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Journal articles on the topic 'Antenna stampata in 3D'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

KANAYAMA, Naoki, Makoto KANEKO, and Toshio TSUJI. "3D Artificial Active Antenna." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 31, no. 12 (1995): 1915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.31.1915.

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2

Senanayake, Pradeep, Chung-Hong Hung, Joshua Shapiro, Adam Scofield, Andrew Lin, Benjamin S. Williams, and Diana L. Huffaker. "3D Nanopillar optical antenna photodetectors." Optics Express 20, no. 23 (October 25, 2012): 25489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.025489.

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3

Olivová, Jana, Miroslav Popela, Marie Richterová, and Eduard Štefl. "Use of 3D Printing for Horn Antenna Manufacturing." Electronics 11, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101539.

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This article describes the manufacturing of a horn antenna using a 3D commercial printer. The horn antenna was chosen for its simplicity and practical versatility. The standardised horn antenna is one of the most widely used antennas in microwave technology. A standardised horn antenna can be connected to standardised waveguides. The horn antenna has been selected so that this antenna can be fabricated by 3D printing and thus obtain the equivalent of a standardised horn antenna. This 3D horn antenna can then be excited by a standardised waveguide. The 3Dprinted horn antenna with metallic layers has very good impedance characteristics, standing wave ratio and radiation patterns that are close to those of a standardised horn antenna. The 3D-based horn antenna is suitable for applications where low antenna weight is required, such as aerospace and satellite technologies. The article also describes a manufacturing procedure for a horn antenna (E-sector horn antenna) that is plated with galvanic layers of silver and gold. The design of the plated horn antenna in the Matlab application using the Antenna Toolbox extension is also described, including 3D printing procedures, post-processing procedures (plating) and practical testing of its functionality. The measured results are compared to simulations of the standardised horn antenna and then analysed.

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4

Jordão, Marina, Diogo Pires, Daniel Belo, Pedro Pinho, and Nuno Borges Carvalho. "3D Antenna Characterization for WPT Applications." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134461.

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The main goal of this paper is to present a three-dimensional (3D) antenna array to improve the performance of wireless power transmission (WPT) systems, as well as its characterization with over-the-air (OTA) multi-sine techniques. The 3D antenna consists of 15 antenna elements attached to an alternative 3D structure, allowing energy to be transmitted to all azimuth directions at different elevation angles without moving. The OTA multi-sine characterization technique was first utilized to identify issues in antenna arrays. However, in this work, the technique is used to identify which elements of the 3D antenna should operate to transmit the energy in a specific direction. Besides, the 3D antenna design description and its characterization are performed to authenticate its operation. Since 3D antennas are an advantage in WPT applications, the antenna is evaluated in a real WPT scenario to power an RF–DC converter, and experimental results are presented.

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5

Hui, P., C. G. Hynes, J. V. Wonterghem, and D. G. Michelson. "3D autocorrelation coefficients of dipole antenna." Electronics Letters 42, no. 5 (2006): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20063956.

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6

Friedrich, Aline, Bernd Geck, Oliver Klemp, Adrian Posselt, and Ingo Kriebitzsch. "3D Antenna Systems Design and Validation." ATZelektronik worldwide 9, no. 6 (November 24, 2014): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s38314-014-0287-x.

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7

Huang, C. U., I. Y. Chen, H. J. H. Chen, C. F. Jou, and S. R. S. Huang. "Compact 3D-MEMS-meander monopole antenna." Electronics Letters 41, no. 21 (2005): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20052677.

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8

Kim, Kuntae, Jong-Yeon Park, Yong-Hee Han, Ho-Kwan Kang, Hyun-Joon Shin, Sung Moon, and Jung-Ho Park. "3D-feed horn antenna-coupled microbolometer." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 110, no. 1-3 (February 2004): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2003.09.018.

