Journal articles on the topic 'Antarctic Research Centre'
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1
Burton, Michael G., Michael C. B. Ashley, John W. V. Storey, Michael A. Dopita, Adriane Lançon, Jeremy Mould, Peter R. Wood, Peter Hall, and Marc Duldig. "JACARA’s Plans." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020488.
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Thomson, M. R. A., and Alan P. M. Vaughan. "The role of Antarctica in the development of plate tectonic theories: from Scott to the present." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 362–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.362.
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One hundred years of geological research in and around Antarctica since Scott's Discovery expedition of 1901–1904 have seen the continent move from a great unknown at the margins of human knowledge to centre stage in the development of plate tectonics, continental break-up and global climate evolution. Research in Antarctica has helped make the Gondwana supercontinent a scientific fact. Discoveries offshore have provided some of the key evidence for plate tectonics and extended the evidence of global glaciation back over 30 million years. Studies of Antarctica's tectonic evolution have helped elucidate the details of continental break-up, and the continent continues to provide the best testing ground for competing scientific models. Antarctica's deep past has provided support for the “Snowball Earth” hypothesis, and for the pre-Gondwana, Rodinia supercontinent. Current research is focusing on Antarctica's subglacial lakes and basins, the possible causes of Antarctic glaciation, the evolution of its surrounding oceanic and mantle gateways, and its sub-ice geological composition and structure. None of this would have been possible without maps, and these have provided the foundation stone for Antarctic research. New mapping and scientific techniques, and new research platforms hold great promise for further major contributions from Antarctica to Earth system science in the twenty-first century.
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Yu, Lejiang, Zhanhai Zhang, Mingyu Zhou, Sharon Zhong, Donald Lenschow, Hsiaoming Hsu, Huiding Wu, and Bo Sun. "Influence of the Antarctic Oscillation, the Pacific–South American modes and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the Antarctic surface temperature and pressure variations." Antarctic Science 24, no. 1 (September 23, 2011): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201100054x.
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AbstractIn this study, the impacts of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the Pacific–South American teleconnection (PSA) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Antarctic sea level pressure and surface temperature are investigated using surface observational data, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40 Year Re-analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) re-analysis data from 1958–2001. There is the most significant correlation between PSA and Antarctic sea level pressure and surface temperature in the northern Antarctic Peninsula during four seasons. But the correlation between Southern Oscillation Index and surface temperature and sea level pressure is significant at some stations only in spring. The three indices can explain a large portion of the trends found in sea level pressure and temperature at some stations, but not at all stations. Among the three indices the most important contribution to the trends in the two surface variables comes from AAO, followed by PSA, and finally by ENSO. The two re-analysis datasets show great similarity for the trends in surface temperature and sea level pressure in April–May and October–November, but not December–February. In summer the trends in surface temperature and sea level pressure in East Antarctica for ERA-40 re-analysis are opposite to those of NCEP re-analysis.
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Harris, Colin M. "Protected areas review: McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea." Polar Record 30, no. 174 (July 1994): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024244.
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AbstractAs a result of new provisions in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty a number of countries are reviewing the management plans for protected areas in Antarctica. The United States and New Zealand have initiated a review of the 15 existing sites in the Ross Sea region, using an independent party, the International Centre for Antarctic Information and Research, to facilitate and coordinate the process. Management provisions are being revised to comply with the Protocol, and improved maps for the sites are being prepared using Geographical Information Systems. Visits in 1993/94 gathered field information, and thus far two sites have had new plans drafted: these are proceeding through the international review process. Input and comment is invited from interested parties with experience in these areas.
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Mo, Zhixiang, Zhaoliang Zeng, Liangke Huang, Lilong Liu, Ling Huang, Lv Zhou, Chao Ren, and Hongchang He. "Investigation of Antarctic Precipitable Water Vapor Variability and Trend from 18 Year (2001 to 2018) Data of Four Reanalyses Based on Radiosonde and GNSS Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193901.
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Precipitable water vapor (PWV) plays a vital role in climate research, especially for Antarctica in which meteorological observations are insufficient due to the adverse climate and topography therein. Reanalysis data sets provide a great opportunity for Antarctic water vapor research. This study investigates the climatological PWV means, variability and trends over Antarctica from four reanalyses, including the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA5), the Second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE), in the period of 2001–2018 based on radiosonde and GNSS observations. PWV data from the ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55 and NCEP/DOE have been evaluated by radiosonde and GNSS observations, showing that ERA5 and MERRA-2 perform better than JRA-55 and NCEP/DOE with mean root mean square (RMS) errors below 1.2 mm. The climatological PWV mean distribution over Antarctica roughly shows a decreasing trend from west to east, with the highest content in summer and the lowest content in winter. The PWV variability is generally small over Antarctica, showing a seasonal dependence that is larger in the cold season and smaller in the warm season. PWV trends for all reanalyses at most Antarctic regions are insignificant and most reanalyses present overall drying trends from 2001 to 2018, except for ERA5 exhibiting a moistening trend. PWV trends also show seasonal and regional dependence. All reanalyses are generally consistent with radiosonde and GNSS observations in reproducing the PWV means (mean differences within 1.1 mm), variability (mean differences within 3%) and trends (mean differences within 6.4% decade−1) over Antarctica, except for NCEP/DOE showing spurious variability and trends in East Antarctica. Results can help us further understand these four reanalysis PWV products and promote climate research in Antarctica.
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Nicolas, Julien P., and David H. Bromwich. "New Reconstruction of Antarctic Near-Surface Temperatures: Multidecadal Trends and Reliability of Global Reanalyses*,+." Journal of Climate 27, no. 21 (October 24, 2014): 8070–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00733.1.
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Abstract A reconstruction of Antarctic monthly mean near-surface temperatures spanning 1958–2012 is presented. Its primary goal is to take advantage of a recently revised key temperature record from West Antarctica (Byrd) to shed further light on multidecadal temperature changes in this region. The spatial interpolation relies on a kriging technique aided by spatiotemporal temperature covariances derived from three global reanalyses [the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR)]. For 1958–2012, the reconstruction yields statistically significant annual warming in the Antarctic Peninsula and virtually all of West Antarctica, but no significant temperature change in East Antarctica. Importantly, the warming is of comparable magnitude both in central West Antarctica and in most of the peninsula, rather than concentrated either in one or the other region as previous reconstructions have suggested. The Transantarctic Mountains act for the temperature trends, as a clear dividing line between East and West Antarctica, reflecting the topographic constraint on warm air advection from the Amundsen Sea basin. The reconstruction also serves to highlight spurious changes in the 1979–2009 time series of the three reanalyses that reduces the reliability of their trends, illustrating a long-standing issue in high southern latitudes. The study concludes with an examination of the influence of the southern annular mode (SAM) on Antarctic temperature trends. The results herein suggest that the trend of the SAM toward its positive phase in austral summer and fall since the 1950s has had a statistically significant cooling effect not only in East Antarctica (as already well documented) and but also (only in fall) in West Antarctica.
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Jones, A. E., E. W. Wolff, R. A. Salmon, S. J. B. Bauguitte, H. K. Roscoe, P. S. Anderson, D. Ames, et al. "Chemistry of the antarctic boundary layer and the interface with snow: an overview of the CHABLIS campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 11, 2008): 5137–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-5137-2008.
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Abstract. CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) was a collaborative UK research project aimed at probing the detailed chemistry of the Antarctic boundary layer and the exchange of trace gases at the snow surface. The centre-piece to CHABLIS was the measurement campaign, conducted at the British Antarctic Survey station, Halley, in coastal Antarctica, from January 2004 through to February 2005. The campaign measurements covered an extremely wide range of species allowing investigations to be carried out within the broad context of boundary layer chemistry. Here we present an overview of the CHABLIS campaign. We provide details of the measurement location and introduce the Clean Air Sector Laboratory (CASLab) where the majority of the instruments were housed. We describe the meteorological conditions experienced during the campaign and present supporting chemical data, both of which provide a context within which to view the campaign results. Finally we provide a brief summary of highlights from the measurement campaign. Unexpectedly high halogen concentrations profoundly affect the chemistry of many species at Halley throughout the sunlit months, with a secondary role played by emissions from the snowpack. This overarching role for halogens in coastal Antarctic boundary layer chemistry was completely unanticipated, and the results have led to a step-change in our thinking and understanding.
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Jones, A. E., E. W. Wolff, R. A. Salmon, S. J. B. Bauguitte, H. K. Roscoe, P. S. Anderson, D. Ames, et al. "Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow: an overview of the CHABLIS campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 14 (July 17, 2008): 3789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3789-2008.
