Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anthelminthics'

BACKGROUND: A big proportion of populations in sub-Saharan Africa still battle with poverty and intense exposure to infections including chronic worm infections. Studies of cognitive effects of worms have not been consistent regarding which functions are affected and whether deworming is beneficial. However, executive functions could be particularly susceptible to impairment. The home environment is reported to affect child development. However, its unique contribution in Ugandan children exposed to various factors has not been estimated. This PhD research therefore aimed to [I] examine effects of maternal and childhood worm infections and their treatment on executive function and other developmental outcomes in infancy and preschool-age children; and [2] investigate the independent effects of the home environment on child mental performance, taking into account the confounding effects of other socio-demographic exposures. In the same sample, [3] relationships between executive functions were examined in order to understand how they may be disrupted by worms and other adverse factors. METHODS: This research was conducted within the ongoing Entebbe Mother and Baby Study (EMABS) in which 2500 pregnant women were randomised to receiving a single dose of albendazole or placebo and praziquantel or placebo in a 2x2 design. 983 infants born to these women were assessed at age 15 months on executive function, and other abilities to measure the effect of maternal worm infections and their treatment on these functions. The infants were then randomised to quarterly doses of albendazole or placebo from age 15 months and were assessed again at age five years (N=870) on measures of executive function, general ability and motor function to examine effects of childhood worm infections and their treatment on performance on these functions. Relevant health and socio-demographic date were collected and used in the analyses. 200 children were assessed on an extended battery of executive function measures and their scores were used to explore the structure and relationships between executive functions . Home environments of 163 children were examined using an adapted version of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). RESULTS: Maternal Mansonella perstans and Strongyloides stercoralis infection were negatively associated with infants' performance on the A not B task (a measure of executive function) and language respectively but anthelminthic treatment did not show significant effects overall. In childhood, worms were negatively associated with performance on measures of working memory (Verbal Fluency, Counting Span, and Running Memory), attention (Picture Search), and general ability (Block Design). However, treatment with quarterly albendazole did not have significant effects on performance on measures of cognitive functioning. The home environment contributed to cognitive performance above and beyond the effect of other factors. Low-to-moderate inter-construct correlations were observed among executive functions and three components were extracted from the four domains. Planning was most related to inhibition with working memory also contributing to the best fit model. CONCLUSION: Both infant and childhood developmental outcomes suggest that executive functions may particularly be susceptible to impairment by worm infections but treatment may not reverse the effects. Furthermore, the results show that the home environment affects the child independently of SES, parental education and other global measures. Correlations and factor loadings indicate unity among the executive functions, particularly between planning and a combination of inhibition and working memory,

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Helminthic zoonosis constitutes part of the public and collective health problems due to the ever-closer approximation between humans and animals. There is a shortage of information about the contamination, prevention and care forms to be taken to avoid these conditions which makes difficult to reduce it on the population. Therefore, it is essential to research about the life cycle of parasites and its human-animal relation. Among the transmission forms, soil stands out, since parasitized animals defecate on the soil and disseminate eggs, what makes possible the infection of others. Including the places that the animals usually visit, there are parks and groves of the cities. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze on the collected dogs and cat’s stool samples on these places in Goiânia, Goiás, the existence of helminths that can cause diseases in humans, as well as to evaluate the perception of the people who visit these places about the zoonosis and the hygiene care of their pets. It was also aimed to present a literature review about the helminths found during the research, that are transmitted by cats and dog’s feces in urban areas. Nine parks/groves were visited, one per city region, to the collection of the feces and parasitological tool analysis and a quiz with 30 alternative and discursive questions was applied to 164 interviewees which affirmed to have a shortage knowledge about zoonosis. Out of 116 analyzed samples, the coproparasitological test presented the presence of Ancylostoma spp. in 11.21% and Toxocara spp. in 2.5% of them. Regarding the questionnaire, most of people were dog owners (68.9%) and 82.84% of them reportedly gave anthelmintics to their animals. When asked about zoonosis, only 4.88% of people knew its meaning. Despite most people do not have any knowledge about zoonosis, the results may be associated, due to the better care of people with their pets, but this still was not enough to avoid the transmission of these helminths. Actions and measures should be taken, such as creating a practice of monitoring a potential zoonotic parasite in public places by public health agencies, for the purpose of aiming at the prevention against the parasitosis and few spending with treatment.