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9

Gu, Chao, Steven Gao, Vincent Fusco, Gregory Gibbons, Benito Sanz-Izquierdo, Alexander Standaert, Patrick Reynaert, et al. "A D-Band 3D-Printed Antenna." IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 10, no. 5 (September 2020): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tthz.2020.2986650.

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10

Lin, Chia-Ching, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Dual-band 3D magnetic EZ antenna." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, no. 4 (February 11, 2010): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.25067.

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11

Richterova, M., J. Olivova, M. Popela, and V. Blazek. "Minkowski fractal antenna based on 3D printing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1254, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1254/1/012019.

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Abstract This paper describes the manufacturing of a Minkowski fractal antenna using a 3D commercial printer. The Minkowski fractal antenna was chosen for its simplicity and practical versatility. The paper also describes a manufacturing procedure for Minkowski fractal antenna by using metalic sprays. The design of the Minkowski fractal antenna in the MATLAB application using the Antenna Toolbox extension is also described, including 3D printing procedures, post processing procedures (plating) and practical testing of its functionality. The measured results are compared to simulations and then analysed.

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12

Levy, Benzion, Ely Levine, and Yosef Pinhasi. "Super Directional Antenna—3D Phased Array Antenna Based on Directional Elements." Electronics 11, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142233.

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This paper describes an antenna design approach for achieving super directivity in an AESA (Active Electronic Scanned Array) radar using an unconventional 3D phased array (PA) antenna concept based on directional Yagi–Uda elements. The proposed scheme is shown to have a wider scanning feature, with higher directivity in comparison to the same geometry dipole array without increasing the element number. The antenna’s microwave design includes an antipodal Yagi–Uda antenna element that is implemented efficiently on a microstrip PCB using a balun (balance–unbalance)-fed network. This type of antenna is valuable in restricted aperture scans for achieving a narrow antenna beam that increases the angular resolution and measurement precision of tracked targets and also enlarges the detection range or, alternatively, achieves the same performance with a lower number of elements—meeting the goal of low-cost production. The notable result of the high antenna directivity was obtained by both the element and the array architecture, which allowed for improvements in the Array Factor (AF) directivity by increasing the element’s spacing and broadening the scan sector, achieved via the suppression of the element’s Grating Lobe (GL). Another important benefit of this antenna design is the superior coupling reduction caused by its enlarged element distances, which are very significant in electronic scans. An outstanding opportunity to exploit this low coupling can be found in separated MIMO radar architecture. Other benefits of this design’s architecture are the support of a combined module and antenna on a unified board thanks to the End-Fire radiation pattern, its low frequency sensitivity, and its low-cost manufacturing.

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13

Asaly, Saed, Boaz Ben-Moshe, and Nir Shvalb. "Accurate 3D Mapping Algorithm for Flexible Antennas." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3748623.

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This work addresses the problem of performing an accurate 3D mapping of a flexible antenna surface. Consider a high-gain satellite flexible antenna; even a submillimeter change in the antenna surface may lead to a considerable loss in the antenna gain. Using a robotic subreflector, such changes can be compensated for. Yet, in order to perform such tuning, an accurate 3D mapping of the main antenna is required. This paper presents a general method for performing an accurate 3D mapping of marked surfaces such as satellite dish antennas. Motivated by the novel technology for nanosatellites with flexible high-gain antennas, we propose a new accurate mapping framework which requires a small-sized monocamera and known patterns on the antenna surface. The experimental result shows that the presented mapping method can detect changes up to 0.1-millimeter accuracy, while the camera is located 1 meter away from the dish, allowing an RF antenna optimization for Ka and Ku frequencies. Such optimization process can improve the gain of the flexible antennas and allow an adaptive beam shaping. The presented method is currently being implemented on a nanosatellite which is scheduled to be launched at the end of 2018.

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14

Borra, Vamsi, Srikanth Itapu, Joao Garretto, Ronald Yarwood, Gina Morrison, Pedro Cortes, Eric MacDonald, and Frank Li. "3D Printed Dual-Band Microwave Imaging Antenna." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 8631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.8631ecst.