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Abstract. CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) was a collaborative UK research project aimed at probing the detailed chemistry of the Antarctic boundary layer and the exchange of trace gases at the snow surface. The centre-piece to CHABLIS was the measurement campaign, conducted at the British Antarctic Survey station, Halley, in coastal Antarctica, from January 2004 through to February 2005. The campaign measurements covered an extremely wide range of species allowing investigations to be carried out within the broad context of boundary layer chemistry. Here we present an overview of the CHABLIS campaign. We provide details of the measurement location and introduce the Clean Air Sector Laboratory (CASLab) where the majority of the instruments were housed. We describe the meteorological conditions experienced during the campaign and present supporting chemical data, both of which provide a context within which to view the campaign results. Finally we provide a brief summary of highlights from the measurement campaign. Unexpectedly high halogen concentrations profoundly affect the chemistry of many species at Halley throughout the sunlit months, with a secondary role played by emissions from the snowpack. This overarching role for halogens in coastal Antarctic boundary layer chemistry was completely unanticipated, and the results have led to a step-change in our thinking and understanding.
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Bromwich, David H., Richard I. Cullather, and Michael L. Van Woert. "Antarctic precipitation and its contribution to the global sea-level budget." Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-220-226.
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Antarctic precipitation estimations derived from several new sources are examined in comparison to results found previously. The availability of analyzed atmospheric datasets has been a significant and beneficial tool for atmospheric and climate research for a broad range of research interests. This is particularly true for the polar regions, where the observational arrays are sparsely distributed. in high southern latitudes, a comprehensive assimilation of all available observations, including satellite data, is necessary for an accurate depiction of the atmospheric circulation. Recent st udies have found the operational analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts to be superior to those of other weather-forecasting centers in depicting the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns over Antarctica. “Re-analysis” programs at major weather-forecasting centers have produced atmospheric numerical analyses using a “frozen” data-assimilation system. These projects have also derived precipitation and evaporation fields using an ensemble of short-term forecasts. From these new sources, Antarctic Ρ - E (precipitation minus evaporation/sublimation) is compared and evaluated against the long-term glaciological synthesis, as well as results from previous studies. The comparisons indicate significant regional disagreements exist between P — E from the re-analysis forecasts and the glaciological data. For the ensemble forecasting method, the continental-average evaporation is the largest area of uncertainty and differs by an order of magnitude between the rc-analysis datasets. This finding supports the use of the atmospheric moisture budget for determining P — E collectively in atmospheric diagnostic studies for Antarctica.
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Walker, Malcolm. "Antarctic meteorology and climatology: an unfolding story of discovery." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.316.
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Early explorers and sealers took home from the Southern Ocean tales of tempests, huge waves and massive icebergs. Many recorded in their logbooks and narratives observations of wind, weather and sea state. Meteorological measurements were made on some early voyages but were often of doubtful quality. Not until the 1840s were reliable meteorological observations made near the Antarctic continent. During the First International Polar Year, observations were made near Cape Horn and on South Georgia. From 1899 onwards, bases were established on the Antarctic continent and meteorological observing programmes organized. Extremely strong winds were discovered. Data sets of climatological value became available and data from aloft were obtained. After the First World War, wireless telegraphy was used increasingly to broadcast observations from ships and shore bases to distant analysis centres. During the Second International Polar Year, thousands of meteorological observations were made aboard ships on the Southern Ocean. After the Second World War, the pace of progress quickened, especially during the International Geophysical Year. Research stations and the International Antarctic Analysis Centre were established. Weather satellites, automatic weather stations, global telecommunication networks and powerful computers revolutionized Antarctic meteorology and climatology.
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Shengkai, Zhang, E. Dongchen, Wang Zemin, Li Yuansheng, Jin Bo, and Zhou Chunxia. "Ice velocity from static GPS observations along the transect from Zhongshan station to Dome A, East Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 48 (2008): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408784700716.
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AbstractDome A, the highest point on the Antarctic ice sheet at just over 4000 ma.s.l., is located near the centre of East Antarctica. Chinese National Antarctic Research Expeditions have studied ice-sheet dynamics and mass balance along a traverse route from Zhongshan station to Dome A during the austral summers from 1996/97 to 2004/05. Nineteen GPS sites were occupied on at least two occasions at approximately 50 km intervals. The purpose of the surveys was to provide accurate ice-dynamics data. A dual-frequency GPS receiver was used and each site was occupied for 1–12 hours. GPS data were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software, and horizontal accuracies were within 0.1 m. Repeat GPS measurements provided ice velocities. The horizontal surface ice velocities increase from the summit of the ice sheet to the coast. In the Dome A area, the velocities are <10ma–1; in the plateau area, velocities range from 8 to 24 ma–1 and reach about 98.2 ma–1 at a site (LT980) near the coast. The flow directions are roughly perpendicular to the ice-sheet surface elevation contours, primarily toward the Lambert Glacier basin.
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Singh, Rajkumar Kamaljit, Khoisnam Nanaoba Singh, Mamata Maisnam, Jayaprasad P., and Saroj Maity. "Antarctic Sea Ice Extent from ISRO’s SCATSAT-1 Using PCA and An Unsupervised Classification." Proceedings 2, no. 7 (March 22, 2018): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecrs-2-05153.
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Indian Space Research Organisation’s SCATSAT-1 is a continuity mission for Oceansat-2 Scatterometer. The sensor works in a Ku-band (13.515 GHz) similar to the one flown on-board Oceansat-2. It provides backscattering coefficient over the globe and wind vector data products over the oceans that are useful for weather forecasting, cyclone detection, and tracking services. Besides backscattering coefficient (sigma nought), two other important parameters, namely, Gamma nought (obtained from backscattering coefficient) and Brightness temperature (obtained from scatterometer noise measurement) are given as the Level-4 data products archived at the ISRO’s Meteorological & Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre. We used these three parameters both in horizontal and vertical polarizations for the Antarctic region (South Polar) to perform, first, a principal component analysis. Then, we used the first three principal components explaining the largest variability in the data set to perform an unsupervised ISODATA clustering classification to estimate the regions of sea ice around Antarctica. The derived sea ice extent through this method is compared with other popular sea ice extent products available elsewhere.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia, and Seokwoo Lee. "After Whaling in the Antarctic: Amending Article viii to Fix a Broken Treaty Regime." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30, no. 4 (November 23, 2015): 700–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341377.
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Since the global decline in commercial whaling, the International Whaling Commission (iwc) has been at the centre of a long-standing debate between pro-whaling industry States and whale preservation States that threatens the collapse of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (icrw) as a treaty regime. This article describes the ongoing treaty regime disagreement that led to the International Court of Justice (icj) Whaling in the Antarctic case and suggests that the icj’s decision highlights further weaknesses in the existing icrw treaty regime. The fissures in the treaty regime have become even more apparent with the iwc Scientific Committee’s request for more data from the Japanese government on the Proposed Research Plan for New Scientific Whale Research Program in the Antarctic Ocean (newrep-a) and Japan’s diplomatic threat to unilaterally resume whaling. The article concludes with a suggestion that States amend Article viii in order to strengthen the existing icrw framework.
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Shen, Xiaoyi, Chang-Qing Ke, and Haili Li. "Snow depth product over Antarctic sea ice from 2002 to 2020 using multisource passive microwave radiometers." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-619-2022.
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Abstract. Snow over sea ice controls energy budgets and affects sea ice growth and melting and thus has essential effects on the climate. Passive microwave radiometers can be used for basin-scale snow depth estimation at a daily scale; however, previously published methods applied to the Antarctic clearly underestimated snow depth, limiting their further application. Here, we estimated snow depth using passive microwave radiometers and a newly constructed, robust method by incorporating lower frequencies, which have been available from AMSR-E and AMSR-2 since 2002. A regression analysis using 7 years of Operation IceBridge (OIB) airborne snow depth measurements showed that the gradient ratio (GR) calculated using brightness temperatures in vertically polarized 37 and 7 GHz, i.e. GR(37/7), was optimal for deriving Antarctic snow depth, with a correlation coefficient of −0.64. We hence derived new coefficients based on GR(37/7) to improve the current snow depth estimation from passive microwave radiometers. Comparing the new retrieval with in situ measurements from the Australian Antarctic Data Centre showed that this method outperformed the previously available method (i.e. linear regression model based on GR(37/19)), with a mean difference of 5.64 cm and an RMSD of 13.79 cm, compared to values of −14.47 and 19.49 cm, respectively. A comparison to shipborne observations from Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate indicated that in thin-ice regions, the proposed method performed slightly better than the previous method (with RMSDs of 16.85 and 17.61 cm, respectively). We generated a complete snow depth product over Antarctic sea ice from 2002 to 2020 on a daily scale, and negative trends could be found in all sea sectors and seasons. This dataset (including both snow depth and snow depth uncertainty) can be downloaded from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences at http://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/disallow/61ea8177-7177-4507-aeeb-0c7b653d6fc3/ (last access: 7 February 2022) (Shen and Ke, 2021, https://doi.org/10.11888/Snow.tpdc.271653).
