Journal articles on the topic 'Antennae'
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1
Mizutani, Hitomi, Kazuhiro Tagai, Shunya Habe, Yasuharu Takaku, Tatsuya Uebi, Toshifumi Kimura, Takahiko Hariyama, and Mamiko Ozaki. "Antenna Cleaning Is Essential for Precise Behavioral Response to Alarm Pheromone and Nestmate–Non-Nestmate Discrimination in Japanese Carpenter Ants (Camponotus japonicus)." Insects 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090773.
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Self-grooming of the antennae is frequently observed in ants. This antennal maintenance behavior is presumed to be essential for effective chemical communication but, to our knowledge, this has not yet been well studied. When we removed the antenna-cleaning apparatuses of the Japanese carpenter ant (C. japonicus) to limit the self-grooming of the antennae, the worker ants demonstrated the self-grooming gesture as usual, but the antennal surface could not be sufficiently cleaned. By using scanning electron microscopy with NanoSuit, we observed the ants’ antennae for up to 48 h and found that the antennal surfaces gradually became covered with self-secreted surface material. Concurrently, the self-grooming-limited workers gradually lost their behavioral responsiveness to undecane—the alarm pheromone. Indeed, their locomotive response to the alarm pheromone diminished for up to 24 h after the antenna cleaner removal operation. In addition, the self-grooming-limited workers exhibited less frequent aggressive behavior toward non-nestmate workers, and 36 h after the operation, approximately half of the encountered non-nestmate workers were accepted as nestmates. These results suggest that the antennal sensing system is affected by excess surface material; hence, their proper function is prevented until they are cleaned.
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Ren, Jinjing, Hezhihan Fan, Qi Tang, Zhongyuan Yu, Yang Xiao, and Xiang Zhou. "An Ultra-Wideband Vivaldi Antenna System for Long-Distance Electromagnetic Detection." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010528.
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Enlarging or reducing the antenna beam width of antennas can improve the positioning capability of detection systems. A miniaturized and easily fabricated ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna system for long-distance electromagnetic detection is proposed in this article. Two ultra-wideband Vivaldi antennae were designed. One was the transmitting antenna with a beam width of 90° or above, the other was a narrow beam antenna array with beam width less than 10°, as a receiving antenna. Both proposed antennae feature broadside gain diagrams with stable radiation patterns and wideband impedance matching in the frequency range between 2.5 GHz and 4 GHz. After detecting their frequency and time-domain behaviors, the detection system can achieve measurements covering a radius of 30 m.
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CHAUD-NETTO, J. "Antennal malformations in light ocelli drones of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, no. 1 (February 2000): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000100015.
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Malformed antennae of Apis mellifera light ocelli drones were drawn, dissected and mounted permanently on slides containing Canada balsam, in order to count the olfactory discs present in each segment, in comparison with the number of those structures in normal antennae of their brothers. Some drones presented morphological abnormalities in a single segment of the right or left antenna, but others had two or more malformed segments in a same antenna. Drones with malformations in both antennae were also observed. The 4th and 5th flagellum segments were the most frequently affected. In a low number of cases the frequency of olfactory discs in malformed segments did not differ from that one recorded for normal segments. However, in most cases studied, the antennal malformations brought about a significant reduction in the number of olfactory discs from malformed segments.
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Dickens, J. C., F. E. Callahan, W. P. Wergin, C. A. Murphy, and R. G. Vogt. "Intergeneric distribution and immunolocalization of a putative odorant-binding protein in true bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.1.33.
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Lygus antennal protein (LAP) is an olfactory-related protein of the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera, Heteroptera: Miridae), a hemimetabolous insect. In previous work, a polyclonal antiserum was generated against the N-terminal sequence of LAP; LAP immunoreactivity was strongest in antennae of adult males, but was also present in antennae of adult females and of nymphs. In the current study, LAP immunoreactivity was examined to determine the species specificity and the tissue and cellular localization of LAP expression. Western blot analysis indicated that LAP immunoreactivity was present in the antennae of the male congeners L. lineolaris and L. hesperous, but was not detectable in male antennae of the more distant relatives Podisus maculiventris or Nezara viridula (Hemiptera, Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Western blot analysis further confirmed that LAP expression was restricted to antennal tissue. Histological analyses showed that LAP expression within the antennae was specifically associated with chemosensory sensilla on the antenna. Within the sensilla, LAP immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the extracellular lumen and was concentrated in dense granules within the cytoplasm of sensillar support cells. LAP immunoreactivity was restricted to a subset of antennal chemosensory sensilla, specifically the multiporous olfactory sensilla. These findings suggest that LAP has an important olfactory function in Lygus sp., possibly related to that of odorant-binding proteins (OBP) found in other insect orders. If so, LAP would be the first OBP-like protein characterized outside the Endopterygota.
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Gargi, C., J. S. Kennedy, and T. D. Jayabal. "Morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensillae of both sexes of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3563.
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Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a devastating invasive pest persisting as a menace hampering the progress of Indian agriculture. The morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensilla of both sexes of S. frugiperda were investigated in the study. The antenna was filiform for both sexes and was composed of scape, pedicel and flagellum. Male antennas had more subsegments (65-71) in the flagellum than female (56-70) antennas. Male and female S. frugiperda antennae possessed eight types of sensilla: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla squamiformia and Bӧhm’s bristles. Sensilla trichoidea was the most abundant sensilla found in the antenna of both sexes and was more abundant in males than in females. It was also noticed that male antenna was longer than the female antenna. The results of the present study helps to assess alternative management strategies with an electrophysiological response of the pest towards sex pheromones and in combination with plant info chemicals for monitoring and management of S. frugiperda in agricultural ecosystems.
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Saltin, B. D., Y. Matsumura, A. Reid, J. F. Windmill, S. N. Gorb, and J. C. Jackson. "Material stiffness variation in mosquito antennae." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 154 (May 2019): 20190049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0049.
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The antennae of mosquitoes are model systems for acoustic sensation, in that they obey general principles for sound detection, using both active feedback mechanisms and passive structural adaptations. However, the biomechanical aspect of the antennal structure is much less understood than the mechano-electrical transduction. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we measured the fluorescent properties of the antennae of two species of mosquito— Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and Anopheles arabiensis —and, noting that fluorescence is correlated with material stiffness, we found that the structure of the antenna is not a simple beam of homogeneous material, but is in fact a rather more complex structure with spatially distributed discrete changes in material properties. These present as bands or rings of different material in each subunit of the antenna, which repeat along its length. While these structures may simply be required for structural robustness of the antennae, we found that in FEM simulation, these banded structures can strongly affect the resonant frequencies of cantilever-beam systems, and therefore taken together our results suggest that modulating the material properties along the length of the antenna could constitute an additional mechanism for resonant tuning in these species.
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Balakrishnan, R., and G. Pollack. "The role of antennal sensory cues in female responses to courting males in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.3.511.
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Courtship communication in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus is multimodal, involving a minimum of both acoustic and chemical cues. The acoustic signal, or courtship song, is necessary to elicit normal levels of female mounting of the male during courtship. Antennal input is also crucial since antennectomized females show highly reduced levels of mounting. Immobilization of the scape­pedicel and pedicel­flagellum joints of female antennae had no effect on mounting probability, suggesting that mechanosensory input from chordotonal organs at the base of the antenna is not necessary. The antennal flagellum is a multimodal sensory organ, which contains both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. In order to dissect the roles of different flagellar modalities, we treated antennae with zinc sulphate. This suppressed a well-characterized contact-chemosensory behaviour, initiation of courtship by males, and eliminated responsiveness of most chemosensory hairs as assayed electrophysiologically. Zinc sulphate treatment had no effect on a tactile antennal reflex, indicating that it selectively silenced chemoreceptors. Treatment of antennae with zinc sulphate reduced mounting levels nearly as much as antennectomy, suggesting that the main antennal cue required for the mounting responses is chemosensory, rather than mechanosensory, in nature.
