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Journal articles on the topic 'Antenna arrays'
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1
Thevenot, M., C. Menudier, A. El Sayed Ahmad, G. Zakka El Nashef, F. Fezai, Y. Abdallah, E. Arnaud, F. Torres, and T. Monediere. "Synthesis of Antenna Arrays and Parasitic Antenna Arrays with Mutual Couplings." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/309728.
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A synthesis method to design multielement antennas with couplings is presented. The main objective is to perform a rigorous determination of the electromagnetic characteristics involved in the design, especially with arrays of moderate sizes. The aim is to conceive jointly and efficiently the antenna and the circuits to connect (feed distribution network, power amplifiers, reactive loads, etc.). The subsequent objective is to improve the understanding and capabilities of strongly coupled antennas. As a whole, the synthesis procedure is then applied to different antenna architectures in order to show its efficiency and versatility. A focus on some antenna concepts where the management of couplings is a key factor to improve the performances is presented. After describing the synthesis procedure, the first category of coupled multielement antenna studied concerns radiating arrays in linear or circular polarization. A design including couplings effects on an active array is also presented. Then, the method is applied to parasitic antenna arrays and a specific investigation on reflectarray antenna is performed as they can be considered as a particular case of parasitic arrays.
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Wang, Shiyu, Gaoqi Dou, and Guangming Song. "Minitype Arrays of Acoustically Actuated Magnetoelectric Antennas for Magnetic Induction Communication." Actuators 13, no. 8 (July 23, 2024): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act13080276.
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The magnetoelectric (ME) antennas rely on the mechanical movement of magnetic dipoles, making it possible to break the constraints on physical dimensions decided by the wavelength of the electromagnetic wavelength. The ME antennas achieve super-low frequency (SLF) communications with a smaller size to provide a novel solution for long-range, underwater, and underground communications; navigation over the horizon; and geological exploring. As a result, further theoretical research and optimization of ME antennas have been an open challenge for decades. Here, we report on minitype arrays of acoustically actuated ME antenna and their more rigorous equivalent circuits. These arrays of ME antenna adjust amplitude-frequency response through the mechanical regulation method. The mechanical parameters of ME antennas in the arrays result in regulating amplitude-frequency response, such as working frequency, fractional bandwidth, and intensity of magnetic induction. Our work provides a more accurate theoretical model and diverse array form over state-of-the-art ME antenna arrays. The frequency, fractional bandwidth, and magnetic induction strength of the ME antenna arrays were achieved to be adjustable in the ranges of 84 to 181 Hz, 3.9% to 8.3%, and two to four times, respectively. In addition, we have calculated the attenuation characteristics of ME antennas and their minitype arrays in seawater. The results show that the ME antenna array described in this manuscript is able to enhance the radiation intensity and information-loading capability, which has a positive potential for application in SLF communication systems.
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Shevchenko, M. E., A. B. Gorovoy, V. M. Balashov, and S. N. Solovyov. "Features of application of ESPRIT method for different configurations of antenna arrays." Issues of radio electronics, no. 12 (February 3, 2021): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2020-12-30-37.
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The paper discusses the features of the application of the ESPRIT method, which provides direction finding of a variety of radio sources with minimal computational costs, including in real time. To be able to use ESPRIT, antenna arrays are required that have the property of shift invariance, and for practical implementation, antenna arrays are required that allow you to form estimates of the directions of arrival of the largest number of signals that overlap in the spectrum, with a minimum number of antennas and reception channels. The aim of the work is to analyze the influence of the antenna array configuration on the features of ESPRIT application for different antenna array with the same number of antennas. A comparative qualitative analysis of the properties and features compared to the MUSIC method is presented. The algorithms developed by the authors for processing multichannel data received by angle and square antenna arrays are presented. It is shown analytically that when using a corner antenna array, it is necessary to take into account the possible presence of signals from indistinguishable-mirror directions of arrival. With a square antenna array, there are no mirror directions of arrival of different signals, which simplifies the implementation of the algorithm. It is shown analytically and by simulation modeling that the configuration of a square antenna array allows to increase the number of simultaneously tracked signals that overlap in the spectrum, compared to a corner antenna array with the same number of antennas.
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Mohd Aminudin Jamlos, Nurasma Husna Mohd Sabri, Mohd Faizal Jamlos, Wan Azani Mustafa, Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus, Mohamad Nur Khairul Hafizi Rohani, Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani, and Mohd AL Hafiz Mohd Nawi. "5.8 GHz Circularly Polarized Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Arrays simulation for Point-to-Point Application." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 28, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.3.209220.
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In this paper, the design and simulation of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays for improving antenna gain is performed for point-to-point application. The proposed design is composed of four elements microstrip antenna with an array configuration operating at 5.8 GHz. Each element is constructed from four truncated arrays radiating elements and an inclined slot on each patch which capable to achieve circular polarized capability. The design of the 2x1 and 2x2 of rectangular microstrip array antenna was implemented from the designed of single rectangular patch antenna as the basic building element. The designed 2x1 and 2x2 array were fed by microstrip transmission line which applied a technique of quarter wave impedance matching. The antenna design was etched on Rogers RT 5880 substrate with 2.1 and 1.53 mm of dielectric constant and thickness respectively. All the designed structure were simulated in CST software. The main results of the designed antennas were compared in terms of gain, axial ratio and return loss. Based on the return loss simulation results, the designed antennas resonated exactly at the desired resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz which indicates good antenna designs. Compared to the single patch antenna having an antenna gain of 8.26 dB, the 2x1 and 2x2 arrays achieved a gain of 10.24 dB and 13.29 dB respectively. The results show that the designed rectangular microstrip antenna arrays have an improved gain performance over the single patch antenna.
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Radzivilov, H., M. Ilyinov, and P. Khomenko. "Features computation diagram of annular direction antenna arrays what made on half-wave vibrators located above cylindrical surface." Communication, informatization and cybersecurity systems and technologies, no. 5 (June 1, 2024): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.58254/viti.5.2024.12.130.
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The use of antenna-feeder devices, especially installed on moving objects, indicates the need to modernize and develop new type antenna devices to increase the efficiency of the radio communication system in conditions of active radio electronic suppression. One of the options for providing interference protection in communication channels with moving objects is the use of narrowly directed Smart antennas with a controlled directional pattern. Smart antennas, which are also called intelligent antennas, are one of the varieties of phased antenna arrays. Smart antennas use a set of radiating elements built in the form of grids. The most widespread are the ring antenna arrays, which are characterized by their compactness and great functionality. The relevance of the task of designing Smart antennas is to reduce the total number of emitters without degrading the antenna parameters. This task is particularly important for antennas with circular radiation patterns in communication systems with moving objects. The obtained results clearly show the possibilities of ring antenna arrays layout, depending on the radius of the antenna array and the radius of the cylindrical support, and under which conditions the geometric dimensions of the ring antenna arrays will preserve the coefficient of uniformity of the directional pattern. In order to reduce the number of vibrators in such antennas, the maximum distance between the vibrators is usually found, at which the uniformity of β directional diagrams does not decrease below a given level. To find the permissible distance, you can calculate the dependence of β on the radius of the grating directly when calculating the azimuthal directional diagrams of the antenna. To solve this problem, the external characteristics of the ring antenna arrays performed on half-wave symmetric vibrators in ideal conditions and vibrators placed over a cylindrical surface were considered.
