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Journal articles on the topic 'Antarctica, discovery and exploration'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bernstein, Ralph E. "The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 1902–04." Polar Record 22, no. 139 (January 1985): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400005623.

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On 21 July 1904, just over 80 years ago, the barque-rigged, Norwegian-built auxiliary steamship Scotia sailed home up the Clyde with members of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE), concluding one of the most successful expeditions of the heroic period of Antarctic exploration. Contemporaneous with the more spectacular British Antarctic Expedition (1901–03) commanded by Robert Falcon Scott, the Scotia party under William Spiers Bruce had overwintered on Laurie Island (60° 44ʹ S, 44° 50ʹ W) in the South Orkney Islands, explored for the first time the oceanography of the Weddell Sea, assembled an important collection of scientific material, and discovered Coats Land, an icebound stretch of the East Antarctica coast.While Scott's Discovery expedition had emphasized geographical exploration inland from the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica, Bruce in the Scotia had concentrated more on scientific discovery in the Weddell Sea sector. On 12 November 1904 in Edinburgh, members of the Scotia and Discovery expeditions were guests at the 20th anniversary dinner of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Bruce and Scott together responding to a presidential toast that honoured the success of both.

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Tammiksaar, E. "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world." Polar Record 52, no. 5 (July 11, 2016): 578–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000449.

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ABSTRACTThe existence of an icy continent around the South Pole is known to everybody today. But it is common to ascribe this kind of modern knowledge to navigators sailing in southern polar waters in the 19th century. A good illustration of this is the Russian Antarctic expedition (1819–1821) under the conduct of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (Russian version Faddej Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen), the reception of which in Russian society of the 19th and 20th centuries is analysed in this article. During the cold war, beginning at the end of the 1940s, the question of who discovered Antarctica turned from being a scientific problem into a subject of political struggle between the United States of America, Great Britain and the Soviet Union. This article provides an analysis of the Russian discovery in the area, while at the same time, attempting to give an answer to the main question of the history of Antarctic exploration which is: is it well-justified to establish the first discoverer of Antarctica? All the dates in the text are according to the Gregorian calendar.

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3

Fogg, G. E. "A century of Antarctic science; planning and serendipity." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.129.

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The British National Antarctic Expedition planned with discreditable bickering, sailed for the Antarctic in 1901 on the Discovery. The venture was well equipped and commanded by R. F. Scott who, without scientific training himself, was nevertheless remarkably in empathy with his scientists. The expedition was foremost among those dispatched around the same time in establishing basic knowledge of the continent. Followed by the second Scott expedition and those of Shackleton and Mawson, a cadre of able and enthusiastic scientists was established. The second involvement of the Discovery in Antarctic exploration was planned without quarrels and with unusual understanding of science by a government department, resulting in a massive accumulation of knowledge about the Southern Ocean. United States expeditions began in 1928, introducing modern technology, thereby extending greatly the scope of Antarctic research. The Norwegian-British-Swedish expedition of 1949–1952 put planned science before geographical exploration. The International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958, supported by governments and planned by international committees, achieved great success. Science has flourished in Antarctica with unplanned and serendipitous findings emerging, for example, the structure of the magnetosphere, collection of meteorites by ice movements, the microbial life of the apparently sterile Dry Valleys and the discovery of the ozone “hole”.

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4

Campbell, Caroline. "Between the Ice Floes: Imaging Gender, Fear and Safety in Antarctic Literature for Young Adults." International Research in Children's Literature 5, no. 2 (December 2012): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2012.0060.

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Ever since first imagined as a site of adventure, discovery and conquest, Antarctica, the southernmost continent, has continued to act as a powerful geographical metaphor for physical, mental and emotional transformation and transubstantiation. The discursive representation of its desolate, ice-bound landscape and its iconic creatures in image and text is a familiar one. The transmedial representation of the heroic explorer walking out into the white unknown in search of international fame and glory, and ultimate death, is even more a familiar. Antarctic adventure narratives for young adult readers have routinely centred on the male hero as the continent's sole mythic figure. The gendering of the ice, and society's growing concern with environmental sustainability, and the ethics of ecological ownership and resource depletion has resulted in a reframing of this gendered determinism. As a consequence this sub-genre of adventure literature is shifting to accommodate this new environmental perspective. The outcome is a strategic rearranging of heroic types and ironic critique of the passions and utopian ideals informing early narratives of Antarctic exploration and discovery.

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Walton, D. W. H. "Antarctica and the global jigsaw – a centennial perspective." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.394.