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Zheng, L. X., W. J. Wu, G. W. Liang, and Y. G. Fu. "Nymphal antennae and antennal sensilla in Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 5 (May 28, 2014): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748531400039x.
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AbstractWhiteflies have distinct nymphal stages: their first stage is mobile, whereas the later immature stages are sessile. The developmental and structural changes of antennae and antennal sensilla in whiteflies during these stages have rarely been investigated. This paper describes the morphology of antennae and antennal sensilla in four nymphal stages of Aleurodicus dispersus based on scanning electron microscopy. There were significant differences found in shape and length of the antennae, and differences in type, number, morphological structure and distributional pattern of antennal sensilla in the four nymphal stages of A. dispersus. We found two types of sensilla on the antennae of first-instar nymph, three types on the third-instar nymphal antennae, four types on the second-instar and seven types on the fourth-instar nymphal antennae. Sensilla trichoidea (ST) and elevated sensilla placodea were found on the antennae of each nymphal stage, sensilla chaetica only occurred on the antennae of fourth-instar nymph. Sensilla furcatea occurred on the antennae of second- and third-instar nymphs, and sensilla basiconica were found on the antennae of second- and fourth-instar nymphs. In addition, there were sensilla campaniform and sensilla coeloconica found only on the antennae of fourth-instar nymph, whereas the ST of fourth-instar nymphs included sensilla trichoidea 1 and sensilla trichoidea 2. The possible functions of antennal sensilla are discussed. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the development of the olfactory system of whitefly nymphal stages, and provide a basis for further exploration of chemical communication mechanisms between whiteflies and host plants.
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Nicastro, Daniela, Ulrich Smola, and Roland R. Melzer. "The antennal sensilla of the carnivorous "phantom" larva of Chaoborus crystallinus (De Geer) (Diptera, Nematocera)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-003.
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The prehensile antennae of larval Chaoborus crystallinus are equipped with seven sensilla that comprise 24 sensory cells. Analysis of their ultrastructure indicates that they represent either mechano-or chemo-receptors. The main chemosensory input is established by a compound sensillum, S15 ("sensory cone" with 15-sensory cells), that is located at the tip of the antennal article (outer ventral claw). Exteroreceptors are the "middle claw" of the antenna, and a small sensillum trichodeum at half the length of the antennal article. Proprioreceptive mechanoreceptors are found in the proximal and distal regions of the antennal article. Comparison of sensillar arrangement and ultrastructure indicates that the ancient sensillar equipment of the culicid type is still present within the highly specialized catching apparatus of C. crystallinus. Compared with Culicidae, chemosensitive input is reduced, while proprioreceptive, mechanosensory input is highly developed. Larvae of Culicidae and Chaoboridae appear to possess a homologous set of antennal senilla that show specializations connected to the different functions of the antennae.
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Wang, Qike, Yidan Shang, Douglas S. Hilton, Kiao Inthavong, Dong Zhang, and Mark A. Elgar. "Antennal scales improve signal detection efficiency in moths." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1874 (March 14, 2018): 20172832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2832.
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The elaborate bipectinate antennae of male moths are thought to increase their sensitivity to female sex pheromones, and so should be favoured by selection. Yet simple filamentous antennae are the most common structure among moths. The stereotypic arrangements of scales on the surface of antennae may resolve this paradox. We use computational fluid dynamics techniques to model how scales on the filamentous antennae of moths affect the passage of different particles in the airflow across the flagellum in both small and large moths. We found that the scales provide an effective solution to improve the efficacy of filamentous antennae, by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles, which resemble pheromones, around the antennae. The smaller moths have a greater increase in antennal efficiency than larger moths. The scales also divert microparticles, which resemble dust, away from the antennal surface, thereby reducing contamination. The positive correlations between antennal scale angles and sensilla number across Heliozelidae moths are consistent with the predictions of our model.
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Ventura, Maurício Ursi, and Antônio Ricardo Panizzi. "Morphology of olfactory sensilla and its role in host plant recognition by Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Alydidae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 4 (July 2005): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000500012.
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The external morphology of the sensilla, including pores and permeable points on the cuticle of the antennae of adults of Neomegalotomus parvus (West.) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) was investigated with regard to their olfactory function. Behavioural evidence of olfaction, the importance of the different antennal segments in locating the host under still-air, and the responses of the insects to plants' scents and to pheromones in wind assays were also studied. With the scanning electronic microscope mechanoreceptor sensilla were found on the four segments of the antennae of N. parvus. The density of the sensilla was greater on the 4th segment. On the apical segment, sensilla with olfactory morphological traits were observed. Bugs with intact antennae located food more frequently and faster than those with blocked or amputated antennae. N. parvus preferred intact seeds to sealed seeds, but there was no preference when the last segment of the antenna was blocked. In wind tunnel, bugs were attracted to mature and green pods, and to hexanic extract of mature pods of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.; there was no response to panicles of rice, Oryza sativa L. or to the male pheromone.
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Saltin, Brian D., Yoko Matsumura, Andrew Reid, James F. Windmill, Stanislav N. Gorb, and Joseph C. Jackson. "Resilin Distribution and Sexual Dimorphism in the Midge Antenna and Their Influence on Frequency Sensitivity." Insects 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080520.
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Small-scale bioacoustic sensors, such as antennae in insects, are often considered, biomechanically, to be not much more than the sum of their basic geometric features. Therefore, little is known about the fine structure and material properties of these sensors—even less so about the degree to which the well-known sexual dimorphism of the insect antenna structure affects those properties. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we determined material composition patterns and estimated distribution of stiffer and softer materials in the antennae of males and females of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. Using finite element modelling (FEM), we also have evidence that the differences in composition of these antennae can influence their mechanical responses. This study points to the possibility that modulating the elastic and viscoelastic properties along the length of the antennae can affect resonant characteristics beyond those expected of simple mass-on-a-spring systems—in this case, a simple banded structure can change the antennal frequency sensitivity. This constitutes a simple principle that, now demonstrated in another Dipteran group, could be widespread in insects to improve various passive and active sensory performances.
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Diakova, Anna V., Anastasia A. Makarova, and Alexey A. Polilov. "Between extreme simplification and ideal optimization: antennal sensilla morphology of miniaturized Megaphragma wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)." PeerJ 6 (November 30, 2018): e6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6005.
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One of the major trends in the evolution of parasitoid wasps is miniaturization, which has produced the smallest known insects. Megaphragma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are smaller than some unicellular organisms, with an adult body length of the smallest only 170 µm. Their parasitoid lifestyle depends on retention of a high level of sensory reception comparable to that in parasitoid wasps that may have antennae hundreds of times larger. Antennal sensilla of males and females of Megaphragma amalphitanum and M. caribea and females of the parthenogenetic M. mymaripenne are described, including sensillum size, external morphology, and distribution. Eight different morphological types of sensilla were discovered, two of them appearing exclusively on female antennae. Two of the types, sensilla styloconica and aporous placoid sensilla, have not been described previously. Regression analyses were performed to detect and evaluate possible miniaturization trends by comparing available data for species of larger parasitoid wasps. The number of antennal sensilla was found to decrease with the body size; M. amalphitanum males have only 39 sensilla per antenna. The number of antennal sensilla types and sizes of the sensilla, however, show little to no correlation with the body size. Our findings on the effects of miniaturization on the antennal sensilla of Megaphragma provide material for discussion on the limits to the reduction of insect antenna.