As zoonoses helmínticas constituem parte dos problemas em saúde pública e coletiva devido a aproximação cada vez mais estreita entre humanos e animais. Há escassez de informações acerca das formas de contaminação, prevenção e cuidados a serem tomados para evitar essas afecções, o que dificulta sua redução na população. Dessa forma, é fundamental que sejam realizados estudos sobre os ciclos de vida de parasitos e sua relação homem-animal. Dentre as formas de transmissão desses, o solo se destaca, uma vez que animais parasitados defecam no solo e disseminam ovos, o que possibilita a infecção alheia. Entre os locais em que estes costumam frequentar em comum se encontram os parques e os bosques dos municípios. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar nas amostras fecais de cães e gatos colhidas nesses locais de Goiânia, Goiás, a existência de helmintos que possam causar doenças em humanos, bem como, avaliar a percepção das pessoas que visitam estes locais acerca das zoonoses e cuidados de higiene com seus animais de estimação. Também visou-se apresentar uma revisão de literatura a respeito das helmintoses encontradas durante a pesquisa, que são veiculadas por meio das fezes de cães e gatos em ambiente urbano. Foram visitados nove parques/bosques municipais, um por região da cidade, para colheita das fezes e análises coproparasitológicas e aplicação de um questionário a 164 entrevistados, que confirmaram o conhecimento escasso sobre zoonose. Nos exames coproparasitológicos detectaram-se 11,21% de ovos de Ancylostoma spp. e 2,5% de Toxocara spp. em 116 amostras fecais. Quanto ao inquérito, a maioria das pessoas possuíam cão em casa (68,9%) e 82,84% destas afirmaram administrar anti-helmínticos. Sobre as zoonoses, apenas 4,88% das pessoas sabiam seu significado. Os resultados podem estar associados entre si, devido ao melhor cuidado das pessoas com seus animais de estimação, porém ainda não é o suficiente para evitar a transmissão dessas helmintoses. Ações e medidas profiláticas devem ser tomadas, como criar uma prática habitual de monitoramento de parasitos com potencial zoonótico em locais públicos por meio de órgãos públicos da saúde, com a finalidade de visar a prevenção contra essas parasitoses e menos gastos com tratamentos.

A scaris is a genus of parasitic worms (helminths) found in the small intestine of various mammalian hosts, including Ascaris lumbricoides in humans, Parascaris equorum and P univalens in horses, Ascaris suum in pigs, Toxocara cati in cats and Toxocara canis in dogs. To date, Parascaris spp. are the only Ascaris worms that have developed resistance to anthelmintic drugs. The mechanisms of resistance in Parascaris spp are incompletely understood, partly due to the absence of robust in-vitro models. Further complicating in-vitro studies, Parascaris spp lack a free-living larval stage as their larva only hatch within the host. The aim of this study was to develop in-vitro methods for hatching, scoring the viability of Parascaris L3 larvae and exposing them to the anthelmintic drugs ivermectin, pyrantel, thiabendazole, and the herbal extract carvacrol. This study shows that mechanical Ascaris egg breaking using a homogenizer resulted in a hatching rate of 98%. Our viability scoring system could distinguish an ivermectin resistant larvae from an ivermectin susceptible larvae derived from different farms. This indicates that this method may have utility for the screening of larvae ivermectin resistance on the level of farm populations. Interestingly, a highly paralytic effect observed after carvacrol exposure. Carvacrol shows direct paralytic effects on Parascaris larvae in a dose-dependent manner, as higher concentrations were lethal to all exposed larvae. This result presents a potential future opportunity for carvacrol used in the treatment of Ascaris infections. To conclude our results, we have successfully developed an in-vitro model as well as a scoring system for the viability of Parascaris L3 stage larvae, which can be used for assaying the effect on larvae after drug exposure