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Historical perspectives have shown how several scientific disciplines have developed their Antarctic component over the last century. Antarctic science has changed from a secondary activity of privately organised expeditions by a few countries to a major international activity supported by over 30 countries and making a major contribution to Earth System Science and the improvement of global climate models. What was once a backwater of science is now in the main stream and the seminal contributions of the Discovery expedition and others from the “Heroic Age” of exploration are now becoming clear.

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Brito, M. P., G. Griffiths, and M. Mowlem. "Exploring Antarctic subglacial lakes with scientific probes: a formal probabilistic approach for operational risk management." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 212 (2012): 1085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog12j007.

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AbstractSince their discovery, Antarctic subglacial lakes have become of great interest to the science community. It is hypothesized that they may hold unique forms of biological life and that they hold detailed sedimentary records of past climate change. According to the latest inventory, a total of 387 subglacial lakes have been identified in Antarctica (Wright and Siegert, 2011). However, exploration using scientific probes has yet to be performed. We propose a generic, formal approach to manage the operational risk of deploying probes during clean access to subglacial lake exploration. A representation of the entire probe deployment process is captured in a Markov chain. The transition from one state to the next depends on several factors, including reliability of components and processes. We use fault trees to quantify the probability of failure of the complex processes that must take place to facilitate the transition from one state to another. Therefore, the formal framework consists of integrating a Markov chain, fault trees, component and subsystem reliability data and expert judgment. To illustrate its application we describe how the approach can be used to address a series of what-if scenarios, using the intended Ellsworth Subglacial Lake probe deployment as a case study.

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7

Branagan, D. "Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864-1934): The Man Who Claimed to be the First to Set Foot on Antarctica." Earth Sciences History 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 67–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.1.a0768366584n23vv.

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Carsten Borchgrevink continues to be one of the most enigmatic Antarctic explorers. He made two visits to Antarctica, briefly in 1895, and much longer in 1898-1900. Today it is acknowledged that he made significant contributions to Antarctic exploration. He made a claimed first discovery of terrestrial plant life in 1895. He led the first party to winter on Antarctica in 1899 in very difficult weather conditions. His expedition made a year-long continuous record of weather conditions, and glacier movement was briefly measured. Useful zoological data were obtained, but the death of Hanson, the zoologist and loss of some of his records, lessened their possible value. New plants, some insects, and shallow sea-water fauna were discovered. Extensive photographic records were obtained. The 1898-1900 expedition noted the reduction in the seaward extent of the Ross Ice Sheet. It discovered what later became known as the Bay of Whales, and there made the first ascent onto the Ross Sea Barrier, showing that travel inland was feasible in that region, ‘opening the way to the South’. A reasonable estimate of the then position of the South Magnetic Pole was made. In addition Borchgrevink showed the effectiveness of kayaks for local water transport, and dogs with trained dog-handlers for land travel (and companionship). His expedition was underpinned by good planning for housing, equipment (including use of the recently invented Primus Stove), clothing (notably shoes lined with sennegrass) and food. His scientific party was well-chosen for their abilities, but national and social differences played a part in periods of tension with the leader, who was inclined to overestimate his own scientific ability. The achievements of the expedition were given little recognition for most of his life, particularly in Britain, in part because of his initial success, over a period of some years, in gaining financial support for his expedition in the face of strong opposition from ‘official’ British scientific bodies. In addition his rather brash and abrasive personality, some public quarrels and perhaps a rather quirky sense of humour did not make him popular. His achievements have been obscured to some extent by inaccurate and exaggerated criticisms of his activities.

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Egeland, Alv. "Conjugate aurora observations by the Gjøa and Discovery expeditions." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 15, no. 2 (July 8, 2024): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-15-27-2024.

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Abstract. From 1901 to 1912 – known as the “heroic period” of Arctic and Antarctic exploration – great inroads were made (not only geographic but also scientific) to our knowledge of the continent. At Amundsen's Expedition through the Northwest Passage, measurements of the geomagnetic field and visual auroras were carried out for 19 months at Gjoa Haven (Gjøahavn in Norwegian; geographic coordinates 68°37′10′′ N, 95°53′25′′ W). Scott's Discovery Expedition – at Cape Armitage, McMurdo (coordinates 77.86° S, 166.69° E), Antarctica – carried out the same type of measurements. Their observations were carried out geomagnetically conjugate to Gjoa Haven, with both stations close to 78° magnetic latitude. In addition, measurements were overlapping in time during 1903–1904. However, these two stations are located at different longitudes, so there is a difference in local time between the stations of about 6.5 h. Gjoa Haven and Cape Armitage are conveniently located for separating disturbances in the polar cap regions caused by solar electromagnetic radiations or the solar wind. Auroras were observed during 7 months per year. This gave a unique possibility to compare conjugate characteristics of polar cap auroras. Comparing conjugate geophysical data introduces some difficulties. During the winter season at Gjoa Haven, they had a bright summer in Antarctica, and visa versa. Thus, simultaneous temporal and spatial ionospheric variations can be marked differently. Still, the average diurnal and seasonal variations were similar. The quantity of the auroral data from Cape Armitage was larger because there they had a continuous watch of the sky. The main findings regarding polar cap auroras are the following. Three different auroral forms dominate the polar cap. Low-intensity auroral bands – then called streamers – were the dominating auroral forms morning and afternoon. The number of auroral events in 1903 was nearly twice that in 1902 and 1904. A marked midwinter maximum was observed at both stations. Many displays were observed poleward of the oval. The large fraction was associated with weak magnetic disturbances. Some forms of polar cap aurora have special magnetic signatures and seem to be anti-correlated with Kp. They can be mapped even if they are not seen. According to recent satellite measurements (Newell et al., 2009), they are probably caused by polar rain and/or photoelectrons.