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Lee, Hoonyol, and Jihyun Moon. "Indoor Experiments of Bistatic/Multistatic GB-SAR with One-Stationary and One-Moving Antennae." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183733.
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Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) is a useful tool to simulate advanced SAR systems with its flexibility on RF system and SAR configuration. This paper reports an indoor experiment of bistatic/multistatic GB-SAR operated in Ku-band with two antennae: one antenna was stationary on the ground and the other was moving along a linear rail. Multiple bistatic GB-SAR images were taken with various stationary antenna positions, and then averaged to simulate a multistatic GB-SAR configuration composed of a moving Tx antenna along a rail and multiple stationary Rx antennae with various viewing angles. This configuration simulates the use of a spaceborne/airborne SAR system as a transmitting antenna and multiple ground-based stationary antennae as receiving antennae to obtain omni-directional scattering images. This SAR geometry with one-stationary and one-moving antennae configuration was analyzed and a time-domain SAR focusing algorithm was adjusted to this geometry. Being stationary for one antenna, the Doppler rate was analyzed to be half of the monostatic case, and the azimuth resolution was doubled. Image quality was enhanced by identifying and reducing azimuth ambiguity. By averaging multiple bistatic images from various stationary antenna positions, a multistatic GB-SAR image was achieved to have better image swath and reduced speckle noise.
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Aksenenko, Evgeniy Vasilyevich, and Mikhailovna Anna Kondratyeva. "Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of Cistogaster globosa (Fabricius, 1775) и Cylindromyia interrupta (Meigen, 1824) (Diptera: Tachinidae)." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101101.
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The paper describes the ultrastructure of antennal sensilla among two species of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). For this purpose, the antennae of the adult flies Cistogaster globosa (Fabricius, 1775) and Cylindromyia interrupta (Meigen, 1824) were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The choice of antennae as structures for studying the receptor organs is explained by the fact that among insects they are the main site of sensilla localization. There is also a high degree of oligomerization of the antenna segments, which determines the concentration of sensilla on the apical segment in the short-tied circular-seam Diptera (Brachycera-Cyclorrhapha), to which the family Tachinidae also belongs. Most of antennal sensilla are morphologically independent elementary sensory formations. Each type of such sensory formations is responsible for one or more functions. Three types of sensilla were identified (trichoid, basiconic and coeloconical) as a result of the analysis of two tachinid species antennae. Trichoid and basiconic sensilla were found among the tachinid fly Cistogaster globosa, and trichoid and coeloconical sensilla were found among Cylindromyia interrupta. A large number of microtrichia was also found on the antenna elements in both tachinid species. Original SEM-images of the ultrastructural organization of the tachinid sensory system are provided; their localization and number per unit area are shown. The obtained data expand our understanding of the role of these morphological structures in the orientation of tachinid fly in the implementation of the reproductive strategy: search for a sexual partner, search for a potential host habitat, and search for a host.
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Zhu, Qing, Nan Wu, Jolanta Brożek, and Wu Dai. "Antennal Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism of Antennal Sensilla in Callitettix versicolor (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)." Insects 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10020056.
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The rice spittlebug Callitettix versicolor (Fabricius) is an important pest of rice and maize in South Asia and causes severe economic damage. To provide background information for chemical ecology studies, the fine morphology of antennae and the types and distribution of the sensilla on the male and female antennae of Callitettix versicolor (Fabricius) are investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the antenna is filiform and composed of three segments: a scape, a pedicel, and a flagellum. The female antennae are slightly shorter than the male antennae. In both sexes, four types and nine subtypes of sensilla were observed: sensilla basiconica (SB1, SB2), sensilla campaniformia (SCa1, SCa2 and SCa3), sensilla coeloconica (SCo1, SCo2 and SCo3) and sensilla trichodea (ST). In addition, sensilla coeloconica (SCo1) are observed on the membrane of the top of the pedicel in Cercopidae for the first time. Sexual dimorphism mainly occurs in variation in the number of sensilla coeloconica (SCo2, SCo3) on the bulb-shaped portion of the flagellum and in the shape of sensilla basiconica (SB2). There are significantly more sensilla coeloconica in males than in females. The external structure and distribution of these sensilla are compared to those of other cercopids and possible functions of the antennal sensilla are discussed.
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Uzsák, Adrienn, James Dieffenderfer, Alper Bozkurt, and Coby Schal. "Social facilitation of insect reproduction with motor-driven tactile stimuli." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1783 (May 22, 2014): 20140325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0325.
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Tactile stimuli provide animals with important information about the environment, including physical features such as obstacles, and biologically relevant cues related to food, mates, hosts and predators. The antennae, the principal sensory organs of insects, house an array of sensory receptors for olfaction, gustation, audition, nociception, balance, stability, graviception, static electric fields, and thermo-, hygro- and mechanoreception. The antennae, being the anteriormost sensory appendages, play a prominent role in social interactions with conspecifics that involve primarily chemosensory and tactile stimuli. In the German cockroach ( Blattella germanica ) antennal contact during social interactions modulates brain-regulated juvenile hormone production, ultimately accelerating the reproductive rate in females. The primary sensory modality mediating this social facilitation of reproduction is antennal mechanoreception. We investigated the key elements, or stimulus features, of antennal contact that socially facilitate reproduction in B. germanica females. Using motor-driven antenna mimics, we assessed the physiological responses of females to artificial tactile stimulation. Our results indicate that tactile stimulation with artificial materials, some deviating significantly from the native antennal morphology, can facilitate female reproduction. However, none of the artificial stimuli matched the effects of social interactions with a conspecific female.
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DOBREV, STEFAN, EVANGELOS KRANAKIS, DANNY KRIZANC, JAROSLAV OPATRNY, OSCAR MORALES PONCE, and LADISLAV STACHO. "STRONG CONNECTIVITY IN SENSOR NETWORKS WITH GIVEN NUMBER OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAE OF BOUNDED ANGLE." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 04, no. 03 (August 6, 2012): 1250038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830912500383.
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Traditional approaches to connectivity in sensor networks are based on the omnidirectional antenna model which relies on the assumption that the sensors send and receive in all directions. Current technologies make possible the utilization of sensors with directional antenna capabilities whereby the sensors send and/or receive along a sector of a predefined angle (or beam-width). Although several researchers in the scientific literature have investigated the impact of directional antennae on network throughput, energy consumption, as well as security very little is known concerning the effect of directional antennae on its connectivity. In this paper, we introduce for the first time a new sensor model with each sensor being able to transmit in any one of k directions, for some fixed k, and explore the algorithmic limits and potential of such a directional antenna model. More specifically, given a set of n sensors in the plane, we consider the problem of establishing a strongly connected ad hoc network from these sensors using directional antennae. In particular, we prove that given such set of sensors, each equipped with k, 1 ≤ k ≤ 5, directional antennae with any angle of transmission, these antennae can be oriented in such a way that the resulting communication structure is a strongly connected digraph spanning all n sensors. Moreover, the transmission range of the antennae is at most [Formula: see text] times the optimal range (a range necessary to establish a connected network on the same set of sensors using omnidirectional antennae). The algorithm which constructs this orientation runs in O(n) time provided a minimum spanning tree on the set of sensors is given. We show that our solution can be used to give a tradeoff on the range and angle when each sensor has one antenna. Further, we also prove that for two antennae it is NP-hard to decide whether such an orientation exists if both the transmission angle and range are small for each antennae.