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Mitilineos, Stelios A., Symeon K. Symeonidis, Ioannis B. Mpatsis, Dimitrios Iliopoulos, Georgios S. Kliros, Stylianos P. Savaidis, and Nikolaos A. Stathopoulos. "Conformal Patch Antenna Arrays Design for Onboard Ship Deployment Using Genetic Algorithms." Advances in Power Electronics 2013 (March 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/960514.
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Conformal antennas and antenna arrays (arrays) have become necessary for vehicular communications where a high degree of aerodynamic drag reduction is needed, like in avionics and ships. However, the necessity to conform to a predefined shape (e.g., of an aircraft’s nose) directly affects antenna performance since it imposes strict constraints to the antenna array’s shape, element spacing, relative signal phase, and so forth. Thereupon, it is necessary to investigate counterintuitive and arbitrary antenna shapes in order to compensate for these constraints. Since there does not exist any available theoretical frame for designing and developing arbitrary-shape antennas in a straightforward manner, we have developed a platform combining a genetic algorithm-based design, optimization suite, and an electromagnetic simulator for designing patch antennas with a shape that is not a priori known (the genetic algorithm optimizes the shape of the patch antenna). The proposed platform is further enhanced by the ability to design and optimize antenna arrays and is intended to be used for the design of a series of antennas including conformal antennas for shipping applications. The flexibility and performance of the proposed platform are demonstrated herein via the design of a high-performance GPS patch antenna.
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Bagus, Bambang, Sukahir Sukahir, Ayub Wimatra, and Fatmawati Sabur. "ANALISA PENINGKATAN GAIN ANTENNA MENGGUNAKAN ARRAY FEEDING PADA FREKUENSI X BAND." Jurnal Penelitian 8, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46491/jp.v8i1.1356.
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Microstrip antennas are antennas that are often applied because of their simple structure and easy to apply. The purpose of the experiment was to design and analyze the results of microstrip antennas in CST applications with a frequency of 10.5 GHz. Experiments used single patch antennas, 1 x 2 arrays using 2 patches and 1 x 4 antenna arrays using 4 antenna patches. Each series has different characteristics of return loss, gain, VSWR, and axial ratio. Based on these experiments, the results were obtained, namely the return loss of single patch, array 1x2 and array 1 x 4 respectively were -19 dB, -11 dB and -19 dB, while antenna gain was 2.9 times, 9.09 times and 2.27 times. The lowest VSWR value is found in the single patch circuit while the highest is found in the 1 x 4 array antenna. The axial ratio of a single patch and an array of 1 x 4 has the same value of 40, while a series of arrays of 1 x 2 has an axial ratio value of 35. Based on these results, it can be concluded that each circuit has a specification of values that are not the same, but it is still included in the appropriate antenna criteria, namely VSWR <2 and return loss below -10 dB.
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Kim, Ilkyu, and Eunhee Kim. "Quad-Band Uniformly Spaced Array Antenna Using Diverse Patch and Fractal Antennas." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063675.
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Multi-band antennas have received significant interest because they can support multiple wireless communication services with a single antenna. However, an array antenna consisting of these element antennas can suffer from non-periodic arrangement due to the irregular sizes of the elements. In this paper, various shapes of patch antennas with fractal antennas are used to ensure the periodic arrangement of the array antenna, and antenna array incorporated with a feed network is proposed. Four different antenna arrays operating at 2.45/3.7/4.3/5.0 GHz are aggregated in an antenna with interleaved disposition of the different element antennas. It is observed that mutual couplings between two elements are sufficiently low, at less than −23 dB. Peak antenna gain ranging from 11.1 dBi to 14.4 dBi at the four different bands is obtained.
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Obiadi Ifeanyi F., Udofia Kufre M., and Udofia Kingsley M. "Comparative Analysis of Microstrip Antenna Arrays with Diverse Feeding Techniques." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11060.
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A robust antenna design and analysis to fit the growing technology trend and give engineers and technicians options is crucial. This is especially true considering the recent rise in wireless smart devices. This paper compares microstrip antenna arrays fed in different ways. This work designed, simulated, and analyzed six antennas: two single-band rectangular microstrip antennas (RMSAs) with quarter wave (QWT) feed and the other with inset feed, one series-fed 1 x 4 RMSA array, two cooperate-fed (1 x 2 and 1 x 4) and a 2 x 2 cooperate-series-fed RMSA array at 2.4 GHz. Simulations showed that single-band antennas achieved 65.3 MHz and 68.3 MHz (2.72% and 2.85%) fractional bandwidths at 2.4 GHz. Series-fed and cooperative-fed 1 x 4 arrays, respectively, achieved bandwidths of 152.07 MHz and 44.33 MHz (6.34 % and 1.85 %) fractional bandwidth. The 1 x 2 cooperate-fed and 2 x 2 cooperate-series-fed array antennas had bandwidths of 33.06 MHz and 50.41 MHz (for 1.38% and 2.26%), respectively. A comparison of antenna gains revealed that the study's goals were met as a result of the realized antenna gain of the 2 x 2 cooperate-series-fed antenna which exceeded all other compared antenna gain. The 1 x 4 RMSA array with series feeding had a significantly higher bandwidth than its studied contemporaries. The achieved antenna's bandwidth qualifies it for application small ISM-band WLAN devices; for less portable devices, 2× 2 hybrid-fed array antenna is a suitable candidate for application.
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Mao, Yanfei, Shiju E, and Chungeng Zhu. "A New and Simple Design Method for End-Fire Dipole Antenna Array and Three Two-Element 24 GHz Planar End-Fire Dipole Antenna Arrays." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 7720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167720.
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For an RF system, a high-gain antenna helps to improve the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the transmitter and an end-fire antenna array helps to improve the directivity (D) and half power beam width (HP) of the antenna. This work presents a new and simple design method for end-fire antenna array design. The method states that when antenna elements are λ/2 apart, a simple end-fire antenna array could be designed and constructed easily without matching networks between antenna elements. Utilizing Rogers 4350 PCB technology, three 24 GHz high-gain, compact planar two-element end-fire dipole antenna arrays are designed to verify this new design method. The achieved results are three two-element end-fire antennas with gains of 8.8, 9.9 and 9.1 dBi. These antenna arrays are characterized by high gain and simplicity in design. They are also very compact in size, with an area of about 1.9 × 1.7 cm2. The benefit of this work is that a new and simple design for end-fire antenna design is suggested, and three two-element end-fire dipole antenna arrays in planar technology which adopt the design method are presented. A utility model patent was granted for this end-fire dipole array antenna topology, ZL 202022106332.1.
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Andropov, A., and S. Kuzmin. "Radiation Pattern Synthesis Method of Antenna Arrays with an Arbitrary Arrangement of Radiating Elements." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2022-8-2-15-28.
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As a result of the analysis of methods for synthesizing radiation patterns, in order to find the required amplitude-phase distribution in antenna arrays with an arbitrary arrangement of radiating elements, a technique based on the method of partial radiation patterns is proposed. The results of implementing the technique for a lowprofile combined ring concentric antenna array, a five-element antenna array based on asymmetric wave channel antennas, and a conformal antenna array consisting of arbitrarily located PIFA antennas are presented. The calculated amplitude-phase distributions and radiation patterns are given. The technique makes it possible to evaluate the potential capabilities of antennas, with adaptation taking into account the mutual coupling.
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Paays, Erby Virta Joseph, Syah Alam, and Indra Sujati. "Bandwidth Enhancement of 2x1 Microstrip Array Antena Using Slit Technique for Wireless Communication System." JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v6i2.8055.
