development of anthelminthics and immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of RAGE-mediated inflammatory diseases.

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KEISER, JENNIFER, KATRIN INGRAM, and JÜRG UTZINGER. "Antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics: systematic review, formulations, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy and implications for control." Parasitology 138, no. 12 (February 24, 2011): 1620–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000023.

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SUMMARYDrug development for paediatric applications entails a number of challenges, such as the wide age spectrum covered – from birth to adolescence – and developmental changes in physiology during biological maturation that influence the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Safe and efficacious antiparasitic drugs for children are of pivotal importance given the large proportion of burden attributable to parasitic diseases in this age group, and growing efforts to administer, as widely as possible, antiparasitic drugs to at-risk populations, such as infants and school-aged children, often without prior diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to investigate whether antiparasitic drugs have been adequately studied for use in paediatrics. We approached this issue through a systematic review using PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Trials covering a period of 10 years and 8 months until the end of August 2010 to identify trials that investigated efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics. Overall, 269 clinical drug trials and 17 PK studies met our inclusion criteria. Antimalarial drugs were the most commonly studied medicines (82·6%). Most trials were carried out in Africa and children aged 2–11 years were the age group most often investigated. Additionally, we critically examined available drug formulations for anthelminthics and identified a number of shortcomings that are discussed. Finally, we shed new light on current proposals to expand ‘preventive chemotherapy’ to preschool-aged children and emphasise that new research, including risk-benefit analyses, are needed before such a strategy can be adopted more widely.

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Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Rolf Klemm, Farhana Shahid, Arjumand Rizvi, Jee Hyuan Rah, and Parul Christian. "Treatment Response to Iron and Folic Acid Alone Is the Same as with Multivitamins and/or Anthelminthics in Severely Anemic 6- to 24-Month-Old Children." Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 8 (June 17, 2009): 1568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.103507.

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Tsepilova, Esaulova, and Zemlyanko. "THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN BASIC INTESTINAL NEMATODOSIS OF EUROPEAN BISONS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.477-483.

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The European bison (Bison b. bonasus) inhabits various regions of the Russian Federation, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and 328 other countries. Currently, the genetic core for breeding bison in the territory of the Russian Federation is the Prioksko-Terrasny State Reserve. The study of bison endoparasotifauna was carried out in the FSBI Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, the Moscow Region, "Bison Nursery" of the SB RAS in the Altai Republic and in Bryansky Les Reserve, Bryansk Region, and the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary-Sanitary Inspection of the FSBEI HE MGAVMiB – MBA named after K.I. Scryabin. A total of 192 samples were selected and examined, 159 from the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, 15 from the Bison Nursery of the SB RAS, and 18 from the Bryansky Les Reserve. The endoparasitofauna of bisons from the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve is represented by one species of trematodes, one species of cestodes, three genera of nematodes and one genus of protozoa: Fasciola hepatica, Moniezia benedeni, Trichostrongylus sp., in the study of 15 samples from the "Bison Nursery" of the SB RAS, Altai Republic, only one sample revealed single eggs of helminths from the genus Trichostrongylus sp., the prevalence is 6.6%, and the study of 18 bison fecal samples from the Bryansky Les Reserve identified nematodes from the genus Trichostrongylus sp., the prevalence is 27.7%, and the genus Nematodirus sp., the prevalence is 5.5%. When determining the effectiveness of Anthelminthics of various formulations, one of which is in the form of a powder for oral use containing fenbendazole as the active substance, and the other-injectable with the active substance closantel, it was found that the EE and IE of the latter is 100%.

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Leelawat, Surang, and Kawin Leelawat. "Cytokine Secretion of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Seeds." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (June 3, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6854835.

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Background. Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus is primarily used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of leprosy. Previous studies demonstrated that the clinical course of leprosy and the susceptibility to mycobacteria are recognized by the immune response of the host. The current study aims to investigate the effect of H. anthelminthicus seed oil and extracts on the secretion of cytokines from PBMCs involved in immune regulation. Methods. PBMCs from healthy volunteers were cultured and treated with LPS and H. anthelminthicus seed oil or extracts. Cell viability was detected with WST-1 cell proliferation assay reagent. Proinflammatory cytokines were quantified using ELISA with a specific antibody. Results. LPS-treated PBMCs significantly increased IL6 and TNF-α secretion. H. anthelminthicus seed oil had a synergistic effect with LPS on TNF-α secretion. The aqueous extract of H. anthelminthicus seed kernels and hulls significantly induced IL6 and TNF-α secretion. However, the ethanol extract of H. anthelminthicus seed kernels and hulls significantly decreased IL6, IL8, and TNF-α secretion in LPS-treated PBMCs. Conclusions. Extracts of H. anthelminthicus seeds demonstrated various effects on the proinflammatory cytokine secretion of PBMCs. The application of these extracts should depend on the immune response of the host, which determines the manifestation of the disease.

