Academic literature on the topic 'Antarctic Research Centre'
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Journal articles on the topic "Antarctic Research Centre"
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Burton, Michael G., Michael C. B. Ashley, John W. V. Storey, Michael A. Dopita, Adriane Lançon, Jeremy Mould, Peter R. Wood, Peter Hall, and Marc Duldig. "JACARA’s Plans." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020488.
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Thomson, M. R. A., and Alan P. M. Vaughan. "The role of Antarctica in the development of plate tectonic theories: from Scott to the present." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 362–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.362.
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One hundred years of geological research in and around Antarctica since Scott's Discovery expedition of 1901–1904 have seen the continent move from a great unknown at the margins of human knowledge to centre stage in the development of plate tectonics, continental break-up and global climate evolution. Research in Antarctica has helped make the Gondwana supercontinent a scientific fact. Discoveries offshore have provided some of the key evidence for plate tectonics and extended the evidence of global glaciation back over 30 million years. Studies of Antarctica's tectonic evolution have helped elucidate the details of continental break-up, and the continent continues to provide the best testing ground for competing scientific models. Antarctica's deep past has provided support for the “Snowball Earth” hypothesis, and for the pre-Gondwana, Rodinia supercontinent. Current research is focusing on Antarctica's subglacial lakes and basins, the possible causes of Antarctic glaciation, the evolution of its surrounding oceanic and mantle gateways, and its sub-ice geological composition and structure. None of this would have been possible without maps, and these have provided the foundation stone for Antarctic research. New mapping and scientific techniques, and new research platforms hold great promise for further major contributions from Antarctica to Earth system science in the twenty-first century.
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Yu, Lejiang, Zhanhai Zhang, Mingyu Zhou, Sharon Zhong, Donald Lenschow, Hsiaoming Hsu, Huiding Wu, and Bo Sun. "Influence of the Antarctic Oscillation, the Pacific–South American modes and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the Antarctic surface temperature and pressure variations." Antarctic Science 24, no. 1 (September 23, 2011): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201100054x.
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AbstractIn this study, the impacts of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the Pacific–South American teleconnection (PSA) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Antarctic sea level pressure and surface temperature are investigated using surface observational data, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40 Year Re-analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) re-analysis data from 1958–2001. There is the most significant correlation between PSA and Antarctic sea level pressure and surface temperature in the northern Antarctic Peninsula during four seasons. But the correlation between Southern Oscillation Index and surface temperature and sea level pressure is significant at some stations only in spring. The three indices can explain a large portion of the trends found in sea level pressure and temperature at some stations, but not at all stations. Among the three indices the most important contribution to the trends in the two surface variables comes from AAO, followed by PSA, and finally by ENSO. The two re-analysis datasets show great similarity for the trends in surface temperature and sea level pressure in April–May and October–November, but not December–February. In summer the trends in surface temperature and sea level pressure in East Antarctica for ERA-40 re-analysis are opposite to those of NCEP re-analysis.
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Harris, Colin M. "Protected areas review: McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea." Polar Record 30, no. 174 (July 1994): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024244.
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AbstractAs a result of new provisions in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty a number of countries are reviewing the management plans for protected areas in Antarctica. The United States and New Zealand have initiated a review of the 15 existing sites in the Ross Sea region, using an independent party, the International Centre for Antarctic Information and Research, to facilitate and coordinate the process. Management provisions are being revised to comply with the Protocol, and improved maps for the sites are being prepared using Geographical Information Systems. Visits in 1993/94 gathered field information, and thus far two sites have had new plans drafted: these are proceeding through the international review process. Input and comment is invited from interested parties with experience in these areas.
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Mo, Zhixiang, Zhaoliang Zeng, Liangke Huang, Lilong Liu, Ling Huang, Lv Zhou, Chao Ren, and Hongchang He. "Investigation of Antarctic Precipitable Water Vapor Variability and Trend from 18 Year (2001 to 2018) Data of Four Reanalyses Based on Radiosonde and GNSS Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 3901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193901.
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Precipitable water vapor (PWV) plays a vital role in climate research, especially for Antarctica in which meteorological observations are insufficient due to the adverse climate and topography therein. Reanalysis data sets provide a great opportunity for Antarctic water vapor research. This study investigates the climatological PWV means, variability and trends over Antarctica from four reanalyses, including the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA5), the Second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE), in the period of 2001–2018 based on radiosonde and GNSS observations. PWV data from the ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55 and NCEP/DOE have been evaluated by radiosonde and GNSS observations, showing that ERA5 and MERRA-2 perform better than JRA-55 and NCEP/DOE with mean root mean square (RMS) errors below 1.2 mm. The climatological PWV mean distribution over Antarctica roughly shows a decreasing trend from west to east, with the highest content in summer and the lowest content in winter. The PWV variability is generally small over Antarctica, showing a seasonal dependence that is larger in the cold season and smaller in the warm season. PWV trends for all reanalyses at most Antarctic regions are insignificant and most reanalyses present overall drying trends from 2001 to 2018, except for ERA5 exhibiting a moistening trend. PWV trends also show seasonal and regional dependence. All reanalyses are generally consistent with radiosonde and GNSS observations in reproducing the PWV means (mean differences within 1.1 mm), variability (mean differences within 3%) and trends (mean differences within 6.4% decade−1) over Antarctica, except for NCEP/DOE showing spurious variability and trends in East Antarctica. Results can help us further understand these four reanalysis PWV products and promote climate research in Antarctica.