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This study proposes a microstrip array antenna with frequency at of 2.3 GHz – 2.5 GHz for various applications, with smaller antena dimensions. The microstrip antenna designed in this study uses a rectangular patch consisting of two patch elements arranged in a linear array. The type of substrate used is FR-4 with a dielectric constant (εr) = 4.3 and a substrate thickness (h) = 1.6 mm. The feeding technique used is indirect feeding using a microstrip line feed. To increase the bandwidth, the antennas are arranged in an array with 50 ohm and 100 ohm microstrip lines. The simulated antenna parameters are return loss value -10 dB, VSWR 2, and gain value. The simulation results of the two-element array design with a substrate size of 123 mm x 65 mm obtained a return loss value of -27.99 dB at a frequency of 2300 MHz, -15.16 dB at a frequency of 2400 MHz, and -29.29 dB. The bandwidth generated in this study is 460 MHz or an increase of up to 283.3% when compared to a 2x1 antenna array without slit. Furthermore, the addition of slits succeeded in reducing the dimensions of 34.43% compared to 2x1 antenna arrays without slits. This antenna is very useful as a wireless communication receiving antena.
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Huang, Ting-Yi, and Yun-Jhang Lee. "Design of Microstrip Antenna Arrays with Rotated Elements Using Wilkinson Power Dividers for 5 G Customer Premise Equipment Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2024 (April 12, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2945195.
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Microstrip antenna arrays are proposed in this paper for the customer premise equipment (CPE) applications in the frequency range 1 (FR1) of the 5th generation (5 G) mobile networks. The proposed antenna arrays consist of three FR4 substrates. Antenna elements and feeding networks are optimized separately through parameter studies and then combined to form the proposed antenna arrays. Bandwidth-enhancing parasitic elements on the top substrate are broadside coupled to the microstrip antennas in the middle substrate, which are probe-fed by the microstrip feeding network using Wilkinson power dividers realized in the bottom substrate through the ground plane and the stud supporting air layer between the lower two substrates. Two antenna arrays, with four and eight antenna elements, are proposed for different gain specifications, 10 dBi and 12 dBi, respectively. Bandwidths of 10-dB return loss for both arrays fully covered the 5 G n78 frequency band (3.3–3.8 GHz). 20 dB isolation between antenna elements can also be achieved using the proposed layouts with rotated elements. The dimensions, radiation gain, and efficiency of the proposed antenna units, four-element array, and eight-element array are 65 × 65 × 11.4, 115 × 115 × 11.4, and 115 × 215 × 11.4 mm3, 6.2, 10.5, and 13 dBi, 74%, 56%, and 50%, respectively. The proposed antenna arrays exhibit the advantages of simple, low-cost, low-profile, and high-gain characteristics, which is potentially applicable to 5 G CPE outdoor unit (ODU)-related devices.
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Makoveenko, D. O., S. V. Siden, and V. V. Pyliavskyi. "USE OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR INCREASE THE THROUGHPUT IN LTE-A." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 3 (October 6, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-3-2.
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Context. The aim of the article is to analyze the throughput of the LTE-A mobile network on the uplink using an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. Objective. Suggestions have been made for the possibility of using adaptive antenna arrays to increase bandwidth in LTE-A mobile networks and analyze the benefits of its use compared to the standard type of base station antenna Method. To achieve this result, a computer model of noise analysis of the mobile network in the form of a flat regular hexagonal antenna array consisting of 7 three-sector cells was developed. To estimate the benefit from the use of adaptive antenna arrays, two options were analyzed: when using a standard antenna array of the LTE-A network, and an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. During the simulation, 100 random placements of subscribers of useful and interference signals were performed and the minimum, maximum and average gain from the use of adaptive antenna arrays was calculated. The average value of the gain for the adaptive antenna array in the direction of the subscriber station, which generates a useful signal of 5.69 dB more than the standard antenna array of the LTE-A network. At the same time, there is a significant reduction in the gain of the adaptive antenna in the direction of the interference subscriber stations, namely, for those with the highest interference level, the gain is 32.84 dB and 28.33 dB, respectively. To clearly show the gain in the qualitative characteristics of the network, a bandwidth analysis was performed for different types of antennas. The bandwidth distribution (transport block size) for 50 resource blocks using an adaptive equidistant linear antenna array compared to a standard antenna array is presented. Results. It is shown that due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit / s for all types of distribution considered channels. Conclusions. The article proposes the use of adaptive antenna arrays to increase the bandwidth of the LTE-A network. The simulation of bandwidth for 50 resource blocks showed that in the presence of internal system interference when using standard antennas of base stations, the average bandwidth is from 11.2 Mbps to 12.3 Mbps. At the same time, due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit/s for all types of multipath channels considered.
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Hall, Natasha Antoinette, Johann Wilhelm Odendaal, and Johan Joubert. "A Wideband Feed Network for Vivaldi Antenna Arrays." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (September 10, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1496851.
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A wideband feed network for a Vivaldi antenna array is presented. A limitation of current wideband antenna arrays is the bandwidth of either the feed network or the antenna element. The proposed antenna array consists of four wideband Vivaldi antennas fed with an improved wideband feed network to extend the useable bandwidth of the array. The proposed feed network consists of coplanar waveguide-to-slotline-to-microstrip line transitions. The feed network has a single coplanar waveguide input and four microstrip line output ports. The feed network achieved uniform amplitude and phase balance and an impedance bandwidth of 160% from 1 GHz to 9 GHz. The feed network was used in a uniform linear antenna array to feed four Vivaldi antenna elements. The Vivaldi antenna array achieved stable radiation patterns from 1.3 GHz to 8 GHz, resulting in a useable bandwidth of 144%. The antenna array has a minimum gain of 8 dBi and a maximum of 13.8 dBi within the frequency band. Results for a prototype Vivaldi antenna array, measured in a compact antenna test range, are presented and compared to simulated results from CST Studio Suite.
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Gardill, M., G. Fischer, R. Weigel, and A. Koelpin. "Single-element based ultra-wideband antenna array concepts for wireless high-precision 2-D local positioning." Advances in Radio Science 11 (July 4, 2013): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-11-297-2013.
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Abstract. We generally categorize the approaches for ultra-wideband antenna array design, and consequently propose simplified concepts for antenna arrays for a high-precision, ultra-wideband FMCW radar 2-D local positioning system to obtain robustness against multi path interference, perform angle of arrival analysis, as well as instantaneous heading estimation. We focus on low-cost and mechanical robust, industrial-application ready antennas. The antenna arrays are optimized for operation in the 5 GHz to 8 GHz frequency range and are designed towards supporting full omnidirectional 360° as well as partial half-plane direction of arrival estimation. Two different concepts for vehicle- as well as wall-mounted antenna array systems are proposed and discussed. We propose a wideband unidirectional bow-tie antenna array element having 97% impedance and 37% pattern bandwidth and a robust vehicle mounted omnidirectional antenna element having more than 85% impedance and pattern bandwidth.
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Prasad, L., B. Ramesh, K. S. R. Kumar, and K. P. Vinay. "Design and Implementation of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2018): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i3.646.
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Multiband phased array antennas are required for today’s multi-function communication applications. Generally Microstrip antenna arrays like Kotch array, Sierpinski array are used, but in some circuits where space is limited, arrays are not used. Therefore, to achieve the multiband operation with limited space, an antenna is designed with E-shaped in combination with split ring resonator to achieve the multiband operation. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed antenna operates at four different frequencies, 1.8GHz, 3.6GHz, 4.53GHz and 5.73GHz, which can be used for different wireless applications like GSM 1800 (1.71– 1.78 GHz), WiMAX (3.4-3.69GHz) -IEEE 802.16 standards, Wi-Fi/WLAN (5.15-5.82 GHz). All the simulation results like resonant frequency, return loss, radiation patterns and fabricated antenna measured result is presented in this paper. The antenna is simulated using CST 2014 software.