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In vitro was evaluated the activity ovicidal and larvicidal of the extract dry Hidroalcoólico of alecrim pepper (Lippia sidoides Cham) on the development of eggs and larval of third apprenticeship L3 of nematódeos gastrintestinais (family Trichostrongylidae) of goats. The action ovicidal was accomplished through analysis probabilístic of evolution of the egg in its embryonic phases, it was used 50μL of saturated solution of sugar contends 40 buoyant eggs approximately in the extract with concentration of 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 20mg, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 150mg/ml, 250mg/ml and 500mg/ml, being appraised in the period of time of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, water distilled in the negative control and febendazole for 33mg/ml as positive control, all three times in a row. The results demonstrated that the concentration of 500mg/ml presented a probability of 2% of happening evolution of the egg of goat gastrointestinal nematodes. This result went superior to all the other tested groups, andsuperior to the group it controls positive. The activity larvicidal was evaluated through tests of efficiency of the extract Hidroalcoólico on buoyant larval of third stadium L3 in aqueous solution of 50μL and being applied on them the extract of alecrim pepper in the concentrations of 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 5mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 20mg, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 150mg/ml, 250mg/ml and 500mg/ml, evaluated to the period time of 24, 48 and 72 hours, water distilled in the negative control and febendazole for 33mg/mL was used as positive control, being twice repeated. After the exhibition period to the extract the larval were counted and separated among alive and dead larval. The results revealed that again the concentration of 500mg/ml really presented result effective with action of 95,89%, that activity went superior again to all the tested groups, getting to overcome in a lot the group controls positive that in function of activity ovicidal already can it is demonstrating resistance anthelminthic. The crossing of the data of the two studies in vitro can reveal a possible activity anthelminthic of the EHA of Lippia sidoide Cham on gastrointestinal nematodes (family Trichostrongylidae).
Avaliou-se in vitro a atividade ovicida e larvicida do EHA de alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham) sobre o desenvolvimento de ovos e larvas de terceiro estágio L3 de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos (família Trichostrongylidae). A ação ovicida foi realizada através de análise probabilística de evolução do ovo em suas fases embrionária, foi utilizado 50μL de solução saturada de açúcar contendo aproximadamente 40 ovos imersos em diferentes concentrações do EHA (1mg/mL 2mg/mL, 5mg/mL, 10mg/mL, 20mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 100mg/mL, 150mg/mL, 250mg/mL e 500mg/mL), sendo avaliadas no período de tempo de 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas, água destilada no controle negativo e febendazole 33mg/mL como controle positivo, todos em triplicata. Os resultados demonstraram que a concentração de 500mg/ml apresentou uma probabilidade de 2% de ocorrer evolução do ovo de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos. Este resultado foi superior a todos os outros grupos testados, e superior ao grupo controle positivo. A atividade larvicida foi avaliada através de testes de eficiência do EHA sobre larvas de terceiro estágio L3 imersas em solução aquosa de 50μL e sendo aplicada sobre elas o extrato de alecrim pimenta nas concentrações de 1mg/mL, 2mg/mL, 5mg/mL, 10mg/mL, 20mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 100mg/mL, 150mg/mL, 250mg/mL e 500mg/mL e avaliadas ao período tempo de 24, 48 e 72 horas, foi utilizado água destilada no controle negativo e febendazole 33mg/ml como controle positivo, sendo repetidos mais duas vezes. Após o período de exposição ao EHA as larvas vivas foram contadas e separadas entre mortas. Os resultados revelaram que novamente a concentração de 500mg/ml apresentou resultado realmente efetivo com ação de 95,89%, essa atividade foi novamente superior a todos os grupos testado, conseguindo superar em muito o grupo controle positivo que em função de atividade ovicida já pode está demonstrando resistência anti helmíntica. O cruzamento dos dados dos dois estudos in vitro sugere significante atividade ovicida e larvicida do EHA de Lippia sidoide Cham sobre nematóideos gastrintestinais de caprinos (família Trichostrongylidae).