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Beck, Peter J. "Antarctica offshore: a cacophony of regimes?R.A. Herr (Editor). 1995. Hobart: Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, vi + 101 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 0-85901595-5. $Aus15.00." Polar Record 32, no. 183 (October 1996): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400067656.
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Harper, D. A., and John Bally. "CARA - The Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022656.
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The Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica is a new National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center formed to explore and exploit the unique advantages of the Antarctic Plateau for astrophysical observations.
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Thomsen, H. H., and J. O. Hagen. "Glaciological research in Antarctica." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 160 (January 1, 1994): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v160.8307.
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During 1991 and 1992 the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) was observer on behalf of the Danish Polar Center in and preparation of a common Nordic research effort in Antarctica. The Nordic Antarctic Research Programme (NARP) involves Norway, Sweden and Finland, which are all Antarctic Treaty Consultative Partners, whereas Denmark is an observer. A natural continuation of this work was Danish participation in the Antarctic research, and a GGU glaciologist took part in the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 1992/93 arranged by the Norwegian Polar Research Institute.
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SUKUMARAN, CINI, T. RAJITHA MADHU PRIYA, T. DHARMARAJ, B. S. MURTHY, and S. SIVARAMAKRISHNAN. "Variation of water vapor and CO2 at Goa during ARMEX phase-I and II." MAUSAM 56, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v56i1.896.
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Mass density fluctuations of CO2 and water vapor were measured at 5 m above ground level (agl) on a 9 m high micrometeorological tower in the premises of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) Vasco da Gama, Goa, as a part of the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX). Open path Infra Red (IR) Hygrometer (LI – 7500) was used to collect samples at a rate of 10 per second. Hourly averaged values of CO2 and water vapor were used to study the diurnal variation for 3 days every month in ARMEX phase-I (June-September 2002) and phase-II (March, April, May, June 2003).
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Glatthor, N., T. von Clarmann, H. Fischer, B. Funke, U. Grabowski, M. Höpfner, S. Kellmann, et al. "Mixing Processes during the Antarctic Vortex Split in September–October 2002 as Inferred from Source Gas and Ozone Distributions from ENVISAT–MIPAS." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-3332.1.
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Abstract In late September 2002, an Antarctic major stratospheric warming occurred, which led to a strong distortion of the southern polar vortex and to a split of its mid- and upper-stratospheric parts. Such an event had never before been observed since the beginning of regular Antarctic stratospheric temperature observations in the 1950s. The split is studied by means of nonoperational level-2 CH4, N2O, CFC-11, and O3 data, retrieved at the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research Karlsruhe (IMK) from high-resolution atmospheric limb emission spectra from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board the European research satellite, Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT). Retrieved horizontal and vertical distributions of CH4 and N2O show good consistency with potential vorticity fields of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis for the entire period under investigation, even for fine structures such as vortex filaments. Tracer correlation analysis suggests that mixing into the vortex had already occurred before the major warming and that vortex fragments were transported into the surrounding air masses on potential temperature levels above 400 K during the split. Correlation analysis of ozone with the source gases indicates slight ongoing ozone destruction in the lower-stratospheric vortex (below ∼500 K) after the beginning of the warming event.
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Piepenburg, Dieter, Alexander Buschmann, Amelie Driemel, Hannes Grobe, Julian Gutt, Stefanie Schumacher, Alexandra Segelken-Voigt, and Rainer Sieger. "Seabed images from Southern Ocean shelf regions off the northern Antarctic Peninsula and in the southeastern Weddell Sea." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 2 (July 21, 2017): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017.
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Abstract. Recent advances in underwater imaging technology allow for the gathering of invaluable scientific information on seafloor ecosystems, such as direct in situ views of seabed habitats and quantitative data on the composition, diversity, abundance, and distribution of epibenthic fauna. The imaging approach has been extensively used within the research project DynAMo (Dynamics of Antarctic Marine Shelf Ecosystems) at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven (AWI), which aimed to comparatively assess the pace and quality of the dynamics of Southern Ocean benthos. Within this framework, epibenthic spatial distribution patterns have been comparatively investigated in two regions in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: the shelf areas off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, representing a region with above-average warming of surface waters and sea-ice reduction, and the shelves of the eastern Weddell Sea as an example of a stable high-Antarctic marine environment that is not (yet) affected by climate change. The AWI Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS) was used to collect seabed imagery during two cruises of the German research vessel Polarstern, ANT-XXIX/3 (PS81) to the Antarctic Peninsula from January to March 2013 and ANT-XXXI/2 (PS96) to the Weddell Sea from December 2015 to February 2016. Here, we report on the image and data collections gathered during these cruises. During PS81, OFOS was successfully deployed at a total of 31 stations at water depths between 29 and 784 m. At most stations, series of 500 to 530 pictures ( > 15 000 in total, each depicting a seabed area of approximately 3.45 m2 or 2.3 × 1.5 m) were taken along transects approximately 3.7 km in length. During PS96, OFOS was used at a total of 13 stations at water depths between 200 and 754 m, yielding series of 110 to 293 photos (2670 in total) along transects 0.9 to 2.6 km in length. All seabed images taken during the two cruises, including metadata, are available from the data publisher PANGAEA via the two persistent identifiers at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872719 (for PS81) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.862097 (for PS96).
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Gossart, A., S. Helsen, J. T. M. Lenaerts, S. Vanden Broucke, N. P. M. van Lipzig, and N. Souverijns. "An Evaluation of Surface Climatology in State-of-the-Art Reanalyses over the Antarctic Ice Sheet." Journal of Climate 32, no. 20 (September 16, 2019): 6899–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0030.1.
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Abstract In this study, we evaluate output of near-surface atmospheric variables over the Antarctic Ice Sheet from four reanalyses: the new European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim, the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). The near-surface temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity are compared with datasets of in situ observations, together with an assessment of the simulated surface mass balance (approximated by precipitation minus evaporation). No reanalysis clearly stands out as the best performing for all areas, seasons, and variables, and each of the reanalyses displays different biases. CFSR strongly overestimates the relative humidity during all seasons whereas ERA-5 and MERRA-2 (and, to a lesser extent, ERA-Interim) strongly underestimate relative humidity during winter. ERA-5 captures the seasonal cycle of near-surface temperature best and shows the smallest bias relative to the observations. The other reanalyses show a general temperature underestimation during the winter months in the Antarctic interior and overestimation in the coastal areas. All reanalyses underestimate the mean near-surface winds in the interior (except MERRA-2) and along the coast during the entire year. The winds at the Antarctic Peninsula are overestimated by all reanalyses except MERRA-2. All models are able to capture snowfall patterns related to atmospheric rivers, with varying accuracy. Accumulation is best represented by ERA-5, although it underestimates observed surface mass balance and there is some variability in the accumulation over the different elevation classes, for all reanalyses.
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Klügel, Thomas, Kathrin Höppner, Reinhard Falk, Elke Kühmstedt, Christian Plötz, Andreas Reinhold, Axel Rülke, et al. "Earth and space observation at the German Antarctic Receiving Station O’Higgins." Polar Record 51, no. 6 (October 8, 2014): 590–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000540.