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Zheng, Bin, Xiangyang Li, Xin Rao, and Na Li. "Multi-Beam Conformal Array Antenna Based on Highly Conductive Graphene Films for 5G Micro Base Station Applications." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 10, 2022): 9681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249681.
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Recently, micro base station antennas have begun to play a more important role in 5G wireless communication, with the rapid development of modern smart medical care, the Internet of things, and portable electronic devices. Meanwhile, in response to the global commitment to long-term carbon neutrality, graphene film has received significant attention in the field of antennas due to its low carbon environmental impact and high electrical conductivity properties. In this work, a conformal array antenna based on highly conductive graphene films (CGF) is proposed for 5G millimeter-wave (MMW) applications. The proposed antenna consists of three antenna arrays, with eight patch elements in each array, operating at 24 GHz, with linear polarization. Each antenna array’s current amplitude distribution coefficient is constructed by synthesizing a series-feeding linear array using the Chebyshev method. The measurement results demonstrated that the proposed CGF antenna exhibits a peak realized gain higher than 8 dBi in the bandwidth of 23.0–24.7 GHz. The proposed antenna achieves three independent beams from bore-sight to ±37° in conformal installations, with a cylinder radius of 30 mm, showing excellent beam-pointing performance. These characteristics indicate that the CGF can be used for the design of MMW micro base station antennas, fulfilling the requirements of the conformal carrier platform for a lightweight and compact antenna.
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Dahl, Christoph, Michael Vogt, and Ilona Rolfes. "Fractal antenna arrays for MIMO radar applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 10 (October 26, 2017): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717001015.
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In this contribution, fractal antenna arrays are analyzed for their applicability in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars. Array geometries based on the Fudgeflake fractal and the Gosper island fractal are investigated. In addition, a concept for the combination of both fractals is shown in order to increase the flexibility concerning the number of transmitting and receiving antennas. The presented fractal MIMO concepts can be utilized in order to improve the angular resolution and to reduce the sidelobe level for a given number of transmitting and receiving antennas. It is shown that a fractal MIMO concept with 21 transmitting antennas and 21 receiving antennas improves the angular resolution to 4.6 degrees and reduces side lobe level by 3.1 dB compared to a MIMO configuration based on two linear arrays with the same number of antenna elements. In addition, the results are experimentally validated by broadband radar measurements.
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Aourik, Salaheddine, Ahmed Errkik, Aziz Oukaira, Dhaou Said, Jamal Zbitou, and Ahmed Lakhssassi. "An Advanced Array Configuration Antenna Based on Mutual Coupling Reduction." Electronics 12, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071707.
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In this work, a microstrip antenna array that consists of 16 elements is designed at a frequency of 28 GHz, with a dimension of 35 mm × 33.5 mm and an operational bandwidth of 27.7–28.3 GHz. The idea is putting two antenna arrays next to each other on the same substrate and ground plane, as well as minimizing the overall size. This work presents a mutual coupling reduction for two arrays and studies the performance of the antennas through the suppression of surface wave propagation in a given frequency range. It proposed a new configuration for an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) created by microstrip technology placed at a closed distance (0.3λ0) between the two antenna arrays. The improvement in the isolation between the two adjacent antenna arrays was studied according to the H-plane with a periodic unit cell of the AMC. The mutual coupling reduces to −40.0 dB at the operation frequency and isolation of 17 dB. The antenna array is also characterized by a good envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). The CST Microwave Studio electromagnetic solver was used to design, improve, and miniaturize the proposed configuration.
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Zulfi, Zulfi, Joko Suryana, and Achmad Munir. "A Decoupling Technique for Beamforming Antenna Arrays Using Simple Guard Trace Structures." Journal of ICT Research and Applications 17, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2023.17.3.5.
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This paper discusses decoupling techniques for suppressing electromagnetic coupling between elements of beamforming antenna arrays. Guard trace structures, which are commonly used for crosstalk reduction on printed circuit board technology, are proposed to be inserted between the array elements for coupling reduction. Two types of guard trace structures, i.e., straight guard traces and serpentine guard traces, were explored, and the effect of using via holes on both types of guard traces was studied. For this purpose, two-element antenna arrays with guard trace structures inserted between array elements were designed and simulated. The simulation results showed that a straight guard trace with vias (straight GTV) and a serpentine guard trace without vias (serpentine GT) could effectively reduce EM coupling between elements of array antennas. To verify the simulation results, prototypes of antenna arrays with straight GTV and serpentine GT were realized and measured. The measurement results showed coupling reductions of 5 dB and 6.4 dB could be achieved when straight GTV and serpentine GT are inserted between two array elements separated by edge-to-edge distances of 4 mm and 9.05 mm, respectively. Therefore, the proposed decoupling technique is suitable for beamforming antenna arrays with a very close distance between array elements.
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Tian, Wenchao, Daowei Wu, Qiang Chao, Zhiqiang Chen, and Yongkun Wang. "Application of genetic algorithm in M × N reconfigurable antenna array based on RF MEMS switches." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 30 (October 30, 2018): 1850365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918503657.
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With the continuous development of the wireless communication, a device needs to integrate multiple antennas, which will lead to increased volume, increased cost, electromagnetic compatibility problems and increased weight. This paper presents a [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array based on RF MEMS switches. The modeling script of [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array is written in MATLAB by using MATLAB-HFSS-API. In order to quickly get a switch array with target frequency, genetic algorithm is applied to [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array. Taking the [Formula: see text] reconfigurable antenna array as an example, a switch array with the resonant frequency of 3.81 GHz is searched from its 4096 switch arrays. The switch array found by genetic algorithm is 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0. The resonant frequency and S11 parameter of this switch array is 3.81 GHz and −20.96 dB. The search takes 6.77 h and the efficiency is 17 times of the simulating all switch arrays.
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Wang, Min, Wen Wu, and Zhongxiang Shen. "Bandwidth Enhancement of Antenna Arrays Utilizing Mutual Coupling between Antenna Elements." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/690713.
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The mutual coupling effect between antenna elements on an array's bandwidth is investigated using scattering parameters instead of the mutual impedance. First, an approximate expression is derived for matched voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) bandwidth of a tuned antenna, which reveals that the bandwidth is inversely proportional to the magnitude|Γ0'(ω0)|of the frequency derivative of the reflection coefficient. Next, considering linear antenna arrays with corporate feed as an example, closed-form expressions of the reflection coefficient are derived at the input port of the feeding network, which shows that the active reflection coefficient of an array is the linear superposition of elements' passive reflection coefficientS11and the mutual coupling coefficientS12from adjacent elements. The VSWR bandwidth expressions for an array imply that bandwidth enhancement of the overall array can be achieved when the element passive reflection coefficientS11and mutual couplingS12are cancelled, as well as the frequency derivativesS11'andS12'also cancel each other. Slot arrays and a two-element Vivaldi array are investigated to verify the validity of our theoretical analysis. Numerical and experimental results are presented to successfully demonstrate the bandwidth enhancement of antenna arrays utilizing mutual coupling effect.
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Lan, Zhe-Peng, Rui Zhang, and Bao-Hua Sun. "A Novel Wave-transparent and Decoupling Antenna in Broadband Dual-Polarized Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2525, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2525/1/012019.