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Rothwell, Donald R. "Sovereignty and the Antarctic Treaty." Polar Record 46, no. 1 (October 19, 2009): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740999026x.

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Sovereignty was and still remains one of the principal reasons for human endeavour in Antarctica. The ‘Heroic Era’ of Antarctic exploration was designed principally to seek out not only new lands including the South Pole, but also to assert territorial claims on behalf of the sovereign who sponsored these expeditions. The ‘planting of the flag’ was therefore just as much a crucial component of Antarctic discovery, as also was the conduct of science. Sovereignty and science remained twin pillars of Antarctic endeavour throughout the early part of the twentieth century, and whilst the region escaped the horrors of World War II, it did not take long after the war for Antarctic endeavours to resume on both fronts. In a decade of frantic diplomatic activity during the 1950s, which was highlighted by the 1957–1958 International Geophysical Year and the 1959 Washington Conference, there was also the prospect in 1956 of a case before the International Court of Justice between Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom over the contested status of territorial claims on the Antarctic Peninsula. Notwithstanding that by this time all of the current claims to the continent had by then been asserted, there had also been moves made by India in 1956 and then again in 1958 to reconsider the management of the continent with a view to its internationalisation under a framework created by the United Nations General Assembly.

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Hattersley-Smith, G. "Antarctic place-names." Antarctic Science 1, no. 4 (December 1989): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102089000441.

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Throughout history ‘explorers’ from advanced countries have named place they have ‘discovered’ in lands occupied by native people from time immemorial, with the result that many local place-names have been disregarded and their history forgotten. Antarctica, however, is the one great land region on Earth that was truly ‘discovered’ when the South Shetland Islands were sighted in 1819, so that the place-names that gradually evolved in later exploration enshrine all the history of human endeavour on the continent.

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11

Dorn, Ronald, and David Krinsley. "Nanoscale Observations Support the Importance of Chemical Processes in Rock Decay and Rock Coating Development in Cold Climates." Geosciences 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9030121.

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Conventional scholarship long held that rock fracturing from physical processes dominates over chemical rock decay processes in cold climates. The paradigm of the supremacy of cold-climate shattering was questioned by Rapp’s discovery (1960) that the flux of dissolved solids leaving a Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland, watershed exceeded physical denudation processes. Many others since have gone on to document the importance of chemical rock decay in all cold climate landscapes, using a wide variety of analytical approaches. This burgeoning scholarship, however, has only generated a few nanoscale studies. Thus, this paper’s purpose rests in an exploration of the potential for nanoscale research to better understand chemical processes operating on rock surfaces in cold climates. Samples from several Antarctica locations, Greenland, the Tibetan Plateau, and high altitude tropical and mid-latitude mountains all illustrate ubiquitous evidence of chemical decay at the nanoscale, even though the surficial appearance of each landscape is dominated by “bare fresh rock.” With the growing abundance of focused ion beam (FIB) instruments facilitating sample preparation, the hope is that that future rock decay researchers studying cold climates will add nanoscale microscopy to their bag of tools.

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12

Willink, R. J., and R. Lovibond. "TECHNOLOGY, TEAMWORK, RESPECT AND PERSISTENCE: INGREDIENTS OF SUCCESSFUL EXPLORATION IN THE ONSHORE OTWAY BASIN." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00003.