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ABSTRACTThe German Antarctic Receiving Station (GARS) O’Higgins at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula is a dual purpose facility for earth observation and has existed for more than 20 years. It serves as a satellite ground station for payload data downlink and telecommanding of remote sensing satellites as well as a geodetic observatory for global reference systems and global change. Both applications use the same 9 m diameter radio antenna. Major outcomes of this usage are summarised in this paper.The satellite ground station O’Higgins (OHG) is part of the global ground station network of the German Remote Sensing Data Centre (DFD) operated by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). It was established in 1991 to provide remote sensing data downlink support within the missions of the European Remote Sensing Satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2. These missions provided valuable insights into the changes of the Antarctic ice shield. Especially after the failure of the on-board data recorder, OHG became an essential downlink station for ERS-2 real-time data transmission. Since 2010, OHG is manned during the entire year, specifically to support the TanDEM-X mission. OHG is a main dump station for payload data, monitoring and telecommanding of the German TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites.For space geodesy and astrometry the radio antenna O’Higgins significantly improves coverage over the southern hemisphere and plays an essential role within the global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network. In particular the determination of the Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) and the sky coverage of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) benefit from the location at a high southern latitude. Further, the resolution of VLBI images of active galactic nuclei (AGN), cosmic radio sources defining the ICRF, improves significantly when O’Higgins is included in the network. The various geodetic instrumentation and the long time series at O’Higgins allow a reliable determination of crustal motions. VLBI station velocities, continuous GNSS measurements and campaign-wise absolute gravity measurements consistently document a vertical rate of about 5 mm/a. This crustal uplift is interpreted as an elastic rebound due to ice loss as a consequence of the ice shelf disintegration in the Prince Gustav Channel in the late 1990s.The outstanding location on the Antarctic continent and its year-around operation make GARS O’Higgins in future increasingly attractive for polar orbiting satellite missions and a vitally important station for the global VLBI network. Future plans call for the development of an observatory for environmentally relevant research. That means that the portfolio of the station will be expanded including the expansion of the infrastructure and the construction and operation of new scientific instruments suitable for long-term measurements and satellite ground truthing.
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Li, Ming, Jiping Liu, Zhenzhan Wang, Hui Wang, Zhanhai Zhang, Lin Zhang, and Qinghua Yang. "Assessment of Sea Surface Wind from NWP Reanalyses and Satellites in the Southern Ocean." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1842–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00240.1.
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Abstract Reanalysis projects and satellite data analysis have provided surface wind over the global ocean. To assess how well one can reconstruct the variations of surface wind in the data-sparse Southern Ocean, sea surface wind speed data from 1) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy reanalysis (NCEP–DOE), 2) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), 3) National Climate Data Center (NCDC) blended sea winds, and 4) cross-calibrated multiplatform (CCMP) ocean surface velocity are evaluated. First, the accuracy of sea surface wind speed is validated with quality-controlled in situ measurements from research vessels. The results show that the CCMP value is closer to the ship observations than other products, whereas the NCEP–DOE value has the largest systematic positive bias. All four products show large positive biases under weak wind regimes, good agreement with the ship observations under moderate wind regimes, and large negative biases under high wind regimes. Second, the consistency and discrepancy of sea surface wind speed across different products is examined. The intercomparisons suggest that these products show encouraging agreement in the spatial distribution of the annual-mean sea surface wind speed. The largest across-data scatter is found in the central Indian sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is comparable to its respective interannual variability. The monthly-mean correlations between pairs of products are high. However, differing from the decadal trends of NCEP–DOE, NCDC, and CCMP that show an increase of sea surface wind speed in the Antarctic Circumpolar region, ERA-Interim has an opposite sign there.
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Wille, Jonathan D., David H. Bromwich, John J. Cassano, Melissa A. Nigro, Marian E. Mateling, and Matthew A. Lazzara. "Evaluation of the AMPS Boundary Layer Simulations on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, with Unmanned Aircraft Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 8 (August 2017): 2239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0339.1.
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AbstractAccurately predicting moisture and stability in the Antarctic planetary boundary layer (PBL) is essential for low-cloud forecasts, especially when Antarctic forecasters often use relative humidity as a proxy for cloud cover. These forecasters typically rely on the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (Polar WRF) Model for high-resolution forecasts. To complement the PBL observations from the 30-m Alexander Tall Tower! (ATT) on the Ross Ice Shelf as discussed in a recent paper by Wille and coworkers, a field campaign was conducted at the ATT site from 13 to 26 January 2014 using Small Unmanned Meteorological Observer (SUMO) aerial systems to collect PBL data. The 3-km-resolution AMPS forecast output is combined with the global European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERAI), SUMO flights, and ATT data to describe atmospheric conditions on the Ross Ice Shelf. The SUMO comparison showed that AMPS had an average 2–3 m s−1 high wind speed bias from the near surface to 600 m, which led to excessive mechanical mixing and reduced stability in the PBL. As discussed in previous Polar WRF studies, the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić PBL scheme is likely responsible for the high wind speed bias. The SUMO comparison also showed a near-surface 10–15-percentage-point dry relative humidity bias in AMPS that increased to a 25–30-percentage-point deficit from 200 to 400 m above the surface. A large dry bias at these critical heights for aircraft operations implies poor AMPS low-cloud forecasts. The ERAI showed that the katabatic flow from the Transantarctic Mountains is unrealistically dry in AMPS.
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Qiu, Jane. "A sky-high view of the Third Pole: an interview with Tandong Yao and Weiming Fan." National Science Review 2, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv076.
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Abstract The Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountain regions covers 5 million square kilometres—nearly half the China's landmass—with an average elevation of over 4000 metres. It's often regarded as the Third Pole because it has the largest stock of ice outside the Arctic and the Antarctic. Tibetan Plateau research is one of China's Strategic Pioneering Programmes that was launched in 2012 with a budget of 300 million yuan (US $47 million) over 5 years and is led by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)’ Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP) in Beijing. In January 2014, CAS set up the Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, headquartered in ITP, aiming at providing long-term support for this area of research and raising academic standards. NSR recently talked to glaciologist Tandong Yao and geologist Weiming Fan—ITP's director and deputy director, respectively—about why Tibetan Plateau research is important, what it is like to work there, how the region is faring in face of climate change and why international collaboration is important.
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Siegert, Martin J., Keith Makinson, David Blake, Matt Mowlem, and Neil Ross. "An assessment of deep hot-water drilling as a means to undertake direct measurement and sampling of Antarctic subglacial lakes: experience and lessons learned from the Lake Ellsworth field season 2012/13." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 65 (2014): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog65a008.
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AbstractIn the early hours of 25 December 2012, an attempt to explore Subglacial Lake Ellsworth, West Antarctica, using a specially designed hot-water drill, was halted. This UK project, involving several universities, the British Antarctic Survey and the National Oceanography Centre, had been in planning for 10 years. The project developed a full blueprint for subglacial lakes research, involving access to the subglacial environment through deep drilling, direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment by the construction of a probe and sediment corer, and environmental protocols to ensure cleanliness in line with international agreements on stewardship and protection of subglacial systems. Drilling was ceased after the main borehole failed to link with a subsurface cavity of water, built up over ∽40 hours. Without this link, insufficient water was available to continue drilling downwards to the lake, ∽3000 m beneath the surface. On return to the UK, an external review of the programme was undertaken to formally assess the reasons for the fieldwork failure, and to make recommendations on the modifications necessary for success. From this review, the Lake Ellsworth programme formulated a pathway along which a second attempt to explore the lake can be developed. Here details of the Lake Ellsworth field experiment, the circumstances that led to its failure and the corrections required are presented. Hot-water drilling is still regarded as the only feasible scheme for assuring clean access to the subglacial environment. The lessons learned from the Lake Ellsworth experience are substantial, however, and demonstrate that considerable technological and methodological advances are necessary for successful future research on subglacial lakes beneath thick (>2 km) ice.
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Genthon, Christophe, Dana Veron, Etienne Vignon, Delphine Six, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, Emmanuelle Sultan, and François Forget. "10 years of temperature and wind observation on a 45 m tower at Dome C, East Antarctic plateau." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 5731–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5731-2021.
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Abstract. Long-term, continuous in situ observations of the near-surface atmospheric boundary layer are critical for many weather and climate applications. Although there is a proliferation of surface stations globally, especially in and around populous areas, there are notably fewer tall meteorological towers with multiple instrumented levels. This is particularly true in remote and extreme environments such as the East Antarctic plateau. In the article, we present and analyze 10 years of data from six levels of meteorological instrumentation mounted on a 42 m tower located at Dome C, East Antarctica, near the Concordia research station, producing a unique climatology of the near-surface atmospheric environment (Genthon et al., 2021a, b). Monthly temperature and wind data demonstrate the large seasonal differences in the near-surface boundary layer dynamics, depending on the presence or absence of solar surface forcing. Strong vertical temperature gradients (inversions) frequently develop in calm, winter conditions, while vertical convective mixing occurs in the summer, leading to near-uniform temperatures along the tower. Seasonal variation in wind speed is much less notable at this location than the temperature variation as the winds are less influenced by the solar cycle; there are no katabatic winds as Dome C is quite flat. Harmonic analysis confirms that most of the energy in the power spectrum is at diurnal, annual and semi-annual timescales. Analysis of observational uncertainty and comparison to reanalysis data from the latest generation of ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) reanalyses (ERA5) indicate that wind speed is particularly difficult to measure at this location. Data are distributed on the PANGAEA data repository at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.932512 (Genthon et al., 2021a) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.932513 (Genthon et al., 2021b).