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Abstract This letter proposes a novel wave-transparent and decoupling antenna in broadband dual-Polarized dual-Band shared-aperture array. It is implemented by kneading the double-arrow-stripe-shaped decoupling structure into the frequency-selective metasurface structure of the lower-frequency-band (LFB) antenna arms. The LFB antenna radiator can be considered as frequency-selective and array-decoupling metasurface for the higher-frequency-band (HFB) antennas placed below. The antenna system consists of 2 × 2 HFB (3.3-3.6 GHz)arrays and an LFB (1.65-2.58 GHz) antenna with wave-transparent and decoupled structure (WTDS). Then, without adding additional structure, the in-band isolations of co- and cross-polarized between HFB antennas are promoted to >25.6 dB and >25 dB only by relying on the antenna form of the LFB antenna itself.
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Maldonado, Gonzalo, Alberto Reyna Maldonado, Luz I. Balderas, and Marco A. Panduro. "Time-Modulated Antenna Arrays for Ultra-Wideband 5G Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122233.
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This research presents the design of time-modulated antenna arrays with UWB performance. The antenna arrays consider a linear topology with eight UWB disk-notch patch antennas. The technological problem is to find out the optimum antenna positions and/or time sequences to reduce the side lobes and the sidebands in all of the UWB frequency ranges. The design process is formulated as a bacterial foraging optimization. The results show that the uniform array generates a better SLL performance whereas the non-uniform array obtains a wider bandwidth. The uniform array obtains an SLL < −20 dB from 3.37 GHz to 4.8 GHz and the non-uniform array generates an SLL < −7 dB from 2.97 GHz to 5.26 GHz. The sideband levels are very similar for both cases with a value of around −17 dB.
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Đặng Thị Từ, Mỹ. "Design of Zeroth-order resonance antenna array with a pair of DPS and ENG materials." Journal of Science and Technology Issue on Information and Communications Technology 12, no. 133 (December 31, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/b2018-140.
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This paper proposes one-dimensional antenna arrays of the four-element and the eight-element using composite materials. Firstly, the single element is designed to resonate at Zeroth-order using a pair of Double positive (DPS) and Epsilon negative (ENG) materials meta-structured transmission line (MTL). Secondly, three of 1:2 T-Junction power dividers and seven of 1:2 T-Junction power dividers based on micro-strip technology are designed for feeding the four-element and the eight-element array antennas, respectively. Finally, the proposed arrays are optimized using FEM-based simulation to operate at the frequency of 8,5 GHz. The simulated results show that both antenna arrays have Zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) property, in which the four-element array has a bandwidth spreading from 8.39 to 8.61 GHz and a maximum gain of 8.82 dB while the other one of the eight-element array is 8.39 – 8.60 GHz and 12.2 dB, respectively. The proposed array antennas can be used for wireless applications or mobile communications.
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Wang, Wen-Qin. "Virtual Antenna Array Analysis for MIMO Synthetic Aperture Radars." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/587276.
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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that employs multiple antennas to transmit orthogonal waveforms and multiple antennas to receive radar echoes is a recently proposed remote sensing concept. It has been shown that MIMO SAR can be used to improve remote sensing system performance. Most of the MIMO SAR research so far focused on signal/data models and corresponding signal processing algorithm. Little work related to MIMO SAR antenna analysis can be found. One of the main advantages of MIMO SAR is that the degrees of freedom can be greatly increased by the concept of virtual antenna array. In this paper, we analyze the virtual antenna array for MIMO SAR high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing applications. The one-dimensional uniform and nonuniform linear antenna arrays are investigated and their application potentials in high-resolution wide-swath remote sensing are introduced. The impacts of nonuniform spatial sampling in the virtual antenna array are analyzed, along with a multichannel filtering-based reconstruction algorithm. Conceptual system and discussions are provided. It is shown that high operation flexibility and reconfigurability can be obtained by utilizing the virtual antenna arrays provided by the MIMO SAR systems, thus enabling a satisfactory remote sensing performance.
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Dou, Wenbin, Zhongxiang Shen, Xiuping Li, and Shaoqiu Xiao. "Broadband Antennas and Antenna Arrays." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307304.
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Gupta, Parul, Leeladhar Malviya, and S. V. Charhate. "5G multi-element/port antenna design for wireless applications:a review." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 9 (May 28, 2019): 918–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000382.
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AbstractFifth generation (5G) is the current hot topic of the world's leading telecommunication companies. The compact designs of antennas made it possible for them to resonate at higher frequencies, thus to enable the devices to attain higher data rate as compared to 4G technology. Data rate of 5G technology for low mobility users is expected to be 50.0 Gbps and for high mobility users it is 5.0 Gbps. On the other hand, International telecommunication union's objective for 5G is 3 times more spectrally efficient thanlong-term evolution (LTE). The paper has carried out meticulous study over the impact of 5G antennas on the size of antenna, size/type of substrate, gain, efficiency, and isolation, etc. Also, different arrays andmultiple input multiple outputs (MIMOs) with patch antenna, magneto electric-dipole, microstrip grid array antenna, folded dipole, series-fed array, connected antenna array, MIMO are studied. The paper also includes the existing technology i.e 4G LTE and their isolation enhancement approaches. Many of the designs used the reflector plates to reduce the back lobe radiation problem in MIMO/array antennas to increase front-to-back ratio. The gain in 5G antennas can be increased by using balun, parasitic element as directors, multiple notch structures, three identical slot sub-arrays, etc. Mathematical equations of multi-element/port antennas are included to model the designed antennas. The beam steering is also included for the 5G technology in this paper.
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Lee, Doojin. "Study of metasurface coated bowtie antenna to decouple closely coupled arrays." AIP Advances 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 115108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107498.
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This paper presents the numerical studies of the bowtie antenna with and without metasurface in cross-coupled arrays. The single bowtie antennas coated by the metasurface are designed at the neighboring frequency of 3 GHz. The cloaked frequency of the cloaked bowtie antennas is controlled by components that consist of metasurface such as the dielectric constant of the supporting material, slot width, spacing of the slot, and the height of the material. The cloaked bowtie antenna has characteristics such as the minimum reflection from the antenna at the designed frequency and, at the same time the radar cross section has a low value at the cloaked frequency. This characteristic has been intensively explored with closely cross-coupled antennas in array configurations as 1D lateral arrangement and 2D arrangement for the sequential and simultaneous modes. It is numerically confirmed that the characteristics of the cloaked coupled arrays are kept the same as those of a standalone array, which is shown to have robust characteristics to the mutual coupling between strongly coupled elements.
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Hussain, Sajjad, Shi-Wei Qu, Abu Bakar Sharif, Hassan Sani Abubakar, Xiao-Hua Wang, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Current Sheet Antenna Array and 5G: Challenges, Recent Trends, Developments, and Future Directions." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093329.
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Designing an ultra-wideband array antenna for fifth generation (5G) is challenging for the antenna designing community because of the highly fragmented electromagnetic spectrum. To overcome bandwidth limitations, several millimeter-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications are considered; as a result, many antenna arrays have been proposed during the past decades. This paper aims to explore recent developments and techniques regarding a specific type of phased array antenna used in 5G applications, called current sheet array (CSA). CSA consists of capacitively coupled elements placed over a ground plane, with mutual coupling intentionally introduced in a controlled manner between the elements. CSA concept evolved and led to the realization of new array antennas with multiple octaves of bandwidth. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing works in this line of research. We analyze and discuss various aspects of the proposed array antennas with the wideband and wide-scan operation. Additionally, we discuss the significance of the phased array antenna in 5G communication. Moreover, we describe the current research challenges and future directions for CSA-based phased array antennas.