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Origin Energy Resources Limited has been an active explorer of the onshore Otway Basin in southeastern Australia for over a decade. Since 1989, the company has acquired 1,893 km and 358 sq km of 2D and 3D seismic data respectively, and participated in the drilling of 21 exploration and appraisal wells, 18 of which it operated, at a net cost of over $25 million.The primary exploration targets have been fluvial sandstones developed axially in a series of elongate half grabens that formed in initial response to the separation of the continents of Australia and Antarctica in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The most significant of these depocentres, in terms of established hydrocarbon potential, is the highly faulted, NW–SE trending Penola Trough where these reservoirs are informally referred to as the Sawpit Sandstone and the Pretty Hill Sandstone.As the company’s geological understanding of the Penola Trough improved over time, so its exploration efforts were rewarded with new commercial discoveries at Haselgrove, Haselgrove South and Redman, and through successful appraisal of Ladbroke Grove. With respect to the application of advanced technology, 2D and 3D seismic are now subjected to Prestack Depth Migration to improve imaging of the subsurface, and Amplitude Versus Offset, Seismic Variance, Seismic Attribute, Fault Analysis and 3D Visualisation processing and/or software are also used in an integrated manner to facilitate interpretation of these data sets. Nuclear magnetic resonance logs are run in most wells to characterise gas-bearing reservoirs.Technology, respect and persistence have all played key roles in optimising the exploration process. So too have corporate teamwork and collaborative research with representatives from academic institutions and government agencies, and with industry consultants and contractors. The complex interplay between many of these success factors is illustrated by way of a case history, specifically that of the discovery and commercialisation of a low quality gas resource at Ladbroke Grove.In the fullness of time, the company is confident that further exploration success in the onshore Otway Basin will see new market opportunities addressed in terms of both gas and electricity supply. It is also hopeful that oil will eventually be found in commercial quantities.

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13

Guly, Henry. "The understanding of scurvy during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration." Polar Record 49, no. 1 (September 30, 2011): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000428.

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ABSTRACTAt the start of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration there was great confusion concerning the cause of scurvy. It was known that it was related, in some way, to food but it was uncertain as to how, and there were two main theories. The first was that it was caused by a deficiency of fruit and vegetables and the other that it was caused by a toxic material in tinned foods. In addition, older theories that it was caused by dirt and damp still carried weight and Almroth Wright had proposed that scurvy was caused by too much acid in the blood. An additional confusion was that vitamin C deficiency was often combined with other vitamin deficiencies and so other diseases might be labelled as scurvy. The discovery of vitamins occurred over the same period but, as with all new scientific concepts, the knowledge that scurvy was caused by a vitamin deficiency took time to be universally accepted. It was generally accepted by about 1920, although some people did not accept it until vitamin C has been isolated in 1932.

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Norman, F. I. "Adélie penguin colonies in eastern Prydz Bay: ‘biological indicators’ of exploration history and political change." Polar Record 36, no. 198 (July 2000): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740001648x.

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AbstractTemporally and spatially increasing information on the distribution of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding sites is used as an index of various national activities in eastern Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Recorded instances of such sites are used to indicate both exploration and enhanced local knowledge. While Norwegians discovered the area (1935), and revisited it (1937), reports of penguins were minimal. The 1938 Ellsworth expedition added few details and the potential of Operation Highjump (1947) photographs to delimit breeding sites was never realised. Observations by Australian expeditioners from the mid-1950s onwards, supplemented to some extent by those from the Soviet Union, increased information substantially. When Davis station was established (January 1957), at least five breeding sites were known around eastern Prydz Bay. By 1973 this had increased to 23 or 24 sites, mostly north of the Sørsdal Glacier, which had apparently acted as a barrier to land-based exploration. Data available to 1980 showed 20 sites in the Vestfold Hills, added two in the Rauer Group, and omitted some recorded earlier. Ground surveys of the Vestfold Hills (November 1973) increased known sites slightly, discounted erroneous records, and massively increased numbers of individual colonies. In 1981 an air survey recognised 24 sites in the Vestfold Hills and increased those known to 47. In approximately the same period, official Soviet records showed perhaps four sites in the Vestfold Hills and another in the Rauer Group. Early reports provided poor estimates of breeding population sizes — totals of some 130,000 (or 174,200) pairs in the Vestfold Hills in 1973 are compared with perhaps 196,600 in 1981, with another 129,000 pairs to the south. By 1983 locations of breeding sites in the Vestfold Hills were well established, and this was achieved in southern Prydz Bay following publication of 1981 survey results.Progression of information regarding breeding sites in eastern Prydz Bay was slow. Initial Australian activities were slight following acceptance of its Antarctic Territory (1933). However, a Soviet Antarctic whaling fleet, uncertainty regarding American and Soviet intentions, and the imminent International Geophysical Year increased Australian interest. A station was established, local search areas expanded, and enhanced details regarding penguin breeding sites and colonies followed. Data reviews and surveys followed increasing international interest in southern ecosystems. Improved knowledge regarding the species' local populations reflected changing political agendas. Indeed, ‘knowledge’ itself gave early support to territorial claims. Participation in international surveys became an acceptable scientific endeavour, anticipated under Treaty agreements and promoted by associated organisations. In such fora, surveys and monitoring are expected, although not necessarily furthering the strength of existing claims.