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Microwave imaging utilizes low-power near-field electromagnetic fields at microwave frequencies to detect the internal structure of an object. Sufficient resolution through the thickness is crucial in biomedical applications to detect small objects of concern. Parameters such as the frequency of microwave signals, the design, and the material of the antenna are the most important factors to consider for microwave-based biomedical sensing. The proposed antenna yields merits of: compactness in size, ease of fabrication, wider impedance bandwidth, simple design, and good RF performance. An Asymmetric-fed Coupled Stripline (ACS) antenna is 3D-printed on an FR4 substrate with return loss measurements ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz. The impedance bandwidth is obtained between 6 GHz to 8 GHz and 15 GHz to 17 GHz. The proposed microwave antenna was simulated using Ansys HFSS. The parameters are designed to ensure optimum radiation efficiency. The radiation patterns obtained were omnidirectional in H-plane and bidirectional in E-plane.

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15

Klemp, Oliver, Aline Friedrich, Bernd Geck, and Adrian Posselt. "3D Antenna Systems Challenges in Vehicle Integration." ATZ worldwide 116, no. 12 (November 2014): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-014-0252-6.

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16

Rodriguez, Carlos, Jose Avila, and Raymond C. Rumpf. "ULTRA-THIN 3D PRINTED ALL-DIELECTRIC ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 64 (2016): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc16020602.

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17

Patel, S. S., I. J. Garcia Zuazola, and W. G. Whittow. "Antenna with three dimensional 3D printed substrates." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, no. 4 (February 24, 2016): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29663.

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18

Yurduseven, Okan, Shengrong Ye, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "3D Conductive Polymer Printed Metasurface Antenna for Fresnel Focusing." Designs 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030046.

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We demonstrate a 3D printed holographic metasurface antenna for beam-focusing applications at 10 GHz within the X-band frequency regime. The metasurface antenna is printed using a dual-material 3D printer leveraging a biodegradable conductive polymer material (Electrifi) to print the conductive parts and polylactic acid (PLA) to print the dielectric substrate. The entire metasurface antenna is 3D printed at once; no additional techniques, such as metal-plating and laser etching, are required. It is demonstrated that using the 3D printed conductive polymer metasurface, high-fidelity beam focusing can be achieved within the Fresnel region of the antenna. It is also shown that the material conductivity for 3D printing has a substantial effect on the radiation characteristics of the metasurface antenna.

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19

Garza, Jesus, Marco A. Panduro, Alberto Reyna, Gerardo Romero, and Carlos del Rio. "Design of UAVs-Based 3D Antenna Arrays for a Maximum Performance in Terms of Directivity and SLL." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2621862.

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This paper presents a design of UAVs-based 3D antenna arrays for a maximum performance in terms of directivity and side lobe level (SLL). This paper illustrates how to model the UAVs formation flight using 3D nonuniform antenna arrays. This design of 3D antenna arrays considers the optimization of the positions of the antenna elements to model the UAVs formation flight. In this case, a disk patch antenna is chosen to be used as element in each UAV. The disk patch antenna is formulated by the well-known cavity model. The synthesis process is carried out by the method of Differential Evolution for Multiobjective Optimization (DEMO). Furthermore, a comparison of the performance of 3D nonuniform antenna arrays is provided with respect to the most conventional arrays (circular, planar, linear, and the cubic) for UAVs formation flight.

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20

Bai, Zhengfeng, and Jijun Zhao. "A Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Satellite Antenna System considering 3D Revolute Clearance Joint." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8846177.