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Dong, Xu, Yetang Wang, Shugui Hou, Minghu Ding, Baoling Yin, and Yulun Zhang. "Robustness of the Recent Global Atmospheric Reanalyses for Antarctic Near-Surface Wind Speed Climatology." Journal of Climate 33, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 4027–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0648.1.
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AbstractNear-surface wind speed observations from 30 manned meteorological stations and 26 automatic weather stations over the Antarctic Ice Sheet are used to examine the robustness of wind speed climatology in six recent global reanalysis products: the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), the Japan Meteorological Agency 55-Year Reanalysis (JRA-55), the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis 2 (NCEP2), and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) and fifth-generation reanalysis (ERA5). Their skills for representing near-surface wind speeds vary by season, with better performance in summer than in winter. At the regional scale, all reanalysis datasets perform more poorly for the magnitude, but better for their year-to-year changes in wind regimes in the escarpment than the coastal and plateau regions. By comparison, ERA5 has the best performance for the monthly averaged wind speed magnitude and the interannual variability of the near-surface wind speed from 1979 onward. Intercomparison exhibits high and significant correlations for annual and seasonal wind speed Antarctic-wide averages from different datasets during their overlapping timespans (1980–2018), despite some regional disagreements between the different reanalyses. Furthermore, all of the reanalyses show positive trends of the annual and summer wind speeds for the 1980–2018 period, which are linked with positive polarity of the southern annular mode.
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Olshtynska, Olexandra P., and Stanislav P. Olshtynsky. "PETRO FEODOSIIOVYCH GOZHYK: OCEANIC, MARINE AND ANTARCTIC RESEARCH." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 14, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2021.228225.
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The article provides a brief overview of the publications, as well as our own memories about the doctor of geological and mineral sciences, Academician Petro Feodosiiovych Gozhyk — scientist, researcher that had state- and strategic level thinking, about his contribution to the development of marine geological works in the Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, his role in the creation of the Ukrainian Antarctic Center (nowadays the National Antarctic Research Center of The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and the importance of his personality for the formation of Ukraine as «Antarctic State». P.F. Gozhyk was not only one of the initiators of the Center for Antarctic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, but also its first director, the developer of long-term polar research programs at the station «Academician Vernadsky». His scientific interests were focused on a wide range of subjects, and marine geology was among his scientific priorities. Academician P. F. Gozhyk was an organizer and participant of many round-the-world sea and ocean expeditions to the Indian, Atlantic and Southern oceans, the Red and Black Seas. The main publications of P. F. Gozhyk on «geology of the seas and oceans» and «geological studies of Antarctica» are listed in the article.
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Fréville, H., E. Brun, G. Picard, N. Tatarinova, L. Arnaud, C. Lanconelli, C. Reijmer, and M. van den Broeke. "Using MODIS land surface temperatures and the Crocus snow model to understand the warm bias of ERA-Interim reanalyses at the surface in Antarctica." Cryosphere 8, no. 4 (July 31, 2014): 1361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1361-2014.
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Abstract. Moderate-Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures in Antarctica were processed in order to produce a gridded data set at 25 km resolution, spanning the period 2000–2011 at an hourly time step. The Aqua and Terra orbits and MODIS swath width, combined with frequent clear-sky conditions, lead to very high availability of quality-controlled observations: on average, hourly data are available 14 h per day at the grid points around the South Pole and more than 9 h over a large area of the Antarctic Plateau. Processed MODIS land surface temperatures, referred to hereinafter as MODIS Ts values, were compared with in situ hourly measurements of surface temperature collected over the entirety of the year 2009 by seven stations from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) and automatic weather stations (AWSs). In spite of an occasional failure in the detection of clouds, MODIS Ts values exhibit a good performance, with a bias ranging from −1.8 to 0.1 °C and errors ranging from 2.2 to 4.8 °C root mean square at the five stations located on the plateau. These results show that MODIS Ts values can be used as a precise and accurate reference to test other surface temperature data sets. Here, we evaluate the performance of surface temperature in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis known as ERA-Interim reanalysis. During conditions detected as cloud free by MODIS, ERA-Interim shows a widespread warm bias in Antarctica in every season, ranging from +3 to +6 °C on the plateau. This confirms a recent study which showed that the largest discrepancies in 2 m air temperature between ERA-Interim and the global temperature data set HadCRUT4 compiled by the Met Office Hadley Centre and the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit occur in Antarctica. A comparison with in situ surface temperature shows that this bias is not strictly limited to clear-sky conditions. A detailed comparison with stand-alone simulations by the Crocus snowpack model, forced by ERA-Interim, and with the ERA-Interim/land simulations, shows that the warm bias may be due primarily to an overestimation of the surface turbulent fluxes in very stable conditions. Numerical experiments with Crocus show that a small change in the parameterization of the effects of stability on the surface exchange coefficients can significantly impact the snow surface temperature. The ERA-Interim warm bias appears to be likely due to an overestimation of the surface exchange coefficients under very stable conditions.
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Hoffmann, Lars, Albert Hertzog, Thomas Rößler, Olaf Stein, and Xue Wu. "Intercomparison of meteorological analyses and trajectories in the Antarctic lower stratosphere with Concordiasi superpressure balloon observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 13 (July 4, 2017): 8045–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8045-2017.
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Abstract. In this study we compared temperatures and horizontal winds of meteorological analyses in the Antarctic lower stratosphere, a region of the atmosphere that is of major interest regarding chemistry and dynamics of the polar vortex. The study covers the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis, the ERA-Interim reanalysis, the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 1 and 2 (MERRA and MERRA-2), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. The comparison was performed with respect to long-duration observations from 19 superpressure balloon flights during the Concordiasi field campaign in September 2010 to January 2011. Most of the balloon measurements were conducted at altitudes of 17–18.5 km and latitudes of 60–85° S. We found that large-scale state temperatures of the analyses have a mean precision of 0.5–1.4 K and a warm bias of 0.4–2.1 K with respect to the balloon data. Zonal and meridional winds have a mean precision of 0.9–2.3 m s−1 and a bias below ±0.5 m s−1. Standard deviations related to small-scale fluctuations due to gravity waves are reproduced at levels of 15–60 % for temperature and 30–60 % for the horizontal winds. Considering the fact that the balloon observations have been assimilated into all analyses, except for NCEP/NCAR, notable differences found here indicate that other observations, the forecast models, and the data assimilation procedures have a significant impact on the analyses as well. We also used the balloon observations to evaluate trajectory calculations with our new Lagrangian transport model Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC), where vertical motions of simulated trajectories were nudged to pressure measurements of the balloons. We found relative horizontal transport deviations of 4–12 % and error growth rates of 60–170 km day−1 for 15-day trajectories. Dispersion simulations revealed some difficulties with the representation of subgrid-scale wind fluctuations in MPTRAC, as the spread of air parcels simulated with different analyses was not consistent. However, although case studies suggest that the accuracy of trajectory calculations is influenced by meteorological complexity, diffusion generally does not contribute significantly to transport deviations in our analysis. Overall, evaluation results are satisfactory and compare well to earlier studies using superpressure balloon observations.
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Van Lipzig, Nicole P. M., Erik Van Meijgaard, and Johannes Oerlemans. "Evaluation of a regional atmospheric model for January 1993, using in situ measurements from the Antarctic." Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-507-514.
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The performance of a regional atmospheric climate model (RACMO) with a horizontal resolution of 55 km X 55 km is evaluated using measured temperature and humidity profiles. Parameterisations of the physical processes are taken from the EC-HAM4 general circulation model (GCM). Sea-surface temperatures and sea-ice mask in the model are prescribed from observations. The model is forced by re-analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) at the lateral boundaries. We compared simulations for January 1993 with boundary-layer profiles measured at the Swedish research station Svca (Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica) and with radiosonde measurements made at the Georg von Neumayer (GvN) and South Polar stations for the same period. This comparison was performed in order to study some model characteristics before the model is used for mass-balance calculations. The vertical temperature gradient at Svea during the night is overestimated by RACMO, but corresponds much more closely to the observations than do the ECMWF re-analyses. in the re-analyses a decoupling of the lowest model layer from the higher atmosphere occurs. The differences between the absolute temperatures at the GvN and SP stations and the absolute temperatures at the model gridpoints corresponding most closely to these sites are less than 5°C. The humidity profiles indicate that the model generally underestimates the turbulent transport of moisture from the surface to higher levels.