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Nicolas, Julien P., and David H. Bromwich. "New Reconstruction of Antarctic Near-Surface Temperatures: Multidecadal Trends and Reliability of Global Reanalyses*,+." Journal of Climate 27, no. 21 (October 24, 2014): 8070–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00733.1.
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Abstract A reconstruction of Antarctic monthly mean near-surface temperatures spanning 1958–2012 is presented. Its primary goal is to take advantage of a recently revised key temperature record from West Antarctica (Byrd) to shed further light on multidecadal temperature changes in this region. The spatial interpolation relies on a kriging technique aided by spatiotemporal temperature covariances derived from three global reanalyses [the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR)]. For 1958–2012, the reconstruction yields statistically significant annual warming in the Antarctic Peninsula and virtually all of West Antarctica, but no significant temperature change in East Antarctica. Importantly, the warming is of comparable magnitude both in central West Antarctica and in most of the peninsula, rather than concentrated either in one or the other region as previous reconstructions have suggested. The Transantarctic Mountains act for the temperature trends, as a clear dividing line between East and West Antarctica, reflecting the topographic constraint on warm air advection from the Amundsen Sea basin. The reconstruction also serves to highlight spurious changes in the 1979–2009 time series of the three reanalyses that reduces the reliability of their trends, illustrating a long-standing issue in high southern latitudes. The study concludes with an examination of the influence of the southern annular mode (SAM) on Antarctic temperature trends. The results herein suggest that the trend of the SAM toward its positive phase in austral summer and fall since the 1950s has had a statistically significant cooling effect not only in East Antarctica (as already well documented) and but also (only in fall) in West Antarctica.
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Jones, A. E., E. W. Wolff, R. A. Salmon, S. J. B. Bauguitte, H. K. Roscoe, P. S. Anderson, D. Ames, et al. "Chemistry of the antarctic boundary layer and the interface with snow: an overview of the CHABLIS campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 11, 2008): 5137–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-5137-2008.
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Abstract. CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) was a collaborative UK research project aimed at probing the detailed chemistry of the Antarctic boundary layer and the exchange of trace gases at the snow surface. The centre-piece to CHABLIS was the measurement campaign, conducted at the British Antarctic Survey station, Halley, in coastal Antarctica, from January 2004 through to February 2005. The campaign measurements covered an extremely wide range of species allowing investigations to be carried out within the broad context of boundary layer chemistry. Here we present an overview of the CHABLIS campaign. We provide details of the measurement location and introduce the Clean Air Sector Laboratory (CASLab) where the majority of the instruments were housed. We describe the meteorological conditions experienced during the campaign and present supporting chemical data, both of which provide a context within which to view the campaign results. Finally we provide a brief summary of highlights from the measurement campaign. Unexpectedly high halogen concentrations profoundly affect the chemistry of many species at Halley throughout the sunlit months, with a secondary role played by emissions from the snowpack. This overarching role for halogens in coastal Antarctic boundary layer chemistry was completely unanticipated, and the results have led to a step-change in our thinking and understanding.
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Jones, A. E., E. W. Wolff, R. A. Salmon, S. J. B. Bauguitte, H. K. Roscoe, P. S. Anderson, D. Ames, et al. "Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow: an overview of the CHABLIS campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 14 (July 17, 2008): 3789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3789-2008.
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Abstract. CHABLIS (Chemistry of the Antarctic Boundary Layer and the Interface with Snow) was a collaborative UK research project aimed at probing the detailed chemistry of the Antarctic boundary layer and the exchange of trace gases at the snow surface. The centre-piece to CHABLIS was the measurement campaign, conducted at the British Antarctic Survey station, Halley, in coastal Antarctica, from January 2004 through to February 2005. The campaign measurements covered an extremely wide range of species allowing investigations to be carried out within the broad context of boundary layer chemistry. Here we present an overview of the CHABLIS campaign. We provide details of the measurement location and introduce the Clean Air Sector Laboratory (CASLab) where the majority of the instruments were housed. We describe the meteorological conditions experienced during the campaign and present supporting chemical data, both of which provide a context within which to view the campaign results. Finally we provide a brief summary of highlights from the measurement campaign. Unexpectedly high halogen concentrations profoundly affect the chemistry of many species at Halley throughout the sunlit months, with a secondary role played by emissions from the snowpack. This overarching role for halogens in coastal Antarctic boundary layer chemistry was completely unanticipated, and the results have led to a step-change in our thinking and understanding.
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Bromwich, David H., Richard I. Cullather, and Michael L. Van Woert. "Antarctic precipitation and its contribution to the global sea-level budget." Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-220-226.