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Clearances in the joints of real mechanisms are unavoidable due to assemblage, manufacturing errors, and wear. The dual-axis driving and positioning mechanism is one kind of space actuating mechanism for satellite antenna to implement precise guidance and positioning. However, in dynamics analysis and control of the satellite antenna system, it is usually assumed that the revolute joint in the satellite antenna system is perfect without clearances or imperfect with planar radial clearance. However, the axial clearance in an imperfect revolute joint is always ignored. In this work, the revolute joint is considered as a 3D spatial clearance joint with both the radial and axial clearances. A methodology for modeling the 3D revolute joint with clearances and its application in satellite antenna system is presented. The dynamics modeling and analysis of the satellite antenna system are investigated considering the 3D revolute clearance joint. Firstly, the mathematical model of the 3D revolute clearance joint is established, and the definitions of the radial and axial clearance are presented. Then, the potential contact modes, contact conditions, and contact detection of the 3D revolute clearance joint are analyzed. Further, the normal and tangential contact force models are established to describe the contact phenomenon and determine the contact forces in the 3D revolute clearance joint. Finally, a satellite antenna system considering the 3D revolute clearance joint with spatial motion is presented as the application example. Different case studies are presented to discuss the effects of the 3D revolute clearance joint. The results indicate that the 3D revolute clearance joint will lead to more severe effects on the dynamic characteristics of the satellite antenna system. Therefore, the effects of axial clearance on the satellite antenna system cannot be ignored in dynamics analysis and design of the satellite antenna system.

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21

Sidibe, Alassane, Alexandru Takacs, Gaël Loubet, and Daniela Dragomirescu. "Compact Antenna in 3D Configuration for Rectenna Wireless Power Transmission Applications." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093193.

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This work presents methods for miniaturizing and characterizing a modified dipole antenna dedicated to the implementation of wireless power transmission systems. The antenna size should respect the planar dimensions of 60 mm × 30 mm to be integrated with small IoT devices such as a Bluetooth Lower Energy Sensing Node. The provided design is based on a folded short-circuited dipole antenna, also named a T-match antenna. Faced with the difficulty of reducing the physical dimensions of the antenna, we propose a 3D configuration by adding vertical metallic arms on the edges of the antenna. The adopted 3D design has an overall size of 56 mm × 32 mm × 10 mm at 868 MHz. Three antenna-feeding techniques were evaluated to characterize this antenna. They consist of soldering a U.FL connector on the input port; vertically connecting a tapered balun to the antenna; and integrating a microstrip transition to the layer of the antenna. The experimental results of the selected feeding techniques show good agreements and the antenna has a maximum gain of +1.54 dBi in the elevation plane (E-plane). In addition, a final modification was operated to the designed antenna to have a more compact structure with a size of 40 mm × 30 mm × 10 mm at 868 MHz. Such modification reduces the radiation surface of the antenna and so the antenna gain and bandwidth. This antenna can achieve a maximum gain of +1.1 dBi in the E-plane. The two antennas proposed in this paper were then associated with a rectifier to perform energy harvesting for powering Bluetooth Low Energy wireless sensors. The measured RF-DC (radiofrequency to direct current) conversion efficiency is 73.88% (first design) and 60.21% (second design) with an illuminating power density of 3.1 µW/cm2 at 868 MHz with a 10 kΩ load resistor.

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22

Govindarajulu, Sandhiya Reddy, Rimon Hokayem, and Elias A. Alwan. "A 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array for 3D Antenna-in-Package Applications." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 143307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3121320.

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23

Zhou, Jinzhu, Haitao Li, Le Kang, Baofu Tang, Jin Huang, and Zhiheng Cai. "Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Active Skin Antenna with 3D Printing Array Framework." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7516323.

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An active skin antenna with structural load-bearing and electromagnetic functions is usually installed in the structural surface of mobile vehicles such as aircrafts, warships, and high-speed train. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel active skin antenna which consists of an encapsulation shell, antenna skin, and RF and beam control circuits. The antenna skin which consists of the facesheet, honeycomb, array framework, and microstrip antenna elements was designed by using Bayesian optimization, in order to improve the design efficiency. An active skin antenna prototype with 32 microstrip antenna elements was fabricated by using a hybrid manufacturing method. In this method, 3D printing technology was applied to fabricate the array framework, and the different layers were bonded to form the final antenna skin by using traditional composite process. Some experimental testing was conducted, and the testing results validate the feasibility the proposed antenna skin structure. The proposed design and fabrication technique is suitable for the development of conformal load-bearing antenna or smart skin antenna installed in the structural surface of aircraft, warships, and armored vehicles.