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Nicolas, Aurore, Julie Pourtois, Pol Karier, István Markó, and Thierry Hance. "Sexual dimorphism and sex pheromone detection in Aphidoletes aphidimyza." Animal Biology 70, no. 1 (2020): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20191022.
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Abstract Sexual dimorphism, particularly at the level of sensory and locomotor organs, is usually attributed to sexual selection. Antennae are notably developed in males of species that need to detect a sex pheromone at low concentration or at long distance. In addition to their role in intrasexual selection, antennae can be seen as important ornaments in intersexual selection. Antennae of Aphidoletes aphidimyza are clearly sexually dimorphic (males have longer antennae than females, with highly developed sensilla) while females emit a sex pheromone for mating. Males with longer and more symmetrical antennae than others could be more successful in reaching the source of sex pheromone, especially if they can fly properly. A morphometric study was first conducted, to apprehend the variability of antennae, wings and tibias in lab conditions. The length of the antennae of male A. aphidimyza is impressive and the right antenna is longer than the left antenna. Secondly, choice experiments were conducted in a Y-shaped olfactometer with males of A. aphidimyza facing the sex pheromone. The relationship between choice patterns and morphology of males was then studied, but no link was found between the morphology of males and their behaviour while exposed to the sex pheromone, although males were indeed attracted by the olfactometer arm containing the sex pheromone.
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Aschner, Rom, Paz Carmi, and Yael Stein. "Unique Coverage with Rectangular Regions." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 28, no. 04 (December 2018): 341–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195918500103.
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We study unique coverage problems with rectangle and half-strip regions, motivated by wireless networks in the context of coverage using directional antennae without interference. Given a set [Formula: see text] of points (clients) and a set [Formula: see text] of directional antennae in the plane, the goal is to assign a direction to each directional antenna in [Formula: see text], such that the number of clients in [Formula: see text] that are uniquely covered by the directional antennae is maximized. A client is covered uniquely if it is covered by exactly one antenna. We consider two types of rectangular regions representing half-strip directional antennae: unbounded half-strips and half-strips bounded by a range [Formula: see text] (i.e., [Formula: see text]-sided rectangular regions and rectangular regions). The directional antennae can be directed up or down. We present two polynomial time algorithms: an optimal solution for the problem with the [Formula: see text]-sided rectangular regions, and a constant factor approximation for the rectangular regions.
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Belcari, A., and M. Kozánek. "Secretory material from antennal organs and its possible role in mating behaviour of Pipunculidae (Diptera)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 12 (December 2006): 1727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-171.
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The study of antennal morphology of entomoparasitic flies belonging to the family Pipunculidae (Diptera) revealed the presence of a developed secretory system area on the third antennal segment (flagellum) of pipunculid males. The possible physiological function of this system is discussed. Socketed mechanotactile bristles, two types of basiconical sensilla, one type of grooved sensilla, and a sensory pit form the sensillar system of pipunculid antennae. The morphology of these sensilla and the pattern of their distribution are presented. The discovery of a secretory system in male antennae reveals the possible complex role of antennae in courtship behaviour of pipunculid flies.
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Lefebvre, F., M. Limousin, and Y. Caubet. "Sexual dimorphism in the antennae of terrestrial isopods: a result of male contests or scramble competition?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-128.
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In Oniscidea (terrestrial crustaceans), males are known to have longer antennae than females. This sexual dimorphism may result from a variety of selection pressures. However, some species are well known for their highly aggressive males, which use their antennae as weapons. We tested the hypothesis that longer antennae in males have been selected for by means of antennal contests. Morphological analysis of the antennae and behavioral analysis of male dyads were performed in parallel on 7 species. We demonstrate significant sexual dimorphism of the antennae in 6 of the 7 species, and various forms of male aggressiveness depending on the species. Our hypothesis was rejected because we found a negative correlation between the use of the antennae in contests and the magnitude of sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, some species are sexually dimorphic but the males never compete using their antennae. We propose and argue that scramble competition to be the first to find receptive females could explain why males have longer chemoreceptive antennae.
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Dugin, N. A., Yu S. Fedosenko, G. R. Belyaev, and E. N. Myasnikov. "Investigating process technologies for production of carbon composite material antennas for maritime radio communication systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012020.
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Abstract The paper is dedicated to studying manufacturing prospects of antenna devices from carbon composite materials and suggests technical solutions aimed at water transportation radio communication needs. Principal physical parameters of the carbon composite material used in manufacture and subsequent studies of antenna specimens were compared to those of metals. Peculiarities of manufacturing carbon composite antenna devices have been considered. Antenna specimens were experimentally studied for their electromagnetic characteristics, while their digital copies were studied in simulation. Similarities are pointed out between the main characteristics of composite antennae and their metal analogs. Efficiency of proposed technical solutions and antenna building technologies are demonstrated for application of carbon composite antennas in marine radio communication.
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Camhi, J. M., and E. N. Johnson. "High-frequency steering maneuvers mediated by tactile cues: antennal wall-following in the cockroach." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.5.631.
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Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) use their antennae to detect a wall and to maintain a constant distance from it as they walk or run along it. The faster they run, the closer they position themselves to the wall. They also use their antennae to detect and follow multiple accordion-like projections in the wall. They can make up to 25 body turns s-1 for short periods during rapid running to follow such wall projections. Each turn apparently involves a change in stepping direction. These turns help to avoid collisions with the outward projections, while keeping the body close to the wall. Sensory inputs from the flagellum of the antenna, and not from its base, appear to evoke the turns in response to wall projections. These flagellar inputs appear to report the position along the antenna of its contact with the wall and/or the position of the consequent antennal bend. This flagellar information constitutes a one-dimensional sensory map, with location along the map indicating the distance to the wall.
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Stengl, M., and R. Zintl. "NADPH diaphorase activity in the antennae of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.5.1063.
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Biochemical and physiological studies suggested that increases in the levels of cyclic GMP in insect antennal receptor cells play a role in olfactory adaptation. As inositol-trisphosphate-dependent Ca2+ influx appears to precede the increase in intracellular cyclic GMP levels, it was hypothesized that a Ca2+-dependent mechanism might stimulate the guanylyl cyclase. The present study used histochemical staining for NADPH diaphorase to examine whether antennal receptor neurones of male Manduca sexta could contain nitric oxide synthase. This Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme is a prerequisite for nitric-oxide-dependent stimulation of guanylyl cyclase and possesses NADPH diaphorase activity. It was found that a subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurones as well as mechano-, thermo- and hygroreceptors on the moth antenna are NADPH-diaphorase-positive. Staining was also seen in non-neuronal cells. In the developing antenna, the NADPH-diaphorase-dependent staining was first observed at pupal stage 13-14, at approximately the same time as the antennal receptor neurones became physiologically active. The number and location of stained receptor cells was highly variable, and significantly more pheromone-sensitive sensilla were NADPH-diaphorase-positive in pheromone-stimulated antennae. This suggests that the enzyme is transiently activated by pheromone rather than being continuously active.
