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Academic literature on the topic 'Antarctic Ocean'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Antarctic Ocean"

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Sirenko, B. I. "First finding of a widely distributed Antarctic chiton species (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the North Pacific." Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 29, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2019.29(1).3.

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For the first time, the widely spread Antarctic species Leptochiton antarcticus was found at the Emperor Seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean. In spite of a large distance between the Emperor Seamounts and Antarctica, the found specimen have very similar shell, girdle, radula and gill features to the type material. I propose that L. antarcticus spread to the North Pacific from the Antarctic via a deep-water current near the ocean floor, and perhaps it inhabits the slopes of islands and continents from the South Ocean to the Emperor Seamounts.
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Jacka, Tim H., William F. Budd, and Andrew Holder. "A further assessment of surface temperature changes at stations in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean, 1949–2002." Annals of Glaciology 39 (2004): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781813907.

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AbstractStatistical analyses are carried out, of the annual mean surface air temperature at occupied stations and automatic weather stations in the Antarctic and Southern and Pacific Oceans. The data are studied in four groupings: coastal Antarctica (excluding the Antarctic Peninsula), inland Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula and the Southern Ocean/Pacific Ocean islands. We find that within each of these four groupings the average trend indicates warming. For coastal Antarctica the trend is ∼0.8°C(100 a)–1. Inland, the results are less clear, but the mean trend is to a warming of ∼1.0°C(100 a)–1. For the Peninsula stations it is ∼4.4°C(100 a)–1, and for the ocean stations the average trend is ∼0.8°C(100 a)–1. The results indicate a reduction in the warming trend since our last analysis 6 years ago. While the Pinatubo (Philippines) volcanic eruption may have had some influence on this reduction in the warming rate, examination of the interannual variations in the temperature record shows variability has continued high since the recovery from any such effect. There has been a further period of cooler temperatures in coastal and inland Antarctica in that time, yet a warmer period in the Peninsula and ocean islands.
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Jun, Sang-Yoon, Joo-Hong Kim, Jung Choi, Seong-Joong Kim, Baek-Min Kim, and Soon-Il An. "The internal origin of the west-east asymmetry of Antarctic climate change." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (June 2020): eaaz1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1490.

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Recent Antarctic surface climate change has been characterized by greater warming trends in West Antarctica than in East Antarctica. Although this asymmetric feature is well recognized, its origin remains poorly understood. Here, by analyzing observation data and multimodel results, we show that a west-east asymmetric internal mode amplified in austral winter originates from the harmony of the atmosphere-ocean coupled feedback off West Antarctica and the Antarctic terrain. The warmer ocean temperature over the West Antarctic sector has positive feedback, with an anomalous upper-tropospheric anticyclonic circulation response centered over West Antarctica, in which the strength of the feedback is controlled by the Antarctic topographic layout and the annual cycle. The current west-east asymmetry of Antarctic surface climate change is undoubtedly of natural origin because no external factors (e.g., orbital or anthropogenic factors) contribute to the asymmetric mode.
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Wang, Hailong, Jeremy G. Fyke, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Jesse M. Nusbaumer, Hansi Singh, David Noone, Philip J. Rasch, and Rudong Zhang. "Influence of sea-ice anomalies on Antarctic precipitation using source attribution in the Community Earth System Model." Cryosphere 14, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-429-2020.

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Abstract. We conduct sensitivity experiments using a general circulation model that has an explicit water source tagging capability forced by prescribed composites of pre-industrial sea-ice concentrations (SICs) and corresponding sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to understand the impact of sea-ice anomalies on regional evaporation, moisture transport and source–receptor relationships for Antarctic precipitation in the absence of anthropogenic forcing. Surface sensible heat fluxes, evaporation and column-integrated water vapor are larger over Southern Ocean (SO) areas with lower SICs. Changes in Antarctic precipitation and its source attribution with SICs have a strong spatial variability. Among the tagged source regions, the Southern Ocean (south of 50∘ S) contributes the most (40 %) to the Antarctic total precipitation, followed by more northerly ocean basins, most notably the South Pacific Ocean (27%), southern Indian Ocean (16 %) and South Atlantic Ocean (11 %). Comparing two experiments prescribed with high and low pre-industrial SICs, respectively, the annual mean Antarctic precipitation is about 150 Gt yr−1 (or 6 %) more in the lower SIC case than in the higher SIC case. This difference is larger than the model-simulated interannual variability in Antarctic precipitation (99 Gt yr−1). The contrast in contribution from the Southern Ocean, 102 Gt yr−1, is even more significant compared to the interannual variability of 35 Gt yr−1 in Antarctic precipitation that originates from the Southern Ocean. The horizontal transport pathways from individual vapor source regions to Antarctica are largely determined by large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Vapor from lower-latitude source regions takes elevated pathways to Antarctica. In contrast, vapor from the Southern Ocean moves southward within the lower troposphere to the Antarctic continent along moist isentropes that are largely shaped by local ambient conditions and coastal topography. This study also highlights the importance of atmospheric dynamics in affecting the thermodynamic impact of sea-ice anomalies associated with natural variability on Antarctic precipitation. Our analyses of the seasonal contrast in changes of basin-scale evaporation, moisture flux and precipitation suggest that the impact of SIC anomalies on regional Antarctic precipitation depends on dynamic changes that arise from SIC–SST perturbations along with internal variability. The latter appears to have a more significant effect on the moisture transport in austral winter than in summer.
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Lu, C. C., and R. Williams. "Contribution to the biology of squid in the Prydz Bay region, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000349.