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Trudgeon, Benjamin, Markus Dieser, Narayanaganesh Balasubramanian, Mitch Messmer, and Christine M. Foreman. "Low-Temperature Biosurfactants from Polar Microbes." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081183.

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Surfactants, both synthetic and natural, are used in a wide range of industrial applications, including the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Organisms from extreme environments are well-adapted to the harsh conditions and represent an exciting avenue of discovery of naturally occurring biosurfactants, yet microorganisms from cold environments have been largely overlooked for their biotechnological potential as biosurfactant producers. In this study, four cold-adapted bacterial isolates from Antarctica are investigated for their ability to produce biosurfactants. Here we report on the physical properties and chemical structure of biosurfactants from the genera Janthinobacterium, Psychrobacter, and Serratia. These organisms were able to grow on diesel, motor oil, and crude oil at 4 °C. Putative identification showed the presence of sophorolipids and rhamnolipids. Emulsion index test (E24) activity ranged from 36.4–66.7%. Oil displacement tests were comparable to 0.1–1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions. Data presented herein are the first report of organisms of the genus Janthinobacterium to produce biosurfactants and their metabolic capabilities to degrade diverse petroleum hydrocarbons. The organisms’ ability to produce biosurfactants and grow on different hydrocarbons as their sole carbon and energy source at low temperatures (4 °C) makes them suitable candidates for the exploration of hydrocarbon bioremediation in low-temperature environments.

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Moore, A. M. G., H. M. J. Stagg, and M. S. Norvick. "DEEP-WATER OTWAY BASIN: A NEW ASSESSMENT OF THE TECTONICS AND HYDROCARBON PROSPECTIVITY." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99005.

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The northwest-trending Otway Basin in southeast Australia formed during the separation of Australia and Antarctica between the latest Jurassic and the Early Cainozoic. A new, deep-seismic data set shows that the basin comprises two temporally and spatially overlapping rift components:the mainly Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous, east-west trending, inner Otway Basin—comprising the onshore basin and most of the continental shelf basin; andthe northwest–southeast to north–south trending depocentres beneath the outer shelf and continental slope, extending from eastern South Australia to the west coast of Tasmania, and a relatively minor and ill-defined sub-basin underlying the continental rise in water depths greater than about 4,500 m. This rift system was most active from the mid-Cretaceous to Palaeogene, and was strongly affected by sinistral strike-slip motion as Australia and Antarctica separated.The continental slope elements contain the bulk of the sediment volume in the basin. From northwest to southeast, these elements comprise the Beachport and Morum Sub-basins, the north-south trending Discovery Bay High, and the Nelson Sub-basin which appears to be structurally and stratigraphically continuous with the Sorell Basin off west Tasmania.The reflection character of the crust and upper mantle varies widely across the basin, and there is a strong correlation between that character and the basin configuration. It appears that accommodation space beneath the slope basin was created largely by extension and removal of most of the laminated deep continental crust.There is encouragement for hydrocarbon exploration in the deep-water basin. Firstly, there are indications of diagenesis related to fluid flow in and above the strongly faulted Cretaceous section in the Morum Sub-basin. As an Early Cretaceous petroleum system is already proven beneath the continental shelf, this suggests that the same system is also active in deep-water. Secondly, existing sample data suggest that a second, Late Cretaceous petroleum system could be active where any source rocks are sufficiently deeply buried; this condition would probably be met in the Nelson Sub-basin.

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Savitt, Ronald, and Cornelia Lüdecke. "Legacies of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1894–1897." Polar Record 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005791.

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Frederick George Jackson, the leader of the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition of 1894–1897, accomplished a great deal during his exploration of Franz Josef Land [Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa] although his achievements have never been fully acknowledged. Jackson's expedition itself has often been eclipsed by his famous meeting in 1896 with Fridtjof Nansen, absent for 3 years in the Arctic and it has been unfairly coloured by the view that Jackson was no more than an adventurer and sportsman. The research reported in this article evaluates Jackson's plan and management activities. The study developed a set of factors to evaluate his performance arising from a variety of expeditions contemporary with Jackson's. His strong personality and limited personnel managerial experience limited the full extent of what he might have achieved. Yet, Jackson developed a strong exploration model that was based on comprehensive planning, a significant concern for the health and welfare of his companions, the willingness to innovate in a number of activities including sledging, and a commitment to scientific discovery. Although the expedition did not find a route to the North Pole, Jackson confirmed that Franz Josef Land was an archipelago and he gave credence to the consumption of fresh meat as a means of preventing scurvy. One of Jackson's legacies to subsequent explorers was the use of ponies for haulage. He was unable to appreciate the weaknesses in their use and his influence on subsequent Antarctic expeditions often led to undesirable results. But, overall, Jackson was an innovator in a conservative exploration community.