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Maphosa, Viola, and Patrick J. Masika. "In vivo validation of Aloe ferox (Mill). Elephantorrhiza elephantina Bruch. Skeels. and Leonotis leonurus (L) R. BR as potential anthelminthics and antiprotozoals against mixed infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats." Parasitology Research 110, no. 1 (May 24, 2011): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2455-8.

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Fritzen, Birgitta, and Georg, Samson-Himmelstjerna. "Anthelminthika-Resistenz." pferde spiegel 9, no. 04 (July 31, 2009): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237239.

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STOTHARD, J. R., E. IMISON, M. D. FRENCH, J. C. SOUSA-FIGUEIREDO, I. S. KHAMIS, and D. ROLLINSON. "Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among mothers and their pre-school children on Unguja Island, Zanzibar with emphasis upon ascariasis." Parasitology 135, no. 12 (September 8, 2008): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004836.

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SUMMARYSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is a scourge to the health and well-being of infants and pre-schoolchildren throughout many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. To improve maternal and child health, regular de-worming is recommended and often delivered from mother and child health (MCH) clinics, yet there have been few studies monitoring the progress and impact of interventions on local levels of disease. A cross-sectional parasitological survey, supplemented with questionnaires, was therefore conducted across 10 Ungujan villages examining mothers (n=322) and their pre-school children (n=359). Within children, mean prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm was 8·6% (95% CI 5·5–11·8), 18·9% (95% CI 14·5–23·4) and 1·7% (95% CI 0·2–3·5) while in mothers mean prevalence was 6·7% (95% CI 3·7–9·7), 11·9% (95% CI 8·0–15·8) and 1·9% (95% CI 0·2–3·5), respectively. There was, however, significant spatial heterogeneity of STH by village, 2 villages having much elevated levels of infection, although general access to anthelminthics and utilization of village MCH clinics was good. Levels of parasite aggregation (k) were determined and a multilevel logistic regression model identified access to a household latrine [OR=0·56 (95% CI 0·32–0·99)] and having an infected household member [OR=3·72 (95% CI 2·22–6·26)] as observed risk factors. To further investigate worm burdens of Ascaris lumbricoides, adult worms were expelled using Combantrin® and measured. A negative relationship between mean worm burden and mean worm mass was found. Villages in the north of Unguja represent locations where there is elevated prevalence of both ascariasis and trichuriasis and it appears that local factors are particularly favourable for transmission of these helminths. From a perspective of control, in such locations, intervention efforts should be stepped up and greater efforts placed upon improving household sanitation.

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Nampijja, Margaret, Barbara Apule, Swaib Lule, Hellen Akurut, Lawrence Muhangi, Emily L. Webb, Charlie Lewis, Alison M. Elliott, and Katie J. Alcock. "Effects of Maternal Worm Infections and Anthelminthic Treatment during Pregnancy on Infant Motor and Neurocognitive Functioning." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 6 (November 2012): 1019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000768.

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AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that maternal worm infections in pregnancy affect infant motor and neurocognitive development, and that anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy can reverse these effects. We used measures which examine infant motor, cognitive and executive function, including inhibition. We assessed 983 Ugandan infants aged 15 months, using locally appropriate measures within the Entebbe Mother and Baby Study, a trial of anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy. Key exposures were maternal worm infections and anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy. Effects of other health and social factors were controlled for statistically. Of the five major worm species found in the pregnant women, two had influences on the developmental measures: Maternal Mansonella perstans and Strongyloides stercoralis infections showed negative associations with the A-not B-task, and Language, respectively. Performance on other psychomotor and cognitive measures was associated with illnesses during infancy and infants’ behavior during assessment, but not with maternal worm infections. There were no positive effects of maternal anthelminthic treatment on infant abilities. Mansonella perstans and Strongyloides stercoralis infection during pregnancy seem associated with impaired early executive function and language, respectively, but single-dose anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy was not beneficial. The biological mechanisms that could underlie these neurocognitive effects are discussed. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1019–1030)

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Horton, John, and Vincent I. Ahonkhai. "New anthelminthic drugs in pediatrics." Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 11, no. 4 (October 2000): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/spid.2000.9643.