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The teuthoid fauna of the Prydz Bay region of the Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean sector) has been studied based on the material collected from 1981–1991 using a rectangular midwater trawl (RMT-8), pelagic trawl (IYGPT), and bottom trawl. Eight species of squid have been recognized: Brachioteuthis sp., Kondakovia longimana, Bathyteuthis abyssicola, Psychroteuthis glacialis, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Mastigoteuthis psychrophila, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni and Galiteuthis glacialis. Size frequency distribution, geographical and vertical distributions of each species as well as diets of common species are analysed. There is no evidence of a diel vertical migration but ontogenetic descent appears to occur in P. glacialis and G. glacialis. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba and the Antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum are important prey for most species with cannibalism occurring in P. glacialis, A. antarcticus and M. hamiltoni. Equations for calculating total weight from mantle length, and mantle length and total weight from upper and lower rostral length are provided for B. abyssicola, P. glacialis, A. antarcticus, M. psychrophila, and G. glacialis.
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Cunningham, Stuart A. "Southern Ocean circulation." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.265.

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The Discovery Investigations of the 1930s provided a compelling description of the main elements of the Southern Ocean circulation. Over the intervening years, this has been extended to include ideas on ocean dynamics based on physical principles. In the modern description, the Southern Ocean has two main circulations that are intimately linked: a zonal (west-east) circumpolar circulation and a meridional (north-south) overturning circulation. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports around 140 million cubic metres per second west to east around Antarctica. This zonal circulation connects the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, transferring and blending water masses and properties from one ocean basin to another. For the meridional circulation, a key feature is the ascent of waters from depths of around 2,000 metres north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the surface south of the Current. In so doing, this circulation connects deep ocean layers directly to the atmosphere. The circumpolar zonal currents are not stable: meanders grow and separate, creating eddies and these eddies are critical to the dynamics of the Southern Ocean, linking the zonal circumpolar and meridional circulations. As a result of this connection, a global three-dimensional ocean circulation exists in which the Southern Ocean plays a central role in regulating the Earth's climate.
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England, Matthew H., David K. Hutchinson, Agus Santoso, and Willem P. Sijp. "Ice–Atmosphere Feedbacks Dominate the Response of the Climate System to Drake Passage Closure." Journal of Climate 30, no. 15 (August 2017): 5775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0554.1.

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The response of the global climate system to Drake Passage (DP) closure is examined using a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice model. Unlike most previous studies, a full three-dimensional atmospheric general circulation model is included with a complete hydrological cycle and a freely evolving wind field, as well as a coupled dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice module. Upon DP closure the initial response is found to be consistent with previous ocean-only and intermediate-complexity climate model studies, with an expansion and invigoration of the Antarctic meridional overturning, along with a slowdown in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production. This results in a dominance of Southern Ocean poleward geostrophic flow and Antarctic sinking when DP is closed. However, within just a decade of DP closure, the increased southward heat transport has melted back a substantial fraction of Antarctic sea ice. At the same time the polar oceans warm by 4°–6°C on the zonal mean, and the maximum strength of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies weakens by ≃10%. These effects, not captured in models without ice and atmosphere feedbacks, combine to force Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) to warm and freshen, to the point that this water mass becomes less dense than NADW. This leads to a marked contraction of the Antarctic overturning, allowing NADW to ventilate the abyssal ocean once more. Poleward heat transport settles back to very similar values as seen in the unperturbed DP open case. Yet remarkably, the equilibrium climate in the closed DP configuration retains a strong Southern Hemisphere warming, similar to past studies with no dynamic atmosphere. However, here it is ocean–atmosphere–ice feedbacks, primarily the ice-albedo feedback and partly the weakened midlatitude jet, not a vigorous southern sinking, which maintain the warm polar oceans. This demonstrates that DP closure can drive a hemisphere-scale warming with polar amplification, without the presence of any vigorous Southern Hemisphere overturning circulation. Indeed, DP closure leads to warming that is sufficient over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to inhibit ice-sheet growth. This highlights the importance of the DP gap, Antarctic sea ice, and the associated ice-albedo feedback in maintaining the present-day glacial state over Antarctica.
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Bell, Robin E., and Helene Seroussi. "History, mass loss, structure, and dynamic behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet." Science 367, no. 6484 (March 19, 2020): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5489.

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Antarctica contains most of Earth’s fresh water stored in two large ice sheets. The more stable East Antarctic Ice Sheet is larger and older, rests on higher topography, and hides entire mountain ranges and ancient lakes. The less stable West Antarctic Ice Sheet is smaller and younger and was formed on what was once a shallow sea. Recent observations made with several independent satellite measurements demonstrate that several regions of Antarctica are losing mass, flowing faster, and retreating where ice is exposed to warm ocean waters. The Antarctic contribution to sea level rise has reached ~8 millimeters since 1992. In the future, if warming ocean waters and increased surface meltwater trigger faster ice flow, sea level rise will accelerate.
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TAVARES, MARCOS, and GUSTAVO A. S. DE MELO. "Discovery of the first known benthic invasive species in the Southern Ocean: the North Atlantic spider crab Hyas araneus found in the Antarctic Peninsula." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004001877.