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Grant, Nolan, Mahdi Haghzadeh, and Alkim Akyurtlu. "Fully Printed Static Gain Reconfigurable Conformal Patch Antenna Arrays." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 000604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-tha44_114.
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Abstract This work presents design and fabrication processes for creating statically gain-reconfigurable conformal patch array antennas. In our previous work, a fully printable and conformal antenna array on a flexible substrate with a new Left-Handed Transmission Line (LHTL) phase shifter based on a Barium Strontium Titanate (BST)/polymer composite was computationally studied for radiation pattern correction and beam steering applications. In this work, additive manufacturing techniques were used to experimentally demonstrate the phase compensation needed to improve the degraded performance of the conformal arrays. An Aerosol Jet direct-write printer was used to print several patch antenna arrays and was tested in an anechoic chamber to establish baseline gain metrics. Once a baseline is established, a high dielectric constant material (BST nano-ink) was dispensed onto the IDCs in several configurations, to provide the necessary phase compensation. The antennas were retested and the changes in their gain profiles were investigated. The findings of this work and the proposed method allow for gain compensation of curved conformal antennas and post-production modification of the radiation pattern of antenna arrays. This work has potential applications in the automotive industry due to the low cost of production and the ability to be integrated onto curved conformal surfaces without interfering with super structure or other mechanical design related criteria.
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Martínez Quintero, Juan Carlos, Edith Paola Estupiñán Cuesta, and Gabriel Leonardo Escobar Quiroga. "Design, Analysis, and Simulation of 60 GHz Millimeter Wave MIMO Microstrip Antennas." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 4 (September 24, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11040059.
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This article comparatively shows the evolution of parameters of three types of arrays for MIMO microstrip antennas, to which the number of ports is gradually incremented until reaching 32. The three arrays have a 1 × 2 configuration in each port and present different geometry or type of coupling in the next way: square patch with quarter-wave coupling (Antenna I), square patch with inset feed (Antenna II) and circular patch with quarter-wave coupling (Antenna III). The arrays were designed and simulated to operate on the millimetric wave band, specifically in the 60 GHz frequency to be used in wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 ad. A method of rapid prototyping was formulated to increase the number of elements in the array obtaining dimensions and coordinates of location in the layout in short periods of time. The simulation was conducted through ADS software, and the results of gain, directivity, return loss, bandwidth, beamwidth, and efficiency were evaluated. In terms of array results of 32 ports, Antenna III obtained the lowest return loss with −42.988 dB, being more than 19 dB lower than the others. The highest gain is also obtained by Antenna III with 24.541 dBi and an efficiency of 66%. Antenna II obtained better efficiency, reaching 71.03%, but with a gain of more than 2dB below the Antenna III. Antenna I obtained the best bandwidth.
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Yin, Ruowei, and Zhipeng Wu. "Investigation of Planar Isolators for Mutual Coupling Reduction in Two-Dimensional Microstrip Antenna Arrays." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2023 (July 25, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8865793.
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The design of isolators to reduce mutual coupling in large two-dimensional antenna arrays is complex and requires significant computational effort. This work attempts to alleviate this problem by applying different types of planar isolators in different orientations and experimenting first with two-element microstrip antenna arrays. A U-shaped planar transmission line isolator, a U-shaped planar transmission line-based destructive ground structure, and a planar neutralization line structure are designed to reduce E-plane or H-plane coupling in two-element microstrip antenna arrays. A mutual coupling reduction of approximately 6 dB is achieved. Four combinations of these planar isolators are compared and analyzed in a four-element microstrip antenna array. An optimal combination is then obtained by using two reversely placed U-shaped line isolators, which reduce the mutual coupling by more than 6.1 dB. The study is also extended to a 5 × 5 antenna array. Similar results of mutual coupling reduction are obtained. In addition to simulation, both two-element and 25-element microstrip antennas have been constructed and tested. The agreement of the simulation results with the measured results confirms the effectiveness of the decoupling structures.
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Woo, Myung Kyun, Lance DelaBarre, Matt Thomas Waks, Young Woo Park, Russell Luke Lagore, Steve Jungst, Yigitcan Eryaman, Se-Hong Oh, Kamil Ugurbil, and Gregor Adriany. "Evaluation of 8-Channel Radiative Antenna Arrays for Human Head Imaging at 10.5 Tesla." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186000.
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For human head magnetic resonance imaging at 10.5 tesla (T), we built an 8-channel transceiver dipole antenna array and evaluated the influence of coaxial feed cables. The influence of coaxial feed cables was evaluated in simulation and compared against a physically constructed array in terms of transmit magnetic field (B1+) and specific absorption rate (SAR) efficiency. A substantial drop (23.1% in simulation and 20.7% in experiment) in B1+ efficiency was observed with a tight coaxial feed cable setup. For the investigation of the feed location, the center-fed dipole antenna array was compared to two 8-channel end-fed arrays: monopole and sleeve antenna arrays. The simulation results with a phantom indicate that these arrays achieved ~24% higher SAR efficiency compared to the dipole antenna array. For a human head model, we observed 30.8% lower SAR efficiency with the 8-channel monopole antenna array compared to the phantom. Importantly, our simulation with the human model indicates that the sleeve antenna arrays can achieve 23.8% and 21% higher SAR efficiency compared to the dipole and monopole antenna arrays, respectively. Finally, we obtained high-resolution human cadaver images at 10.5 T with the 8-channel sleeve antenna array.
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Dwi Santoso, Agus, Fery Budi Cahyono, and Bambang Bagus Harianto. "DESAIN ANTENA MICROSTRIP RECTANGULAR ARRAY 1x4 PADA FREKWENSI 2.2 UNTUK RADAR KAPAL." Jurnal Penelitian 8, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46491/jp.v8i1.1354.
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This study aims to analyze antennas' characteristics at a frequency of 2.2 GHz, including the value of return loss, VSWR, gain, bandwidth, surface current, and radiation pattern. The antenna characteristics have been designed using simulations made with FR-4 substrates with a dielectric constant ε_r= 4.3 and substrate thickness (h) = 1.6 mm and copper patches with a patch thickness of 0.035 mm. Single antennas are made first to get the desired parameters, then continue to make 1x2 and 1x4 antenna arrays. The feeding antenna array is arranged using the Wilkinson power divider technique on the side of the patch. Antenna array planning aims to increase the antenna gain value as well as the antenna directivity value. From the simulation results, successive values were obtained starting from a single antenna, a 1x2 antenna array, and a 1x4 antenna array which included return loss of -22 dB, 25.9 dB, and -15.3 dB. Swr values are 1.1,1.1,1,1.4 each. The gain values are 3.38 dB, 5.52 dB, 7.84 dB, respectively. Antenna bandwidth is obtained by 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and 200MHz. The angular width obtained is 99.40, 92.20, and 80.20.
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Zheng, Jianfeng, Yue Li, and Zhenghe Feng. "Impact of Mutual Coupling and Polarization of Antennas on BER Performances of Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/795205.
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This paper is aimed at studying the impacts of mutual coupling, matching networks, and polarization of antennas on performances of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems employing Spatial Multiplexing (SM). In particular, the uncoded average Bit Error Rate (BER) of MIMO systems is investigated. An accurate signal analysis framework based on circuit network parameters is presented to describe the transmit/receive characteristics of the matched/unmatched antenna array. The studied arrays consist of matched/unmatched compact copolarization and polarization diversity antenna array. Monte-Carlo numerical simulations are used to study the BER performances of the SM MIMO systems using maximum-likelihood and/or zero-forcing detection schemes. The simulation results demonstrate that the use of matching networks can improve the BER performance of SM MIMO systems significantly, and the BER performance deterioration due to antenna orientation randomness can be compensated by use of polarization diversity antenna arrays.