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Whitehouse, Michael J., Katharine R. Hendry, Geraint A. Tarling, Sally E. Thorpe, and Petra ten Hoopen. "A database of marine macronutrient, temperature and salinity measurements made around the highly productive island of South Georgia, the Scotia Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula between 1980 and 2009." Earth System Science Data 15, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-211-2023.
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Abstract. We present a database from substantial collections of macronutrient data made on 20 oceanographic cruises, primarily from around the island of South Georgia and the Scotia Sea. This sector of the Southern Ocean was studied comprehensively during the Discovery Investigations between ∼1920 and 1950 and resulted in the hugely influential Discovery Reports. Following this pioneering research period, there was a lull of several decades prior to the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) initiation of an offshore biological programme to study the ecology of the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. These studies began in the late 1970s and have continued until the present day. Between 1980 and 2009, the programme included macronutrient measurements as part of an integrated ecosystem analysis. In addition to South Georgia and the Scotia Sea, measurements were also made in the Bellingshausen Sea and the waters to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Data were collected during all months of the year with the exceptions of May and June and compiled into a database. Vertical profile samples were taken from water bottles, while data along transects were collected by monitoring the ship's non-toxic seawater supply. Nutrients measured were silicate (Si(OH)4–Si), phosphate (PO4–P), nitrate (NO3–N), ammonium (NH4–N), and nitrite (NO2–N). Our database includes nutrient data along with contemporaneous temperature and salinity data where available. Further background and supporting information is included for context. The profile and underway sample data have been deposited at the UK Polar Data Centre and are publicly available in NetCDF and CSV formats from https://doi.org/10.5285/4014370F-8EB2-492B-A5F3-6DC68BF12C1E (Whitehouse et al., 2022).
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Manabe, Syukuro, Jeffrey Ploshay, and Ngar-Cheung Lau. "Seasonal Variation of Surface Temperature Change during the Last Several Decades." Journal of Climate 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 3817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00129.1.
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Abstract Using the historical surface temperature dataset compiled by Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and the Hadley Centre of the United Kingdom, this study examines the seasonal and latitudinal profile of the surface temperature change observed during the last several decades. It reveals that the recent change in zonal-mean surface air temperature is positive at practically all latitudes. In the Northern Hemisphere, the warming increases with increasing latitude and is large in the Arctic Ocean during much of the year except in summer, when it is small. At the Antarctic coast and in the northern part of the circumpolar ocean (near 55°S), where limited data are available, the changes appear to be small during most seasons, though the warming is notable at the coast in winter. However, this warming is much less than the warming over the Arctic Ocean. The seasonal variation of the surface temperature change appears to be broadly consistent with the result from a global warming experiment that was conducted some time ago using a coupled atmosphere–ocean–land model.
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Cullather, Richard I., and Michael G. Bosilovich. "The Moisture Budget of the Polar Atmosphere in MERRA." Journal of Climate 24, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2861–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli4090.1.
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Abstract The atmospheric moisture budget from the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) is evaluated in polar regions for the period 1979–2005 and compared with previous estimates, accumulation syntheses over polar ice sheets, and in situ Arctic precipitation observations. The system is based on a nonspectral background model and utilizes the incremental analysis update scheme. The annual moisture convergence from MERRA for the north polar cap is comparable to previous estimates using 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and earlier reanalyses but it is more than 50% larger than MERRA precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) computed from physics output fields. This imbalance is comparable to earlier reanalyses for the Arctic. For the south polar cap, the imbalance is 20%. The MERRA physics output fields are also found to be overly sensitive to changes in the satellite observing system, particularly over data-sparse regions of the Southern Ocean. Comparisons between MERRA and prognostic fields from two contemporary reanalyses yield a spread of values from 6% of the mean over the Antarctic Ice Sheet to 61% over a domain of the Arctic Ocean. These issues highlight continued problems associated with the representation of cold-climate physical processes in global data assimilation models. The distribution of MERRA surface fluxes over the major polar ice sheets emphasizes larger values along the coastal escarpments, which agrees more closely with recent assessments of ice sheet accumulation using regional models. Differences between these results and earlier assessments illustrate a continued ambiguity in the surface moisture flux distribution over Greenland and Antarctica. The higher spatial and temporal resolution as well as the availability of all budget components, including analysis increments in MERRA, offer prospects for an improved representation of the high-latitude water cycle in reanalyses.
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Sweitzer, J. S., C. Brass, D. A. Harper, L. Hawkins, R. G. Kron, and A. S. Whitt. "Educational Outreach Programs at the Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020531.
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AbstractThe Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica conducts various educational outreach programs as part of its mission as a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. The method behind the outreach programs is one of forging partnerships between Center researchers and other educational organisations. The main program serves primary and secondary students in Chicago. The core of the program is called Space Explorers and is targeted at high school students. These students attend a summer residential institute at the University of Chicago’s Yerkes Observatory. The high school Space Explorers then extend the reach of the program during the academic year by teaching in primary schools using a portable planetarium. The Center also pursues many other outreach activities and is in the process of forming an Antarctic Education Alliance.
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Summerhayes, C. P. "Polar science strategies for institute managers." Polar Record 52, no. 2 (October 5, 2015): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000716.
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ABSTRACTManaging polar research is a tremendous challenge. It covers work at sea on rough and intimidating oceans, and on land over crevassed terrain or rotten sea ice with the prospect of death or frostbite. These environments are extremely hostile and difficult to work in. Results are costly to obtain, and yet the work is of vital importance, as the polar regions are the world's freezers, critical components of the climate system, and repositories of amazing biodiversity. These regions are grossly undersampled, and relatively poorly monitored. National efforts are best carried out in an international framework, in which cooperation is essential for major breakthroughs, and the exchange and sharing of data and information and facilities is essential for ongoing monitoring of change. Under the circumstances the managers of polar research institutes must proceed with well-developed strategies. Given the growing interest of different countries in the polar regions, it would seem useful to bring together advice won through hard effort over the years in how best to develop strategies for polar scientific institute management. This discussion paper offers advice on how such strategies may best be developed.The author has compiled this based on many years of management experience in both the ocean and polar sciences with the following institutions: the UK Natural Environment Research Council's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory, the UK's National Oceanography Centre, UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and the International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
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Alekseev, Genrikh V., Natalia I. Glok, Anastasia E. Vyazilova, Natalia E. Kharlanenkova, and Mikhail Yu Kulakov. "Influence of SST in Low Latitudes on the Arctic Warming and Sea Ice." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101145.
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Global climate models, focused on projecting anthropogenic warming, have not detected an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) at low latitudes comparable to the observed one. This appears to be one reason for the discrepancy between the model estimates of warming and reduction of the sea ice extent in the Arctic and the observed changes in the climate system. In previous studies, it was shown that short-term manifestations of the impact of low latitudes on the Arctic climate were identified in 2–3 weeks as a result of strengthening of atmospheric circulation patterns. In this paper, for the first time, a climatic relationship was established among an increase in SST, air temperature, and water vapor content at low latitudes, and a decrease in sea ice extent in the Arctic. ECMWF Re-Analysis data (ERA-Interim, ERA5), Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data set (HadISST), sea ice archives of the World Centers NSIDC (USA), and Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (Russia), observations of water temperature in the Kola section (33°30’ E), calculated sea ice parameters using the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute coupled ice-ocean circulation model (AARI–IOCM). Methods of multivariate correlation analysis, calculating spectra and coherence, and creating correlation graphs were used to obtain the results. For the first time, estimates of the effect of heat transport from low to high latitudes on climate change and sea ice extent in the Arctic over the past 40 years have been obtained, explaining a significant part of their variability. The increase in heat transport is affected by an increase in SST at low latitudes, where a significant part of the solar heat is accumulated. Due to the increase in SST, the amount of heat transported by the ocean and the atmosphere from low latitudes to the Arctic increases, leading to an increase in the air temperature, water vapor content, downward longwave radiation at high latitudes, and a decrease in the thickness and extent of winter sea ice. Potential topics include, but are not limited to: the role of heat and moisture transport in the Arctic warming, effect of SST at low latitudes on transports, linkage of warming in low latitudes and in shrinking of the Arctic sea ice.