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Dong, P. D., J. Chu, and G. Panganiban. "Coexpression of the homeobox genes Distal-less and homothorax determines Drosophila antennal identity." Development 127, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.2.209.
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The Distal-less gene is known for its role in proximodistal patterning of Drosophila limbs. However, Distal-less has a second critical function during Drosophila limb development, that of distinguishing the antenna from the leg. The antenna-specifying activity of Distal-less is genetically separable from the proximodistal patterning function in that certain Distal-less allelic combinations exhibit antenna-to-leg transformations without proximodistal truncations. Here, we show that Distal-less acts in parallel with homothorax, a previously identified antennal selector gene, to induce antennal differentiation. While mutations in either Distal-less or homothorax cause antenna-to-leg transformations, neither gene is required for the others expression, and both genes are required for antennal expression of spalt. Coexpression of Distal-less and homothorax activates ectopic spalt expression and can induce the formation of ectopic antennae at novel locations in the body, including the head, the legs, the wings and the genital disc derivatives. Ectopic expression of homothorax alone is insufficient to induce antennal differentiation from most limb fields, including that of the wing. Distal-less therefore is required for more than induction of a proximodistal axis upon which homothorax superimposes antennal identity. Based on their genetic and biochemical properties, we propose that Homothorax and Extradenticle may serve as antenna-specific cofactors for Distal-less.
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Hallberg, Eric, and Lina Hansén. "The early development of antenna and antennal sensilla in the noctuid moth, Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100160066.
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The antennal rudiments in lepidopterous insects are present as disks during the larval stage. The tubular double-walled antennal disk is present beneath the larval antenna, and its inner layer gives rise to the adult antenna during the pupal stage. The sensilla develop from a cluster of cells that are derived from one stem cell, which gives rise to both sensory and enveloping cells. During the morphogenesis of the sensillum these cells undergo major transformations, including cell death. In the moth Agrotis segetum the pupal stage lasts about 14 days (temperature, 25°C). The antennae, clearly seen from the exterior, were dissected and fixed according to standard procedures (3 % glutaraldehyde in 0.15 M cacaodylate buffer, followed by 1 % osmiumtetroxide in the same buffer). Pupae from day 1 to day 8, of both sexes were studied.
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Cumming, Royce T., and Stephane Le Tirant. "Drawing the Excalibur bug from the stone: adding credibility to the double-edged sword hypothesis of coreid evolution (Hemiptera, Coreidae)." ZooKeys 1043 (June 14, 2021): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.67730.
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A new genus and species of exaggerated antennae Coreidae is described from Myanmar amber of the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage). Ferriantenna excaliburgen. et sp. nov. appears related to another Cretaceous coreid with exaggerated antennae, Magnusantenna Du & Chen, 2021, but can be differentiated by the fourth antennal segment which is short and paddle-like, the undulating shape of the pronotum and mesonotum, and the shorter and thicker legs. The new coreid, with elaborately formed antennae and simple hind legs instead of the typical extant coreid morphology with simple antennae and elaborately formed hind legs, begs the question: why were the elaborate features of the antennae lost in favor of ornate hind legs? Features that are large and showy are at higher risk of being attacked by predators or stuck in a poor molt and subjected to autotomy and are therefore lost at a higher rate than simple appendages. We hypothesize that because elaborate antennae play an additional significant sensory role compared to elaborate hind legs, that evolutionarily it is more costly to have elaborate antennae versus elaborate hind legs. Thus, through the millenia, as coreid evolution experimented with elaborate/ornate features, those on the antennae were likely selected against in favor of ornate hind legs.
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Jaffar-Bandjee, Mourad, Gijs Krijnen, and Jérôme Casas. "Challenges in Modeling Pheromone Capture by Pectinate Antennae." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa057.
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Synopsis Insect pectinate antennae are very complex objects and studying how they capture pheromone is a challenging mass transfer problem. A few works have already been dedicated to this issue and we review their strengths and weaknesses. In all cases, a common approach is used: the antenna is split between its macro- and microstructure. Fluid dynamics aspects are solved at the highest level of the whole antenna first, that is, the macrostructure. Then, mass transfer is estimated at the scale of a single sensillum, that is, the microstructure. Another common characteristic is the modeling of sensilla by cylinders positioned transversal to the flow. Increasing efforts in faithfully modeling the geometry of the pectinate antenna and their orientation to the air flow are required to understand the major advantageous capture properties of these complex organs. Such a model would compare pectinate antennae to cylindrical ones and may help to understand why such forms of antennae evolved so many times among Lepidoptera and other insect orders.
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Liu, Yan-Qi, Jin Li, and Li-Ping Ban. "Morphology and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla in Three Species of Thripidae (Thysanoptera) Infesting Alfalfa Medicago sativa." Insects 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010081.
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Thrips are important pests to alfalfa Medicago sativa. Similar as many other plant-feeding insects, thrips rely on the antennae to receive chemical signals in the environment to locate their hosts. Previous studies indicated that sensilla of different shapes on the surface of insect antenna play an important role in signal recognition. However, morphological analysis of the antennal sensilla in Thysanoptera has been limited to only a few species. To expand the understanding of how antennal sensilla are related to semiochemical detection in thrips, here we compared the morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla in three thrip species, Odontothrips loti, Megalurothrips distalis, and Sericothrips kaszabi, by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antennae of these three species are all composed of eight segments and share similar types of sensilla which distribute similarly in each segment, despite that their numbers show sexual dimorphism. Specifically, nine major types of sensilla in total were found, including three types of sensilla basiconica (SBI, SBII, and SBIII), two types of sensilla chaetica (SChI and SChII), and one type for each of sensilla coeloconica (SCo), sensilla trichodea (ST), sensilla campaniformia (SCa), and sensilla cavity (SCav). The potential functions of sensilla were discussed according to the previous research results and will lay a morphological foundation for the study of the olfactory mechanism of three species of thrips.
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Barnes, T. G., T. Q. Truong, G. G. Adams, and N. E. McGruer. "Large Deflection Analysis of a Biomimetic Lobster Robot Antenna due to Contact and Flow." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 6 (June 12, 2001): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1406955.
Full textAbstract:
Lobsters use their antennae to navigate among obstacles along the ocean floor. Effective ambulation requires that the lobster, or a biomimetic lobster robot whose behavior is patterned after a real lobster, must distinguish between antenna bending due to contact and bending due to flow. The analysis presented here shows that the key feature appears to be the taper of the antennae. The curvature of a tapered antenna due to an end-load is nearly constant whereas the curvature distribution due to flow is nearly a quadratic function of the arc-length measured from the tip of the antenna.
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Faucheux, Michel J. "Morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla in the female and male clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella Humm. (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-054.
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We have examined antennae of both sexes of Tineola bisselliella to make an inventory of the antennal sensilla. We distinguished two types of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla basiconica, and sensilla auricillica, chaetica, coeloconica, styloconica, and campaniformia, Böhm's bristles, and squamiform structures. The same types of sensilla are present in both sexes. Numbers of sensilla chaetica, styloconica, and coeloconica and Böhm's bristles do not differ between the sexes. Significant differences in number and distribution of sensilla trichodea, basiconica, and auricillica were found between females and males over the whole length of the antenna.
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Sutcliffe, J. F., E. G. Kokko, and J. L. Shipp. "Transmission electron microscopic study of antennal sensilla of the female black fly, Simulium arcticum (IIL-3; IIS-10.11) (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-215.