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Ding, Kaicheng, Lei Sun, and Daqun Yu. "A Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Antenna Array Design." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2419, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2419/1/012034.
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Abstract Aiming at solving the difficult problem of shared-aperture integration of dual-band antenna arrays, the research of P-band/S-band shared-aperture antenna arrays is carried out, focusing on the design of broadband wide-angle scanning, planarization, miniaturization, and low-profile of the two-band shared-aperture antenna arrays. And certain work is carried out for the shared-aperture antennas in terms of the improvement of isolation and suppression of the blocking effect. The simulation results of the antenna model show that this antenna works well and can meet the specification requirements.
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Vedenkin, Denis Andreevich, Yuri Evgenevich Sedelnikov, and Aydar Revkatovich Nasybullin. "Antenna Arrays Focused on Broadband Signals." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2016.2.726.
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Broadband and ultra-wideband signals are increasingly used in modern radio systems. Traditional performance of evaluation antennas operating with narrowband signals are not always adequately reflect the characteristics of broadband antennas, at least in view of the frequency dependence of the antenna pattern. Accounting for broadband signals the antennas becomes important in the low-frequency range of the spectrum. Systems using these types of signals may include control of the atmosphere and measuring its frequency-selective properties in the range meter and decameter wavelengths. Possibility of spatial selection based on focusing of broadband signals in this case promises to implement a number of additional features. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the properties of antennas based on the spectral content of the signal, as well as taking into account the ways of its processing in the receiving equipment. Consideration features of functioning the antenna array, focused on broadband signal is devoted to this article.
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Nnamdi, Ugochukwu, Bourdillion Omijeh, and Ifeoma Asianuba. "Design and Optimization of a 2.4 GHz Antenna Array for Energy Harvesting." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(6).67.
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In this paper, a 2.4GHz antenna array for wireless power transfer (WPT) was designed and optimized for energy harvesting using MATLAB Software. Antennas are essential communication tools in energy harvesting systems as such; they are used to transmit and receive signals. The designed antenna is a 2 x 4 microstrip array. The choice of the microstrip antenna stems from the fact that, it is a class of patch antenna which satisfies all low-level conditions for Radio frequency (RF) transmission. Array antennas are deployed to maximize the overall gain, improve signal reception and achieve excellent performance. The antenna specifications were used in the analysis of the antenna formulations. The simulation result obtained shows satisfactory parameters for energy harvesting. The maximum gain was improved from 17.0 dbi to 17.5 dbi after optimization. The reflection co-efficient was also maintained above a magnitude of -26.2db. The antenna also recorded low correlation co-efficient. With the growth of self-sustaining devices, antenna arrays for energy harvesting provides an innovative solution for ecofriendly technologies.
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Anh, Nguyen Xuan, V. I. Lutsenko, Luo Yiyang, and I. V. Popov. "Nonequidistant two-dimensional antenna arrays are based on Latin squares for registration of cosmic, atmospheric and lithospheric radiation." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 17, no. 4B (December 15, 2017): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/17/4b/12987.
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The possibility of using Latin squares for constructing two-dimensional non-equidistant antenna arrays that can be used for development of radio telescopes and systems for remote sensing of atmospheric and lithospheric radiation has been shown. An algorithm for calculating the coordinates of elements of a non-equidistant antenna array using the values of elements of Latin squares is proposed. It is shown that in this case, it is possible to obtain an almost complete coverage of the grid of spatial frequencies in the region of the arrangement of the elements at small filling coefficients of array. Directional patterns are studied and the side lobes levels are estimated for non-equidistant antennas obtained on the basis of Latin squares. The possibility of synthesizing of large antenna arrays on the basis of composite squares using the embedding of generative Latin squares is shown. The characteristics of the obtained arrays are studied. It is shown that using the shifts and mutual rotations of individual layers is involved in the synthesized array; its characteristics can be substantially improved.
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Chin, Kuo-Sheng, Chi-Sheng Wu, Chien-Lung Shen, and Kun-Chuan Tsai. "Designs of Textile Antenna Arrays for Smart Clothing Applications." Autex Research Journal 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0002.
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Abstract In this work, three designs of textile antennas, namely, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, annular slot antenna, and planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), operating in the 2.45 GHz WLAN band were developed for smart clothing applications. Conductive textile, a copper-plated polyester fabric, was used for fabricating antenna radiators and grounds. An insulating neoprene fabric with a thickness of 4 mm and a permittivity of 1.5 was used for preparing the substrates. The textile patch antenna achieved a maximum gain of 5.96 dBi and a bandwidth of 4.6%. The annual slot antenna showed a moderate gain and bandwidth of 2.9 dBi and 13.1%, respectively. The PIFA achieved the widest bandwidth of 31% but the smallest gain of 1.2 dBi. Furthermore, the performance deterioration of the proposed antennas under various bending conditions was analyzed to evaluate their suitability for wearable applications. Moreover, two 2 × 2 patch and slot antenna arrays were assembled to increase gain and bandwidth. The measured results proved that the developed antenna designs provide superior performance.
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Ogurtsov, Stanislav, Diego Caratelli, and Zhe Song. "A Review of Synthesis Techniques for Phased Antenna Arrays in Wireless Communications and Remote Sensing." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (September 27, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5514972.
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Electronically controlled antenna arrays, such as reconfigurable and phased antenna arrays, are essential elements of high-frequency 5G communication hardware. These antenna arrays are aimed at delivering specified communication scenarios and channel characteristics in the mm-wave parts of the 5G spectrum. At the same time, several challenges are associated with the development of such antenna structures, and these challenges mainly originate from their intended mass production, contemporary manufacturing technologies, integration with active RF chains, compact size, dense circuitry, and limitations in postmanufacturing tuning. Consequently, 5G antenna array designers are presented with contradictory design requirements and constraints. Furthermore, these designers need to handle large numbers of designable parameters of the antenna array models, which can be computationally expensive, especially for repetitive and adaptive simulations that are required in design optimization and tuning. Antenna array synthesis, namely, the process of finding positions, orientation, and excitation of the array radiators, is a challenging yet crucial part of antenna array development. This process ensures that the performance requirements of the antenna array are met. Therefore, there is a need for reliable yet fast automated computer-aided design (CAD) and synthesis tools that can support the development of 5G antenna array solutions, from the initial prototyping stage to the final manufacturing tolerance analysis. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in antenna array synthesis from the viewpoint of their applicability to the design of electronically reconfigurable and phased antenna arrays for wireless communications and remote sensing.
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Jiang, W., T. Hong, and S. X. Gong. "Research on the Scattering Characteristics and the RCS Reduction of Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/735847.
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Based on the study of the radiation and scattering of the circularly polarized (CP) antenna, a novel radar cross-section (RCS) reduction technique is proposed for CP antenna in this paper. Quasi-fractal slots are applied in the design of the antenna ground plane to reduce the RCS of the CP antenna. Both prototype antenna and array are designed, and their time-, frequency-, and space-domain characteristics are studied to authenticate the proposed technique. The simulated and measured results show that the RCS of the prototype antenna and array is reduced up to 7.85 dB and 6.95 dB in the band of 1 GHz–10 GHz. The proposed technique serves a candidate in the design of low RCS CP antennas and arrays.
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Holder, Marvin Alexander Samuel, and Mark Eberspächer. "Systematic methods for the synthesis of equidistant MIMO arrays." Advances in Radio Science 21 (December 1, 2023): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-15-2023.