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Antarctic precipitation estimations derived from several new sources are examined in comparison to results found previously. The availability of analyzed atmospheric datasets has been a significant and beneficial tool for atmospheric and climate research for a broad range of research interests. This is particularly true for the polar regions, where the observational arrays are sparsely distributed. in high southern latitudes, a comprehensive assimilation of all available observations, including satellite data, is necessary for an accurate depiction of the atmospheric circulation. Recent st udies have found the operational analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts to be superior to those of other weather-forecasting centers in depicting the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns over Antarctica. “Re-analysis” programs at major weather-forecasting centers have produced atmospheric numerical analyses using a “frozen” data-assimilation system. These projects have also derived precipitation and evaporation fields using an ensemble of short-term forecasts. From these new sources, Antarctic Ρ - E (precipitation minus evaporation/sublimation) is compared and evaluated against the long-term glaciological synthesis, as well as results from previous studies. The comparisons indicate significant regional disagreements exist between P — E from the re-analysis forecasts and the glaciological data. For the ensemble forecasting method, the continental-average evaporation is the largest area of uncertainty and differs by an order of magnitude between the rc-analysis datasets. This finding supports the use of the atmospheric moisture budget for determining P — E collectively in atmospheric diagnostic studies for Antarctica.
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Walker, Malcolm. "Antarctic meteorology and climatology: an unfolding story of discovery." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.316.
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Early explorers and sealers took home from the Southern Ocean tales of tempests, huge waves and massive icebergs. Many recorded in their logbooks and narratives observations of wind, weather and sea state. Meteorological measurements were made on some early voyages but were often of doubtful quality. Not until the 1840s were reliable meteorological observations made near the Antarctic continent. During the First International Polar Year, observations were made near Cape Horn and on South Georgia. From 1899 onwards, bases were established on the Antarctic continent and meteorological observing programmes organized. Extremely strong winds were discovered. Data sets of climatological value became available and data from aloft were obtained. After the First World War, wireless telegraphy was used increasingly to broadcast observations from ships and shore bases to distant analysis centres. During the Second International Polar Year, thousands of meteorological observations were made aboard ships on the Southern Ocean. After the Second World War, the pace of progress quickened, especially during the International Geophysical Year. Research stations and the International Antarctic Analysis Centre were established. Weather satellites, automatic weather stations, global telecommunication networks and powerful computers revolutionized Antarctic meteorology and climatology.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antarctic Research Centre"
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McGaughran, Angela. "Polar eveolution: molecular genetic and physiological parameters of Antarctic arthropod populations : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular Biosciences at the Allan Wilson Centre of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1163.
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This thesis is presented as a collection of research papers synthesising knowledge gained during the period of candidacy. Its underlying focus is the examination of evolution from a variety of perspectives for terrestrial arthropods (springtails) in an Antarctic setting. These perspectives include investigation of the ways in which springtail populations respond both physiologically and genetically to environmental variability over historical and contemporary time-scales. While the physiological and genetic may seem two worlds apart, this thesis recognises that, in reality the two are inextricably linked. Thus, when genetic differentiation between populations of the same species can be demonstrated, physiological differentiation of these populations may also be predicted (and vice versa). Therefore, across several locations and springtail species, physiological and genetic parameters of individuals and populations are examined both separately and, where possible, in concert. The physiological aspect of this thesis focuses on the springtail Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni from continental Antarctica. In addition to providing the first metabolic rate data for a continental Antarctic springtail, seasonal variation in metabolic rates is examined across multiple temporal and spatial scales to evaluate the ways in which individuals and populations respond to environmental variability. Metabolic activity in this species is intricately linked to a variety of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic. These include biological function, temperature profiles in the local microclimate, and body mass and genetic differences among populations. In the genetically-focused aspect of this thesis, population genetic patterns of G. hodgsoni from several continental locations and Cryptopygus antarcticus antarcticus from locations across the Antarctica Peninsula are compared. Here, the importance of differing evolutionary histories in influencing patterns of contemporary genetic population structure is highlighted. While both species have been similarly affected genetically by Pleistocene (2 Ma – present) glacial cycling, it is clear that differences in timing of colonisation events and subsequent population expansions have left distinct genetic signatures in each species. In a separate molecular study, phylogenetic analyses are employed to study members of the circum-Antarctic springtail family Isotomidae. Thesis Abstract The genetic ancestry among these closely related species is shown to reflect a diverse evolutionary origin in the Miocene (23 – 5 Ma), subsequent to which both vicariant and dispersal processes have been important. Phylogenetic re-constructions tease out the relationships among sister species, and the identification of several genetically distant lineages suggests that a revision of current species designations is required. Finally, two studies that integrate the physiological and molecular genetic are presented. First, metabolic rate variation across several locations on sub-Antarctic Marion Island in the springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus travei is examined. This variation is related to the genetic structure of populations to show that historical and contemporary environmental characteristics have left their trace in the expression of both genetic and physiological variability of these populations. Second, the perceived association between metabolic rate and genetic (mutation) rate is investigated more closely - a sophisticated Bayesian correlation analysis detects that there is an indirect relationship between metabolic rate and underlying species phylogeny in C. a. travei. Thus, the physiological and molecular genetic elements of this thesis test or advance important hypotheses within their own fields, and the integrated approach applied is a new step in interpreting evidence of physiological adaptation in Antarctic species. In its multi-faceted approach to evolutionary studies, this thesis enhances understanding of the current picture of springtail evolution in polar environments.