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The innervation and internal ultrastructure of the antennal flagellar sensilla of female Simulium arcticum (cytotypes IIL-3 and IIS-10.11) are described from transmission electron micrographs. Two types of contact chemosensilla and at least four types of olfactory sensilla (sensilla trichodea, two or more types of sensilla basiconica, grooved pegs) were found. These correspond to sensillar types previously described from scanning electron micrographs of the antennae of these species. In addition, possible thermo- and hygro-receptive sensilla coeloconica are described from the antennal tip. The sensory complement of the simuliid antenna is compared with those of certain other dipterans, and possible roles of these sensilla in host location and other behaviours are discussed.
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Comério, Emerson Fraga, Nelson Wanderley Perioto, and Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara. "A Gynandromorph and Teratological Case in Spilomicrus sp. (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae)." EntomoBrasilis 8, no. 3 (December 21, 2015): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i3.540.
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Abstract. This study reports the occurrence of antennae with female and male characteristics in a female of Spilomicrus sp. (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae) collected in Parque Estadual Intervales, Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo, Brazil, as well as malformations in one of the antennas, which are described and illustrated.Um caso de Ginandromorfia e Teratologia em Spilomicrus sp. (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae)Resumo. Este estudo relata a ocorrência de antenas com características femininas e masculinas em um exemplar fêmea de Spilomicrus sp. (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae) coletado no Parque Estadual Intervales, Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo, Brasil, assim como malformações em uma das antenas, que são aqui descritas e ilustradas.
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Ali, Jawab, Noorsaliza Abdullah, Roshayati Yahya, Ezri Mohd, Ariffuddin Joret, and Norshidah Katiran. "Bistatic configurational analysis of ultra-wideband antenna for detection applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i2.pp702-707.
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<span>With the advancement in technology, antennae are becoming a popular components to be used in various applications. Following the trend, a compact design of ultra-wideband (UWB) bistatic configuration of the antenna is presented in this paper using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology specifically for detection applications. The antenna is first designed and simulated using defected ground structure (DGS) for impedance bandwidth with the obtained gain of around 6.2 dB and return losses from 3-16 GHz. Later the complete detection model is aimed to study and for this purpose CST is used to model human skin and performed an experiment based on antennas i.e. transmitter and receiver, obstacle and target, to study and analyze the received antenna reflections for detection purpose.</span>
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Nascimento, Marcília Aparecida, Tânia Maria Fernandes Salomão, and Gustavo Martins. "Estudo comparativo das sensilas antenais de operárias de Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) de diferentes altitudes." EntomoBrasilis 6, no. 1 (April 14, 2013): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v6i1.252.
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Sensilas são estruturas sensoriais presentes nas antenas dos insetos e são responsáveis pela higro- quimio-, termo- e mecanorrecepção. No presente trabalho, as sensilas presentes nos três flagelômeros (F) mais distais de Melipona scutellaris Latreille (Hymenopera: Apidae) coletadas em diferentes altitudes (200 e acima de 900m) foram avaliadas qualitativamente e quantitativamente. A identificação, contagem e medição das sensilas foram feitas a partir de imagens da superfície dorsal das antenas que foram obtidas com o auxílio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Foram observadas as sensilas placoide, basicônica, celocônica, ampulácea, campaniforme e tricoide reta e curvada. Comparativamente, o grupo localizado a 200m de altitude possui sensilas tricoides retas em maior quantidade nos três flagelômeros, enquanto que o grupo de altitudes acima de 900m apresentou maior quantidade de sensilas tricoides curvadas no F9, sendo as mesmas maiores para o F10. Essas diferenças foram discutidas em função da localização geográfica dos diferentes grupos aqui estudados. Os resultados da investigação da estrutura antenal de M. scutellaris contribuem para um melhor entendimento da biologia dessa espécie.
A Comparative Study of the Antennal Sensilla of Melipona scutellaris Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Workers From Different Altitudes
Abstract. The sensilla are sensitive structures located in different insect parts including antennae. They are responsible for the hygro- chemo-, thermo- and mechanoreception. In the present work the antennal topography of two different populations of Melipona scutellaris Latreille (Hymenopera: Apidae) from different altitudes (200 and above 900m) were studied considering the last three distal antennal flagelomers (F). Images of the antennal surface were obtained with the aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM analysis showed that the sensilla placodea, basiconic, coeloconic, ampullacea, campaniform and trichodea are present in the dorsal surface of the M. scutellaris antennae. The number of sensilla trichodea of the straight subtype is greater in the last three flagelomers in individuals of 200m altitude, while individuals located above 900m altitude has a greater number of sensilla trichodea of the subtype curved in the F9 and they have greater length in individuals of 900m altitude only in the F10. These differences were discussed according to the geographic location of the different groups studied here. This work represents the first assessment to antennal structure of M. scutellaris and contributes to a better understanding of the biology of this species.
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Surakhamhaeng, Katthaleeya, Louis Deharveng, and Sopark Jantarit. "Three new species of cave Troglopedetes (Collembola, Paronellidae, Troglopedetinae) from Thailand, with a key to the Thai species." Subterranean Biology 40 (November 23, 2021): 129–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.40.73143.
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Thailand is today the richest country for the genus Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872, with 17 species described from the country. In this study three troglomorphic new species are described from caves in the western region. They are T. spectabilissp. nov. and T. rungsimaesp. nov. from Kanchanaburi province and T. takensissp. nov., from Tak province. The three new species share elongated antennae and have the same number of central mac on Th. III and Abd. IV. However, they differ from one another by the combination of: presence of eyes, antennal length, claw morphology, central head macrochaetotaxy and internal row of dental spines. Troglopedetes spectabilissp. nov. is remarkably different from its congeners by its extreme long appendages, especially the antennae (ratio antenna: head = 5.5). In the second part of the paper the arrangment of antennal chaetotaxy and the diversity of its phaneres is analyzed in the three new species, homologized and compared with those of two other species described from Thailand (T. meridionalis and T. kae). A total of 22 types of chaetae have now been recognized among the species. A new type of S-chaetae for the genus was discovered in this study. There are 5 types of ordinary chaetae, 15 types of S-chaetae, the subapical organite of Ant. IV and scales. A total of 1,107 to 2,183 antennal chaetae on each side were observed, which includes 308–485 S-chaetae, 687–1,402 ordinary chaetae, 72–295 scales and a subapical organite.
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Rogers, M. E., M. K. Jani, and R. G. Vogt. "An olfactory-specific glutathione-S-transferase in the sphinx moth Manduca sexta." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 12 (June 15, 1999): 1625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.12.1625.
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Insect antennae have a primary function of detecting odors including sex pheromones and plant volatiles. The assumption that genes uniquely expressed in these antennae have an olfactory role has led to the identification of several genes that are integral components of odorant transduction. In the present study, differential display polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) was used to isolate 25 antennal-specific mRNAs from the male sphinx moth Manduca sexta. Northern blot analyses revealed that one clone, designated G7-9, was antennal-specific and was highly enriched in male antennae relative to female antennae. In situ hybridization indicated that G7-9 expression was restricted to a spatial domain of the olfactory epithelium occupied exclusively by sex-pheromone-sensitive olfactory sensilla. Amino acid homology and phylogenetic analyses identified G7-9 as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST); we have named the full-length clone GST-msolf1. GSTs are known to function primarily in the detoxification of noxious compounds. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyses of total GST activity indicate that the endogenous GSTs of male and female antennae can modify trans-2-hexenal, a plant-derived green leaf aldehyde known to stimulate the olfactory system of M. sexta. The restricted localization of GST-msolf1 to sex-pheromone-sensitive sensilla, the fact that the sex pheromone of M. sexta consists of a complex mixture of aldehyde components, and the observation that antennal GSTs can modify an aldehyde odorant suggest that GST-msolf1 may have a role in signal termination. In the light of the more commonly observed role of GSTs in xenobiotic metabolism, we propose that GST-msolf1 may play a dual role of protecting the olfactory system from harmful xenobiotics and inactivating aldehyde odorants, especially components of the M. sexta sex pheromone.