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The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is no longer free from invasive marine species. The North Atlantic spider crab Hyas araneus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Majidae) has been recorded for the first time from the Antarctic Peninsula. Isolated for at least 25 million years, the endemic Antarctic Southern Ocean marine fauna is now being exposed to human-mediated influx of exotic species. Invasive species and polar warming combined can foster the probability of arrival and colonization by non-indigenous species, with unpredictable consequences for the Antarctic marine biota.
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Chown, Steven L., and Cassandra M. Brooks. "The State and Future of Antarctic Environments in a Global Context." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44, no. 1 (October 17, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033236.

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Antarctica and the Southern Ocean comprise a critical part of the Earth System. Their environments are better understood than ever before, yet the region remains poorly considered among international agreements to improve the state of the global environment. In part the situation owes to isolated regional regulation within the Antarctic Treaty System, and in part to the dated notion that Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are well conserved and relatively free from human impact. Here we review growth in knowledge of Antarctic environments and anthropogenic pressures on them. We show that the region's unusual diversity is facing substantial local and globally mediated anthropogenic pressure, on a par with environments globally. Antarctic environmental management and regulation is being challenged to keep pace with the change. Much benefit can be derived from consideration of Antarctic environmental and resource management in the context of global agreements.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antarctic Ocean"

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Williams, Adam Peter. "Antarctic climate : ocean fluxes and variability." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/63753/.

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The Southern Ocean plays a major role in the global overturning circulation, providing an important route for the return flow of deep water subducted in the North Atlantic. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) provided an unprecedented picture of the state of the world’s oceans and set new standards for high quality in-situ hydrographic data. This study combines the existing WOCE data set with new hydrographic sections, and output from global and regional ocean models to examine the mean state of the Southern Ocean circulation and the balance of fluxes around the Antarctic Circumpolar current. A historical data set in the region of Drake Passage is examined to study the large-scale water mass variability between 1926-2005. The water mass properties of the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water is constant within error bounds throughout the data set. A warming and freshening signal in the surface waters from 1997-2005 to the north of the Sub-Antarctic Front along SR01b is also presented. The major part of this work is based around an inverse study of the Southern Ocean that combines the WOCE data-set with contemporary sections, and other forcing fields to examine the balance of fluxes throughout the Southern Ocean. The study examines the effect of different parameterisations of the dianeutral mixing in the Southern Ocean, in light of the differing views of localised deep turbulent mixing from observations, and an adiabatic ocean interior from residual mean studies, The freshwater balance in the model is presented and its implications on the water mass formation and transformation of the upper and lower cells of the overturning circulation is discussed in detail.
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Lange, Louise. "Feeding dynamics and distribution of the hyperiid amphipod, Themisto gaudichaudii (Guérin, 1828) in the polar frontal zone, Southern Ocean." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005382.

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The population structure and feeding dynamics of the hyperiid amphipod, Themisto gaudichaudii, was investigated during two cruises of the South African National Antarctic Programme conducted in the Indian sector of the Polar Frontal Zone during austral autumn (April) 2004 and 2005. During the 2004 cruise the frontal features that delimit the PFZ converged to form a single distinctive feature. In 2005, the research cruise was conducted in the vicinity of a cold-core eddy which was spawned from the Antarctic Polar Front. Total mesozooplankton abundance and biomass during the 2004 study ranged from 55.19 to 860.57 ind. m⁻³, and from 2.60 to 38.42 mg dwt m⁻³, respectively. In 2005 the abundance and biomass ranged from 23.1 to 2160.64 ind. m⁻³, and from 0.76 to 35.16 mg dwt m⁻³, respectively. The mesozooplankton community was numerically dominated by copepods, pteropods, and ostracods during both surveys. The abundance and biomass of Themisto gaudichaudii in the region of investigation was < 0.2 ind. m⁻³ (range 0.01 to 0.15 ind. m⁻³) and < 0.06 mg dwt m⁻³ (range 0.02 to 0.06 mg dwt m⁻³) during 2004, while in 2005 the abundance and biomass of the amphipod ranged from < 0.01 to 0.2 ind. m⁻³ and < 0.01 to 0.04 mg dwt m⁻³, respectively. These values correspond to < 1% of the total mesozooplankton abundance and biomass during both surveys. T. gaudichaudii exhibited no significant spatial patterns in abundance, biomass and total length during both 2004 and 2005 (p > 0.05 in all cases). A key feature of the two investigations was the virtual absence of juveniles (total length < 15 mm) among the amphipod population, supporting the suggestion that they exhibit strong seasonal patterns in reproduction. Gut content analysis during both years indicated that for both the male and female amphipods’, copepods were the most prevalent prey species found in stomachs, followed by chaetognaths and pteropods. Results of electivity studies indicate that T. gaudichaudii is an opportunistic predator, generally feeding on the most abundant mesozooplankton prey. Results of in vitro incubations indicated that the total daily feeding rate of T. gaudichaudii during 2004 ranged from 11.45 to 20.90 ind. m⁻³ d⁻¹, which corresponds to between 0.12 and 1.64% of the total mesozooplankton standing stock. In 2005, the feeding rate ranged between 0.1 and 1.73% of the total mesozooplankton standing stock. The low predation impact of T. gaudichaudii during this study can be related to their low abundances and high interannual variability throughout the region of investigation.
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Zanowski, Hannah Marietta. "The Influence of Antarctic Open-Ocean Polynyas on the Abyssal Ocean." Thesis, Princeton University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10248291.