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Minami, Masayo, Atsushi Terui, Nobuo Takaoka, and Toshio Nakamura. "An improved extraction system to measure carbon-14 terrestrial ages of meteorites and pairing of the Antarctic Yamato-75097 group chondrites(Proceedings of the 19^ Symposium on Chronological Studies at the Nagoya University Center for Chronological Research in 2006,Part1)." 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13686.
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第19回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成18(2006)年度報告<第1部> Proceedings of the 19th symposiumon on Chronological Studies at the Nagoya University Center for Chronological Research
in 2006 日時:平成19 (2007)年1月15日(月)～17日(水) 会場:名古屋大学シンポジオン Date:January15th-17th, 2007 Venue:Nagoya Uhiversity Symposion Hall
Books on the topic "Antarctic Research Centre"
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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on Science and Technology. Proposed merger of British Antarctic Survey and National Oceanography Centre: Natural Environment Research Council response to the Committee's sixth report of session 2012-13. London: Stationery Office, 2013.
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International, Conference on Substorms (5th 2000 Saint Petersburg Russia). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Substorms: 16-20 May 2000, Congress Centre of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, 2000.
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Science Objectives and Requirements Meeting (1993 Byrd Polar Research Center). RADARSAT, the Antarctic mapping project: Proceedings of the Science Objectives and Requirements Meeting, March 30, 1993, Byrd Polar Research Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Columbus, Ohio: Byrd Polar Research Center, 1993.
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Lindsay, Debra. Science in the Subarctic: Trappers, traders, and the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,c, 1993.
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Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Substorms: 16-20 May 2000, Congress Centre of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (SP). ESA Publications Division, 2000.
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Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Science and Technology Committee and Andrew Miller. Proposed Merger of British Antarctic Survey and National Oceanography Centre: Natural Environment Research Council Response to the Committee's Sixth Report of Session 2012-13, Fifth Special Report of Session 2012-13. Stationery Office, The, 2013.
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Hince, Bernadette. Antarctic Dictionary. CSIRO Publishing, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100619.
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The world’s most isolated continent has spawned some of the most unusual words in the English language. In the space of a mere century, a remarkable vocabulary has evolved to deal with the extraordinary environment and living organisms of the Antarctic and subantarctic.
Here, for the first time, is a complete guide to the origin and definitions of Antarctic words. Like other historical dictionaries, The Antarctic Dictionary gives the reader quotations for each word. These quotations are the life-blood of the dictionary — more than 15 000 quotations from about 1000 different sources give the reader a unique insight into the way the language of Antarctica has evolved. The reader will find out what it means to be slotted, the shortcomings of homers, the joys of a donga and the hazards of a growler.
The Antarctic Dictionary has been meticulously researched, and will appeal to all those who have been to the frozen continent or have ever dreamed of going there. It will also appeal to those fascinated by the development of language.
With a forward by Sir Ranulph Fiennes.
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C, Jezek Kenneth, and Tipton-Everett Lynn, eds. Managing the Antarctic environment: From observations to policy : a workshop report, July 10-12, 1995, Byrd Polar Research Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Columbus, Ohio: Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, 1995.
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Luntz, Stephen. Forensics, Fossils and Fruitbats. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097469.
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Forensics, Fossils and Fruitbats is a fascinating collection of more than 70 profiles of Australian scientists from 15 fields of physical, biological and medical science. These scientists have been selected because their research is inspiring, intriguing or simply quirky, or because they have taken an unusual or interesting path to the work they do.
Scientists at all stages of their careers are included, from PhD students through to some who have long retired. Readers will meet scientists who have been honoured as the elite of their fields, as well as many who contribute in the shadows.
Profiles include: a forensic archaeologist whose work has taken her from Antarctica to Pompeii; palaeontologists who revolutionised understanding of Australia’s dinosaurs; the founder of an independent rainforest research centre with a speciality in flying foxes; a computer scientist teaching computers to understand jokes; and the engineer behind technologies that could bring clear sight to a billion people and clean energy to billions more.
For anyone considering a career in science, Forensics, Fossils and Fruitbats provides insight into the challenges and triumphs of being a scientist. For everyone else, it is a rare peek into the reality of how science is done.
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Center, Byrd Polar Research, National Science Foundation (U.S.) Workshop, and National Science Foundation (U.S.). Workshop., eds. Latitudinal ecosystem (LAT-ECO) responses to climate across Victoria Land, Antarctica: Report of a National Science Foundation Workshop : Victoria Land, Antarctica, Coastal Biome, Marine-Terrestrial Biocomplexity Across a High Latitudinal Environmental Gradient, Byrd Polar Research Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, 26-29 April 2001. Columbus, Ohio: Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, 2001.
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Healey, Beth. "White Space: Applications of Research and Development Derived from Space Flight Analogues for Developing Solutions for Global Health Worldwide. Concordia, Antarctica Case Study." In Space Capacity Building in the XXI Century, 165–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21938-3_15.
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Welch, Kathleen A., and W. Berry Lyons. "Climate and Hydrologic Variations and Implications for Lake and Stream Ecological Response in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0019.