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Abstract. Finding a feasible antenna arrangement for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) arrays to serve a specific purpose is a first crucial step towards a successful MIMO radar system design. Design methods to synthesize uniformly weighted and equidistant MIMO arrays are proposed and investigated. The methods can be used to gain a design foundation for 1D or 2D arrays without software tools or programming effort. Since the presented approach does not consider electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic full-wave simulations might be required additionally. The method is based on sequentially copying and displacing antenna groups with the help of a number scheme. A nomenclature is proposed to classify the degrees of freedom in the design procedure. If the antennas are aligned to a uniform grid, a polynomial representation of the array can be chosen alternatively. This method is beneficial when redundancies of a produced array and where they appear must be analyzed. A new design problem arises when an array is to consist of only transceiving antennas, which can be analyzed with polynomial multiplication. One strategy to find a suitable MIMO array consisting of transceiver elements is given and evaluated.
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Zhou, Hao, Jiren Li, and Kun Wei. "A Novel Unit Classification Method for Fast and Accurate Calculation of Radiation Patterns." Electronics 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2023): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163512.
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This paper proposes a novel unit classification technique to enhance the accuracy of the conventional pattern multiplication method by taking the mutual coupling effect and edge effect into consideration. The proposed technique classifies antenna elements into different groups based on their positions in arrays, specifically corner, edge, and inner groups. By simulating the radiation patterns of antenna elements with different boundary conditions, the pattern multiplication method is then used to calculate the radiation pattern of the antenna array based on the simulated results. Several numerical examples, including a square array, a hexagonal array, and a phased array, are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method not only reduces the computational time and memory usage but also significantly improves the accuracy. The proposed method provides a powerful tool for synthesizing and predicting the radiation pattern of array antennas and offers new avenues for optimizing array antennas and phased array antennas.
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He, Yuanzhi, and Changxu Wang. "Optimization Design for Sparse Planar Array in Satellite Communications." Electronics 12, no. 8 (April 7, 2023): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081763.
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The antenna is one of the key components of satellite communication load. To address the evolving requirements of future satellite communication systems, the sparse planar array has become an important device for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves in emerging antenna systems. The advantages of this technology include low cost, low system complexity, and robust anti-interference ability, which have attracted widespread attention within the industry. In this paper, we investigate an optimization design of sparse planar arrays in satellite communication scenarios. Firstly, we introduce the mathematical foundation of the array antennas and establish the optimization design model of the sparse planar array. Secondly, we analyze and compare the impact of different array layout methods on the sparse planar array antenna pattern, and then introduce the latest design trend of array material design. Thirdly, we review some classical optimization methods for optimizing sparse planar arrays and the recent research advancements in promising and novel methods. Lastly, on the basis of the present research status, we propose three future research directions and two critical challenges for optimal design of sparse planar arrays in satellite communication scenarios, which can facilitate the development and realization of array technology under future B5G and 6G wireless networks.
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Legkiy, N. M., and N. V. Mikheev. "Selection of location of radiators in a non-equivident antenna array." Russian Technological Journal 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2020-8-6-54-62.
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Antennas are one of the main elements of radio engineering systems. Phased antenna arrays (PAR), which make it possible to regulate the direction of radiation due to the ability to control the phases or phase differences of the emitted signal, are the most effective types of antennas. The size, design and shape of the PAR depend on the tasks to be solved, the type of emitters and the nature of their location. The article discusses the transformation of an equidistant PAR into a non-equidistant antenna array in order to reduce the level of side lobes and suppress diffraction maxima with a given minimum distance between the emitters. A model of a non-equidistant antenna array and calculation formulas for its analysis are presented. The method presented in the work based on iterative calculation methods makes it possible to select the main parameters of a non-equidistant PAR taking into account the bonds formed between neighboring radiating elements. The coordinates of the emitter elements of the non-equidistant PAR were calculated in a program using the MATLAB language. At the same time, a method was implemented to search for the optimal arrangement of emitters relative to each other, in which the directional pattern of the antenna array will have a minimum level of diffraction maxima and the required level of side lobe. According to the results of the program execution, the coordinates of the new non-equidistant PAR were obtained. The non-equidistant phased array antenna simulated according to the calculation results showed a complete absence of diffraction maxima, in contrast to the equidistant array, but it was not possible to sufficiently obtain the required level of side lobes. The calculated antenna radiation patterns presented for comparison showed the advantages of a non-equidistant antenn array.
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Said, Maizatul Alice Meor, Mohamad Harris Misran, Mohd Azlishah bin Othman, Redzuan Abdul Manap, Abd Shukur bin Jaafar, Shadia Suhaimi, and Nurmala Irdawaty Hassan. "Innovation Design of High Gain Array Antenna for 5G Communication." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 13, no. 7 (July 16, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0723_02.
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The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system requires high gain antennas to support the growing demand for high-speed data transmission and low-latency connectivity. High gain antennas are crucial for enhancing the signal strength and extending the coverage area of 5G networks. By using multiple antenna elements, an array can achieve higher gain and directivity compared to a single element antenna. This improvement in gain enables better signal reception and transmission, leading to increased communication range, higher data rates, and improved reliability. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of antenna arrays for improving antenna gain in 5G communication systems at 3.5 GHz.The design of the array antenna incorporates single, dual, quad, and octal element structures to enhance the antenna's gain. The proposed antenna has been examined, and the results indicate that it has a return loss of -37.4 dB at the resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz, an antenna gain of 7.22 dB, and a bandwidth of 286.5 MHz. The use of a single, dual, quad, and octal element array configuration is anticipated to improve the gain performance of the antenna, making it a promising option for 5G communication systems.
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Anam, Mohamad Khoirul, Yudhistira Yudhistira, and Sangjo Choi. "Optimization of Thermoelectric Nanoantenna for Massive High-Output-Voltage Arrays." Nanomaterials 14, no. 13 (July 7, 2024): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14131159.
Full textAbstract:
Thermoelectric nanoantennas have been extensively investigated due to their ability to directly convert infrared (IR) radiation into direct current without an additional rectification device. In this study, we introduce a thermoelectric nanoantenna geometry for maximum output voltage (Voc) and propose an optimal series array configuration with a finite number of antennas to enhance the Voc. A finite and open-ended SiO2 substrate, with a thickness of a quarter-effective wavelength at a frequency of 28.3 THz, is used to generate standing waves within the substrate. An array of antennas is then positioned optimally on the substrate to maximize the temperature difference (∆T) between hot and cold areas, thereby increasing the average Voc per antenna element. In numerical simulations, a linearly polarized incident wave with a power density of 1.42 W/cm2 is applied to the structure. The results show that a single antenna with the optimum geometry on a substrate measuring 35 µm × 35 µm generates a ∆T of 64.89 mK, corresponding to a Voc of 1.75 µV. Finally, a series array of 5 × 6 thermoelectric nanoantennas on a 150 µm × 75 µm substrate including measurement pads achieves an average ∆T of 49.60 mK with a total Voc of 40.18 µV, resulting in an average Voc of 1.34 µV per antenna element and a voltage responsivity (βv) of 0.77 V/W. This value, achieved solely by optimizing the antenna geometry and open-ended substrate, matches or exceeds the Voc and βv of approximately 1 µV and 0.66 V/W, respectively, from suspended thermoelectric antenna arrays over air cavities. Therefore, the proposed thermoelectric nanoantenna array device, characterized by high stability and ease of fabrication, is suitable for manufacturing massive nanoantenna arrays for high-output IR-DC energy harvesters.