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24

RECIOUI, Abdelmadjid, and Youcef GRAINAT. "3D Antenna Array Design using Firefly Optimization Algorithm." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v4i2.83.

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The design of antenna arrays in a 3D geometry is presented in this Chapter. The decision variables considered for this synthesis problem are the array element amplitude excitations. The objective is to design an array which ensures minimum sidelobe level and a high directivity. The synthesis process is carried out using a nature-inspired global optimization technique. The optimization method based on the reaction of a firefly to the light of other fireflies is known as Firefly Algorithm (FA). It is a population-based iterative heuristic global optimization algorithm technique, developed by Xin-She Yang, for multi-dimensional and multi-modal problems. Simulation results for an antenna array with isotropic elements show that side lobe level is significantly reduced in non-uniform case. Besides, the directivity is not worse than that of the uniform one.

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25

Zhan-shan, Sun, Ren Ke, Chen Qiang, Bai Jia-jun, and Fu Yun-qi. "3D radar imaging based on frequency-scanned antenna." IEICE Electronics Express 14, no. 12 (2017): 20170503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.14.20170503.

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26

Hachi, Asmae, Hassan Lebbar, and Mohamed Himdi. "3D PRINTED LARGE BANDWIDTH NEW YAGI-UDA ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 88 (2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl19101303.

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27

Smith, Kathryn, and Ryan S. Adams. "A BROADBAND 3D PRINTED FRACTAL TREE MONOPOLE ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 86 (2018): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc18030505.

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28

Ha, Sang Jun, Chang Won Jung, and Yongjin Kim. "Reconfigurable 3D beam steering for intelligent antenna system." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 53, no. 11 (August 19, 2011): 2615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.26322.

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29

Mirzaee, M., S. Noghanian, and I. Chang. "Low-profile bowtie antenna with 3D printed substrate." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 3 (January 26, 2017): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30379.

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30

Ghosh, Purno, and Frances J. Harackiewicz. "3D Printed Low Profile Strip-based Helical Antenna." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 127 (2022): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc22101506.

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31

Wang, Xin, Lan Yao, Fujun Xu, Dongchun Zhou, and Yiping Qiu. "Design and Characterization of Conformal Microstrip Antennas Integrated into 3D Orthogonal Woven Fabrics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 7, no. 2 (June 2012): 155892501200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501200700211.

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The integration of the antenna and textile materials is very important in the army protective or data transmission clothing. In this study, a novel microstrip antenna integrated into a 3D orthogonal woven fabric was successfully designed and fabricated. This type of antenna is designed to work in wearable or conformal antenna applications. Simulation work using HFSS software was done for the determination of antenna size. Antenna performance including return loss, radiation pattern and gain were measured and the simulated results were found to have good agreement with the measured results. The measured return loss was −18.32dB with a resonant frequency of 1.75GHz. The gain under the frequency of 1.70GHz reached as high as 6.47dB. These results are considered to be very valuable, and this type of integrated antenna is expected to be useful as wearable antenna in the telecommunication or smart textile antenna field.

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32

Li, Jianzheng, Fei Li, Wei Ji, Yulong Zou, and Chunguo Li. "Three-Dimension Kronecker Channel Modeling and Correlation Analysis." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 7, no. 4 (October 2015): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2015100104.

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In this paper a three-dimension (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model is derived by considering the elevation dimension and the azimuth dimension together. To get a more accurate performance analysis for 3D MIMO channel, both Tx and Rx correlation matrices are derived, respectively, in closed form, which consist of 3D Kronecker channel model. This novel 3D Kronecker channel model is developed for arbitrary antenna arrays with non-isotropic antenna patterns and also for any propagation environment of 3D MIMO systems. In order to quantify the performance of 3D MIMO systems, the capacity in multi-user cases is analyzed. Simulation results validate the proposed 3D Kronecker channel model and study the impact of elevation and azimuth angular spread and that of Rx antenna element spacing on the correlation. The proposed capacity analysis in multi-user cases for 3D MIMO systems is also verified by simulation.