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Because polar regions may amplify what would be considered small to moderate climate changes at lower latitudes, Weller (1998) proposed that the monitoring of high latitude regions should yield early evidence of global climate change. In addition to the climate changes themselves, the connections between the polar regions and the lower latitudes have recently become of great interest to meteorologists and paleoclimatologists alike. In the southern polar regions, the direct monitoring of important climatic variables has taken place only for the last few decades, largely because of their remoteness. This of course limits the extent to which polar records can be related to low latitude records, even at multiyear to decadal timescales. Climatologists and ecologists are faced with the problem that, even though these high latitude regions may provide important clues to global climatic change, the lengths of available records are relatively short. The McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research (MCM LTER) program was established in 1993. This program built on the monitoring begun in the late 1960s by researchers from New Zealand, who collected records of climate, lake level, and stream discharge in the Wright Valley, Antarctica. Griffith Taylor’s field party obtained the first data related to lake level in 1903 as part of Scott’s Discovery expedition. Analysis of the more recent data from the New Zealand Antarctic and MCM LTER programs when compared to the 1903 datum indicates that the first half of the twentieth century was a period of steadily increasing streamflows, followed in the last half of the century by streamflows that have resulted in more slowly increasing or stable lake levels (Bomblies et al. 2001). Thus, meteorological and hydrological records generated by the MCM LTER research team, when coupled with past data and the ecological information currently being obtained, provide the first detailed attempt to understand the connection between ecosystem structure and function and climatic change in this region of Antarctica. In addition, the program helps to fill an important gap in the overall understanding of climatic variability in Antarctica.
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Smith, Raymond C., and William R. Fraser. "Climate Variability and Ecological Response of the Marine Ecosystem in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) Region." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0018.
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The Antarctic Peninsula, a relatively long, narrow extension of the Antarctic continent, defines a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to its south and the warm, moist maritime regime to its north. The potential for these contrasting climate regimes to shift in dominance from season to season and year to year creates a highly variable environment that is sensitive to climate perturbation. Consequently, long-term studies in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, which is the location of the Palmer LTER (figure 9.1), provide the opportunity to observe how climate-driven variability in the physical environment is related to changes in the marine ecosystem (Ross et al. 1996; Smith et al. 1996; Smith et al. 1999). This is a sea ice–dominated ecosystem where the annual advance and retreat of the sea ice is a major physical determinant of spatial and temporal change in its structure and function, from total annual primary production to the breeding success and survival of seabirds. Mounting evidence suggests that the earth is experiencing a period of rapid climate change, and air temperature records from the last half century confirm a statistically significant warming trend within the WAP during the past half century (King 1994; King and Harangozo 1998; Marshall and King 1998; Ross et al. 1996; Sansom 1989; Smith et al. 1996; Stark 1994; van den Broeke 1998; Weatherly et al. 1991). Air temperature–sea ice linkages appear to be very strong in the WAP region (Jacka 1990; Jacka and Budd 1991; King 1994; Smith et al. 1996; Weatherly et al. 1991), and a statistically significant anticorrelation between air temperatures and sea ice extent has been observed for this region. Consistent with this strong coupling, sea ice extent in the WAP area has trended down during this period of satellite observations, and the sea ice season has shortened. In addition, both air temperature and sea ice have been shown to be significantly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which suggests possible linkages among sea ice, cyclonic activity, and global teleconnections.
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Sapunov, Valentin. "Temperature in the Arctic and the Antarctic." In Handbook of Research on International Collaboration, Economic Development, and Sustainability in the Arctic, 416–27. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6954-1.ch019.
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This chapter aims at the consideration of world temperature dynamics and its prediction in the polar regions of the planet. The global warming started in the 17th century and has been progressing since then. The decline in average global temperature began in 1997. There exist various factors which affect the process, the abiotic ones being among the major in controlling the climate. The climate is also dependent on the interaction between abiotic, biotic, and social spheres. This system seems rather stable and not very much dependent on human activity. The effects of contemporary cooling are not expected to be significant for the mankind but are definitely important for the polar regions. In the Arctic, the temperature is increasing. The one in the Antarctic declines. The average global temperature thus becomes variable. Modern science is able to predict climate change, but extensive studies free of political and economic pressure have to be conducted.
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Fountain, Andrew G., and W. Berry Lyons. "Century- to Millennial-Scale Climate Change and Ecosystem Response in Taylor Valley, Antarctica." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0031.