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Ordyntseva, A. P., I. D. Sivovolsva, G. M. Abakarov, and E. I. Sadekova. "Anthelminthic activity of organotellurium compounds." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 22, no. 9 (September 1988): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00763667.

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M, Vijaya Jyothi, Bhargav E, Pavan Kumar K, Praneeth Gowd K, and Ram Pavan S. "Evaluation of antioxidant and Anthelmintic activity of methanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v9i1.1177.

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Nyctanthes arbour-tristis is a shrub belongs to the family Oleaceae. The flowers of this plant are fragrant since the presence of flavonol glycosides. It has also been reported for the presence of β-sitosterol, iridoid glycosides, tannins etc., and known to have immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antiviral and antifungal activities. In the present study an attempt is made to identify antioxidant capacity and anthelminthic potential of methanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbour-tristis. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by total phenolic content assay, total flavonoids content assay, free radical scavenging activity and reducing ability methods. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated on Perithima posthuma using Piperazine citrate as standard drug. The results obtained for the above activities reveals that Nyctanthes arbour-tristis shows considerable antioxidant activity for all the methods and anthelminthic potential at 300 mg/ml. Keywords: arbour-tristis; antioxidant activity; anthelminthic activity; Perithima posthuma; Piperazine citrate.

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Savioli, Lorenzo, D. W. T. Crompton, and Maria Neira. "Use of anthelminthic drugs during pregnancy." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 188, no. 1 (January 2003): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.78.

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Hotez, Peter J., Ulrich Strych, Sara Lustigman, and Maria Elena Bottazzi. "Human anthelminthic vaccines: Rationale and challenges." Vaccine 34, no. 30 (June 2016): 3549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.112.

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Vagenas, D., S. C. Bishop, F. Jackson, M. Merchant, and A. J. F. Russel. "Heritabilities of, and correlations between, faecal egg counts and cashmere traits in goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000193.

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In animal production significant losses occur due to parasitism (Coop et al. 1985). The classic means of treating animals against parasites is with anthelminthic drugs. However, the recent years resistance to anthelminthic drugs has become a major problem in many countries. Novel ways of overcoming the problem of nematode parasites have been proposed. One of them is breeding for resistance to parasites (Bishop and Stear, 1999). The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters needed to devise strategies to breed against nematode parasites. Faecal egg counts (FECs) are used as the indicator trait of resistance to parasites.

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Lahat, Liron, Juana M. Ortiz, Paolo Tizzani, Belén Ibáñez, Francisco Valera, Eulalia Moreno, Gerardo Espeso, and Rocío Ruiz de Ybáñez. "Are Anthelminthic Treatments of Captive Ruminants Necessary?" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100240.

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Anthelmintics are frequently administered to animals to limit fecal egg elimination, so that wild animals in captive breeding programs are treated to maintain a proper health condition. This is effective from a health management perspective, but on the other hand, it could prevent captive animals from developing an effective immunity against parasites that they might encounter when reintroduced into their original geographic areas. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of parasite infections in captive Cuvier’s gazelles (Gazella cuvieri) not treated with anthelmintics for two years and to evaluate the factors related to their fecal egg shedding. Fifteen one-year-old males were enclosed together and captured monthly to collect feces directly from the rectum. Fecal egg counts were performed, and eggs were classified as strongylid-like, Nematodirus sp., or Trichuris sp. Fecal egg shedding for the three groups of parasites did not vary significantly over the duration of the study. Only precipitation affected the egg-shedding pattern of all parasites, while inbreeding was positively associated with the number of strongylid-like parasites. These findings suggest an equilibrium between hosts and parasites in absence of treatment during the study. The anthelmintic treatment as a systematic prophylaxis method in captive animals should be avoided and replaced by systematic coprological and clinical vigilance, as well as targeted treatment in the case of a significant rise of fecal egg counts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anthelminthics'

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