Background: Soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and schistosomiasis during pregnancy can cause active and debilitating disease with adverse birth outcomes. A recent estimation suggests that approximately 688 million girls and women of reproductive age (WRA) are at risk of helminth infections; including 140 million pregnant and lactating women and another 108 million adolescent girls. Mass deworming is regarded as the most effective means of controlling morbidity and mortality with STH and schistosomiasis; however there are various factors that could potentially modify its effectiveness including baseline nutritional status, worm burden and concomitant interventions. Currently, it is difficult to establish whether mass deworming during pregnancy has beneficial effects under certain conditions and limited effects under others. Objectives: 1. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of deworming during pregnancy. 2. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of interventions other than deworming; including water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions. 3. To conduct an individual participants data (IPD) meta-analysis to identify the factors that explain variation in the effect estimates of mass deworming. 4. To discuss the current guidelines on mass deworming, the challenges and the economic perspective of mass deworming for WRA. Methods: To achieve the aforementioned objectives, following methodology was adopted: 1. A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of mass deworming during pregnancy. 2. A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of WASH interventions during pregnancy. 3. An IPD meta-analysis to explore whether the effect of mass deworming during pregnancy varies with individual characteristics, intensity of infection, socioeconomic status, sanitation environment and co-interventions. Results: 1. Findings from the systematic review assessing mass deworming during pregnancy suggest that it does not have any impact on maternal anaemia; however it significantly reduced the prevalence of STH and schistosomiasis. There was no impact of mass deworming during pregnancy on haemoglobin, birth weight, low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, perinatal mortality, stillbirths, neonatal mortality and congenital abnormalities. 2. Findings from the systematic review on interventions other than mass deworming among pregnant women and WRA suggest that the data are too scarce and of low quality to inform best practice. 3. The IPD component of the thesis captured majority of the existing data (70% of the total potential participant population). 4. Findings from the IPD analysis suggest that mass deworming during pregnancy is associated with reducing anaemia with no apparent impact on infection intensity, LBW and preterm birth. These analyses were limited by the availability of data for the impact by subgroups and effect modification. Further studies accounting for maternal baseline worm intensities, concomitant iron/folic acid supplementation and antenatal care coverage could change these findings. Conclusion Mass deworming remains the recommended strategy to prevent and treat STH and schistosomiasis; however deworming alone is insufficient to achieve improvements in all maternal and newborn health outcomes. It is essential to address other factors such as poor sanitation, food insecurity and malnutrition. There is a need to support and promote open data policy for future IPDs to test new hypothesis.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, 2019

A study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of three anthelmintics, ivermectin, fenbendazole, and a combination of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate, on fecal egg count reductions of cyathostomes and Parascaris equorum in 30 foals at the Texas A&M Horse Center. The foals were reared under standard horse center practices and were naturally infected with both cyathostomes and Parascaris. The foals were randomized into three treatment groups with individuals being rerandomized after each eight week observation period. The treatments of ivermectin and fenbendazole were given at the manufacturer's recommended doses and the pyrantel treatment was given at two times the manufacturer's recommended dose. All doses were based on weights taken prior to treatment. Fecal egg counts were performed at the time of treatment and at two week intervals after treatment for a total of eight weeks. Each foal received a total of three treatments during the course of the study along with the most effective treatment at the conclusion of the study. Fecal egg counts were performed by a modified McMaster's test with a sensitivity of 25 eggs per gram of feces and by the modified Wisconsin double centrifugal floatation with a sensitivity of 0.2 eggs per gram of feces. Fecal egg reduction percentages were calculated for each two week interval. Analysis of the results showed that ivermectin, either used alone or with pyrantel was a more effective anthelmintic for cyathostome (small strongyle) control than fenbendazole. Fenbendazole and pyrantel showed a higher initial reduction in Parascasris eggs when compared to the ivermectin only treated group, but ivermectin showed improved egg reduction over time. At the conclusion of this study, a primary treatment of ivermectin at the manufacturer's recommended dose and treatment of pyrantel at two times the manufacturer's recommended dose was recommended to control cyathostome egg production and severely reduce the initial number of Parascaris adults in the foals at this facility. Subsequent monthly does of ivermectin at the manufacturer's recommended dose was also recommended to continue to control both parasites. Follow up fecal examinations were also recommended to test the continued effectiveness of the recommended treatment protocol.