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The view of climate change during the Pleistocene and the Holocene was very much different a mere decade ago. With the collection and detailed analyses of ice core records from both Greenland and Antarctica in the early and mid-1990s, respectively, the collective view of climate variability during this time period has changed dramatically. During the Pleistocene, at least as far back as 450,000 years b.p., abrupt and severe temperature fluctuations were a regular occurrence rather than the exception (Mayewski et al. 1996, 1998; Petit et al. 1999). During the Pleistocene, these rapid and large climatic fluctuations, initially identified in the ice core records, have been verified in both marine and lacustrine sediments as well (Bond et al. 1993; Grimm et al. 1993), suggesting large-scale (hemispheric to global) climate restructuring over very short periods of time (Mayewski et al. 1997). Similar types of climatic fluctuations, but with smaller amplitudes, have also occurred during the Holocene (O’Brien et al. 1995; Bond et al. 1997; Arz et al. 2001). What were the biological responses to these changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric chemistry? We must answer this question if we are to understand the century- to millennial-scale influence of climate on the structure and function of ecosystems. Because the polar regions are thought to be amplifiers of global climate change, these regions are ideal for investigating the response of ecological systems to, what in temperate regions might be considered, small-scale climatic variation. Our knowledge of past climatic variations in Antarctica comes from different types of proxy records, including ice core, geologic, and marine (Lyons et al. 1997). It is clear, however, that coastal Antarctica may respond to oceanic, atmospheric, and ice sheet–based climatic “drivers,” and therefore ice-free regions, such as the Mc- Murdo Dry Valleys, may respond to climate change in a much more complex manner than previously thought (R. Poreda, unpubl. data 2001). Since the initiation of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research program (MCM) in 1993, there has been a keen interest not only in the dynamics of the present day ecosystem, but also in the legacies produced via past climatic variation on the ecosystem. In this chapter we examine the current structure and function of the dry valleys ecosystem from the perspective of our work centered in Taylor Valley.
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Greenland, David. "An LTER Network Overview and Introduction to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Climatic Signal and Response." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0015.
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Part II of this book deals with the quasi-quintennial timescale that is dominated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. During the last 50 years, ENSO has operated with a recurrence interval between peak values of 2–7 years. The term quasi-quintennial is chosen to recognize that climatic events other than ENSO-related ones might occur at this timescale. The general significance of the ENSO phenomenon lies in its influence on natural and human ecosystems. It has been estimated that severe El Niño–related flooding and droughts in Africa, Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia resulted in more than 22,000 lives lost and more than $36 billion in damages during 1997– 1998 (Buizer et al. 2000). The specific significance of ENSO within the context of this book is that it provides fairly well-bounded climatic events for which specific ecological responses may be identified. In the other chapters in part II, we first look at the U.S. Southwest. The Southwest is home to an urban LTER site, the Central Arizona-Phoenix (CAP) site. Tony Brazel and Andrew Ellis describe the clear ENSO climatic signal at this site and identify surprising responses that cascade into the human/economic system. Ray Smith, Bill Fraser, and Sharon Stammerjohn provide more details of the fascinating ecological responses of the Palmer Antarctic ecosystem to ENSO. World maps of ENSO climatic signals do not usually show the Antarctic, and the LTER program provides some groundbreaking results at this location, with Smith and coworkers (see the Synthesis at the end of this part) providing such maps (figures S.1 and S.2). Kathy Welch and her colleagues present equally new discoveries related to freshwater aquatic ecosystems from the other Antarctic LTER site at the McMurdo Dry Valleys. This chapter gives a general introduction to ENSO and its climatic effects. How ever, these general patterns may mask the detailed responses that occur at individual locations. This is one reason for presenting the principal results of previous findings related to El Niños and LTER sites and one particular analysis focused on LTER sites. This analysis for the period 1957–1990 investigates the response of monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation standardized anomaly values to El Niño and La Niña events as indicated by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (Greenland 1999).
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Smith, Raymond C. "Introductory Overview." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0014.
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The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomena that has a worldwide impact on climate. An aperiodic phenomena that reoccurs every 2 to 7 years, the ENSO is second only to seasonal variability in driving worldwide weather patterns. As Greenland notes in chapter 6, the term “quasi-quintennial” is chosen to recognize that climatic events other than ENSO-related events might occur at this timescale, although it is widely recognized that ENSO contributes the lion’s share of the higher frequency variability in paleorecords of the past several thousand years. In this section, we consider variability with cycles of 2 to 7 years and the resulting ecological response. Although we emphasize the ENSO timescale in this section, there is growing evidence that this phenomena is neither spatially nor temporally stable over longer time periods. Indeed, Allan (2000) suggests the ENSO climatic variability must be viewed within the context of climate fluctuations at decadal to interdecadal timescales, which often modulate the higher frequency ENSO variability. As a consequence, results in this and the next section often display overlapping patterns of variability, and their separation is not sharply defined. An important theme in this section is the worldwide influence of ENSO-related climate variability. Greenland (chapter 6) provides an LTER network overview with an analysis of ENSO-related variability of temperature and precipitation records for many LTER sites from the Arctic to the Antarctic. He discusses the general nature of ENSO and its climatic effects, summarizes previous climate-related work in the LTER network, and provides a cross-site analysis of the correlations between the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and temperature and precipitation at LTER sites. His results are consistent with the expected patterns of the geography of ENSO effects on the climate. Greenland’s cross-site analysis provides the basis for studying climate variability and ecosystem response within the context of the series of framework questions that form an underlying theme for this volume. Brazel and Ellis (chapter 7) provide an excellent analysis of climate-related parameters within the context of ENSO indices. Reporting on the Central Arizona and Phoenix (CAP) LTER urban-rural ecosystem, these authors provide a comprehensive analysis linking water-related parameters to climate forcing, as indicated by these indexes. Their studies show a strong connection between ENSO and winter moisture in Arizona, perhaps making it possible to forecast impending conditions.
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Goodin, Douglas G., and Raymond C. Smith. "Century to Millennial Timescale—Synthesis." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0034.