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Budillon, Giorgio, Giannetta Fusco, and Giancarlo Spezie. "A study of surface heat fluxes in the Ross Sea (Antarctica)." Antarctic Science 12, no. 2 (June 2000): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000298.
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In the polar regions, dynamical and thermodynamical interactions between atmosphere and ocean are strongly influenced by the presence or absence of the ice cover, which forms an insulating layer over the ocean, hindering sensible heat fluxes and forming an effective barrier to evaporation and thus preventing latent heat loss. In the framework of the CLIMA (Climatic Long-term Interactions for the Mass-balance in Antarctica) project of the Italian PNRA (National Program for Antarctic Research) we focused our attention on the evaluation of the heat fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere in the Ross Sea, where the ice covers the sea for many months of the year. Wherever the ice cover is absent all year round, such as in leads or polynyas, the air-sea fluxes can be very large, especially in winter when the air-sea temperature differences are strong. In this work heat exchanges between sea and atmosphere, whether ice cover was present or not, were calculated from climatological data obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, while sea ice data were collected from the US National Ice Center and National Climatic Data Center. Each of the terms in the sea surface heat budget were computed for 1994 with a temporal resolution of six hours and a spatial resolution of 0.5° using bulk formulae and obtaining monthly averaged horizontal distributions. The surface heat budget is dominated in November, December, January and February by shortwave radiation, while for the other months the turbulent and conductive heat fluxes dominate the heat exchange between the atmosphere and the sea surface. The annual total heat loss at the surface in 1994 has been estimated at about −90 W m−2 with the highest heat loss occurring close to the coast; the maximum heat loss occurred in May (−217 W m−2) while in January the heat gain by the ocean was 196 W m−2. In addition, weekly averaged values over the whole Ross Sea from 1994 to 1997 were calculated with the same parameterisation in order to study the temporal variability in this basin of each individual component and of the total surface heat budget. For this purpose only the data inside the continental shelf of the Ross Sea were considered in calculating the averaged fluxes. The 1994–97 total heat budget ranges from −87 to −107 W m−2with an average of −96 W m−2; this amount of heat loss was supposed to be compensated for by the heat advected by the Circumpolar Deep Water and its transport was estimated at about 2.9 Sv.
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Koloskov, Oleksandr, Anton Kashcheyev, Oleksandr Bogomaz, Andriy Sopin, Bogdan Gavrylyuk, and Andriy Zalizovski. "Performance Analysis of a Portable Low-Cost SDR-Based Ionosonde." Atmosphere 14, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010159.
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This work presents a software-defined radio ionosonde (ISDR) developed at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Italy) and the Institute of Radio Astronomy (Ukraine) and installed at the Ukrainian Antarctic Station in 2017. For the first time, the results of the long-term data comparison of the ISDR with the conventional ionosonde IPS-42 produced by KEL Aerospace are presented and discussed. The matching of the ionograms obtained during the whole year of 2021, as well as a comparison of the critical frequencies and virtual heights of F, E, and Es layers manually scaled from the ionograms showed that the ISDR has a similar level of performance to IPS-42. At the same time, the ISDR is a more versatile instrument that supports a bistatic operation, provides Doppler measurements and polarization information, and has a significantly lower cost and transmission power. Different configurations of the ISDR are considered. The basic configuration allows for using the ISDR as a conventional vertical ionospheric sounder. An enhanced configuration of the ISDR allows for oblique sounding, as well as polarization information that enables the O- and X-propagation modes of the ionospheric signal to be distinguished. The enhanced passive version of the ISDR was successfully tested onboard the research vessel “Noosfera” on distances up to 1,400 km from the transmitting ISDR.
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Bromwich, David H., and Ryan L. Fogt. "Strong Trends in the Skill of the ERA-40 and NCEP–NCAR Reanalyses in the High and Midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, 1958–2001*." Journal of Climate 17, no. 23 (December 1, 2004): 4603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/3241.1.
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Abstract The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis (NCEP1) data are compared with Antarctic and other mid- to high-latitude station observations for the complete years of overlap, 1958–2001. Overall, it appears that ERA-40 more closely follows the observations; however, a more detailed look at the presatellite era reveals many shortcomings in ERA-40, particularly in the austral winter. By calculating statistics in 5-yr moving windows for June–July–August (JJA), it is shown that ERA-40 correlations with observed MSLP and surface (2 m) temperatures are low and even negative during the mid-1960s. A significant trend in skill in ERA-40 is observed in conjunction with the assimilation of satellite data during winter, eventually reaching a high level of skill after 1978 that is superior to NCEP1. NCEP1 shows consistency in its correlation with observations throughout time in this season; however, the biases in the NCEP1 MSLP fields decrease significantly with time. Similar problems are also found in the 500-hPa geopotential height fields above the direct influences of the mountainous topography. The height differences between ERA-40 and NCEP1 over the South Pacific are substantial before the modern satellite era throughout the depth of the troposphere. The ability for ERA-40 to be more strongly constrained by the satellite data compared to NCEP1, which is largely constrained by the station observational network, suggests that the differing assimilation schemes between ERA-40 and NCEP1 lead to the large discrepancies seen here. Thus, both reanalyses must be used with caution over high southern latitudes during the nonsummer months prior to the assimilation of satellite sounding data.
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Panichi, S., M. Querci, C. Arrighi, E. Lefebvre, F. Frascati, M. Armeni, G. Benamati, L. Augustin, A. Antonelli, and S. Nucci. "EPICA Dome C electronic control system." Annals of Glaciology 47 (2007): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407786857749.
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AbstractA new deep drill has been developed within the framework of the European Programme for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). Several versions of the EPICA drill exist. The version used at Dome Concordia (75˚06'1" S, 123˚23'71" E) was operated with a new electronic control system developed by the Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA) Research Center in Brasimone, Italy. This electronic control system was used for the first time during the 1997/98 Antarctic summer season.
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Powers, Jordan G., Andrew J. Monaghan, Arthur M. Cayette, David H. Bromwich, Ying-Hwa Kuo, and Kevin W. Manning. "Real-Time Mesoscale Modeling Over Antarctica: The Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System*." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-84-11-1533.
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In support of the United States Antarctic Program (USAP), the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University have created the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS): an experimental, real-time mesoscale modeling system covering Antarctica. AMPS has been designed to serve flight forecasters at McMurdo Station, to support science and operations around the continent, and to be a vehicle for the development of physical parameterizations suitable for polar regions. Since 2000, AMPS has been producing high-resolution forecasts (grids to 3.3 km) with the “Polar MM5,” a version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model tuned for the polar atmosphere. Beyond its basic mission of serving the USAP flight forecasters at McMurdo, AMPS has assisted both in emergency operations to save lives and in programs to explore the extreme polar environment. The former have included a medical evacuation from the South Pole and a marine rescue from the continental margin. The latter have included scientific field campaigns and the daily activities of international Antarctic forecasters and researchers. The AMPS program has been a success in terms of advancing polar mesoscale NWP, serving critical logistical operations of the USAP, and, most visibly, assisting in emergency rescue missions to save lives. The history and performance of AMPS are described and the successes of this unique real-time mesoscale modeling system in crisis support are detailed.
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Powers, Jordan G. "Numerical Prediction of an Antarctic Severe Wind Event with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 3134–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3459.1.
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Abstract This study initiates the application of the maturing Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to the polar regions in the context of the real-time Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). The behavior of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) in a high-latitude setting and its ability to capture a significant Antarctic weather event are investigated. Also, in a suite of sensitivity tests, the impacts of the assimilation of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric motion vectors on ARW Antarctic forecasts are explored. The simulation results are analyzed and the statistical significance of error differences is assessed. It is found that with the proper consideration of MODIS data the ARW can accurately simulate a major Antarctic event, the May 2004 McMurdo windstorm. The ARW simulations illuminate an episode of high-momentum flow responding to the complex orography of the vital Ross Island region. While the model captures the synoptic setting and basic trajectory of the cyclone driving the event, there are differences on the mesoscale in the evolution of the low pressure system that significantly affect the forecast results. In general, both the ARW and AMPS’s fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) tend to underforecast the wind magnitudes, reflecting their stalling and filling of the system near Ross Island. It is seen, however, that both targeted data assimilation and grid resolution enhancement can yield improvement in the forecast of the key parameter of wind speed. It is found that the assimilation of MODIS observations can significantly improve the forecast for a high-impact Antarctic weather event. However, the application to the retrievals of a filter accounting for instrument channel, observation height, and surface type is necessary. The results indicate benefits to initial conditions and high-resolution, polar, mesoscale forecasts from the careful assimilation of nontraditional satellite observations over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.