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Dong, P. D. Si, Jennifer Scholz Dicks, and Grace Panganiban. "Distal-less and homothorax regulate multiple targets to pattern the Drosophila antenna." Development 129, no. 8 (April 15, 2002): 1967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.8.1967.
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The Drosophila antenna is a highly derived appendage required for a variety of sensory functions including olfaction and audition. To investigate how this complex structure is patterned, we examine the specific functions of genes required for antenna development. The nuclear factors, Homothorax, Distal-less and Spineless, are each required for particular aspects of antennal fate. Coexpression of Homothorax, necessary for nuclear localization of its ubiquitously expressed partner Extradenticle, with Distal-less is required to establish antenna fate. Here we test which antenna patterning genes are targets of Homothorax, Distal-less and/or Spineless. We report that the antennal expression of dachshund, atonal, spalt, and cut requires Homothorax and/or Distal-less, but not Spineless. We conclude that Distal-less and Homothorax specify antenna fates via regulation of multiple genes. We also report for the first time phenotypic consequences of losing either dachshund or spalt and spalt-related from the antenna. We find that dachshund and spalt/spalt-related are essential for proper joint formation between particular antennal segments. Furthermore, the spalt/spalt-related null antennae are defective in hearing. Hearing defects are also associated with the human diseases Split Hand/Split Foot Malformation and Townes-Brocks Syndrome, which are linked to human homologs of Distal-less and spalt, respectively. We therefore propose that there are significant genetic similarities between the auditory organs of humans and flies.
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Carlisle, Camille M. "Atom & cosmos: Antennas reveal Antennae." Science News 180, no. 10 (October 25, 2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591801009.
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Di Palma, Antonella, Marco Pistillo, Raffaele Griffo, Antonio Garonna, and Giacinto Germinara. "Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Antennal Sensilla and Their Secretion Analysis in Adults of Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)." Insects 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040088.
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Background: It has been proved that chemical signals play an important role in mating location and reproductive behavior in cerambycids; moreover, they rely on contact chemoreception for mate recognition. Methods: Adult antennae of Aromia bungii were observed using scanning electron microscopy and adult antennal secretions were collected and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Twelve different types of sensilla were morphologically described on the antennae of A. bungii. At least six mechanoreceptors—one gustative, one putative chemo- or thermoreceptor, and three multiporous olfactory receptors—are present on the antennae of both sexes while a receptor-type of unclear function is limited to males. Secretions associated with sensilla basiconica were observed for the first time in a cerambycid species. Conclusions: Sensilla basiconica should play a role in odor perception detecting host tree volatiles and/or pheromones. Sensilla basiconica type 1 and 2 produce a viscous material accumulating on the antennal surface. Chemical analysis of adult antennal secretions highlighted marked differences between sexes. Some of the identified compounds have been previously reported as contact pheromone components of other cerambycid species. Our observations strongly suggest sensilla basiconica as the production sites of compounds involved in mate recognition.
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Solano-Perez, Jose Antonio, María-Teresa Martínez-Inglés, Jose-Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo, Jordi Romeu, Lluis Jofre-Roca, Christian Ballesteros-Sánchez, José-Víctor Rodríguez, Antonio Mateo-Aroca, and Raúl Guzmán-Quirós. "On Differential Imaging Using Electromagnetic Simulation for Vehicular Antenna Signature Analysis." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113796.
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The current trend in vehicles is to integrate a wide number of antennae and sensors operating at a variety of frequencies for sensing and communications. The integration of these antennae and sensors in the vehicle platform is complex because of the way in which the antenna radiation patterns interact with the vehicle structure and other antennae/sensors. Consequently, there is a need to study the radiation pattern of each antenna or, alternatively, the currents induced on the surface of the vehicle to optimize the integration of multiple antennae. The novel concept of differential imaging represents one method by which it is possible to obtain the surface current distribution without introducing any perturbing probe. The aim of this study was to develop and confirm the assumptions that underpin differential imaging by means of full-wave electromagnetic simulation, thereby providing additional verification of the concept. The simulation environment and parameters were selected to replicate the conditions in which real measurements were taken in previous studies. The simulations were performed using Ansys HFSS simulation software. The results confirm that the approximations are valid, and the differential currents are representative of the induced surface currents generated by a monopole positioned on the top of a vehicle.
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Kim, Donghyuk, Daniel Hernandez, and Kyoung-Nam Kim. "Design of a Dual-Purpose Patch Antenna for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Induced RF Heating for Small Animal Hyperthermia." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 8, 2021): 7290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167290.
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The popularity of patch antennas in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has reduced because of the large size required for patch antennae to resonate. Since the size of the patch antenna is associated with the wavelength and the wavelengths that are used in MRI are substantially large, large antennas are used. Methods of reducing patch antenna sizes have been proposed; however, these methods reduce the penetration depth and uniformity. In this study, we reduced the area of the patch antenna by 30% by folding the ground and patch planes in a zigzag pattern. The patch antenna produced two main resonant modes. The first mode produced a uniform magnetic field that was used for MRI. The second mode produced a strong and focused electric (|E|)-field, which was used for radiofrequency (RF) heating. Furthermore, we explored the use of a combination of two patch antennas aligned along the z-axis to provide a circular uniform magnetic flux density (|B1|) field at 300 MHz, which corresponds to the Larmor frequency in the 7T MRI system. In addition, the patch antenna configuration will be used for RF heating hyperthermia operating at 1.06 GHz. The target object was a small rat with insertion of colon cancer. Using the proposed configuration, we achieved |B1|-field uniformity with a standard deviation of 3% and a temperature increment of 1 °C in the mimic cancer tissue.
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Nowińska, Agnieszka, and Jolanta Brożek. "Insect evolution toward aquatic habitats; reassessment of antennal sensilla in the water bug families Ochteridae, Gelastocoridae and Aphelocheiridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)." Contributions to Zoology 89, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10008.
Full textAbstract:
The first comparative morphology study on antennal sensilla of Ochteridae, Gelastocoridae and Aphelocheiridae, carried out with the use of a scanning electron microscope, is provided. Our research hypothesis was: the antennal sensilla of the studied families reflect their different adaptations for use in aquatic habitats, while maintaining a common set of sensilla similar to other water bugs (Nepomorpha). Therefore, the number and placement of antennal sensilla of several species in the mentioned families were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Nine main types of mechano- chemo- and thermo-hygroreceptive sensilla were confirmed on their surface, including sensilla trichodea, chaetica, club-like, campaniformia, basiconica, coeloconica, plate-like, ampullacea and sensilla placodea multilobated. While seven of these were already documented in other species, two of them (sensilla plate-like and placodea multilobated) were yet to be documented on the antennae of Nepomorpha. All families display differences in the shape and length of antennae as well as among sensilla types. These findings support our hypothesis regarding differences in sensillar structures among families adapted differently to suitable niches. Differences between these families and previously studied nepomorphan taxa (Nepoidea) were also documented. However, the general set of sensilla observed on the antennae of the studied species is very similar to the one documented in Nepoidea. Therefore, we confirmed our assumptions regarding similarities in antennal sensilla between the studied families and other nepomorphan insects.