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In the mid-1970s, an enormous open-ocean polynya developed in the Weddell Sea. Since the Weddell Polynya's occurrence, no polynya of similar size or duration has been observed in the region. A polynya of this magnitude could significantly affect global abyssal ocean properties via increased Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation and large Weddell Sea water mass property perturbations. However, the scarcity of 1970s Weddell Sea observations, coupled with the sparseness of abyssal ocean observations, make it difficult to study this phenomenon's oceanic impact without models. This dissertation examines the influence of Weddell Polynyas on abyssal ocean water mass properties and circulation using the GFDL CM2G coupled climate model.

Abyssal ocean temperature, salinity, and water mass changes resulting from Weddell Polynyas are quantified in CM2G and compared to observations. The model polynyas initially cool the abyssal Southern Ocean and South Atlantic, but 2-3 decades after polynya cessation the same regions warm as they relax toward their mean state. Composites of multiple, spontaneously-occurring polynyas in CM2G reveal that up to 10% of recently observed warming in the abyssal Southern Ocean could be the result of the 1970s Weddell Polynya recovery.

Weddell Polynya transport mechanisms are also investigated. Polynya signal transport is governed by two processes acting on different timescales and spreading at different rates: 1) topographic and planetary waves that act on interannual-to-decadal timescales, and 2) advection that acts on decadal-to-centennial timescales. Both mechanisms generate property changes on isobaths. Despite different spreading rates, the advective and wave signals act contemporaneously in many Southern Hemisphere abyssal basins. The combined effect and relative magnitude of the two signals dictates the prevailing property changes.

During Weddell Polynyas, vigorous exchange occurs between the surface and deep waters, resulting in increased abyssal ventilation. In climate models, ideal age tracer is often used to investigate oceanic ventilation. This tracer suffers from several flaws that detract from its suitability as a ventilation diagnostic. We develop a new tracer, ?-age, that rectifies some of ideal age's problematic aspects and examine its utility in an offline tracer model.

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Sheen, Katy Louise. "Seismic oceanography : imaging the antarctic circumpolar current." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609132.

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Daly, Ryan. "Trophodynamics of mesozooplankton in the the vicinity of the subtropical convergence in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005479.

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The trophodynamics of the numerically dominant mesozooplankton (200-2000 m) in the vicinity of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during austral autumn (April / May) 2007 were investigated as part of the Southern Ocean Ecosystem Variability Study. The survey consisted of six north-south transects each bisecting the STC between 38º to 43ºS and 38º to 41º45’E. In total, 48 stations situated at 30 nautical mile intervals were occupied over a period of ten days. Hydrographic data revealed a well defined surface and sub-surface expression of the STC, which appeared to meander considerably between 41ºS and 41º15’S. Surface chlorophyll-a (chla) concentrations were low, ranging between 0.08 and 0.68 mg chl-a.m-3 and were generally dominated by the picophytoplankton (<2 m) which made up 66.6% (SD±17.6) of the total pigment. Chl-a concentrations integrated over the top 150m of the water column ranged between 11.97 and 40.07 mg chl-a.m-2 and showed no significant spatial patterns (p>0.05). Total integrated mesozooplankton abundance and biomass during the study ranged between 3934.9 and 308521.4 ind.m-2 (mean = 47198.19; SD±62411.4 ind.m-2) and between 239.8 and 4614.3 mg Dwt.m-2 (mean = 1338.58; SD ±1060.5), respectively. Again, there were no significant spatial patterns in the total mesozooplankton abundance or biomass within the region of study (p>0.05). No significant correlations were found between biological (chlorophyll-a concentrations and zooplankton abundance) and physico-chemical variables (temperature and salinity) (p>0.05). The total mesozooplankton community was numerically dominated by copepods of the genera Pleuromamma, Calanus, Oncaea and Oithona. Other important representatives of the mesozooplankton community included the tunicate, Salpa thompsoni, and the pteropod, Limacina retroversa. At the 40% similarity level, numerical analysis identified five distinct mesozooplankton groupings within the survey area. Differences between the groupings were associated with changes in the relative contribution of numerically dominant species rather than the presence or absence of individual species. No groupings were associated with any specific feature of the front within the survey area. The feeding rates of the six most numerically abundant mesozooplankton species (Calanus simillimus, Limacina retroversa, Pleuromamma abdominalis, Clausocalanus breviceps, Oncaea conifera, Salpa thompsoni) accounting for on average 39% of the total mesozooplankton counts, were investigated using the gut fluorescence technique. For all species, the total gut pigment contents during the night time were significantly higher than the daytime values (p<0.05 for all species). The gut evacuation rates (k) for selected mesozooplankton ranged between 0.14 and 0.81 h-1. The ingestion rates ranged between 147.8 and 5495.4 ng(pigm)ind-1.day-1 which corresponded to a daily ration of between 2.4 and 10.9% body carbon. The combined grazing impact of the selected species on the daily phytoplankton standing stock was highly variable and ranged between 1.2 and 174.1% with an average of 27.3% (SD±38.78%) within the survey area. The highest grazing impact (>60%) was typically associated with those stations where the pteropod, L. retroversa, and the tunicate, S. thompsoni, contributed more than 5% of the total mesozooplankton counts. No significant differences were found in the grazing impact of any or all selected species situated either north, south or in the immediate vicinity of the front (p>0.05 in all cases). The lack of defined spatial patterns in the mesozooplankton abundance and community structure suggests that the STC did not act as a significant biogeographic barrier to the distribution of mesozooplankton during the study. It is presumed that the large scale mixing event caused by a storm prior to this study was responsible for the observed lack of elevated biological activity within the region of the STC.
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Scolardi, Kerri M. "Distribution, Metabolism and Trophic Ecology of the Antarctic Cydippid Ctenophore, Callianira antarctica, West of the Antarctic Peninsula." Scholar Commons, 2004. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1240.