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Stark, Antony A. "AST/RO: A submillimetre-wave telescope for the South Pole." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 587–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022590.
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The Antarctic submillimetre Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO), a 1.7 m offset Gregorian, is scheduled for installation at the South Pole in November 1993. It is a collaboration including the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Boston University, the University of Illinois, the University of Colorado, and the University of Cologne. Observational tests (Pajot 1990; Dragovan et al 1990) and modeling (Bally 1990) of atmospheric transparency over the Pole indicate that it is the best accessible submillimetre-wave site in the world. The immediate scientific goals are heterodyne spectroscopy of galactic molecular clouds and molecular lines in the earth’s stratosphere at wavelengths near 600 μm. Two early observational programs are a large-scale survey of the CI line at 609 μm and monitoring of the 2.8 mm O3 line arising in the stratosphere. Under the newly-formed Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica (centred at Yerkes Observatory), AST/RO will become a general-purpose instrument for the millimetre, sub-millimetre and far-infrared.
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Seguinot, Julien, Irina Rogozhina, Arjen P. Stroeven, Martin Margold, and Johan Kleman. "Numerical simulations of the Cordilleran ice sheet through the last glacial cycle." Cryosphere 10, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 639–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-639-2016.
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Abstract. After more than a century of geological research, the Cordilleran ice sheet of North America remains among the least understood in terms of its former extent, volume, and dynamics. Because of the mountainous topography on which the ice sheet formed, geological studies have often had only local or regional relevance and shown such a complexity that ice-sheet-wide spatial reconstructions of advance and retreat patterns are lacking. Here we use a numerical ice sheet model calibrated against field-based evidence to attempt a quantitative reconstruction of the Cordilleran ice sheet history through the last glacial cycle. A series of simulations is driven by time-dependent temperature offsets from six proxy records located around the globe. Although this approach reveals large variations in model response to evolving climate forcing, all simulations produce two major glaciations during marine oxygen isotope stages 4 (62.2–56.9 ka) and 2 (23.2–16.9 ka). The timing of glaciation is better reproduced using temperature reconstructions from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores than from regional oceanic sediment cores. During most of the last glacial cycle, the modelled ice cover is discontinuous and restricted to high mountain areas. However, widespread precipitation over the Skeena Mountains favours the persistence of a central ice dome throughout the glacial cycle. It acts as a nucleation centre before the Last Glacial Maximum and hosts the last remains of Cordilleran ice until the middle Holocene (6.7 ka).
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Shatalov, N. N. "PAVLO STEFANOVICH VORONOV — OUTSTANDING POLAR GEOLOGIST (to the 100th anniversary of birth)." Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 16, no. 4 (2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2020.04.049.
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The article is dedicated to the outstanding geologist-polar explorer of the USSR, an outstanding naturalist, doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, Professor Pavel Voronov in the light of 100th anniversary of his birth celebration. The main stages of the scientist’s life, his achievements in studying the geology of a lot of regions of the Arctic Ocean are considered. The contribution of the scientist to the research of geology, tectonics, geography, geomorphology and glaciology of the southern hemisphere of our planet was especially noted. In the 40th-50th years of the last century P.S. Voronov participated in the work of the first and second Russian expeditions in Antarctica. The scientist carried out reconnaissance geological and geomorphological studies of the observatory area, the Bunger oasis, based on hydrographic measurements from the board of the expeditionary vessel «Ob» and analysis of the configuration of the Antarctic coast, for the first time in the world, he established the existence of coastal faults located around East Antarctica. Numerous flights on IL-12 aircraft allowed P.S. Voronov to explore the mountain ranges of Antarctica along the Antarctic Circle. He clarified the position of the Denman glacier and carried out comprehensive geological, geomorphological and tectonic studies in Antarctica. On various issues of geology, geomorphology, glaciology and tectonics of Antarctica, he published more than 60 scientific papers, many of which are pioneering and have retained their relevance to the present day. Professor P.S. Voronov is widely known in the former USSR and abroad for his research in the field of space and geodynamics, tectonics and planetary geomorphology of the Earth’s continents and sea areas. Scientist has written more than 250 scientific works, including 12 monographs. His main works reveal questions about the patterns of morphometry of the Earth’s global relief, the role of the Earth’s rotational forces, the principles and role of shear tectonics in the structure of the Earth’s lithospheres and terrestrial planets. In 2004, the Cambridge International Biographical Center introduced the name of P.S. Voronov to the collection «Living Legends».
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Smellie, John L. "Chapter 3.2a Bransfield Strait and James Ross Island: volcanology." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 227–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-58.
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AbstractFollowing more than 25 years of exploration and research since the last regional appraisal, the number of known subaerially exposed volcanoes in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region has more than trebled, from less than 15 to more than 50, and that total must be increased at least three-fold if seamounts in Bransfield Strait are included. Several volcanoes remain unvisited and there are relatively few detailed studies. The region includes Deception Island, the most prolific active volcano in Antarctica, and Mount Haddington, the largest volcano in Antarctica. The tectonic environment of the volcanism is more variable than elsewhere in Antarctica. Most of the volcanism is related to subduction. It includes very young ensialic marginal basin volcanism (Bransfield Strait), back-arc alkaline volcanism (James Ross Island Volcanic Group) and slab-window-related volcanism (seamount offshore of Anvers Island), as well as volcanism of uncertain origin (Anvers and Brabant islands; small volcanic centres on Livingston and Greenwich islands). Only ‘normal’ arc volcanism is not clearly represented, possibly because active subduction virtually ceased atc.4 Ma. The eruptive environment for the volcanism varied between subglacial, marine and subaerial but a subglacial setting is prominent, particularly in the James Ross Island Volcanic Group.
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Parish, Thomas R., and David H. Bromwich. "Reexamination of the Near-Surface Airflow over the Antarctic Continent and Implications on Atmospheric Circulations at High Southern Latitudes*." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3374.1.
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Abstract Previous work has shown that winds in the lower atmosphere over the Antarctic continent are among the most persistent on earth with directions coupled to the underlying ice topography. In 1987, Parish and Bromwich used a diagnostic model to depict details of the Antarctic near-surface airflow. A radially outward drainage pattern off the highest elevations of the ice sheets was displayed with wind speeds that generally increase from the high interior to the coast. These winds are often referred to as “katabatic,” with the implication that they are driven by radiational cooling of near-surface air over the sloping ice terrain. It has been shown that the Antarctic orography constrains the low-level wind regime through other forcing mechanisms as well. Dynamics of the lower atmosphere have been investigated increasingly by the use of numerical models since the observational network over the Antarctic remains quite sparse. Real-time numerical weather prediction for the U.S. Antarctic Program has been ongoing since the 2000–01 austral summer season via the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). AMPS output, which is based on a polar optimized version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, is used for a 1-yr period from June 2003 to May 2004 to investigate the mean annual and seasonal airflow patterns over the Antarctic continent to compare with previous streamline depictions. Divergent outflow from atop the continental interior implies that subsidence must exist over the continent and a direct thermal circulation over the high southern latitudes results. Estimates of the north–south mass fluxes are obtained from the mean airflow patterns to infer the influence of the elevated ice sheets on the mean meridional circulation over Antarctica.
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Caroli, Sergio. "Antarctic environmental banking: the quest for a global approach." Antarctic Science 8, no. 3 (September 1996): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000314.
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Recent estimates report that more than eight million substances are known and that about 70 000 of them are widely exploited as pesticides, food additives, pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds with a total production of several million tons per year. The global circulation of polluting chemicals is well known to have reached even the Antarctic continent. This has resulted in an enhancement both of the baseline levels of naturally occurring organic and inorganic substances and an increasing presence of man-made compounds that simply should not be there. Localized anthropogenic activities are also contributing to the overall low yet progressive deterioration of the pristine Antarctic conditions. Local pollution may well be alleviated by a full implementation of the Madrid Protocol, but the crucial phenomena of worldwide chemical contamination will continue. To maximize the value of Antarctica as a source of global baseline data cooperative and harmonized approaches need to be adopted at the international level to monitor chemical pollution, thus avoiding useless duplication of effort and maximizing the comparability of data. From this standpoint the importance of the establishment of Antarctic environmental specimen banks cannot be exaggerated. The rationale behind such undertakings is certainly not new: specimen banks have been in operation for twenty years e.g. at the former National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Standards and Technology) in the USA, at the Swedish Museum of Natural History and at the Jülich Research Center in Germany.