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At longer timescales, the interaction among climate, ecosystems, and the abiotic components of the environment become increasingly important. These relationships are apparent in the three chapters in part IV. Fountain and Lyons (chapter 16), examining the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MCM) ecosystem in Antarctic, provide an excellent example of a case where past climatic variations truly dictate current ecosystem status. The relatively large climate variations at MCM have concentrated nutrients that could not have been attained without this climate variability. Fountain and Lyons infer climate change from geomorphic evidence of past glacier positions and lake level heights as well as more recent isotopic results from ice cores and temperature measurements from boreholes. They focus on evidence from the most recent 60,000 years. Monger (chapter 17) provides an analysis of millennial-scale climate and ecosystem variability at the Jornada LTER site in southern New Mexico. Monger notes the difficulty of untangling prehistoric climate/ecosystem interactions, where researchers must rely on indirect proxy indicators in lieu of measured data. Monger analyzes a number of proxy data sources, including paleolake levels, plant remnants preserved in packrat middens, fossil pollens, carbon isotope ratios in paleosols, and erosion rates. Although noting the danger of circular reasoning in using proxy data (i.e., ecosystem response used to infer information about climatic change, which is in turn inferred from ecosystem response) Monger uses these data to construct a cogent picture of climate change at the Jornada site (JRN) since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 18,000–20,000 years b.p. Using remains of beetles, Elias (chapter 18) constructs a temperature history of the Colorado Alpine since the LGM. These late Holocene insect records show a progression from warmer-than-modern to coolerthan- modern summers, and back to warm again. All the authors in this section provide examples to show that it is at century to millennial timescales that ecosystems form, are broken apart and imprinted by the past, and reformed in new configurations. The McMurdo Dry Valleys is the most poleward-terrestrial ecosystem where streams, lakes, and soil are interconnected. In this polar desert, the biotic system must adopt a strategy to survive the winter in isolation, and the disturbance and formation of the landscape has been primarily dictated by climate and associated abiotic processes. During the last glacial period, the Ross Ice shelf entered Taylor Valley, damming the valley and forming a 200-m-deep lake (23.8 kyrs).
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Smith, Raymond C., and Douglas G. Goodin. "Introductory Overview." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0030.
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Elias argues (chapter 18, p. 370) that ecosystems are shaped by environmental changes that have occurred over thousands of years so that the century to millennial timescale is of particular significance because “it is on these timescales that ecosystems form, break apart, and reform in new configurations.” Within this context, the authors for the three chapters in part IV evaluate evidence for climate variability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. They evaluate the biological responses to these longer term changes and highlight the importance of past climatic conditions on current ecosystem function. If we view, as Elias does, glacial climate as a filter through which ecosystems have passed, then variability since the LGM comprises a significant fraction of the biotic history that shaped current ecosystems. This is an overriding theme for this section. Fountain and Lyons (chapter 16), examining a dry valley ecosystem in Antarctica (MCM), evaluate various proxy records to establish the historic context of their landscape. They argue that this historical context is important for a full understanding of ecosystems and that it is especially important for the MCM ecosystem. Providing an excellent example of legacy, the effect of past imprints on current ecosystem function, they present evidence that past climatic variations truly dictate current ecosystem status. During the LGM, ice blocked the current Taylor Valley, forming a lake that contained phytoplankton and algal mats. Subsequent warming eliminated the blockage, drained the large lake, forming several smaller ones, and established the current landscape. The former large lake supplied nutrients to the soil and current lakes. Fountain and Lyons (p. 334) state that “the vital importance of climatic legacy in the dry valleys is due to its extreme environment, low biodiversity, and short food chains.” They also observe a “polar amplification,” whereby the sharp solid/liquid phase transition of water allows small changes in climate to produce relatively large variations in ecosystem response. The Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research site (JRN) is representative of the desert shrubland and desert grassland ecosystems of the southwestern United States. Monger (chapter 17) makes use of a range of biotic (packrat middens, fossil pollen), abiotic (chronological data on lake levels, position of alpine glaciers and rock glaciers) and soil-geomorphic evidence to create a working hypothesis of the bioclimatic changes during the last 20,000 years. There is a remarkable consistency in these proxy estimates given their diversity.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Dealing with Our Climate." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0012.
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We’re standing by the observatory at the top of the Telegrafenberg (Telegraph Hill) in the German city of Potsdam. The neoclassical building towers over its surroundings. The hill is situated in the former German Democratic Republic, close to the place where the Berlin Wall once stood. Through the slight haze, we can make out the contours of Berlin and the smoking chimneys of power stations. To our right is another hill, the Teufelsberg, with an American listening post as a relic of the cold war. Successive kaisers developed the Telegraph Hill in the nineteenth century, building a community of leading scientists there. Karl Schwarzschild used the telescope to produce his star catalog, the first in the world, while in the basement of the same building some 30 years earlier, Albert Michelson had studied light, measuring its speed and identifying certain inexplicable characteristics in the process. Albert Einstein worked here, too, basing his special theory of relativity on Michelson’s discoveries. “Fundamental natural phenomena have been isolated at this place,” says Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, which now occupies the brow of the Telegraph Hill. “For many years, scientists have withdrawn to the quiet of this hill to develop their ideas. My task today is to reverse that movement: Rather than isolating it, we want to bring knowledge together. And instead of withdrawing from the world, we have to engage with it—to make clear to people just where our climate is headed.” Schellnhuber has thrown himself into that task with considerable verve. He has been discussing scientific issues with German chancellor Angela Merkel, for instance. He knows that his climate message is a complex one, which is why Schellnhuber avoids statistically detailed predictions and focuses instead on a number of crucial “tipping points.” “How much change can the earth sustain? Can we afford to allow the West African monsoon to collapse? Or the Himalayan glaciers to melt away? Will we be able to preserve the ice in the Antarctic? What happens if the Amazon rainforest disappears?”