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The distribution, abundance, chemical composition, metabolism, and feeding ecology of the tentaculate ctenophore, Callianira antarctica (Chun 1897), were investigated during austral winter 2001and autumn & winter 2002, in the vicinity of Marguerite Bay west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Callianira antarctica had a widespread distribution during autumn and winter, and variable abundance (0.02 to 2.6 ind. m-2) during winter 2001 associated with specific circulation features. Size frequency distributions for autumn and winter suggest that more than half of the C. antarctica population may have experienced 'degrowth' during winter due to low food availability. Callianira antarctica is a fairly robust ctenophore with geometric mean (geomean) carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) values of 8.41 and 1.83% dry weight (DW), respectively. Winter oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion rates ranged from 0.059 to 0.410 micro l O2 [mg DW]-1 h-1 and 0.60 to 31.1 µg-at N [g DW]-1 h-1, respectively, at 0oC. Daily minimum maintenance rations based on respiration experiments were 2.7% to 3.6% of the total body carbon (TBC) for small ctenophores, and 1.4% to 1.9% TBC for larger ctenophores. Calanoid copepods and larval and juvenile Antarctic krill were offered to ctenophores in incubation experiments. Digestion times were variable, lasting 8 to 20 h, and were independent of ctenophore size and dependent on number and type of prey. Gut content analysis from one autumn and two winter seasons indicated C. antarctica preyed on both copepods and krill in situ, with an increased dependence on larval krill during winter. Lipid biomarker analysis on C. antarctica and their potential prey confirmed these results. Divers observed aggregations of C. antarctica passively drifting with tentacles extended near dense concentrations of larval Euphausia superba during winter. These observations along with gut content and lipid biomarker analysis suggest that larval krill is an important prey item for C. antarctica during winter.
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Berkman, Paul Arthur, A. J. T. Jull, and Toshio Nakamura. "Old water in the ocean : the Antarctic radiocarbon reservoir." 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター 天然放射性元素測定小委員会, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13469.

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Silva, Tiago Araújo Marques da. "Quantifying Antarctic icebergs and their melting in the ocean." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14902/.