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Cassaro, Alessia, Claudia Pacelli, Mickael Baqué, Jean-Pierre Paul de Vera, Ute Böttger, Lorenzo Botta, Raffaele Saladino, Elke Rabbow, and Silvano Onofri. "Fungal Biomarkers Stability in Mars Regolith Analogues after Simulated Space and Mars-like Conditions." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7100859.

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The discovery of life on other planets and moons in our solar system is one of the most important challenges of this era. The second ExoMars mission will look for traces of extant or extinct life on Mars. The instruments on board the rover will be able to reach samples with eventual biomarkers until 2 m of depth under the planet’s surface. This exploration capacity offers the best chance to detect biomarkers which would be mainly preserved compared to samples on the surface which are directly exposed to harmful environmental conditions. Starting with the studies of the endolithic meristematic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, which has proved its high resistance under extreme conditions, we analyzed the stability and the resistance of fungal biomarkers after exposure to simulated space and Mars-like conditions, with Raman and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, two of the scientific payload instruments on board the rover.

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Laws, R. M. "A century of Discovery: Antarctic Exploration and the Southern Ocean G. Griffiths & D.W.H. Walton (eds.) (2005). Archives of Natural History, 32(2), 129–401." Antarctic Science 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2007): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000211.

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Maximova, Olga Dmitrievna. "Organizational activity of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in participation of the delegation of Soviet scholars in the First Plenum of the International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic Regions by Means of the Airship (Aeroarctic) and its results." Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, no. 4 (April 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2021.4.37008.

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The subject of this research is the exploration of Arctic, its economic development, and use of resources on the scientific basis as the crucial policy avenue of the Soviet Union. The International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic Regions by Airship (Aeroarctic) made a significant contribution to the research of the Russian Arctic. The success and performance of the Soviet members of this society largely depended on the organizational and norm-setting measures taken by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and its commissions in the late 1920s. For elucidation of the role of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in organizing international cooperation of the Soviet scholars, the article employs the materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation. Among noteworthy results of international cooperation within the framework of “Aeroarctic” are the following: 1) organization of the 2nd Congress of Aeroarctic Society held in Leningrad in 1928; 2) inclusion of the possibility of establishing trans-Arctic air routes between Europe and America in the five-year plan of research activity of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute for 1928 – 1933. In the activity of the Council of People's Commissars on the issues of Soviet participation in “Aeroarctic”, the author observes the proclivity for providing the procesude for recognition of the Arctic territories of the USSR by the global community; as well as protect the Soviet Arctic territories from the claims of foreign states. The second half of 1920s marks a major breakthrough in development of the Arctic in the USSR reflected in conduct of regular scientific research, acquisition of reliable knowledge on this remote part of the Earth, discovery of mineral deposits, which also allowed among strengthening defense potential of the country.

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N. Smith. "Photo Essay: Exploration Antarctica." Engineering & Technology 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2015): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2015.0351.

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Nielsen, Hanne. "Toward Antarctica: an exploration." Polar Journal 9, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2019.1678988.

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Kaup, Enn, and Erki Tammiksaar. "Estonia and Antarctica." Polar Record 49, no. 1 (July 8, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000234.

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ABSTRACTThe Russian South Pole expedition carried out in 1819–1821 was an early milestone in the scientific exploration of the Antarctic. The expedition took place under the command of the Baltic German Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. Bellingshausen came from the Island of Saaremaa in Estonia. The Russian empire, and followed by the Soviet Union, did not attach much importance to Bellingshausen's expedition. It was only after World War II as the question of the Antarctic received close attention that the Bellingshausen expedition received political significance in the Soviet Union. The fact that the expedition really took place was used by the Soviet Union to claim rights to the Antarctic and also to argue for its participation in Antarctic exploration (see Tammiksaar 2007; Bulkeley 2011). In the early stages of exploration of the continent, Estonians were given the opportunity to carry out investigations there. The first Estonian research programme in the Antarctic, on noctilucent clouds, was elaborated by the astronomer Charles Villmann. Altogether some tens of Estonians have visited the southern continent performing investigations in earth sciences, atmospheric physics, hydrology and ecology of surface waters and the human influence on them. They have also carried out isotope studies of the ice sheet to reconstruct environmental conditions in the past.

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24

Pyne, S. J. "Heart of Whiteness: The Exploration of Antarctica." Environmental History Review 10, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3984348.