Conference papers on the topic "Antarctic Research Centre"
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Wilkman, Go¨ran, Tom Mattsson, and Mikko Niini. "First Experience in the Next Generation Ice Laboratory for Testing Ships and Structures." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92647.
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Ice model testing has a history of almost 50 years. The first basin started operation in the middle of 1950ies in Russia by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI). Ever since there has been a number of facilities built worldwide. In Finland the first facility was built by Wa¨rtsila¨ in 1969 for testing tankers intended for North-west passage (Manhattan project). In the eighties new facilities were built in Finland, Germany, Canada, Russia and Japan. In the present facility of Kvaerner Masa-Yards Arctic Technology (MARC) in Helsinki the operation started in 1983 under the name of Wa¨rtsila¨ Arctic Research Centre (WARC). The operation of the facility was originally planned to continue till 2011, but as part of the Helsinki City planning activity it was agreed that the facility is to end its successful work during 2005. In spring 2004 decisions were made by the new parent Aker Yards group and Aker Finnyards (that time Kvaerner Masa-Yards) to build a new facility and establish a separate company to handle ICE ISSUES for the whole Aker group. The new company, Aker Arctic Technology “AARC”, started operation in the beginning of 2005 and the new model testing facility was opened in February 2006. Aker Arctic Technology Inc. is owned by Aker Finnyards, Aker Kvaerner, Wa¨rtsila¨ and ABB. The services of the new company, in addition to the traditional model testing and related issues (environment studies, design bases and ship design concepts) will cover also total vessel design packages. This paper describes the novelties of the new ice model testing facility and reveals technical improvements, lessons learned and possibilities for more enhanced operation. Also the first experience in the new facility will be discussed.
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Panchi, Nabil, Uttam Verma, Ekaterina Kim, Nick Hughes, and Anirban Bhattacharyya. "Assessment of Uncertainty in Sea Ice Charts and Its Impact on Operational Planning in the Kara Sea Region." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79051.
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Abstract Ice charts play an important role in the planning of marine operations, including navigational guidance among other use cases (e.g., climate monitoring and model validation). With a growing number of vessels operating in dynamic sea ice cover and considering the November 2021 events when several ships were stuck and delayed in the Arctic waters, it becomes ever more important to have accurate and timely ice information as well as to account for the underlying uncertainties in the sea ice products. To this end, the present study evaluates the variability in estimated total sea ice concentration in ice charts of the Russian Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway). The weekly ice charts from AARI were compared with several daily charts from MET Norway for the corresponding week to discover any discrepancies in the reported sea ice concentration. Preliminary results of this study indicate seasonal as well as spatial trends in the absolute difference in total ice concentration between the two sea ice products. A higher difference in concentrations was observed in the western and the central regions of the Kara Sea which see a lot of ship traffic. Sensitivity of the results to the comparison approach is conducted and the found discrepancies between the two ice products are placed in the context of operational route planning.
Reports on the topic "Antarctic Research Centre"
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Cabrita, Maria Teresa, Ana David, and Gonçalo Vieira. Portuguese Polar Program Annual Report 2020. Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Universidade de Lisboa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33787/ceg20210001.
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The Portuguese Polar Program - PROPOLAR is funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ( based at Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território ( of the University of Lisbon ( The coordination of PROPOLAR is led by the Centro de Estudos Geográficos from Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território University of Lisbon (CEG/IGOT ULISBOA), under a Coordinating Committee that includes members from 4 other research centres, namely the Centro de Ciências do Mar University of Algarve (CCMAR UALG), the Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente University of Coimbra (MARE UC), the Centro de Química Estrutural from Instituto Superior Técnico University of Lisboa (CQE/IST ULISBOA), and the Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental University of Oporto (CIIMAR U PORTO) Gonçalo Vieira (CEG/IGOT ULISBOA) is the Head of the program The remarkable effort and commitment of the Portuguese Polar scientists, within the framework of the International Polar Year ( 2007 08 were key to promote awareness of the importance of Polar science and research for Portugal A strategic plan encompassing three main objectives was then set out to i creating a Portuguese Polar Program focused on polar research and innovation and supporting the young generation of Polar scientists,scientists,( signing the Antarctic Treaty, and ( implementing a national Polar education and outreach program With the support of the FCT, PROPOLAR started in 2007 Portugal ratified the Antarctic Treaty in 2010 and the Madrid Protocol in 2014 and has established liaisons with major international Polar scientific and management organisations and networks PROPOLAR in close connection with the FCT, has ensured consolidation and sustainability of the development of Portuguese Polar science