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From the Antarctic Ice Sheet calves every year into the Southern Ocean, an average of 2000 km3 of icebergs. The meltwater is spread over a large area in the Southern Ocean but the large temporal variability in iceberg calving and the clustering of iceberg distribution means that meltwater injection can be locally very high. This study quantifies iceberg distribution, movement and melting using remote sensing observations and modelling. Icebergs were detected and tracked on Synthetic Aperture Radar images using a new computer-based iceberg detection method. The method allows an efficient and systematic processing of large volumes of SAR images, necessary to build a climatology of icebergs in the Southern Ocean. Tests were conducted using ground data from a field campaign and against manual image classification. The method was applied to several SAR image collections, namely the RADARS AT RAMP mosaic for the totality of coastal Antarctica, providing the first picture of iceberg distribution over such a large area. Giant icebergs (icebergs above 100 km2 in area) were shown to carry over half the total mass of the Antarctic iceberg population. Estimates of the spatial distribution of giant iceberg melting over the ocean were made using observed tracks and modelling the melting and spreading along its path. The modelling of basal melting was tested using ICESat laser altimetry to measure the reduction in the freeboard of three giant icebergs in the Ross. The distribution of meltwater for giant icebergs was combined with an existing simulation of meltwater distribution from smaller icebergs to produce the first map of total iceberg meltwater for the Southern Ocean. The iceberg contribution to the freshwater flux is shown to be relevant to both the Weddell Sea and the Southern Ocean south of the Polar Front.
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Van, Horsten Natasha. "Photosynthetic response of Southern Ocean phytoplankton under iron and light limitations : bioassay experiments." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97861.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Southern Ocean (SO) is of significant interest in the understanding of the global carbon cycle and therefore many studies have been conducted to determine the limiting factors controlling the biological pump within the region. During photosynthesis phytoplankton require various nutrients such as NO3, PO4, inorganic carbon and the micronutrient Fe. The SO is a High-Nutrient Low-Chlorophyll region, therefore no macronutrient limitation is experienced by resident phytoplankton but instead the micronutrient Fe is a significant limiting factor within these waters due to limited inputs. Due to deep mixed layer depths, ice cover, low sun angles and cloud cover throughout parts of the year, light is also considered a limiting factor in the SO. Fe and light limitation cause a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and therefore a decrease in carbon fixation capabilities. During this study we conducted five bioassay shipboard incubation experiments during two cruises along the Greenwich meridian between South Africa and the ice edge, SOSCEx during March and SAFePool during January to February, in which we varied Fe concentrations and light levels to determine the effects of Fe and light limitation or co-limitation within resident phytoplankton. Spatial and temporal variations in phytoplankton response were studied to determine varying effects of limitation across water masses and different stages of bloom decline within the study area. The combined addition of Fe and light gave the largest increase in biomass, photosynthetic capacity and nutrient uptake. In support of the hypotheses tested changes in the photosynthetic apparatus led to changes in the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of the SO phytoplankton, as a result of variations in Fe and light availability. Variability was also observed in the response of phytoplankton to Fe and light amendments due to spatial and temporal variation in resident phytoplankton communities. It was therefore concluded that both Fe and light are significant controls in the resident phytoplankton photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic capabilities, organic carbon fixation and therefore the biogeochemical cycles within the Atlantic sector of the SO.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suidelike Oseaan (SO) is van beduidende belang in die begrip van die globale koolstofsiklus en dus is baie studies gedoen om die beperkende faktore te bepaal wat die biologiese pomp in die streek beheer. Tydens fotosintese benodig fitoplankton verskillende voedingstowwe soos NO3, PO4, anorganiese koolstof en die mikrovoedingstof Fe. Die SO is 'n High-Nutrient Lae-Chlorofil streek, dus word geen makrovoedingstof beperking ervaar deur inwoner fitoplankton maar in plaas daarvan is die mikrovoedingstof Fe 'n beduidende beperkende faktor binne hierdie waters weens beperkte insette. As gevolg van diep gemengde laag dieptes, ysbedekking, lae son hoeke en wolkbedekking deur dele van die jaar, word lig ook beskou as 'n beperkende faktor in die SO. Fe en lig beperking veroorsaak 'n afname in die fotosintetiese doeltreffendheid en dus 'n afname in koolstof binding vermoëns. Tydens hierdie studie het ons vyf biotoets inkubasie eksperimente aan boord die skeep gedoen tydens twee vaarte langs die Greenwich meridiaan tussen Suid-Afrika en die ys rand, SOSCEx gedurende Maart en SAFePool gedurende Januarie tot Februarie, waarin ons Fe konsentrasies en lig vlakke gewissel het om die gevolge van Fe en lig beperking, of medebeperking, binne inwoner fitoplankton te bepaal. Ruimtelike en temporale variasies in fitoplankton reaksie was bestudeer om wisselende gevolge van die beperking oor watermassas en verskillende stadiums van bloei afname in die studie area te bepaal. Die gekombineerde byvoeging van Fe en lig het die grootste toename in biomassa, fotosintetiese kapasiteit en voedingsopname gegee. Ter ondersteuning van die getoetste hipoteses, veranderinge in die fotosintetiese apparaat het gelei tot veranderinge in die fotosintetiese doeltreffendheid en groei van die SO fitoplankton, as 'n gevolg van variasies in Fe en lig beskikbaarheid. Veranderlikheid is ook waargeneem in die reaksie van fitoplankton om Fe en lig wysigings weens die ruimtelike en tydelike variasie in inwoner fitoplankton gemeenskappe. Dus was dit by die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beide Fe en lig beduidende kontrole in die inwoner fitoplankton fotosintetiese apparaat, fotosintetiese vermoëns, organiese koolstof binding en daarom die biogeochemiese siklusse binne die Atlantiese sektor van die SO.
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Makowski, Jessica. "Understanding Transport Variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Using Ocean Bottom Pressure." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4915.

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Previous studies have suggested that ocean bottom pressure (OBP) can be used to measure the transport variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The OBP observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) are used to calculate transport along the choke point between Antarctica and Australia. Statistical analysis will be conducted to determine the uncertainty of the GRACE observations using a simulated data set. There has been some evidence to suggest that Southern Hemisphere winds and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) or the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) play a significant role in accelerating/decelerating ACC transport, along with some contribution from buoyancy forcing. We will examine whether average zonal wind stress, wind stress curl, local zonal winds, or the SAM are representative of the low frequency zonal mass transport variability. Preliminary studies suggest that seasonal variation in transport across the Australia-Antarctica choke point is driven by winds along and north of the northern front of the ACC, the Sub Tropical front (STF). It also appears that interannual variations in transport are related to wind variations centered south of the Sub Antarctic Front (SAF). We have observed a strong negative correlation/positive correlation across the STF of the ACC in the Indian Ocean, which suggests wind stress curl may also be responsible for transport variations.
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Books on the topic "Antarctic Ocean"

1

Stone, Lynn M. The Antarctic Ocean. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Book Co., 1995.

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Sahrhage, Dietrich, ed. Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4.