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25

Chu, Xinzhao, Zhibin Yu, Weichun Fong, Cao Chen, Jian Zhao, Ian F. Barry, John A. Smith, Xian Lu, Wentao Huang, and Chester S. Gardner. "From Antarctica Lidar Discoveries to Oasis Exploration." EPJ Web of Conferences 119 (2016): 12001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201611912001.

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26

Wolfire, Mark G. "The Exploration of the ISM from Antarctica." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S288 (August 2012): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312016791.

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AbstractAntarctica presents a unique environment for the exploration of the interstellar medium. The low column of water vapor opens windows for sub-mm and THz astronomy from ground and sub-orbital observatories while the stable atmosphere holds promise for THz interferometry. Various current and potentially future facilities occupy a niche not available to current space or stratospheric instruments. These allow line and continuum observations addressing key questions in e.g., star formation, galactic evolution, and the life-cycle of interstellar clouds. This review presents scientific questions that can be addressed by the suite of current and future Antarctic observatories.

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27

Manning, John. "Exploration and Australian Cartography in East Antarctica." Cartography 18, no. 2 (December 1989): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00690805.1989.10438460.

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28

Lynch, John T. "An international research station in Antarctica." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022693.

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Many people, including Wernher von Braun, have drawn an analogy between the manned exploration of the solar system and scientific stations in Antarctica. Some of the Space/Antarctic parallels are quite obvious, such as the necessity to select small groups of highly trained individuals who can work together in isolation for extended periods, or in the case of the Moon/Antarctic comparison, the long day/night cycle. However, the parallel can be carried considerably further to include the types of science to be done, and, in some cases, there is even a strong similarity in environmental conditions. It may be worth while to build a new Antarctic station just to learn more about how to do planetary exploration.

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29

Watson, Ruth. "Hillary’s Antarctica: adventure, exploration and establishing Scott Base." Polar Journal 9, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2019.1678991.

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30

Savours, Ann. "Travels with mules: Antarctica 1912." Polar Record 39, no. 3 (June 26, 2003): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403243175.

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Seven pack mules were taken from India to the Antarctic in 1912. Their preparations for the voyage and for use in exploration are described. The names of the animals and of their leaders are recorded from the account of their expedition from winter quarters to find the last camp of Scott's Polar Party.

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31

Pyne, Stephen J. "The extraterrestrial Earth: Antarctica as analogue for space exploration." Space Policy 23, no. 3 (August 2007): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2007.06.006.

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32

Frame, Bob, Elizabeth Leane, and Robert W. Lindeman. "Geocaching in Antarctica: heroic exploration for the digital era?" Polar Journal 8, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2018.1541839.

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33

Thomson, M. R. A. "Whither Antarctic science?" Antarctic Science 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000012.

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There was a time when science in Antarctica was king. The frozen continent was still the big unknown and almost any information, a measurement, an observation, a collection of samples was seen as new, exciting and accepted as a potentially valuable contribution to scientific knowledge. Words like ‘exploration’ and ‘survey’ could be uttered without shame in polite company and even in the presence of assessors. We all knew that national presences in Antarctica were predicated by political motives, but all Antarctic programmes were nevertheless promoted on the basis of their contribution to the scientific exploration of our planet. And so it has continued, until now.

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34

Siegert, Martin J., Stewart S. R. Jamieson, and Duanne White. "Exploration of subsurface Antarctica: uncovering past changes and modern processes." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 461, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp461.15.

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Spiller, James. "Scientific Exploration in Antarctica as an Analogy for American Spaceflight." Astropolitics 12, no. 2-3 (September 2, 2014): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2014.964130.

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36

Barker, Peter. "Antarctica as an exploration frontier—Hydrocarbon potential, geology and hazards." Marine and Petroleum Geology 9, no. 6 (December 1992): 673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(92)90042-d.

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37

Palozzi, Roberto, Marino Vacchi, Riccardo Bono, Fabio Catalano, and Alberto Della Rovere. "Italian underwater exploration in Antarctica: scientific diving and ROV operations." Underwater Technology 29, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ut.29.087.

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38

Connor, M. A. "Wastewater treatment in Antarctica." Polar Record 44, no. 2 (April 2008): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740700719x.