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33

Zhu, Qiuming, Weidong Li, Ying Yang, Dazhuan Xu, Weizhi Zhong, and Xiaomin Chen. "A General 3D Nonstationary Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel Model Allowing 3D Arbitrary Trajectory and 3D-Shaped Antenna Array." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (October 20, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8708762.

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Most of the existing channel model for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications only considered that the terminals were equipped with linear antenna arrays and moved with fixed velocities. Nevertheless, under the realistic environment, those models are not practical since the velocities and trajectories of mobile transmitter (MT) and mobile receiver (MR) could be time-variant and unpredictable due to the complex traffic conditions. This paper develops a general 3D nonstationary V2V channel model, which is based on the traditional geometry-based stochastic models (GBSMs) and the twin-cluster approach. In contrast to the traditional models, this new model is characterized by 3D scattering environments, 3D antenna arrays, and 3D arbitrary trajectories of both terminals and scatterers. The calculating methods of channel parameters are also provided. In addition, the statistical properties, i.e., spatial-temporal correlation function (STCF) and Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), are derived in detail. Simulation results have demonstrated that the output statistical properties of the proposed model agree well with the theoretical and measured results, which verifies the effectiveness of theoretical derivations and channel model as well.

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34

Belen, Aysu, and Evrim Tetik. "Realization of Modified Elliptical Shaped Dielectric Lens Antenna for X Band Applications with 3D Printing Technology." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 8 (October 7, 2020): 916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.350810.

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Placing dielectric lens structures into an antenna's aperture has proven to be one of the most reliable methods of enhancing its gain. However, the selected material and the prototyping method usually limit their fabrication process. With the advances in 3D printing technology and their applications, the microwave designs that were either impractical or impossible in the past to manufacture using traditional methods, are now feasible. Herein, a novel prototyping method by using 3D-printer technology for low-cost, broadband, and high gain dielectric lens designs has been presented. Firstly, the elliptical lens design has been modeled in the 3D EM simulation environment. Then fused deposition modeling based 3D-printing method has been used for the fabrication of the dielectric lens. The measured results of the 3D printed antenna show that the lens antenna has a realized gain of 17 to 20.5 dBi over 8-12 GHz. Moreover, the comparison of the prototyped antenna with its counterpart dielectric lens antenna in the literature has indicated that the proposed method is more efficient, more beneficial, and has a lower cost.

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35

Lee, Sungwoo, Youngoo Yang, Kang-Yoon Lee, Kyung-Young Jung, and Keum Hwang. "Robust Design of 3D-Printed 6–18 GHz Double-Ridged TEM Horn Antenna." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091582.

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A robust design of a 3D-printed 6–18 GHz double-ridged TEM horn antenna is proposed in this paper. The designed TEM horn antenna has two parts: an adaptor and a horn aperture. The adaptor is realized using a double-ridged waveguide to extend the operating bandwidth of the dominant mode (TE10 mode). Meanwhile, the horn aperture section is implemented in an exponentially tapered configuration to match the impedance of the double-ridged waveguide with the intrinsic impedance. The performance of the initially designed antenna shows that the reflection coefficient and gain levels are less than −13 dB and greater than 5.5 dBi within the 6–18 GHz band, respectively. The initial design was well done, but the noise factors that may occur during the manufacturing process were not taken into account. To design an antenna considering these noise factors, the parameters of the initial design are optimized by a novel robust design method also proposed in this paper. The robustness of the antenna optimized by the proposed method is approximately 12.4% higher than that of the initial antenna. The validity of the proposed method was tested by fabricating the antenna. A prototype of the optimized antenna with the proposed robust design method is fabricated using a 3D printer with a stereolithographic apparatus attached, and the surface of the frame is covered by a nano-silver plating. The measured results of the fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the simulation results over the operating band. The measured −10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth of the antenna can cover 6–18 GHz. In addition, the measured gain ranges from 4.42 to 10.75 dBi within the 6–18 GHz band.