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Scientific Seminar on Antarctic Ocean Variability and its Influence on Marine Living Resources, Particularly Krill (1987 Paris, France). Antarctic Ocean and resources variability. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Kock, K. H. Antarctic fish and fisheries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Hislop, Cheryle. Protecting the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. Hobart: University of Tasmania Law School Press, 2004.

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Morozov, Eugene G., Mikhail V. Flint, and Vassily A. Spiridonov, eds. Antarctic Peninsula Region of the Southern Ocean. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78927-5.

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National Seminar on Antarctic Geoscience, Ocean-atmosphere Interaction and Paleoclimatology (2003 Velha Goa, India). Antarctic geoscience, ocean-atmosphere interaction and paleoclimatology. Edited by Rajan S, Pandey Prem Chand, and National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (India). Goa: National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research, 2012.

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Sarukhani͡an, Ė I. Structure and variability of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Edited by Smirnov N. P. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1986.

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Fukuchi, Mitsuo. Antarctic fishes: Illustrated in the Gyotaku method. [Kenthurst], N.S.W: Rosenberg Publishing, 2006.

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L, LaBrecque John, Ocean Margin Drilling Program, and Marine Science International, eds. South Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Antarctic continental margin. Woods Hole, MA: Marine Science International, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antarctic Ocean"

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Brandt, A., C. De Broyer, B. Ebbe, K. E. Ellingsen, A. J. Gooday, D. Janussen, S. Kaiser, et al. "Southern Ocean Deep Benthic Biodiversity." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 291–334. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444347241.ch10.

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Trathan, Phil N., Jaume Forcada, and Eugene J. Murphy. "Environmental Forcing and Southern Ocean Marine Predator Populations." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 335–53. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444347241.ch11.

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Augstein, Ernst. "Future Ocean-Atmosphere Research in the Antarctic Region." In Antarctic Science, 278–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78711-9_17.

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Tréguer, Paul. "The Southern Ocean: Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate Changes." In Antarctic Science, 110–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78711-9_9.

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Macaya, Erasmo C., Fadia Tala, Iván A. Hinojosa, and Eva Rothäusler. "Detached Seaweeds as Important Dispersal Agents Across the Southern Ocean." In Antarctic Seaweeds, 59–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39448-6_4.

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Clarke, A. "Temperature and Evolution: Southern Ocean Cooling and the Antarctic Marine Fauna." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 9–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_2.

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Laskowski, Zdzisław, and Krzysztof Zdzitowiecki. "Acanthocephalans in Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic." In Biodiversity and Evolution of Parasitic Life in the Southern Ocean, 141–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46343-8_8.

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Jouventin, P., and H. Weimerskirch. "Long-Term Changes in Seabird and Seal Populations in the Southern Ocean." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 208–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_22.

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Trivelpiece, W. Z., S. G. Trivelpiece, G. R. Geupel, J. Kjelmyr, and N. J. Volkman. "Adélie and Chinstrap Penguins: Their Potential as Monitors of the Southern Ocean Marine Ecosystem." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 191–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_20.

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Kock, K. H., and F. W. Köster. "The State of Exploited Fish Stocks in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 308–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antarctic Ocean"

1

Zhang, Hongyan, Shoko Hosoi-Tanabe, Shinichi Nagata, Syuhei Ban, and Satoshi Imura. "Cultivation and Characterization of Microorganisms in Antarctic Lakes." In OCEANS 2008 - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanskobe.2008.4531040.

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Ahn, Se-Jin, Woo-Seong An, Tak-Kee Lee, and Kyungsik Choi. "An Analysis on the Change of Ship Speed According to Ice Load Signal in Continuous Icebreaking and Ramming." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77638.

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Recently, the research activities by domestic and overseas researchers using the Korean ice-breaking research vessel, ARAON have been actively conducted. The ARAON regularly operates for research activities in the Antarctic and the Arctic Ocean every year. She conducts many scientific and engineering tasks including ice load measurement, investigation of the properties of material strength for sea ice, and icebreaking performance test during her voyages. Such tests provide important data for studying icebreaker. Ice-breaking mode is determined by conditions of sea ice and ice field, and it is divided into ramming and continuous icebreaking. When the icebreaker meets thick ice or icebergs, the ramming is conducted. At that time, the ship speed is generally slower than that of the continuous icebreaking. The ARAON conducted icebreaking performance tests at the Amundsen Sea in Antarctica in 2012. Many strain data were measured in the ramming and the continuous icebreaking. This study was based on the strain gauge signals measured by the ARAON during the research voyage in 2012 in the Antarctic and 2010 in the Arctic. The signals measured from repetitive ramming under the heavy ice condition in 2012 in the Antarctic Ocean were classified into the five profiles. And the classified ice load signals were analyzed with a focus on raising time, half-decaying time and total time duration. Also, the signals measured from continuous icebreaking in 2010 in the Arctic Ocean were analyzed in the same way as the ramming data. Finally, the time histories of ice load signals were summarized from the viewpoint of speed change at the time of ice load, and two data sets were compared.
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Inderbitzen, A., A. Betzel, M. Eichenberger, and J. Leiby. "The R/V Polar Duke - A new vessel for Antarctic research support." In OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1985.1160258.

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Kim, YoungSeok, Seung-Seo Hong, Jung-Hee Park, Jae Mo Kang, and Jong-Sub Lee. "A Study on Characteristics of Frost Heaving With Soil Samples From Terra Nova in the East Antarctic Region." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83119.