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ABSTRACTSince the exploration of Antarctica began, procedures for dealing with human wastes have changed considerably. The establishment of research stations made it necessary to provide for sewage disposal. However, the introduction of advanced wastewater treatment processes has been driven largely by an intensifying concern to protect the Antarctic environment. A key step was the adoption by Antarctic Treaty nations of the so-called Madrid Protocol, in which minimum standards for sewage treatment and disposal are prescribed. The provisions of this protocol are not particularly onerous and some countries have elected to go beyond them, and to treat Antarctic research station wastewater as they would at home. Transferring treatment technologies to Antarctica is not simple because the remoteness, isolation, weather and other local conditions impose a variety of unusual constraints on plant design. The evolution of advanced treatment plant designs is examined. Most countries have opted for biofilm-based processes, with Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) favoured initially while more recently contact aeration systems have been preferred. Sludges are now generally repatriated, with a diversity of sludge dewatering techniques being used. The evolution of treatment process designs is expected to continue, with growing use, especially at inland stations, of sophisticated processes such as membrane technologies and thermally efficient evaporative techniques.

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39

Dodds, Klaus J. "Antarctica and the modern geographical imagination (1918–1960)." Polar Record 33, no. 184 (January 1997): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014169.

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AbstractThis paper examines how different technologies of exploration and mapping transformed human understanding of the Antarctic in the period 1918–1960. In the aftermath of the ‘heroic’ expeditions, European and American governments began to invest considerable monies in support of national expeditions for the purpose of claiming and mapping the polar continent. The collection of practical geographical information during the inter-war period was overtaken by the advent of polar aviation and aerial mapping in the 1930s. The aeroplane and the aerial camera played key parts in expanding stores of knowledge about the continent and altering perceptions of place. Finally, the paper considers the 1955–1958 Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE). This venture was significant because it was widely understood to be the final chapter in the geographical and scientific assualt on the Antarctic. The TAE was the high point of polar achievement, as a range of technologies were brought to bear on the surface of the Antarctic icesheet. Thereafter, the cultural and political significance of the polar continent changed in the face of new challenges for human exploration in the realms of outer space and the Moon.

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Rutford, Robert. "Lake Vostok - the International Challenge." Antarctic Science 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000018.

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In the last decade the notion of large subglacial lakes in Antarctica has attracted increasing attention. Lake Vostok is by far the largest of approximately 63 subglacial lakes now known in Antarctica, and the one about which most is known. The possible exploration of Lake Vostok was the subject of a very successful workshop held in Cambridge, UK, in September, 1999, sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) with the support of many others, and organized and hosted by the British Antarctic Survey.

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41

Langley, Pat. "Agents of Exploration and Discovery." AI Magazine 42, no. 4 (January 12, 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v42i4.15089.

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Autonomous agents have many applications in familiar situations, but they also have great potential to help us understand novel settings. In this paper, I propose a new challenge for the AI research community: developing embodied systems that not only explore new environments but also characterize them in scientific terms. Illustrative examples include autonomous rovers on planetary surfaces and unmanned vehicles on undersea missions. I review two relevant paradigms: robotic agents that explore unknown areas and computational systems that discover scientific models. In each case, I specify the problem, identify component functions, describe current abilities, and note remaining limitations. Finally, I discuss obstacles that the community must overcome before it can develop integrated agents of exploration and discovery.

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Bhatia, Harsh. "Enabling discovery through visual exploration." ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 46, no. 3 (December 12, 2016): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3024949.3024952.

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43

Beck, Lauren. "Exchanges about Discovery and Exploration." Terrae Incognitae 48, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00822884.2016.1148325.

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Beck, Lauren. "Exchanges about Discovery and Exploration." Terrae Incognitae 48, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00822884.2016.1211339.

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Beck, Lauren. "Revisioning Discovery and Exploration History." Terrae Incognitae 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00822884.2017.1295591.

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46

Beck, Lauren. "Exchanges about Discovery and Exploration." Terrae Incognitae 47, no. 2 (July 3, 2015): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/00822884.2015.1120422.

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Beck, Lauren. "Exchanges about Discovery and Exploration." Terrae Incognitae 47, no. 1 (April 2015): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0082288415z.00000000045.

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48

Drake, Charles L. "Exploration, discovery, serendipity, and COCORP." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 68, no. 3 (1987): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo068i003p00036.

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49

Tilly, L. A. "History as Exploration and Discovery." Journal of Social History 29, Supplement (December 1, 1995): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/29.supplement.115.

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50

Langley, Pat. "Agents of Exploration and Discovery." AI Magazine 42, no. 4 (January 18, 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.12021.

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Autonomous agents have many applications in familiar situations, but they also have great potential to help us understand novel settings. In this paper, I propose a new challenge for the AI research community: developing embodied systems that not only explore new environments but also characterize them in scientific terms. Illustrative examples include autonomous rovers on planetary surfaces and unmanned vehicles on undersea missions. I review two relevant paradigms: robotic agents that explore unknown areas and computational systems that discover scientific models. In each case, I specify the problem, identify component functions, describe current abilities, and note remaining limitations. Finally, I discuss obstacles that the community must overcome before it can develop integrated agents of exploration and discovery.

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