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36

Zhao, Fei, Qinghui Xu, and Sanyou Zeng. "Design of a Crooked-Wire Antenna by Differential Evolution and 3D Printing." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.20211001.oa8.

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Antenna design often requires dealing with multiple constraints in the requirements, and the designs can be modeled as constrained optimization problems (COPs). However, the constraints are usually very strange, and then the feasible solutions are hard to be found. At the same time, the robustness for antenna design is an important consideration as well. To solve the above issues, the combination of differential evolution algorithm (DE) and 3D-printing technique is presented to design a new crooked-wire antenna. In the design process, DE is adopted to handle the constraints since DE is simple and efficient in finding feasible solutions. The objective of the modeled COP, which is the sum of variance of the gain, axial ratio, and VSWR over the frequency band, is used to enhance the robustness of the antenna and widen the frequency band without additional computational cost. The precision of fabricating the antenna is ensured by using 3D-printing. The design of the NASA LADEE satellite antenna is chosen as an example to verify the method of this paper.

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Zeng, Yongxi, Yanzhong Yu, Musheng Chen, Pinghui Wu, and Han Huang. "Generating a 3D optical needle array with prescribed characteristics." Journal of Optics 24, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 025503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac3c51.

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Abstract Unlike the general optical needle along the optical axis, we propose a method to generate a three-dimensional (3D) array formed by optical needles with prescribed length and polarization direction. Moreover, the geometric model of the created array can be specified. With the aid of antenna array pattern synthesis theory and time reversal technology, a virtual uniform line source (ULS) antenna array arranged regularly near the confocal region of two objectives of high numerical apertures is employed to obtain the required illumination in the pupil plane for creating the desired focal fields. Numerical results demonstrate that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the focal field and the elements of the virtual ULS antenna array The length and polarization direction of the optical needles depend on the length and spatial direction of the virtual ULS antenna. The peculiarities of the focal field array, such as the polarization, length, number, spatial position and array structure, can be customized according to application requirements. The created optical needle array can be used for such applications as 3D synchronous particle acceleration and manipulation, and 3D parallel fabrication.

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Czerwiński, Maciej, and Mateusz Pasternak. "Use of 3D printing technology for planar antenna constructions." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2799.

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The applicability of 3D print technologies for manufacturing of planar antenna substrates having tailored permittivity was considered in the work. The permittivity is known as a parameter that has strong influence on the planar antennae key parameters. The application of 3D print gives the possibility of changing this parameter in the range between its value for air up to the value for homogeneous solid material. The change can be achieved through the change of the filament material and the way of 3D print pattern. The preliminary results of simulations and measurements show that the idea of printing of planar antennae substrate may be interesting alternative from a design engineering point of view. Keywords: electronic materials, planar antennae substrates, 3D print applications

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Chen, Mei, Fei Zheng, and Na Li. "3D Model Transformation of Waveguide Slot Array Antenna in Mechanical-Electromagnetic Analyses." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1487.

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The mechanical errors in a mobile waveguide slot array antenna will finally influence the electromagnetic performances. Hence it is necessary to understand the relationship between them, which requires mechanical-electromagnetic analyses. The 3D models in both mechanical analysis and electromagnetic analysis are greatly different. They need a precise connection and transformation. The paper proposes an effective 3D model transformation method. From 3D geometric model to 3D mechanical model, and then to 3D electromagnetic model, the precise connection and transformation can be finished. It can be used to increase the analysis precision of a complex waveguide slot array antenna.