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The second scientific Antarctica station of South Korea is under construction at Terra Nova Bay located in east Antarctica. The objective of this study is the evaluation of the frost heave susceptibility of soils sampled from the second station site by performing laboratory frost heaving tests. Experiments are carried out with the soil specimens taken from five different areas at Terra Nova Bay. Test specimens are frozen with constant temperatures at the top and bottom of the specimen at −17 °C and 4 °C, respectively. In addition, grain size analyses and unfrozen water tests are also performed for monitoring the characteristics of the water contained in the permafrost. Frost susceptibility is evaluated by standard methods recommended in UK, US and Japan. Experimental results show that the more the fine contents exist in soils, the more frost heave occurs. The result denotes that grain size has a significant effect on frost heave. The results suggest that the frost heaving susceptibility of the frozen ground at the Antarctic site would be effectively evaluated through the grain size and the frost heaving parameters.
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Mahapatra, Kedarnath, Satsuki Matsumura, So Kawaguchi, and Yasuhiro Senga. "Bio-optical relationships in southwest Atlantic sector of Antarctic Ocean." In Ocean Optics XIII, edited by Steven G. Ackleson and Robert J. Frouin. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266491.

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Claustre, Herve, Mark Moline, and Barbara Prezelin. "Variations in the water column photosynthetic cross section for Antarctic coastal waters." In Ocean Optics XIII, edited by Steven G. Ackleson and Robert J. Frouin. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.266412.

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Umling, Natalie, Shun-Chung Yang, Cassandre Stirpe, Elisabeth Sikes, Seth John, and Nathalie Goodkin. "Glacial-interglacial variability in Indian Ocean Antarctic Intermediate Water circulation." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.19775.

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Hong, Seung-Seo, YoungSeok Kim, Jung-Hee Park, Jangguen Lee, and Jong-Sub Lee. "Temperature Distribution and Frozen Soil Characteristics at Jangbogo Antarctic Research Station." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83121.

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Temperature monitoring along the depth in construction site of the Jangbogo Antarctic research station (74° 37′S, 164° 12′E) was carried out. The thermal behavior of the frozen ground was investigated. The temperatures were measured during site investigation from February 07, 2011 to February 12, 2011. The temperature profile was analyzed in the frozen ground. The results show that the increase along with the depth. This study demonstrates that the temperature profile obtained at this site could be effective reference for the construction of the research station in the Antarctic.
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Webster, Claire, Sally E. Walker, William H. Teeter, and Samuel S. Bowser. "UPDATE ON THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON ANTARCTIC MARINE BIVALVES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308140.

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Dick, Kristie, Jessica Fitzsimmons, Joseph Resing, Tim Conway, Seth John, Dylan Halbeisen, Gabrielle Weiss, Peter Sedwick, and Bettina Sohst. "Southern Ocean Hydrothermal Iron and Manganese Supply from the Pacific Antarctic Ridge." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.18422.

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Reports on the topic "Antarctic Ocean"

1

Jones, Philip W. DOE Modeling Activities in the Antarctic/Southern Ocean Region. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1132538.

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Condron, Alan. Assessing Global Ocean Circulation Sensitivity to Changes in Antarctic Ice Discharge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1560641.

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Cenedese, Claudia, and Mary-Louise Timmermans. 2017 program of studies: ice-ocean interactions. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27807.

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The 2017 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Study Program theme was Ice-Ocean Interactions. Three principal lecturers, Andrew Fowler (Oxford), Adrian Jenkins (British Antarctic Survey) and Fiamma Straneo (WHOI/Scripps Institution of Oceanography) were our expert guides for the first two weeks. Their captivating lectures covered topics ranging from the theoretical underpinnings of ice-sheet dynamics, to models and observations of ice-ocean interactions and high-latitude ocean circulation, to the role of the cryosphere in climate change. These icy topics did not end after the first two weeks. Several of the Fellows' projects related to ice-ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, and many visitors gave talks on these themes.
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Muench, Robin D. Dense Outflows and Deep Convection in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada531830.

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Asay-Davis, Xylar. Final Report. Coupled simulations of Antarctic Ice-sheet/ocean interactions using POP and CISM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1233439.

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Barthel, Alice. High-resolution Southern Ocean heat transport modeling to better quantify uncertainties in future Antarctic melt [Slides]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1782608.

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Takahashi, Taro, J. G. Goddard, S. I. Rubin, and D. Breger. Seasonal study of carbon dioxide in the southern extreme of the pacific sector, Antarctic Ocean. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10163237.

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Maltrud, Mathew, and Matthew Hoffman. Simulating the Effect of Accelerated Freshwater Discharge from the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets on the Ocean Circulation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1779650.

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Chassignet, Eric, and Dmitry Dukhovskoy. Ocean and Sea Ice and their Interactions around Greenland and the West Antarctic Peninsula in Forced Fine-Resolution Global Simulations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1498055.

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McClean, Julie L., Sarah T. Gille, Eric P. Chassignet, and Mathew E. Maltrud. Ocean and Sea Ice and their Interactions around Greenland and the West Antarctic Peninsula in Forced Fine-Resolution Global Simulations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1572201.

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