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Warwick, W. F. "Morphological Abnormalities in Chironomidae (Diptera) Larvae as Measures of Toxic Stress in Freshwater Ecosystems: Indexing Antennal Deformities in Chironomus Meigen." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1881–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-236.
Full textAbstract:
An indexing scheme for classifying antennal deformations in the genus Chironomus is presented to illustrate the potential for using deformities in chironomid larvae as a biological screening technique for the detection and assessment of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The scheme utilizes six basic steps to determine an index of morphological response (IMR) for each individual larvae; these steps evaluate (1) the loss of genuine segments and/or the presence of questionable segments, (2) the reduction in length of the antenna, (3) the displacement or loss of the ring organ, (4) the fusion of the apex of the basal segment, (5) the displacement of accessory organs, and (6) the presence of structures of unknown homology. The values for IMR are summed and divided by the total number of larvae examined to calculate an index of severity of antennal deformation (ISAD) for the sample population. Comparison of the incidence (percent) and severity of antennal deformations (ISAD) in Chironomus populations from Tobin Lake (contaminated) and Last Mountain Lake (comparatively uncontaminated) ecosystems in south-central Saskatchewan show that both indices are higher in Tobin Lake. Improved mounting procedures are presented in which specimens are fully flattened to improve visibility of fine detail and enhance analytical consistency. Some results from preliminary dose–response experiments using 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) are presented. These results suggest that larval antennae are very sensitive to low-level, chronic exposure to toxic chemicals. New receptor organs are also described which make the morphology of the antennae of Chironomini and Tanytarsini directly comparable.
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Czerwiński, Maciej, and Mateusz Pasternak. "Use of 3D printing technology for planar antenna constructions." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2799.
Full textAbstract:
The applicability of 3D print technologies for manufacturing of planar antenna substrates having tailored permittivity was considered in the work. The permittivity is known as a parameter that has strong influence on the planar antennae key parameters. The application of 3D print gives the possibility of changing this parameter in the range between its value for air up to the value for homogeneous solid material. The change can be achieved through the change of the filament material and the way of 3D print pattern. The preliminary results of simulations and measurements show that the idea of printing of planar antennae substrate may be interesting alternative from a design engineering point of view. Keywords: electronic materials, planar antennae substrates, 3D print applications
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Xu, Wentian, Xinyu Li, Qike Wang, Chenglin Zhang, Minghai Yang, Tongshan Zhou, Kai Li, and Dong Zhang. "Insights into the Antennal Characteristics and Olfactory Strategy of the Endangered Rhino Stomach Bot Fly Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae)." Insects 13, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100889.
Full textAbstract:
Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae) is a rare obligate intestinal parasite of both white and black rhinoceroses, which can induce severe myiasis, cause secondary infection, and lead to enormous economic and scientific loss. Antennae are the main sensory organs of G. rhinocerontis, which may have evolved a series of specialized adaptive structures to facilitate the exploitation of their hosts. Here, we thoroughly examine the antennae of G. rhinocerontis via light and scanning electron microscopy. Only microtrichia and chaetic sensilla were observed on the scape and pedicel, and the latter is enlarged, half-enveloping the postpedicel. Four types of sensilla (trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, and clavate sensilla) and sensory pits are detected on the postpedicel. A set of coeloconic sensilla and a chaetic sensillum are located on the arista. Distribution, type, size, and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla are presented. The antennae of G. rhinocerontis are the largest among Oestridae species, with the most sensilla and the most sensory pits. These antennal characteristics could be correlated to their adaptation for more sensitive and accurate olfactory organs, used to locate their rare and endangered hosts. Accordingly, this morphological evidence supports that the host is an important driving factor in the diversity of antennal morphology in the bot flies.
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Comer, Christopher, and Yoshichika Baba. "Active touch in orthopteroid insects: behaviours, multisensory substrates and evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1581 (November 12, 2011): 3006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0149.
Full textAbstract:
Orthopteroid insects (cockroaches, crickets, locusts and related species) allow examination of active sensory processing in a comparative framework. Some orthopteroids possess long, mobile antennae endowed with many chemo- and mechanoreceptors. When the antennae are touched, an animal's response depends upon the identity of the stimulus. For example, contact with a predator may lead to escape, but contact with a conspecific may usually not. Active touch of an approaching object influences the likelihood that a discrimination of identity will be made. Using cockroaches, we have identified specific descending mechanosensory interneurons that trigger antennal-mediated escape. Crucial sensory input to these cells comes from chordotonal organs within the antennal base. However, information from other receptors on the base or the long antennal flagellum allows active touch to modulate escape probability based on stimulus identity. This is conveyed, at least to some extent, by textural information. Guidance of the antennae in active exploration depends on visual information. Some of the visual interneurons and the motor neurons necessary for visuomotor control have been identified. Comparisons across Orthoptera suggest an evolutionary model where subtle changes in the architecture of interneurons, and of sensorimotor control loops, may explain differing levels of vision–touch interaction in the active guidance of behaviour.
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SHIMONOYA, MITSURU. "A new species of the genus Parachauliodes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) from Northern Kyushu, Japan." Zootaxa 4585, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4585.1.9.
Full textAbstract:
A new species of the genus Parachauliodes van der Weele, 1909, P. rastellus sp. nov., is described from northern Kyushu, Japan. This new species is most similar to P. japonicus (McLachlan) and differs by the form of the male antenna and genitalia. Parachauliodes is primarily characterized by the “bilobed” ectoproct of male genitalia and by the serrate antenna of both sexes. In the new species, the male ectoproct is bilobed, but sexual dimorphism in the antennae is present. The male antenna of the new species is pectinate with short branches and the female antenna is serrate. Accordingly, including the new species P. rastellus, the antennae of Parachauliodes can either be serrate or pectinate with short branches in the male, serrate in the female. The types of “Parachauliodes” buchi Navás are illustrated. A brief description of copulation, oviposition, eggs and hatching for the new species is also given.
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Xu, Jin, Caiping Deng, Wenfeng Lu, and Sanan Wu. "Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla in Adults of Dioryctria rubella Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Insects 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090821.
Full textAbstract:
Antennal sensilla play an essential role in insect life because they receive environmental cues. Dioryctria rubella is an important pine pest in China, but information on the morphology and distribution of its sensilla is limited. To elucidate the mechanism of insect-plant chemical communication, we examined the insect antennae and sensilla by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the antennae of D. rubella were filiform and consisted of a basal scape, a pedicel, and a flagellum with tapered flagellomeres. We identified seven types of sensilla, including trichodea, coeloconica, auricillica, basiconica, styloconica (two subtypes), Böhm’s bristles, and squamiformia, all of which were distributed on the antennae of both sexes. Nevertheless, some sensilla exhibited various degrees of sexual dimorphism; for instance, sensilla trichodea, squamiformia, and basiconica were more abundant in males than in females. Many pores were observed on the surface of the cuticular wall in sensilla trichodea and auricillica, and their biological function may be related to olfaction. This study presented a thorough inventory of sensilla on the antennae of D. rubella and laid a solid foundation for future functional studies.