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Reyna, Alberto, Jesús Cruz Garza, Omar Elizarraras, Marco Panduro, Luz Idalia Balderas, and María de la Luz Prado. "3D random virtual antenna arrays for FANETs wireless links." Telecommunication Systems 77, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-021-00774-1.

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Oktafiani, Folin, Effrina Yanti Hamid, and Achmad Munir. "Wideband Dual-Polarized 3D Printed Quad-Ridged Horn Antenna." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 8036–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3143164.

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Deffenbaugh, Paul, Kenneth Church, Josh Goldfarb, and Xudong Chen. "Fully 3D Printed 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/Wi-Fi Antenna." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp53.

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3D printing and printed electronics are combined to demonstrate the feasibility of printing electrically functional RF devices. A combined process is used to demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating a 2.4 GHz antenna in a fully-3D printed object. Both dielectric, which also serves as the structure, and conductors are printed. Full-wave models are generated using Ansoft HFSS. Real-world tests using a Class 1 “100 m” Bluetooth module are conducted and compared against the performance of an industry-standard quarter wavelength monopole antenna.

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Zhou, Jie, Hao Jiang, and Hisakazu Kikuchi. "Generalized 3D scattering channel model with MIMO antenna systems." China Communications 13, no. 5 (May 2016): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2016.7489975.

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朱, 学光. "The 3D Model of Antenna Coupling in LHCD System." Modern Physics 02, no. 03 (2012): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mp.2012.23007.

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Jalilvand, M., X. Li, J. Kowalewski, and T. Zwick. "Broadband miniaturised bow‐tie antenna for 3D microwave tomography." Electronics Letters 50, no. 4 (February 2014): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.3974.

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Wang, Shiyan, Lei Zhu, Jianpeng Wang, and Wen Wu. "Circularly polarised patch antenna using 3D‐printed asymmetric substrate." Electronics Letters 54, no. 11 (May 2018): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2018.0769.

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Andriambeloson, J. A., and P. G. Wiid. "Hyperband Bi-Conical Antenna Design Using 3D Printing Technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 120 (March 2016): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/120/1/012010.

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Pala, Sreenivasulu, Srividhya Palliyani, Mohamed Himdi, Olivier Lafond, and Dhanesh G. Kurup. "Localization of unknown electromagnetic source using 3D-antenna arrays." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000886.

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AbstractIn this article, we propose three-dimensional antenna systems for determining the position of electromagnetic radiation source at an unknown location. Received signal power at different antennas and position of radiation source are used as training data for Artificial Neural Network (ANN). It is found that, a well-trained ANN is computationally efficient and capable of predicting the unknown location of the source, from the received power pattern. Two multi-antenna systems with geometry in three dimensions, namely the cube and frustum, are considered in this paper. Further, test results of the proposed method for random positions of electromagnetic source, spanning a hemisphere, are presented for the geometries considered.

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So, Kwok, Kwai Luk, Chi Chan, and Ka Chan. "3D Printed High Gain Complementary Dipole/Slot Antenna Array." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081410.

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By employing the complementary dipole antenna concept to the normal waveguide fed slot radiator, an improved antenna element with wide impedance bandwidth and symmetrical radiation patterns is developed. This is achieved by mounting two additional metallic cuboids on the top of the slot radiator, which is equivalent to adding an electric dipole on top of the magnetic dipole due to the slot radiator. Then, a high-gain antenna array was designed based on the improved element and fabricated, using 3D printing technology, with stable frequency characteristics operated at around 28 GHz. This was followed by metallization via electroplating. Analytical results agree well with the experimental results. The measured operating frequency range for the reflection coefficient ≤−15 dB is from 25.7 GHz to 29.8 GHz; its corresponding fractional impedance bandwidth is 14.8%. The measured gain is approximately 32 dBi, with the 3 dB beamwidth around 4°.

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Elsheakh, Dalia Mohammed Nasha, and Esmat Abdallah Abdel Fattah. "COMPACT 3D MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR DIFFERENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 77 (2017): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc17070601.

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